2578:
991:
2377:
1749:
1972:
1643:
1573:
1594:
1514:
975:
2395:
2279:
2155:
2138:
1179:
1132:
2264:
1389:
2249:
1910:
1859:
852:
1245:
1196:
1324:
1698:
1419:
1371:
864:
1269:
2114:
45:
4527:
627:
619:
3720:
3941:
Vol. 17, No. 1: Cambridge
University Press. p. 83. "he rises of Belfast and some northern English cities may sound perpetually surprised or sarcastic to southern Englishmen (the precise attitude imputed will depend on other factors like pitch height and the exact type of
2806:. This appears to be a trait inherited from Irish English, and like Irish speakers, many Northern speakers use reflexive pronouns in non-reflexive situations for emphasis. Depending on the region, reflexive pronouns can be pronounced (and often written) as if they ended
478:
During the mid and late 19th century, there was large-scale migration from
Ireland, which affected the speech of parts of Northern England. This is most apparent in the accents along the west coast, such as Liverpool, Birkenhead, Barrow-in-Furness and Whitehaven.
2579:
343:
Although well-suited to historical analysis, this line does not reflect contemporary language; this line divides
Lancashire and Yorkshire in half and few would today consider Manchester or Leeds, both located south of the line, as part of the Midlands.
2378:
992:
1750:
1973:
1644:
1574:
1595:
1515:
256:, describe these as the 'dialects' of the "Far North" and treat them as a subset of all Northern English accents. Conversely, Wells uses a very broad definition of the linguistic North, comprising all accents that have not undergone the
2396:
976:
300:
In historical linguistics, the dividing line between the North and the North
Midlands (an area of mixed Northumbrian-Mercian dialects, including the Lancashire, the West Riding and the Peak District dialects) runs from either the
2280:
2156:
2139:
609:
In some areas, dialects and phrases can vary greatly within very small geographic regions. Historically, accents did change over very small distances, but this is less true in modern
Britain due to enhanced geographic mobility.
1180:
1133:
969:, and not . This was also the norm in RP until the late 20th century. The tenser , similar to Southern England and Modern RP, is found in throughout the North East from Teesside northwards, and in the Merseyside and Hull areas.
3927:
Hughes, Arthur, Peter
Trudgill, and Dominic James Landon Watt. English Accents & Dialects : an Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles. 5th ed. London: Hodder Education, 2012. p.
2265:
1390:
853:
2250:
1911:
1860:
244:' in order to adopt a more standard use of the English language. This has been viewed as archaic, but recent studies demonstrate attempts by professionals to 'soften their northern accents' is currently on the rise.
3518:
On early
English pronunciation : with especial reference to Shakspere and Chaucer, containing an investigation of the correspondence of writing with speech in England from the Anglosaxon period to the present
3244:
865:
3824:
252:
The varieties of
English spoken across modern Great Britain form an accent/dialect continuum, and there is no universally agreed definition of which varieties are Northern. Other linguists, such as
831:). However, the quality of these vowels varies considerably across the region, and this is considered a greater indicator of a speaker's social class than the less stigmatized aspects listed above.
788:
in some
Northern accents (particularly in Lancashire, Greater Manchester and eastern parts of Merseyside where the Lancashire accent is still prevalent), while conservative accents also pronounce
1246:
1197:
2867:
1325:
1699:
1420:
1372:
2600:
The grammatical patterns of
Northern England English are similar to those of British English in general. However, there are several unique characteristics that mark out Northern English.
2674:
such as "This mustn't be true", is largely restricted within the British Isles to Northern England, although it is more widely accepted in American English, and is likely inherited from
1270:
2878:
counting system, which largely fell out of use in the nineteenth century. The Yan Tan Tethera system was traditionally used in counting stitches in knitting, as well as in children's
2115:
289:– this definition covers not just the entire North of England (which Wells divides into "Far North" and "Middle North") but also most of the Midlands, including the distinctive
3643:
4538:
3803:
3578:
1528:
4356:
Beal, Joan (2004). "English dialects in the North of England: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.).
3193:
3236:
745:
5601:
5541:
2647:(so some Northern speakers may say "I was" and "You was" while others prefer "I were" and "You were") and in many dialects especially in the far North,
222:
are often stigmatized, and native speakers commonly attempt to modify their Northern speech characteristics in corporate and professional environments.
225:
There is some debate as to how modern spoken English has impacted modern written English in the north, though it is clearly hard to represent a spoken
101:
646:
There are several speech features that unite most of the accents of Northern England and distinguish them from Southern England and Scottish accents:
3894:
432:
dialects of English descend from the Old English of Northumbria (diverging in the Middle English period) and are still very similar to each other.
3099:
2702:, many Northern dialects have additional pronouns either retained from earlier forms or introduced from other variants of English. The pronouns
229:
in a written language. The existence of the works of well known 'Lancashire Dialect' poets emphasizes the historical shift from a true northern
414:
is not part of England. Under Wells' scheme, this definition includes Far North and Middle North dialects but excludes the Midlands dialects.
3406:
3006:("nothing but") were both common in the corpus, despite being limited to the North East and to the North West and Yorkshire respectively.
3721:"Do you speak 'Manc', 'Lancashire' or 'posh'? First findings from largest ever study of Greater Manchester accents and dialects revealed"
5636:
4609:
3635:
2959:("girl" or "young woman") were the most widespread "pan-Northern" dialect terms. Other terms in the top ten included a set of three
4549:
3795:
3073:
2732:
has died out, second-person plural pronouns are common. In the more rural dialects and those of the far North, this is typically
3570:
3333:
2371:
4139:
5686:
5471:
4494:
4454:
4426:
4405:
4386:
4299:
3619:
3121:
3057:
622:
Red areas are where English dialects of the late 20th century were rhotic; in the North, only some of Lancashire is included.
5737:
5706:
4779:
3915:
3673:
3355:
3143:
5187:
3993:
2747:
Conversely, the process of "pronoun exchange" means that many first-person pronouns can be replaced by the first-person
5292:
4520:
4578:
4473:
4365:
4324:
4287:
4244:
4003:
3439:
5091:
4524:
2913:("that one"), in some northern English dialects, represents a regular development in Northern English in which the
2886:, and was anecdotally connected to shepherding. This was most likely borrowed from a relatively modern form of the
873:
is also widespread, particularly following a consonant or between vowels. This tap predominates most fully in the
5339:
5135:
3168:
83:
5656:
5096:
4602:
3976:
572:(two variations: one spoken in the former mining communities of County Durham and the other in Northumberland)
113:
has been shaped by the region's history of settlement and migration, and today encompasses a group of related
5696:
5389:
5351:
1027:, even to the extent that, to other speakers of English, they may sound "perpetually surprised or sarcastic."
