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1956:: "...Theodore at length determined to repair to the forest that Matilda had pointed out to him. Arriving there, he sought the gloomiest shades, as best suited to the pleasing melancholy that reigned in his mind. In this mood he roved insensibly to the caves which had formerly served as a retreat to hermits, and were now reported round the country to be haunted by evil spirits. He recollected to have heard this tradition; and being of a brave and adventurous disposition, he willingly indulged his curiosity in exploring the secret recesses of this labyrinth. He had not penetrated far before he thought he heard the steps of some person who seemed to retreat before him."
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721:(21 April 1752 â 24 March 1818) was the last great English landscape designer of the eighteenth century, often regarded as the successor to Capability Brown. Repton hit upon the idea of becoming a "landscape gardener" (a term he himself coined) after failing at various ventures and, sensing an opportunity after Brown's death, was ambitious to fill the gap and sent circulars round his contacts in the upper classes advertising his services. To help clients visualize his designs, Repton produced 'Red Books' (so called for their binding) with explanatory text and watercolors with a system of overlays to show 'before' and 'after' views.
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the practice of landscape design. He believed that the foreground should be the realm of art (with formal geometry and ornamental planting), that the middle ground should have a parkland character of the type created by Brown and that the background should have a wild and 'natural' character. Repton re-introduced formal terraces,
918:, in fact probably a mangled Japanese word for "irregularity". Temple had never visited the Far East, but he was in contact with the Dutch and their discourse on irregularity in design, had spoken to a merchant who had been in the Far East for a long time, and read the works of European travellers there. He noted that
402:, a picturesque recreation of an Ionic temple set in a theatre of trees. Between 1733 and 1736, he redesigned the garden, adding lawns sloping down to the edge of the river and a small cascade. For the first time the form of a garden was inspired not by architecture, but by an idealized version of nature.
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theory' that designed landscapes should be composed like landscape paintings, with a foreground, a middle ground and a background. Early in his career, Repton defended Brown's reputation during the 'picturesque controversy'. However, as his career progressed Repton came to apply picturesque theory to
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The continental
European "English garden" is characteristically on a smaller scale; many are in or on the edge of cities, rather than in the middle of the countryside. Such gardens usually lack the sweeping vistas of gently rolling ground and water, which in England tend to be set against a woodland
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Brown's contribution was to simplify the garden by eliminating geometric structures, alleys, and parterres near the house and replacing them with rolling lawns and extensive views out to isolated groups of trees, making the landscape seem even larger. "He sought to create an ideal landscape out of
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were appointed to work with
Bridgeman, who died in 1738. Kent remade the lake in a more natural shape, and created a new kind of garden, which took visitors on a tour of picturesque landscapes. It eventually included a Palladian bridge (1738); a Temple of Venus (1731) in the form of a Palladian
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At Stowe, Capability Brown followed the new fashion between 1740 and 1753 by adding a new section to the park, called
Hawkwelle Hill or the Gothic promenade, with a Gothic revival building. Walpole had decided in 1751 "to go Gothic", as he put it in a letter, and thereafter was a leading
267:(1715â1727). These parks featured vast lawns, woods, and pieces of architecture, such as the classical mausoleum designed by Hawksmoor at Castle Howard. At the centre of the composition was the house, behind which were formal and symmetrical gardens in the style of the garden
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with gravelled walks, tree plantations to satisfy botanical curiosity, and, most notably, the return of flowers, in skirts of sweeping planted beds. This is the version of the landscape garden most imitated in Europe in the 19th century. The outer areas of the "home park" of
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villa; a Temple of
Ancient Virtues (1737), with statues of famous Greeks and Romans; a Temple of British Worthies (1734â1735), with statues of British heroes; and a Temple of Modern Virtues, which was deliberately left in ruins, which contained a headless statue of
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in 1763, French noblemen were able to voyage to
England and see the gardens for themselves, and the style began to be adapted in French gardens. The new style also had the advantage of requiring fewer gardeners, and was easier to maintain, than the French garden.
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avoided formal rows of trees and flower beds, and instead placed trees, plants, and other garden features in irregular ways to strike the eye and create beautiful compositions, with an understatement criticizing the formal compositions of the gardens at the
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and had returned with a painting by Claude
Lorrain. Hoare dammed a stream on his estate, created a lake, and surrounded the lake with landscapes and architectural constructions representing the different steps of the journey of Aeneas in the
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and the landscapes and ruins around Rome â he lived in Italy from 1709 to 1719, and brought back many drawings of antique architecture and landscapes. His gardens were designed to complement the
Palladian architecture of the houses he built.