878:
519:
4032:
1991:
Northumberland, less rounded: ; in Scouse, Manchester, South Yorkshire and (to an extent) Teesside the word
5691:
5344:
5164:
4981:
4802:
2738:, while in cities and areas of the North West with historical Irish communities, this is more likely to be
2612:
420:
is distinct from Northern England English, although the two have interacted and influenced each other. The
352:
184:
3911:
3770:
2918:
835:
828:
824:
816:
808:
801:
797:
785:
777:
769:
765:
757:
738:
730:
718:
711:
683:
679:
675:
406:(SED), which uses the historic counties (minus Cheshire) as the basis of the studies. The SED also groups
337:
97:
93:
5742:
5067:
5057:
4655:
4622:
4618:
2671:
842:
is a fully open rather than the open-mid of modern Received Pronunciation and Southern England English.
655:
546:
2782:, but the resulting form of the pronouns varies from region to region. In Yorkshire and the North East,
1012:. Exceptions to this are in Tyneside, Wearside and Northumberland, which universally use only the clear
885:
is pronounced only before a vowel or between vowels, but not after a vowel (for instance, in words like
5651:
5366:
5224:
4635:
936:
sound as in French and German is used, has been described as the traditional "burr" of rural, northern
403:
36:
4587:
3268:"General Northern English. Exploring Regional Variation in the North of England With Machine Learning"
19:
This article is about the varieties of English spoken in the northern part of England, and focuses on
5757:
5631:
5157:
5115:
5086:
5018:
4986:
4595:
3600:
Rouse, Robert; Echard, Sian; Fulton, Helen; Rector, Geoff; Fay, Jacqueline Ann, eds. (17 July 2017).
2509:
528:
234:
226:
219:
215:
114:
20:
5356:
5310:
5209:
5182:
5147:
5042:
4913:
1024:
396:
64:
5568:
5401:
5219:
5194:
3601:
3025:
2934:
929:
451:, during the 9th and 10th centuries, most of northern and eastern England was part of either the
5483:
5461:
5265:
4962:
4931:
4809:
3266:
Strycharczuk, Patrycja; López-Ibáñez, Manuel; Brown, Georgina; Leemann, Adrian (15 July 2020).
2632:
773:
639:
564:
460:
456:
169:
79:
5379:
2834:
that disappeared in other regions. Some of these are now shared with Scottish English and the
172:, particularly in Lancashire and the south of Yorkshire; and with Midlands dialects since the
5681:
5466:
5361:
5074:
5008:
4762:
4752:
4747:
4437:
4312:
4103:
3112:
3015:
2859:
2604:
2211:
764:
etc. also use this vowel sound. This has led to Northern England being described "Oop North"
294:
173:
5674:
3493:
2775:(so "our cars" becomes "us cars"). The latter especially is a distinctively Northern trait.
5103:
4996:
4936:
4814:
4787:
4704:
2631:; for instance "the lambs is out". In modern dialects, the most obvious manifestation is a
2411:
1984:
1037:
425:
317:
196:
145:
8:
5752:
5701:
5531:
5523:
5421:
5384:
5270:
5255:
5130:
5120:
5047:
4886:
2948:
2863:
2827:
2798:. Other areas of the North have regularised the pronouns in the opposite direction, with
2713:
651:
505:
4511:. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466). Cambridge University Press.
4438:""Some do and some doesn't": Verbal concord variation in the north of the British Isles"
823:) are often pronounced as monophthongs (such as and ), or as older diphthongs (such as
725:
is normally pronounced rather than the found in traditional Received Pronunciation or
5747:
5591:
5558:
5493:
5476:
5331:
5152:
4699:
4689:
4057:
3910::130). Note that the source incorrectly transcribes the dark L with the symbol ⟨
3888:
3302:
3267:
2960:
2628:
2615:) is attached to verbs in many present and past-tense forms (leading to, for example, "
1056:
1047:
908:
904:
635:
550:
538:
441:
392:
388:
384:
192:
4446:
A Comparative Grammar of British English Dialects: Agreement, Gender, Relative Clauses
2388:
throughout northern England, but it is particularly dark in Manchester and Lancashire.
1004:
of most other accents in England; in other words, most Northern accents pronounce all
634:
throughout England; the major Northern counties with this trait are located where the
5596:
5581:
5553:
5513:
5305:
5242:
4991:
4767:
4731:
4574:
4490:
4469:
4450:
4422:
4401:
4382:
4361:
4320:
4295:
4283:
4240:
4061:
3999:
3972:
3615:
3414:
3307:
3289:
3117:
3053:
3046:
2883:
2871:
2779:
1061:
603:
329:
200:
5287:
3611:
3407:"The rise of 'accent softening': why more and more people are changing their voices"
3325:
3220:
2998:("must"). Regional dialects within Northern England also had many unique terms, and
5716:
5669:
5621:
5548:
5456:
5446:
5441:
5431:
5277:
5250:
5108:
5028:
4973:
4871:
4853:
4840:
4677:
4672:
4512:
4083:
4047:
3607:
3297:
3279:
3107:
3020:
2675:
2545:
2476:
2417:
2339:
2303:
2217:
2174:
2084:
2040:
2023:
1939:
1876:
1829:
1781:
1719:
1666:
1611:
1541:
1472:
1438:
1341:
1288:
1260:
1213:
1149:
1102:
1066:
726:
597:
496:
491:
429:
417:
188:
153:
141:
137:
68:
53:
5586:
5488:
5426:
5396:
5204:
5079:
4900:
4876:
4848:
4819:
4792:
4757:
4644:
4484:
4444:
4416:
4376:
2875:
1813:
1504:
321:
290:
257:
5661:
5576:
5536:
5436:
5260:
5013:
4918:
4908:
4824:
4626:
4443:. In Kortmann, Bernd; Herrmann, Tanja; Pietsch, Lukas; Wagner, Susanne (eds.).
4256:
3665:
2887:
2835:
2831:
2678:. A few other Scottish traits are also found in far Northern dialects, such as
2620:
2297:
937:
513:
472:
468:
421:
410:
with Northern dialects, although this is a distinct variety of English and the
372:
347:
An alternative approach is to define the linguistic North as equivalent to the
149:
130:
28:
4088:
4052:
2890:
rather than being a remnant of the Brythonic of what is now Northern England.