849:, and exotic planting was more likely to be evergreen conifers rather than flowering plants, replacing "the charm of bright, pleasant scenery in favour of the dark and rugged, gloomy and dramatic". A leading example of the style was
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simultaneously published vicious attacks on the 'meagre genius of the bare and bald', criticizing Brown's smooth, serpentine curves as bland and unnatural and championing rugged and intricate designs, composed according to
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912:(published in 1690), including a passage which contrasted European symmetrical and formal gardens with asymmetrical compositions from China, for which he introduced (as Chinese) the term
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department, (1784â1786). Even at
Versailles, the home of the most classical of all French gardens, a small English landscape park with a Roman temple was built and a mock village, the
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in an essay in 1712, who used them to attack the
English gardeners who, instead of imitating nature, tried to make their gardens in the French style, as far from nature as possible.
828:, another new term. It really required steep slopes, even if not very high, along which paths could be made revealing dramatic views, by which contemporary viewers who had read
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The novelty and exoticism of
Chinese art and architecture in Europe led in 1738 to the construction of the first Chinese-style building in an English garden, in the garden of
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to that of a poet or composer. "Here I put a comma, there, when it's necessary to cut the view, I put a parenthesis; there I end it with a period and start on another theme."
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the English countryside." He created artificial lakes and used dams and canals to transform streams or springs into the illusion that a river flowed through the garden.
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In the Netherlands the landscape-architect Lucas Pieters Roodbaard (1782â1851) designed several gardens and parks in this style. The style was introduced to Sweden by
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A second style of English garden, which became popular during the 20th century in France and northern Europe, is based on the style of the late 19th-century English
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which had emerged in the 17th century as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden presented an idealized view of nature. Created and pioneered by
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Designs of Chinese Buildings, Furniture, Dresses, Machines, and Utensils. To which is annexed, a Description of their Temples, Houses, Gardens, &c.
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retain their naturalistic shaping. English gardening since the 1840s has been on a more restricted scale, closer and more allied to the residence.
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761:(1816). These drew on material and techniques used in the Red Books. These works greatly influenced other landscape-designers including
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2001:
See Wybe Kuitert "Japanese Art, Aesthetics, and a European discourse - unraveling Sharawadgi" Japan Review 2014 ISSN 0915-0986 (Vol.27)
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432:, who commissioned Bridgeman to begin the garden in 1727, then brought in Kent to recreate it in 1737. Bridgeman had built a series of
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background with clumps of trees and outlier groves. Instead, they are often more densely studded with "eye-catchers", such as
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in Oxfordshire is considered by some as the most accomplished and significant of William Kent's work. The patron was General
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Charles Bridgeman (1690â1738) was the son of a gardener and an experienced horticulturist, who became the Royal Gardener for
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decorated with allegorical statues of Apollo, a wounded gladiator, a lion attacking a horse, and other subjects. He placed
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began to appear in other English gardens, then in France and elsewhere on the continent. French observers coined the term
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and others, the "informal" garden style originated as a revolt against the architectural garden and drew inspiration from
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see Wybe Kuitert "Japanese Robes, Sharawadgi, and the landscape discourse of Sir William Temple and Constantijn Huygens"
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and gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century. The English landscape garden was usually centred on the
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inspired the origins of the English landscape garden, via Holland. In 1685, the English writer, formerly a diplomat at
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Kuitert, Wybe, Japanese Robes, Sharawadgi, and the landscape discourse of Sir William Temple and Constantijn Huygens
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One aspect of the new style was making woodland more interesting and ornamental, leading to the establishment of the
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of the East, which had recently been described by European travellers and were realized in the Anglo-Chinese garden.
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in Surrey, whose varied features included a shrubbery with American plants, and a sloping "Alpine Valley" of
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was particularly influential. By the end of the 18th century the English garden was being imitated by the
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to Italy, where they had seen the Roman ruins and Italian landscapes they reproduced in their gardens.
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and published in London in 1770, was translated into French and German in 1771. After the end of the
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The Brother Gardeners: A Generation of Gentlemen Naturalists and the Birth of an Obsession
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The new style that became known as the English garden was invented by landscape designers
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Kuitert Wybe, Japanese Art, Aesthetics, and a European discourse - unraveling Sharawadgi
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The most influential figure in the later development of the English landscape garden was
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William Kent (1685â1748) was an architect, painter and furniture designer who introduced
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as a distinct type. This took several forms, one of which was helped by the developing
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The predecessors of the landscape garden in England were the great parks created by Sir
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Britain's Chinese eye: Literature, empire, and aesthetics in nineteenth-century Britain
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Britain's Chinese eye: Literature, empire, and aesthetics in nineteenth-century Britain
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The English garden usually included a lake, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against
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Neoclassicism and Romanticism: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Drawings, 1750-1848.
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Party, had classical educations, were patrons of the arts, and had taken the
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41:"English garden" redirects here. For the public park in Munich, Germany, see
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The flowering of the landscape garden: English pleasure grounds, 1720-1800
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Hawkwell Hill with Gothic temple, Cobham monument and Palladian bridge at
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The dominant style was revised in the early 19th century to include more "
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after proposed landscaping, with 'flap' opened to show new lake and bridge
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in Germany were one of the largest English parks in 18th-century Europe.
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Skira/Rizzoli International Publications, Inc. New York 1981. 215 pp.
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and is noted for its glacially deposited boulders and granite rocks.
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954:(1723â1796), who lived in China from 1745 to 1747, and wrote a book,
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30:"English park" redirects here. For the stadium in New Zealand, see
873:, still the most extreme example of 18th-century "Gothick" style.
812:, a great promoter of the English landscape garden style, praised
277:, were designed to impress visitors with their size and grandeur.
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has one of the oldest private English landscape gardens in Paris.
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236:(1699â1712), a predecessor of the English garden modelled on the
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The Genius of the Place. The English Landscape Garden 1620â1820.
1491:", built as an eyecatcher in the manner of the lake at Stourhead
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Descriptions of English gardens were first brought to France by
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Kent created one of the first true English landscape gardens at
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Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening
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The garden attracted visitors from all over Europe, including
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The California landscape garden: ecology, culture, and design
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2148:"From Peasants to Monet - Triumph of English Cottage Gardens"
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across Europe. The style became even more popular thanks to
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320:-style architecture to England. Kent's inspiration came from
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Fragments on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening
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An Inquiry into the Changes of Taste in Landscape Gardening
606:(1716â1783), who began his career in 1740 as a gardener at
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45:. For the album by Bruce Woolley and the Camera Club, see
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1287:. One of the best-known English gardens in Europe is the
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One of the first English gardens on the continent was at
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or bridge. Overlooking the pond is a round or hexagonal
1926:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
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According to some writers, especially French ones, the
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features and slopes, and created a series of views and
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Stepanova, Jekaterina (2010). Kraushaar, Frank (ed.).
582:
514:. Bridgeman's design included an octagonal lake and a
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Brown designed 170 gardens. The most important were:
280:
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Repton published four major books on garden design:
2100:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 18.
2017:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 28.
1944:
Quoted in Hunt (2012), 141; Wulf, 143â144, 229, 231
1221:is sited on the rocky island of Linnasaari in the
1080:The new style also spread to Germany. The central
1722:Könemann, Verlagsgesellschaft. Cologne. 520 pp.
1237:1803 painting of an English garden's elements by
974:(Anglo-Chinese garden) for this style of garden.
3902:
1338:, a Roman temple. Sometimes the park also has a
865:propagandist for the style, with his own house,
209:. It also had a major influence on the forms of
201:, and as far away as St. Petersburg, Russia, in
189:of trees, and recreations of classical temples,
2393:, 2008, William Heinemann (US: Vintage Books),
2244:Shalfleet Manor, Pinhorns Handbooks: Two. 1967.
1712:
2824:
2044:Eastwards: Western views on East Asian culture
841:The appropriate style of garden buildings was
2810:
2437:
2184:Les Jardins - Paysagistes. Jardiniers, Poetes
2082:Les Jardins- Paysagistes, Jarininiers, Poetes
2004:
1022:from 1763 to 1776 and based on the ideals of
150:in the early 18th century, and spread across
3686:List of organic gardening and farming topics
2036:
2034:
1750:
1748:
1670:Boults, Elizabeth and Chip Sullivan (2010).
1229:Characteristics of the English garden abroad
2451:
2291:
1030:, Yvelines (1774â1782); the Gardens of the
978:The English garden spreads to the continent
2817:
2803:
2444:
2430:
1692:
838:(1764) were very ready to be impressed.
2218:English Gardens and Landscapes 1700-1750.
2175:Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany,
2040:
2031:
1745:
1653:Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany,
747:Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gardening
293:, working for wealthy patrons, including
154:, replacing the more formal, symmetrical
2329:Francis, Mark; Reimann, Andreas (1999).
1850:Cited in Allain and Christiany, pg. 282.
1665:
1663:
1542:Felseninsel Stein and Villa Hamilton in
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1088:, was laid out between 1769 and 1773 by
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958:published in 1757. In 1761 he built the
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2186:. Editions Robert Laffont, Paris, 1998.
1920:
1918:
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1901:The Oxford Companion to British History
1672:Illustrated History of Landscape Design
1487:, Rome, showing the late 18th-century "
793:The Gothic temple on Hawkwelle Hill at
221:are popular visitor attractions today.
14:
3903:
2266:Georgian Gardens. The Reign of Nature.
2047:. Bern: Peter Lang. pp. 155â156.