926:
Lincolnshire may weakly retain word-final (but not pre-consonantal) rhoticity.
897:
sounds) or somewhat rhotic are possible, particularly amongst older speakers:
710:
which are pronounced with /ɑː/ in most Northern English accents as opposed to
5731:
5711:
5626:
5282:
5199:
5140:
5052:
5003:
4881:
4863:
4539:"Dialect levelling: change and continuity in Milton Keynes, Reading and Hull"
4516:
4504:
3745:
3418:
3293:
3237:"New research reveals prejudice against people with Northern English accents"
2879:
2712:
have survived in many rural Northern dialects. In some case, these allow the
2537:
941:
593:
364:
348:
332:
defined the border between the north and the midlands as that where the word
253:
165:
3695:
3284:
2690:), but these are restricted in their distribution and are mostly dying out.
5214:
5062:
4941:
3953:
3937:
Cruttenden, Alan (March 1981). "Falls and Rises: Meanings and Universals".
3311:
3194:"'General northern English' accent has formed among the urban middle class"
2921:<ā> was broken into /ie/, /ia/ and so on. This explains the shift to
2748:
2734:
2679:
2533:
2470:
2207:
1657:
rhotic Lancashire and some places by the Scottish border: ; also, Geordie:
1009:
467:
dialects, in particular, are considered to have been influenced heavily by
407:
310:
302:
282:
208:
3440:"Broad regional accents are a barrier to social mobility, research finds"
2944:
2914:
2518:
877:
accent. The North, like most of the South, is largely (and increasingly)
687:
411:
376:
325:
2830:
includes many words derived from Norse languages, as well as words from
1016:, and in Lancashire and Manchester, which universally use only the dark
218:
with unique expressions and terms that are very local. Northern English
5125:
4617:
3881:
Urban North-eastern English: Tyneside to Teesside (Dialects of English)
3444:
Broad regional accents are a barrier to social mobility, research finds
916:
900:
583:
554:
542:
368:
360:
306:
240:
Many people from northern England traditionally have taken 'lessons in
161:
1995:
is uniquely pronounced with the vowel , and this is also possible for
444:
strongly, compared with other varieties of English spoken in England.
4682:
3380:
1263:
579:
464:
380:
241:
157:
3992:
Hughes, Arthur; Trudgill, Peter; Watt, Dominic James Landon (2012).
3265:
2740:
2698:
While standard English now only has a single second-person pronoun,
915:
before a consonant but not in word-final position), for example, in
4709:
4466:
International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English
2652:
2644:
1071:
920:
849:
sound, when pronounced in Northern England, is the typical English
589:
569:
558:
532:
509:
356:
286:
278:
118:
89:
44:
3879:
Beal, Joan, C.; Burbano-Elizondo, Lourdes; Llamas, Carmen (2012).
911:
may residually be rhotic or pre-consonantally rhotic (pronouncing
5646:
5641:
5451:
4797:
4724:
4719:
1089:
626:
618:
501:
475:(the ancestor language of modern Norwegian, Swedish and Danish).
452:
230:
204:
180:
52:
across England. Northern English dialects have not undergone the
32:
24:
487:
Variations in modern Northern English accents/dialects include:
4714:
4694:
4360:. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 113–133.
4120:
1080:
874:
575:
524:
459:(except for much of present-day Cumbria, which was part of the
448:
2043:
1784:
1669:
1614:
1475:
1023:
Some northern English speakers have noticeable rises in their
586:
area with variations in west Cheshire and southern Lancashire)
440:
Many historical northern accents reflect the influence of the
2087:
1832:
1291:
1152:
4208:
3829:
2826:
In addition to Standard English terms, the Northern English
1544:
3476:
3474:
3472:
2818:(even in plural pronouns) or ignoring the suffix entirely.
2703:
2420:
1879:
1722:
1441:
1344:
1216:
176:. All these produced new and distinctive styles of speech.
4186:
4184:
4074:
Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English",
3878:
2448:
predominates in the northern half of historical Lancashire
2177:
2071:
rhotic Lancashire and some places by the Scottish border:
2026:
1587:
rhotic Lancashire and some places by the Scottish border:
650:
The accents of Northern England generally do not have the
4333:
1942:
1105:
741:
by quality, but by length, being pronounced as a longer .
214:
Northern England's urban areas have numerous distinctive
4157:
3469:
972:
The North does not have a clear distinction between the
482:
4196:
4181:
4104:"Phonemes, graphemes and phonics for Liverpool English"
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3599:
3225:. The Library of Congress. London : Hurst, Chance.
2643:. Either form may dominate depending on the region and
2611:(which in Standard English grammar only appears in the
1259:
Geordie and Northumberland, when not final or before a
136:
The strongest influence on the modern varieties of the
4169:
3539:
3457:
3527:
3169:"Northern English dialects in the Old English period"
2220:
893:). However, regions that are rhotic (pronouncing all
748:
is absent in Northern English, so that, for example,
328:
dialects. In a very early study of English dialects,
3853:
3841:
3098:
Filppula, Markku; Klemola, Juhani (27 August 2020),
3044:
Upton, Clive; Widdowson, John David Allison (2006).
2548:
2479:
2342:
88:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3825:
Towards an updated dialect atlas of British English
3551:
2619:"). More generally, third-person singular forms of
2306:
316:The dialects of this region are descended from the
4548:, London: Arnold, pp. 141–162, archived from
4546:Urban voices. Accent studies in the British Isles.
3991:
3603:The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain
3045:
4076:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4040:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
3796:"Yorkshire dialect faces extinction, report says"
768:by some in the south of England. Some words with
686:found in the south. There are a few words in the
5729:
4536:
4126:
4012:
3218:
2778:Almost all British vernaculars have regularised
2457:predominates only in South Yorkshire's Sheffield
1403:Lancashire, Cumbria, and Yorkshire, when before
102:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
4571:Northern English: A Social and Cultural History
4486:Northern English: A Social and Cultural History
3385:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
3100:"External Influences in the History of English"
3097:
2521:and traditional, rural, northern Northumberland
613:
27:. For varieties spoken in other regions of the
4463:
4214:
3951:
3043:
351:of Northern England – approximately the seven
4603:
4544:, in Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard (eds.),
4319:. Northumbria University Press. p. 191.
3636:"Yorkshire Dialect Words of Old Norse Origin"
2771:(so "we Geordies" becomes "us Geordies") and
2714:distinction between formality and familiarity
1032:Major distinctive sounds of Northern English
4961:
4421:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
3893:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2951:texts from or set in Northern England found
16:Modern Northern English accents and dialects
4568:
4101:
3966:
3381:"Tim Bobbin's Lancashire dialect and poems"
3104:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
2763:) in standard constructions. These include
211:in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
37:English language § Britain and Ireland
5637:Comparison of American and British English
4610:
4596:
3967:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003).
3954:"Accents of English from Around the World"
3952:Heggarty, Paul; et al., eds. (2013).
3356:"Dialect Writing and the North of England"
4311:
4235:Roud, Steve; Simpson, Jacqueline (2000).
4095:
4087:
4073:
4051:
3301:
3283:
3222:Tim Bobbin's Lancashire dialect and poems
3111:
2728:) is restricted to the plural. Even when
2720:is a generic second-person singular, and
1812:rhotic Lancashire and some places by the
1503:rhotic Lancashire and some places by the
5330:
3883:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
3219:Bobbin, Tim; Cruikshank, George (1828).
940:—possible as well, though also rare, in
625:
617:
43:
4435:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4163:
3521:(1889), Alexander John Ellis, page 19,
3404:
5730:
4537:Williams, Ann; Kerswill, Paul (1999),
4464:Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2002).
4395:
4339:
4202:
4190:
4030:
3971:(Fifth Revised ed.). E.J. Brill.
3581:from the original on 20 September 2021
3557:
3533:
3463:
3113:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.284
2858:("church") found on both sides of the
2370:/l/ is often somewhat "dark" (meaning
512:area which includes southern parts of
281:between North and South runs from the
4591:
4503:
4482:
4414:
4277:
3866:
3847:
3835:
3771:"Yorkshire English | English Accents"
3545:
3480:
3247:from the original on 12 November 2023
2866:have survived, with the exception of
2595:
1966:
483:Northern accent and dialect varieties
447:In addition to previous contact with
5707:Non-native pronunciations of English
4418:A Critical Introduction to Phonetics
4374:
4355:
4220:
4175:
4018:
3916:voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
3907:
3676:from the original on 1 November 2022
3336:from the original on 9 November 2023
3272:Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
1008:sounds with some moderate amount of
807:The Received Pronunciation phonemes
111:English language in Northern England
92:. For the distinction between ,
4239:. Oxford University Press. p. 324.
4102:Honetbone, Patrick; Watson, Kevin.
2933:, which is itself derived from the
2627:may be used with plurals and other
1766:Hull and northern North Yorkshire:
756:rhyme and are both pronounced with
13:
4561:
4378:Introduction to Regional Englishes
4358:A handbook of varieties of English
4317:A Dictionary of North East Dialect
3969:The Phonetics of English and Dutch
2974:("something"), the Anglo-Scottish
2767:(so "give me" becomes "give us"),
2716:to be maintained, while in others
340:to the north (as also in Scots).
152:. Additional influences came from
14:
5769:
4257:"The Celtic Linguistic Influence"
3914:⟩, i.e. as if it were the
3646:from the original on 29 July 2023
3405:Lavelle, Daniel (20 March 2019).
4468:(4th ed.). London: Arnold.
4237:A Dictionary of English Folklore
3806:from the original on 15 May 2021
3360:Edinburgh University Press Books
2544:
2475:
2416:
2338:
2302:
2216:
2173:
2083:
2039:
2022:
1938:
1875:
1828:
1780:
1718:
1665:
1610:
1540:
1471:
1437:
1340:
1287:
1212:
1148:
1101:
207:have arisen in cities following
63:, distinguishing them from both
4305:
4271:
4249:
4132:
4067:
4024:
3985:
3960:
3945:
3931:
3921:
3901:
3872:
3818:
3788:
3763:
3738:
3713:
3688:
3658:
3628:
3612:10.1002/9781118396957.wbemlb516
3593:
3563:
3511:
3486:
3432:
3398:
3373:
3348:
3318:
1924:West Yorkshire, more commonly:
737:may not be differentiated from
84:International Phonetic Alphabet
5657:English-based creole languages
4573:, Cambridge University Press,
4489:. Cambridge University Press.
4381:. Edinburgh University Press.
4127:Williams & Kerswill (1999)
3995:English Accents & Dialects
3571:"Germanic and Other Languages"
3259:
3229:
3212:
3186:
3161:
3136:
3091:
3066:
3037:
630:Pronunciation of in the word
402:This approach is taken by the
1:
5697:List of English-based pidgins
3750:Northumbrian Language Society
3031:
2821:
2635:of the past tense verb forms
2613:third person singular present
932:rhoticity, in which the same
714:in Northern American accents.
520:Lancashire dialect and accent
247:
5692:Linguistic purism in English
4398:Researching Northern English
4215:Trudgill & Hannah (2002)
3048:An Atlas of English Dialects
2970:("naught" or "nothing") and
614:Phonological characteristics
183:associated with many of the
7:
5738:English language in England
4793:London & Thames Estuary
4280:A Social History of English
4259:. Yorkshire Dialect Society
3052:. Oxford University Press.
3009:
2955:("boy" or "young man") and
2693:
320:of Old English rather than
277:Using this definition, the
10:
5774:
5652:English as a lingua franca
4348:
3956:. University of Edinburgh.
2645:individual speech patterns
953:on the end of words as in
949:In most areas, the letter
435:
404:Survey of English Dialects
18:
5632:Broad and general accents
5614:
5567:
5542:regional and occupational
5522:
5509:
5502:
5414:
5375:
5323:
5301:
5241:
5173:
5038:
5027:
4972:
4954:
4927:
4899:
4862:
4839:
4778:
4740:
4663:
4654:
4643:
4634:
4282:. Routledge. p. 45.
4089:10.1017/S0025100303001397
4053:10.1017/s0025100307003180
2575:
2572:
2503:
2452:
2443:
2365:
2329:
2246:
2201:
2126:
2066:
1951:
1926:Hull, especially female:
1904:
1902:
1856:
1854:
1807:
1774:
1772:
1746:
1693:
1637:
1567:
1511:
1498:
1465:
1383:
1368:
1315:
1239:
1176:
1129:
961:is pronounced , like the
735:palm, cart, start, tomato
549:, various other areas of
455:or the Danish-controlled
309:on the west coast to the
233:in the 1700s to northern
4517:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
4396:Hickey, Raymond (2015).