1657:, Citadelles and Mazenod, Paris, 2006.
775:Hermann Ludwig Heinrich PĂŒckler-Muskau
564:. Hoare had travelled to Italy on the
34:. For the public park in Armenia, see
2798:
2425:
2093:
2010:
1893:
1660:
468:in Italy, to add movement and drama.
398:and canals, but they also featured a
386:Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington
299:Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington
3926:Types of garden by country of origin
3871:
2300:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1913:
1861:The Oxford Companion to Architecture
82:and other English landscape gardens.
3883:
2288:, Ăditions Sud Ouest, Bordeaux 2008
2179:, Citadelle at Mazenot, Paris, 2006
2120:Allain and Christiany, pg. 316-318.
1965:Trotha, 24, 55â56, 62â64, 63 quoted
1767:See Allain and Christiany, pg. 280.
587:
583:The great age of the English garden
508:Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham
295:Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham
24:
2405:
2337:. University of California Press.
1881:The Oxford Companion to the Garden
1134:the main example of this style is
1104:. Another notable example was The
1090:Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau
281:William Kent and Charles Bridgeman
25:
3937:
2379:Worpole, Ken & Orton, Jason,
2279:Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes'
1269:, bridges, and statues. The name
1177:The style also spread rapidly to
1038:, west of Paris (1777â1784); The
946:was popular in most forms of the
677:
492:Palladian bridge and Pantheon at
375:
3921:Garden design history of England
3882:
3870:
3859:
3858:
3846:
2555:
1830:Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes
1817:Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes
1778:Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes
1740:Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes
1588:
1574:
1551:
1535:
1515:
1496:
1477:
1458:
1439:
1421:
1402:
1386:
1367:
1073:or rotunda (left) in the Munich
1000:Observations on Modern Gardening
518:(1720â21) designed by Vanbrugh.
440:of Venus on the slope along the
2140:
2123:
2114:
2087:
2074:
2061:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1947:
1938:
1873:
1853:
1844:
1841:Allain and Christiany, pg. 282.
1835:
1822:
1809:
1800:
556:(1741â1780), created by banker
3916:English Landscape Garden style
2383:, Field Station, London, 2014.
2274:, Phaidon Press, London, 2008.
2234:2014 ISSN 0915-0986 (Vol.27),
2094:Chang, Elizabeth Hope (2010).
2011:Chang, Elizabeth Hope (2010).
1983:Allain and Christiany, pg. 307
1806:Allain and Christiany, pg. 290
1783:
1770:
1761:
1732:
1647:
1522:The "Temple of Friendship" in
1322:elements. Always present is a
1213:in the neighbouring estate of
1148:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
1018:, in France, built by marquis
625:He compared his own role as a
471:
178:, as well as from the classic
13:
1:
2249:The English Landscape Garden.
2191:The English Landscape Garden.
2168:
1185:adapted the new style in the
1058:(1783â1789), was created for
785:The "forest or savage garden"
698:, before proposed landscaping
392:, including alleys forming a
1610:Historic garden conservation
1144:StanisĆaw August Poniatowski
771:Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand
544:
534:, Cobham's political rival.
205:, the gardens of the future
120:Englischer Landschaftsgarten
7:
3717:Index of pesticide articles
2227:, 41, 2: (2013) p. 172
2220:London, Country Life. 1967.
2177:L'art des jardins en Europe
1718:Tomam, Rolf, editor. 2000.
1655:L'Art des jardins en Europe
1567:
1342:. Other elements include a
996:Jean-Bernard, abbé Le Blanc
604:Lancelot "Capability" Brown
597:Lancelot "Capability" Brown
217:, and many examples in the
195:Lancelot "Capability" Brown
10:
3942:
2861:Climate-friendly gardening
2369:, 2009, Haus Publishing,
2281:, Mondatori Electra, Milan
1928:, Oxford University Press
1924:James Stevens Curl (2006)
1903:, Oxford University Press
1883:, Oxford University Press
1879:Patrick Taylor Ed. (2006)
1863:, Oxford University Press
1758:, Editions Sud Ouest, 2006
1742:, Mondatori Electra, Milan
1700:Romantics and Romanticism.