3725:www.rochdaleonline.co.uk
855:postalveolar approximant
656:Southern England English
463:). Consequently, modern
397:Yorkshire and the Humber
123:Northern England English
4436:Pietsch, Lukas (2005).
3285:10.3389/frai.2020.00048
3026:West Germanic languages
2469:post-consonantal &
762:love, up, tough, judge,
658:, so that the vowel in
203:, but new, distinctive
80:phonetic transcriptions
4810:Received Pronunciation
4375:Beal, Joan C. (2010).
4031:Watson, Kevin (2007),
3939:Journal of Linguistics
3666:"The Irish in England"
2862:. Very few terms from
2854:("go/gone/going") and
643:
623:
600:and surrounding areas)
461:Kingdom of Strathclyde
457:Kingdom of Northumbria
383:, or the three modern
295:Black Country dialects
179:There are traditional
77:This article contains
72:
5004:Multicultural Toronto
4483:Wales, Katie (2006).
4449:. Walter de Gruyter.
3606:(1 ed.). Wiley.
3575:Scots Language Centre
3241:www.northumbria.ac.uk
3016:Northern subject rule
2929:from the Old English
2860:Anglo-Scottish border
2838:, with terms such as
2605:Northern subject rule
2541:& pre-consonantal
629:
621:
237:in the modern north.
174:Industrial Revolution
47:
5165:Western Pennsylvania
4569:Katie Wales (2006),
4555:on 16 September 2012
4278:Leith, Dick (1997).
3326:"Accents in Britain"
3173:knowledge.allbest.ru
565:Northumbrian dialect
318:Northumbrian dialect
313:on the east coast.
197:Northumbrian dialect
146:Northumbrian dialect
5702:Mid-Atlantic accent
5293:Trinidad and Tobago
4415:Lodge, Ken (2009).
4342:, pp. 144–146.
4033:"Liverpool English"
3672:. 1 November 2022.
3483:, pp. 349–351.
3330:Accent Bias Britain
3243:. 18 October 2023.
2961:indefinite pronouns
2949:Late Modern English
2868:place name elements
2864:Brythonic languages
2629:grammatical persons
1768:rest of Yorkshire:
1529:square–nurse merger
1033:
907:areas north of the
385:statistical regions
336:is pronounced with
48:The vowel sound in
5743:North East England
5225:Pennsylvania Dutch
4509:Accents of English
4400:. John Benjamins.
4178:, pp. 26, 38.
3494:"English Dialects"
2884:counting-out games
2780:reflexive pronouns
2651:is treated as the
2607:(NSR), the suffix
2596:Grammar and syntax
1031:
909:city of Manchester
905:Greater Manchester
733:, as in the words
644:
624:
551:Greater Manchester
442:Old Norse language
393:North West England
389:North East England
193:Lancashire dialect
127:Northern (English)
73:
5725:
5724:
5610:
5609:
5410:
5409:
5319:
5318:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5158:Pacific Northwest
5019:Standard Canadian
4950:
4949:
4895:
4894:
4835:
4834:
4496:978-0-511-48707-1
4456:978-3-11-018299-6
4428:978-0-8264-8873-2
4407:978-90-272-6767-2
4388:978-0-7486-8726-8
4300:978-0-415-09797-0
4205:, pp. 84–85.
4193:, pp. 85–86.
4166:, pp. 76–80.
4140:"British Library"
3800:The Northern Echo
3621:978-1-118-39698-8
3548:, pp. 13–14.
3498:www.gutenberg.org
3144:"British Library"
3123:978-0-19-938465-5
3074:"British Library"
3059:978-0-19-869274-4
2872:Cumbrian toponymy
2790:are preferred to
2593:
2592:
2583:
2542:
2473:
2414:
2412:stressed-syllable
2400:
2382:
2300:
2284:
2269:
2254:
2214:
2160:
2143:
2131:North Yorkshire:
2119:
1977:
1915:
1864:
1754:
1703:
1648:
1599:
1578:
1532:
1519:
1424:
1394:
1376:
1329:
1274:
1250:
1201:
1184:
1137:
604:Yorkshire dialect
353:historic counties
330:Alexander J Ellis
293:(Birmingham) and
273:
269:
264:
260:
201:Yorkshire dialect
185:historic counties
60:
56:
5765:
5758:Northern England
5622:English language
5507:
5506:
5328:
5327:
5311:Falkland Islands
5210:General American
5183:African-American
5036:
5035:
4970:
4969:
4959:
4958:
4661:
4660:
4652:
4651:
4641:
4640:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4556:
4554:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4500:
4479:
4460:
4442:
4432:
4411:
4392:
4371:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4309:
4303:
4293:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4253:
4247:
4233:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4108:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4055:
4037:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4009:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3949:
3943:
3935:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3642:. 21 June 2015.
3632:
3626:
3625:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3287:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3115:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3051:
3041:
3021:Scottish English
2920:
2802:used instead of
2755:(or more rarely
2688:might be able to
2676:Scottish English
2588:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2532:
2514:
2513:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2468:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2296:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2206:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
1988:
1985:foot–strut split
1982:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1053:
1034:
1030:
1003:
1002:
1001:
999:
987:
986:
985:
983:
872:
871:
870:
868:
860:
859:
858:
856:
845:The most common
841:
837:
830:
826:
818:
810:
803:
799:
787:
779:
771:
767:
759:
746:foot–strut split
740:
732:
727:General American
720:
713:
685:
681:
677:
673:
598:Stockton-on-Tees
497:Cumbrian dialect
492:Cheshire dialect
418:Scottish English
339:
271:
267:
262:
258:
189:Cumbrian dialect
187:, including the
142:Northern England
138:English language
99:
95:
65:Southern England
58:
54:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5606:
5563:
5518:
5498:
5406:
5402:Solomon Islands
5371:
5315:
5297:
5229:
5220:New York Latino
5195:American Indian
5175:
5169:
5030:
5023:
4964:
4946:
4932:Channel Islands
4923:
4891:
4858:
4831:
4774:
4736:
4646:
4630:
4616:
4586:
4581:
4564:
4562:Further reading
4559:
4552:
4541:
4528:
4497:
4476:
4457:
4440:
4429:
4408:
4389:
4368:
4351:
4346:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4313:Griffiths, Bill
4310:
4306:
4290:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4234:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4072:
4068:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4017:
4013:
4006:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3965:
3961:
3950:
3946:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3922:
3906:
3902:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3873:
3865:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3802:. 5 July 2007.
3794:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3536:, pp. 1–8.
3532:
3528:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3470:
3466:, p. 8–14.
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3248:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3198:The Independent
3192:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3012:
3002:("clever") and
2876:Yan Tan Tethera
2870:(especially in
2846:("beautiful"),
2824:
2696:
2672:mark deductions
2662:The "epistemic
2621:irregular verbs
2617:the birds sings
2598:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2478:
2474:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2419:
2415:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2341:
2337:
2305:
2301:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2219:
2215:
2176:
2172:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2042:
2038:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2015:
1989:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1878:
1874:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1831:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1814:Scottish border
1810:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1721:
1717:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1613:
1609:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1543:
1539:
1525:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:Scottish border
1501:
1474:
1470:
1440:
1436:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1401:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1343:
1339:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1215:
1211:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1151:
1147:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1051:
1050:
1039:
993:
990:
989:
977:
974:
973:
881:, meaning that
866:
863:
862:
854:
851:
850:
839:
671:
652:trap–bath split
616:
578:(spoken in the
504:(spoken in the
485:
438:
250:
107:
106:
105:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5771:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5664:
5662:Englishisation
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5573:
5571:
5569:Southeast Asia
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5534:
5528:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5484:South Atlantic
5481:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5382:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5336:
5334:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5266:Cayman Islands
5263:
5258:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5179:
5177:
5176:ethno-cultural
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4984:
4978:
4976:
4967:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4768:Stoke-on-Trent
4765:
4760:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4658:
4649:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4627:Modern English
4615:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4592:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4534:
4505:Wells, John C.
4501:
4495:
4480:
4474:
4461:
4455:
4433:
4427:
4412:
4406:
4393:
4387:
4372:
4366:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4332:
4325:
4304:
4288:
4270:
4248:
4219:
4207:
4195:
4180:
4168:
4164:Pietsch (2005)
4156:
4131:
4129:, p. 146.
4119:
4094:
4082:(2): 267–271,
4066:
4046:(3): 351–360,
4023:
4011:
4004:
3984:
3977:
3959:
3944:
3930:
3920:
3900:
3871:
3869:, p. 368.
3852:
3850:, p. 356.
3840:
3838:, section 4.4.
3828:
3817:
3787:
3762:
3737:
3712:
3687:
3657:
3627:
3620:
3592:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3510:
3485:
3468:
3456:
3431:
3397:
3372:
3347:
3332:. 9 May 2019.
3317:
3258:
3228:
3211:
3200:. 17 July 2020
3185:
3160:
3135:
3122:
3090:
3065:
3058:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3008:
2966:("anything"),
2935:Proto-Germanic
2888:Welsh language
2880:nursery rhymes
2836:Scots language
2832:Middle English
2823:
2820:
2695:
2692:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2574:
2571:
2556:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2516:
2510:conservatively
2505:
2504:
2502:
2487:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2428:
2407:
2406:
2391:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2350:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2314:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2260:
2245:
2242:
2228:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2185:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2151:
2149:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2110:
2095:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2051:
2035:
2034:
2018:
2017:
1990:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1950:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1887:
1871:
1870:
1855:
1853:
1840:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1792:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1745:
1730:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1694:
1692:
1677:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1622:
1606:
1605:
1590:
1586:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1552:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1510:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1483:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1449:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1415:
1402:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1367:
1352:
1336:
1335:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1299:
1283:
1282:
1258:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1224:
1208:
1207:
1192:
1190:
1175:
1160:
1144:
1143:
1128:
1113:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1072:Northumberland
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1045:
1044:Example words
1042:
1029:
1028:
1021:
970:
947:
946:
945:
938:Northumberland
927:
924:
861:; however, an
843:
832:
805:
784:is pronounced
742:
715:
682:, rather than
680:/baθ,ask,kast/
615:
612:
607:
606:
601:
587:
573:
567:
562:
536:
522:
517:
514:Northumberland
499:
494:
484:
481:
473:Old East Norse
469:Old West Norse
437:
434:
422:Scots language
373:Northumberland
249:
246:
168:following the
150:Middle English
131:United Kingdom
100:⟩, see
76:
75:
74:
29:United Kingdom
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5770:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5682:International
5680:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5362:Torres Strait
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5097:North-Central
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5075:New York City
5073:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5009:Ottawa Valley
5007:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4803:Multicultural
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4763:Black Country
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4753:West Midlands
4751:
4749:
4748:East Midlands
4746:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4582:
4580:0-521-86107-1
4576:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4535:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4481:
4477:
4475:0-340-80834-9
4471:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4369:
4367:3-11-017532-0
4363:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4341:
4340:Hickey (2015)
4336:
4328:
4326:1-904794-16-5
4322:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4289:0-415-09797-5
4285:
4281:
4274:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4245:0-19-210019-X
4242:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4217:, p. 52.
4216:
4211:
4204:
4203:Hickey (2015)
4199:
4192:
4191:Hickey (2015)
4187:
4185:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4160:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4128:
4123:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4015:
4007:
4005:9781444121384
4001:
3998:. Routledge.