1397:'s grotto at Bowood House
1360:
1334:, often in the shape of a
1160:StanisĆaw SzczÄsny Potocki
1082:English Grounds of Wörlitz
988:English Grounds of Wörlitz
877:The "Anglo-Chinese" garden
405:
261:Claremont Landscape Garden
224:
40:
29:
3840:
3762:
3737:Plant disease forecasting
3699:
3691:Vegan organic agriculture
3666:
3541:Genetically modified tree
3428:
2971:
2836:
2783:
2664:
2636:National Trust properties
2564:
2553:
2459:
2381:The New English Landscape
1859:Patrick Goode Ed. (2009)
1635:List of landscape gardens
1146:. In another part of the
1116:, created in 1789 by Sir
1092:, based on the models of
887:Great Pagoda, Kew Gardens
2770:English landscape garden
2203:, 2012, Reaktion Books,
1992:Trotha, 24-29, 25 quoted
1641:
1630:Landscape gardens topics
1625:Landscape design history
1409:Bridge and mausoleum at
1209:was created for her son
1201:, modeled after that at
1162:so as to illustrate the
1158:, was designed by Count
338:Prince George of Denmark
88:English landscape garden
2453:Architecture of England
2268:London, Batsford. 1983.
2193:London, Pleiades. 1948.
1698:Bris, Michel Le. 1981.
1314:The canonical European
1102:Stowe Landscape Gardens
1046:, (1777â1780); and the
199:French landscape garden
3676:Biodynamic agriculture
3613:Postharvest physiology
3561:Landscape architecture
3258:Indonesian home garden
2522:Strawberry Hill Gothic
2251:London, Academy. 1978.
1485:Villa Borghese gardens
1309:English country houses
1302:" features, including
1241:
1086:Principality of Anhalt
1077:
1020:René Louis de Girardin
991:
890:
797:
715:
699:
599:
496:
485:
422:
372:
240:
135:
127:
119:
111:
103:
92:English landscape park
83:
67:
18:English landscape park
2923:Historic conservation
2286:Histoires des jardins
2071:, 41, 2: (2013) p.172
1489:Temple of Aesculapius
1429:Sheffield Park Garden
1326:or small lake with a
1318:contains a number of
1281:design of the garden
1236:
1068:
1024:Jean Jacques Rousseau
985:
962:, London, as part of
884:
835:The Castle of Otranto
792:
779:Frederick Law Olmsted
705:
685:
595:
539:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
491:
479:
413:
366:
275:gardens of Versailles
259:(1705â1722), and the
238:gardens of Versailles
232:
215:English country house
73:
58:
36:English Park, Yerevan
3853:Gardening portal
3752:Aquamog weed remover
3727:List of insecticides
2616:Renaissance theatres
2596:Round-tower churches
2292:Laird, Mark (1999).
2135:John Claudius Loudon
1756:Histoire des jardins
1195:mock Chinese village
1125:Fredrik Magnus Piper
1048:Chùteau de Méréville
1032:ChĂąteau de Bagatelle
972:Jardin Anglo-Chinois
925:Palace of Versailles
889:, West London (1761)
763:John Claudius Loudon
726:Richard Payne Knight
480:Palladian bridge at
324:'s buildings in the
156:French formal garden
112:Giardino all'inglese
2586:Medieval cathedrals
2581:Abbeys and priories
2418:London, Elek. 1975.
2258:London, Hale. 1979.
2214:Hussey, Christopher
1899:John Cannon (2009)
1676:John Wiley and Sons
1472:estate in Wiltshire
1183:Catherine the Great
929:Louis XIV of France
907:Upon the garden of
708:Wentworth Woodhouse
688:Wentworth Woodhouse
164:landscape paintings
104:Jardin Ă l'anglaise
3722:List of fungicides
3487:Companion planting
2745:Dartmoor longhouse
2740:Wealden hall house
2367:The English Garden
2365:Trotha, Hans von,
2272:The English Garden
2254:Stuart, David C.,
2201:A World of Gardens
2133:was introduced by
1340:"Chinese" pavilion
1273:â not used in the
1242:
1193:, complete with a
1187:park of her palace
1078:
1056:Hameau de la Reine
992:
903:Sir William Temple
891:
798:
716:
700:
600:
497:
486:
466:Villa di Pratolino
462:Villa Aldobrandini
423:
373:
249:Nicholas Hawksmoor
241:
138:), is a style of "
84:
68:
3911:Landscape gardens
3898:
3897:
3770:Community orchard
3596:drought tolerance
2792:
2791:
2702:Brighton and Hove
2591:Former cathedrals
2542:Bristol Byzantine
2284:Philippe PrévÎt,
2277:Lucia Impelluso,
2256:Georgian Gardens.
2242:Parks in England.