3997:
3996:
3988:
3980:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3934:
3924:
3917:
3909:
3904:
3896:
3890:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3849:
3844:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3821:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3623:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3596:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3559:
3558:Hickey (2015)
3554:
3547:
3542:
3535:
3534:Hickey (2015)
3530:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3465:
3464:Hickey (2015)
3460:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3125:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3061:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3040:
3036:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2994:("self") and
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2901:used to mean
2900:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
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2299:
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2286:
2271:
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2256:
2243:
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2237:
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2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2198:
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2037:
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2031:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1979:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1917:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1826:
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1822:
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1815:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1778:
1777:
1761:
1756:
1743:
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1735:
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1695:
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1591:
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1049:
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1041:
1036:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
997:
984:
981:
971:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
942:County Durham
939:
935:
931:
928:
925:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
899:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
869:
857:
848:
844:
833:
822:
814:
806:
795:
791:
783:
775:
763:
760:; words like
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
728:
724:
716:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
670:is the short
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:
647:
641:
640:West Midlands
637:
633:
628:
620:
611:
605:
602:
599:
595:
594:Middlesbrough
591:
588:
585:
581:
577:
574:
571:
568:
566:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
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534:
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523:
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386:
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378:
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366:
365:County Durham
362:
358:
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350:
349:cultural area
345:
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331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
298:
296:
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288:
284:
280:
275:
265:
255:
254:John C. Wells
245:
243:
238:
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232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
166:Irish English
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:has been the
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
125:(or, simply,
124:
120:
116:
112:
103:
91:
87:
85:
81:
70:
66:
62:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5467:South Africa
5462:Sierra Leone
5215:Miami Latino
5104:Philadelphia
5092:Inland North
4997:Newfoundland
4815:West Country
4664:
4629:by continent
4570:
4550:the original
4545:
4525:0-52128540-2
4508:
4485:
4465:
4445:
4417:
4397:
4377:
4357:
4335:
4316:
4307:
4279:
4273:
4261:. Retrieved
4251:
4236:
4210:
4198:
4171:
4159:
4147:. Retrieved
4143:
4134:
4122:
4110:. Retrieved
4097:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4043:
4039:
4026:
4014:
3994:
3987:
3968:
3962:
3947:
3938:
3933:
3923:
3903:
3880:
3874:
3867:Wells (1982)
3848:Wells (1982)
3843:
3836:Wells (1982)
3831:
3820:
3808:. Retrieved
3799:
3790:
3778:. Retrieved
3774:
3765:
3753:. Retrieved
3749:
3740:
3728:. Retrieved
3724:
3715:
3703:. Retrieved
3699:
3690:
3678:. Retrieved
3669:
3660:
3648:. Retrieved
3639:
3630:
3602:
3595:
3583:. Retrieved
3574:
3565:
3560:, p. 2.
3553:
3546:Wales (2006)
3541:
3529:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3501:. Retrieved
3497:
3488:
3481:Wells (1982)
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3443:
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3411:The Guardian
3410:
3400:
3388:. Retrieved
3384:
3375:
3363:. Retrieved
3359:
3350:
3338:. Retrieved
3329:
3320:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3249:. Retrieved
3240:
3231:
3221:
3214:
3202:. Retrieved
3197:
3188:
3176:. Retrieved
3172:
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3147:
3138:
3127:, retrieved
3103:
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3077:
3068:
3047:
3039:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2937:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2910:
2909:("someone")
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2825:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2687:
2683:
2680:double modal
2667:
2663:
2661:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2534:intervocalic
2498:
2494:
2490:
2471:intervocalic
2439:
2435:
2431:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2208:intervocalic
2196:
2192:
2188:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1408:
1404:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1306:
1302:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1017:
1013:
1010:velarization
1005:
995:
979:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
933:
912:
894:
890:
886:
882:
867:alveolar tap
846:
820:
812:
793:
789:
781:
761:
753:
749:
734:
722:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
667:
663:
659:
654:observed in
645:
631:
608:
557:and eastern
486:
477:
446:
439:
426:Northumbrian
416:
408:Manx English
401:
346:
342:
333:
315:
311:River Humber
303:River Ribble
299:
283:River Severn
276:
251:
239:
224:
213:
209:urbanisation
178:
170:Great Famine
135:
126:
122:
110:
108:
96:and ⟨
78:
49:
41:
5592:Philippines
5385:New Zealand
5271:Bay Islands
5251:The Bahamas
5174:Social and
5131:New Orleans
5048:New England
4942:Isle of Man
4887:Port Talbot
4788:East Anglia
4705:Northumbria
4294:(Alternate
4176:Beal (2010)
4019:Beal (2004)
3810:12 November
3780:12 November
3755:12 November
3730:12 November
3705:12 November
3503:12 November
3390:11 November
3365:11 November
3340:11 November
3178:12 November
3129:11 November
2917:long vowel
2915:Old English
2842:("child"),
2788:theirselves
2686:instead of
2684:might could
2670:is used to
2519:Lindisfarne
2212:postvocalic
1052:(Mancunian)
592:(spoken in
553:, parts of
541:(spoken in
527:(spoken in
412:Isle of Man
377:Westmorland
326:Anglo-Saxon
160:during the
109:The spoken
5753:Lancashire
5732:Categories
5532:Bangladesh
5524:South Asia
5477:Cape Flats
5427:The Gambia
5352:Aboriginal
5188:vernacular
5153:California
5126:High Tider
5121:Appalachia
4982:Aboriginal
4914:South-West
4758:Birmingham
4715:Sunderland
4700:Manchester
4690:Lancashire
4149:19 October
4112:16 January
3978:9004103406
3908:Beal (2004
3680:19 October
3650:19 October
3585:10 October
3449:19 October
3424:19 October
3251:19 October
3204:19 October
3153:19 October
3083:19 October
3032:References
2893:The forms
2874:) and the
2822:Vocabulary
2796:themselves
2603:Under the
1081:Merseyside
1076:(Pitmatic)
1057:Lancashire
1048:Manchester
1040:diaphoneme
1025:intonation
917:Accrington
901:Lancashire
887:car, fear,
879:non-rhotic
776:even have
636:North West
584:Merseyside
555:Lancashire
543:Manchester
529:Sunderland
369:Lancashire
361:Cumberland
307:River Lune
248:Definition
162:Viking Age
140:spoken in
5748:Yorkshire
5597:Singapore
5559:Sri Lanka
5514:Hong Kong
5340:variation
5332:Australia
5243:Caribbean
5109:Baltimore
4992:Lunenburg
4937:Gibraltar
4854:Highlands
4732:Yorkshire
4695:Liverpool
4144:www.bl.uk
4062:232345844
3889:cite book
3775:www.uv.es
3640:viking.no
3419:0261-3077
3294:2624-8212
3148:www.bl.uk
3078:www.bl.uk
2947:study of
2749:objective
2666:", where
2633:levelling
2372:velarised
2001:among(st)
1264:fricative
1094:(Geordie)
1062:Yorkshire
838:vowel of
723:cat, trap
721:vowel of
580:Liverpool
539:Mancunian
506:Newcastle
465:Yorkshire
381:Yorkshire
324:or other
242:elocution
158:Old Norse
121:known as
71:dialects.
5717:Standard
5687:Learning
5675:Nerrière
5666:Globish
5582:Malaysia
5554:Pakistan
5494:Zimbabwe
5422:Cameroon
5256:Barbados
4987:Atlantic
4955:Americas
4872:Abercraf
4841:Scotland
4820:Cornwall
4741:Midlands
4725:Teesside
4720:Tyneside
4710:Pitmatic
4673:Cheshire
4619:Dialects
4507:(1982).
4315:(2004).
3804:Archived
3674:Archived
3644:Archived
3579:Archived
3334:Archived
3312:33733165
3245:Archived
3010:See also
2911:that yan
2694:Pronouns
2653:negation
2623:such as
1090:Tyneside
1085:(Scouse)
1038:English
921:Rochdale
766:/ʊpnɔːθ/
688:BATH set
590:Teesside
570:Pitmatic
559:Cheshire
533:Wearside
510:Tyneside
430:Cumbrian
424:and the
357:Cheshire
287:the Wash
279:isogloss
274:splits.
205:dialects
181:dialects
119:dialects
94:/ /
90:Help:IPA
69:Scottish
25:dialects
5647:Engrish
5642:E-Prime
5615:Related
5602:Vietnam
5587:Myanmar
5457:Nigeria
5452:Namibia
5442:Liberia
5324:Oceania
5306:Bermuda
5278:Jamaica
5205:Chicano
5043:Midland
5029:United
4965:America
4901:Ireland
4877:Cardiff
4849:Glasgow
4798:Cockney
4678:Cumbria
4656:England
4647:Britain
4623:accents
4349:Sources
4263:11 July
3942:rise)".
3303:7861339
2986:, and
2907:someyan
2792:himself
2784:hisself
2751:plural
2682:verbs (
2668:mustn't
2664:mustn't
2649:weren't
2493:ent, th
2438:er, wro
2298:initial
2234:uet, jo
2013:nothing
1632:, small
1123:nce, tr
1067:Cumbria
978:"clear
819:(as in
811:(as in
547:Salford
502:Geordie
453:Danelaw
449:Vikings
436:History
322:Mercian
305:or the
291:Brummie
235:accents
231:dialect
220:accents
216:accents
164:; with
154:contact
129:in the
115:accents
82:in the
33:Ireland
21:accents
5670:Gogate
5577:Brunei
5489:Uganda
5472:accent
5447:Malawi
5415:Africa
5390:accent
5345:accent
5288:Samaná
5261:Bequia
5080:accent
5053:Boston
5031:States
5014:Quebec
4974:Canada
4963:North
4919:Ulster
4909:Dublin
4825:Dorset
4683:Barrow
4645:Great
4636:Europe
4577:
4529:
4523:
4493:
4472:
4453:
4425:
4404:
4385:
4364:
4323:
4298:
4286:
4243:
4060:
4002:
3975:
3746:"Home"
3696:"EWDS"
3618:
3523:Line 6
3417:
3310:
3300:
3292:
3278:: 48.
3120:
3056:
3004:nobbut
2972:summat
2945:corpus
2938:*ainaz
2905:as in
2804:myself
2800:meself
2582:listen
2562:ic, ba
2399:listen
2381:listen
2355:ie, mi
2283:listen
2268:listen
2253:listen
2238:er, lu
2210:&
2159:listen
2142:listen
2118:listen
2011:, and
2009:tongue
1976:listen
1914:listen
1863:listen
1753:listen
1740:, part
1702:listen
1687:ne, fl
1683:m, mar
1647:listen
1628:, mart
1598:listen
1577:listen
1518:listen
1459:gg, br
1423:listen
1409:weight
1407:as in
1393:listen
1375:listen
1328:listen
1273:listen
1261:voiced
1249:listen
1234:de, tr
1200:listen
1183:listen
1136:listen
994:"dark
930:Uvular
875:Scouse
815:) and
802:/kuːk/
798:/luːk/
786:/buːk/
729:while
708:rather
696:shan’t
674:vowel
632:tongue
576:Scouse
525:Mackem
227:accent
98:
35:, see
5712:Plain
5627:Basic
5549:Nepal
5537:India
5437:Kenya
5432:Ghana
5397:Palau
5357:South
5200:Cajun
5141:Texas
5136:Older
5116:South
5087:North
5063:Maine
4882:Gower
4864:Wales
4780:South
4665:North
4553:(PDF)
4542:(PDF)
4441:(PDF)
4107:(PDF)
4058:S2CID
4036:(PDF)
3000:canny
2980:bonny
2976:bairn
2844:bonny
2840:bairn
2828:lexis
2816:-self
2625:to be
2570:ness
2538:final
2497:ee, p
2323:ead,
2319:and,
2195:sp, c
2101:d, gl
1956:s, fl
1893:l, sh
1845:ll, b
1736:, hon
1362:n, st
1358:me, r
1174:ther
1170:lm, f
1119:th, d
955:happy
692:can't
690:like
642:meet.
334:house
272:STRUT
156:with
86:(IPA)
61:split
59:STRUT
5503:Asia
5380:Fiji
5367:West
5283:Saba
5148:West
5068:West
5058:East
4621:and
4575:ISBN
4521:ISBN
4491:ISBN
4470:ISBN
4451:ISBN
4423:ISBN
4402:ISBN
4383:ISBN
4362:ISBN
4321:ISBN
4296:ISBN
4284:ISBN
4265:2017
4241:ISBN
4151:2023
4114:2024
4000:ISBN
3973:ISBN
3895:link
3812:2023
3782:2023
3757:2023
3732:2023
3707:2023
3700:EWDS
3682:2023
3670:CEPR
3652:2023
3616:ISBN
3587:2021
3505:2023
3451:2023
3426:2023
3415:ISSN
3392:2023
3367:2023
3342:2023
3308:PMID
3290:ISSN
3253:2023
3206:2023
3180:2023
3155:2023
3131:2023
3118:ISBN
3085:2023
3054:ISBN
2984:gang
2982:and
2968:nowt
2957:lass
2925:and
2919:/ɑː/
2897:and
2856:kirk
2848:gang
2812:-sel
2808:-sen
2794:and
2786:and
2741:yous
2730:thou
2724:(or
2718:thou
2709:thee
2707:and
2705:thou
2641:were
2639:and
2609:"-s"
2589:or
2573:or
2566:, fi
2508:or,
2434:, si
2359:, sa
2330:or
2327:ome
2244:or
2191:t, w
2005:none
1997:once
1983:(no
1960:d, p
1897:n, t
1849:t, s
1847:ough
1624:doct
1562:, st
1493:, th
1305:n, m
1230:t, r
988:and
959:city
919:and
903:and
891:lurk
889:and
834:The
829:/ʊə/
827:and
825:/ɪə/
821:goat
817:/əʊ/
813:face
809:/eɪ/
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