2107:978-0-8047-5945-8
2054:978-3-0343-0040-7
2024:978-0-8047-5945-8
1934:978-0-1986-0678-9
1889:978-0-1986-6255-6
1869:978-0-1986-0568-3
1815:Lucia Impelluso,
1776:Lucia Impelloso,
1754:Philippe Prevot,
1738:Lucia Impelluso,
1560:HĂŽtel de Besenval
1289:Englischer Garten
1118:Benjamin Thompson
1106:Englischer Garten
1075:Englischer Garten
1044:Neuilly-sur-Seine
1040:Folie Saint James
942:, at a time when
614:, then succeeded
612:Charles Bridgeman
446:natural landscape
346:Kensington Palace
291:Charles Bridgeman
146:which emerged in
74:The paintings of
43:Englischer Garten
16:(Redirected from
3933:
3886:
3885:
3874:
3873:
3862:
3861:
3851:
3850:
3827:Plant collecting
3763:Related articles
3700:Plant protection
2881:French intensive
2819:
2812:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2631:Church monuments
2621:Listed buildings
2559:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2412:Hunt, John Dixon
2355:
2353:
2351:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2197:Hunt, John Dixon
2182:Michel Baridon,
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2150:. Archived from
2144:
2138:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2091:
2085:
2080:Michel Baridon,
2078:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1922:
1911:
1897:
1891:
1877:
1871:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1795:Garden and Grove
1787:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1752:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1716:
1710:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1667:
1658:
1651:
1598:
1596:Gardening portal
1593:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1555:
1539:
1528:Saint Petersburg
1519:
1504:Palace of Laeken
1500:
1481:
1468:pantheon at the
1462:
1443:
1425:
1406:
1395:Capability Brown
1390:
1371:
1207:much larger park
1199:Palladian bridge
1181:, where in 1774
1154:(ZofiĂłwka), now
1060:Marie Antoinette
1036:Bois de Boulogne
1008:Seven Years' War
952:William Chambers
588:Capability Brown
367:Ionic Temple at
354:St. James's Park
247:(1664â1726) and
21:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3845:
3836:
3832:Turf management
3817:Lists of plants
3812:List of gardens
3758:
3695:
3662:
3424:
2974:
2967:
2832:
2823:
2793:
2788:
2779:
2750:Somerset towers
2707:Hammerbeam roof
2660:
2606:Historic houses
2567:
2560:
2551:
2507:English Baroque
2455:
2450:
2408:
2406:Further reading
2403:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2247:Jarret, David,
2171:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1923:
1914:
1898:
1894:
1878:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1791:John Dixon Hunt
1788:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1717:
1713:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1678:. p. 175.
1668:
1661:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1620:Japanese garden
1594:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1520:
1511:
1501:
1492:
1482:
1473:
1463:
1454:
1452:Buckinghamshire
1444:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1415:North Yorkshire
1407:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1372:
1363:
1239:Johann Rombauer
1231:
980:
948:decorative arts
920:Chinese gardens
905:wrote an essay
879:
867:Strawberry Hill
859:Fountains Abbey
855:North Yorkshire
832:like Walpole's
802:woodland garden
787:
712:South Yorkshire
692:South Yorkshire
680:
667:Blenheim Palace
627:garden designer
590:
585:
547:
504:Buckinghamshire
474:
434:garden features
408:
378:
283:
265:Claremont House
257:Blenheim Palace
227:
180:Chinese gardens
176:Nicolas Poussin
53:
39:
28:
27:Style of garden
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3939:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3880:
3868:
3856:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3807:Garden tourism
3804:
3799:
3797:Groundskeeping
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3586:free-flowering
3583:
3578:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2903:Groundskeeping
2900:
2899:
2898:
2896:computer-aided
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2760:Portland stone
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:English Gothic
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2384:
2377:
2363:
2343:
2326:
2306:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2269:
2262:Jacques, David
2259:
2252:
2245:
2240:Prince, Hugh,
2238:
2228:
2225:Garden History
2221:
2211:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2139:
2122:
2113:
2106:
2086:
2073:
2069:Garden History
2060:
2053:
2030:
2023:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1954:From Chapter 3
1946:
1937:
1912:
1892:
1872:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1821:
1808:
1799:
1797:, London 1986.
1782:
1769:
1760:
1744:
1731:
1711:
1691:
1684:
1659:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1615:Italian garden
1612:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1585:
1582:England portal
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1544:Wörlitzer Park
1541:
1534:
1532:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:cottage garden
1346:and imitation
1284:à la française
1275:United Kingdom
1271:English garden
1230:
1227:
1152:Sofiyivka Park
1028:DĂ©sert de Retz
1004:Thomas Whately
979:
976:
933:Joseph Addison
878:
875:
810:Horace Walpole
806:Gothic revival
786:
783:
719:Humphry Repton
696:Humphry Repton
679:
678:Humphry Repton
676:
675:
674:
664:
654:
644:
589:
586:
584:
581:
562:Claude Lorrain
546:
543:
532:Robert Walpole
521:In the 1730s,
473:
470:
442:River Cherwell
407:
404:
390:à la française
382:Chiswick House
377:
376:Chiswick House
374:
371:in west London
369:Chiswick House
282:
279:
270:à la française
226:
223:
219:United Kingdom
172:Claude Lorrain
96:English garden
94:or simply the
90:, also called
76:Claude Lorrain
48:English Garden
26:
9:
6:
4:
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3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Garden centre
3800:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3780:Floral design
3778:
3776:
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3677:
3674:
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3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3646:reforestation
3644:
3642:
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3629:
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3556:Intercropping
3554:
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3549:
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3537:
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3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3497:most valuable
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:Arboriculture
3463:
3459:
3456:
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3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
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3436:
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3328:
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3308:
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3293:
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3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
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3176:
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3169:
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3149:
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3141:
3137:
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3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
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3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3058:Garden square
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Ancient Egypt
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
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2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:Garden design
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
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2841:
2839:
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2827:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2775:Cruck framing
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Country house
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
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2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Hindu temples
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
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2609:
2607:
2604:
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2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2566:Buildings and
2563:
2558:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
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2464:
2462:
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2454:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2428:
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2424:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2400:
2399:9780434016129
2396:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2375:9781906598204
2372:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2346:
2344:9780520217645
2340:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2309:
2307:9780812234572
2303:
2299:
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2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2263:
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2257:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:9781861898807
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:Clark, H.F.,
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2154:on 2016-11-12
2153:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2117:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2084:. Pg. 839-40.
2083:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1974:Trotha, 63â65
1971:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1910:
1909:9780199567638
1906:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1728:3-8290-1575-5
1725:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1708:0-8478-0371-6
1705:
1701:
1695:
1687:
1685:0-470-28933-3
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:German garden
1603:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1572:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:Pavlovsk Park
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1411:Castle Howard
1405:
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1396:
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1377:
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1235:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:Monrepos Park
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:Tsarskoe Selo
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:Ćazienki Park
1133:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1120:(1753â1814).
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
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1076:
1072:
1067:
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1049:
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1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:, written by
1001:
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989:
984:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
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949:
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910:
904:
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874:
872:
868:
862:
860:
856:
852:
851:Studley Royal
848:
844:
839:
837:
836:
831:
830:Gothic novels
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
791:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
736:
731:
730:Uvedale Price
727:
722:
720:
713:
709:
704:
697:
693:
689:
684:
672:
668:
665:
662:
658:
655:
652:
648:
645:
642:
638:
635:
634:
633:
630:
628:
623:
619:
617:
613:
609:
608:Stowe Gardens
605:
598:
594:
580:
578:
574:
573:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
542:
540:
535:
533:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
512:John Vanbrugh
509:
505:
501:
500:Stowe Gardens
495:
490:
483:
478:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:Rousham House
421:
417:
416:Rousham House
412:
403:
401:
397:
396:
391:
387:
383:
370:
365:
361:
359:
355:
351:
350:Hampton Court
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
301:; and banker
300:
296:
292:
288:
278:
276:
272:
271:
266:
262:
258:
255:(1699â1712),
254:
253:Castle Howard
250:
246:
245:John Vanbrugh
239:
235:
234:Castle Howard
231:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:Salvator Rosa
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:JardĂn inglĂ©s
133:
129:
128:Jardim inglĂȘs
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
81:
77:
72:
65:
64:Stowe Gardens
61:
57:
51:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
3887:
3875:
3863:
3844:
3747:Weed control
3636:horticulture
3566:Olericulture
3546:Hydroculture
3536:Fruticulture
3514:Floriculture
3443:Permaculture
3430:Horticulture
3130:
2826:Horticulture
2769:
2722:Bastle house
2601:Roman villas
2415:
2390:
2387:Wulf, Andrea
2380:
2366:
2348:. Retrieved
2334:
2331:
2311:. Retrieved
2297:
2294:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2265:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2232:Japan Review
2231:
2224:
2217:
2200:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2156:. Retrieved
2152:the original
2142:
2130:
2125:
2116:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2068:
2063:
2043:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1949:
1940:
1925:
1900:
1895:
1880:
1875:
1860:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1829:
1824:
1816:
1811:
1802:
1794:
1785:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1755:
1739:
1734:
1719:
1714:
1699:
1694:
1671:
1654:
1649:
1376:Bowood House
1352:
1316:English park
1315:
1313:
1297:
1282:
1270:
1243:
1203:Wilton House
1176:
1169:
1163:
1129:
1122:
1079:
1016:Ermenonville
1013:
999:
993:
971:
960:Great Pagoda
955:
937:
913:
906:
892:
863:
847:Neoclassical
845:rather than
840:
833:
799:
758:
754:
750:
746:
744:
723:
717:
631:
624:
620:
616:William Kent
601:
570:
548:
536:
523:William Kent
520:
498:
449:
436:including a
430:James Dormer
424:
393:
389:
379:
331:
315:
287:William Kent
284:
268:
242:
211:public parks
207:Emperor Paul
191:Gothic ruins
184:
160:William Kent
95:
91:
87:
85:
47:
32:English Park
3889:WikiProject
3658:Monoculture
3653:Viticulture
3631:agriculture
3591:propagation
3531:HĂŒgelkultur
3453:sustainable
3438:Agriculture
3380:Therapeutic
3360:Shakespeare
3171:Renaissance
2963:Xeriscaping
2958:Sustainable
2953:Square foot
2943:Proplifting
2908:Garden tool
2876:Foodscaping
2656:Lighthouses
2611:Hall houses
2492:Elizabethan
2472:Saxo-Norman
2467:Anglo-Saxon
2131:gardenesque
1828:Impelluso,
1466:Eyecatching
1448:Stowe House
1433:East Sussex
1374:Pinetum at
1304:shrubberies
1300:gardenesque
964:Kew Gardens
944:chinoiserie
940:Stowe House
826:picturesque
795:Stowe House
757:(1806) and
740:balustrades
735:picturesque
671:Oxfordshire
641:West Sussex
558:Henry Hoare
527:James Gibbs
484:(1730â1738)
472:Stowe House
454:eyecatchers
420:Oxfordshire
395:patte d'oie
303:Henry Hoare
66:(1730â1738)
3905:Categories
3551:Indigenous
3448:stock-free
3420:Zoological
3300:Pollinator
3193:Greenhouse
3136:Sharawadgi
3124:Vietnamese
3085:East Asian
2993:Australian
2948:Raised bed
2913:Green wall
2755:Bath stone
2732:Oast house
2687:Manchester
2677:Birmingham
2568:structures
2532:Jacobethan
2512:Queen Anne
2361:0520214501
2324:081223457X
2169:References
2158:2006-10-25
1546:in Germany
1393:View from
1336:monopteros
1267:sham ruins
1259:belvederes
1255:tea-houses
1223:Vyborg Bay
1071:monopteros
915:sharawadgi
871:Twickenham
673:) in 1764.
663:) in 1763;
653:) in 1761;
651:Derbyshire
647:Chatsworth
643:) in 1752;
566:Grand Tour
414:Garden of
334:Queen Anne
311:Grand Tour
124:Portuguese
3822:Perennial
3785:Floristry
3732:Pesticide
3712:Herbicide
3707:Fungicide
3601:hardiness
3365:Shrubbery
3345:Sculpture
3166:landscape
3095:Cantonese
3070:Container
3065:Community
3033:Byzantine
3028:Butterfly
3018:Botanical
2918:Guerrilla
2866:Community
2856:Butterfly
2851:Arboretum
2846:Allotment
2838:Gardening
2830:gardening
2765:Flushwork
2717:Almshouse
2712:Fan vault
2682:Liverpool
2641:Windmills
2547:Brutalist
2537:Edwardian
2527:Victorian
2350:March 16,
2313:March 16,
2129:The term
1832:, pg. 95.
1819:, pg. 96.
1780:, pg. 90.
1510:, Belgium
1470:Stourhead
1380:Wiltshire
1263:pavilions
1098:Stourhead
1094:Claremont
1084:, in the
1050:, in the
899:The Hague
814:Painshill
767:John Nash
661:Wiltshire
618:in 1748.
554:Wiltshire
550:Stourhead
545:Stourhead
494:Stourhead
358:Hyde Park
318:Palladian
140:landscape
80:Stourhead
78:inspired
3865:Category
3775:Features
3681:Grafting
3641:forestry
3623:Tropical
3608:Pomology
3581:cuttings
3576:breeding
3410:Wildlife
3390:Tropical
3340:Scottish
3290:Pleasure
3278:Paradise
3273:Charbagh
3243:Monastic
3238:Medieval
3148:Floating
3102:Japanese
3053:Communal
3043:Colonial
3008:Biblical
2973:Types of
2938:Parterre
2786:Category
2651:Stadiums
2517:Georgian
2502:Carolean
2497:Jacobean
1568:See also
1530:, Russia
1508:Brussels
1332:pavilion
1320:Romantic
1247:grottoes
1215:Pavlovsk
1168:and the
909:Epicurus
895:Far East
818:conifers
753:(1803),
749:(1795),
724:In 1794
706:View of
686:View of
637:Petworth
450:tableaux
322:Palladio
203:Pavlovsk
3877:Commons
3790:Ikebana
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3504:Cutting
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3119:Korean
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3023:Bottle
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2933:Native
2886:Garden
2871:Forest
2735:(cowl)
2672:London
2477:Norman
2460:Styles
2397:
2373:
2359:
2341:
2322:
2304:
2207:
2104:
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1293:Munich
1217:. The
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2205:ISBN
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