20:
1135:
1192:
921:
1318:
730:
3433:
1991:
1287:
1049:
1607:
1555:
1567:
1188:, the science of moving large amounts of earth. This science had several technological developments. This science had come from the military, following the introduction of cannon and modern siege warfare, when they were required to dig trenches and build walls and earth fortifications quickly. This led to the development of baskets for carrying earth on the back, wheelbarrows, carts and wagons. Andre LeNotre adapted these methods to build the level terraces, and to dig canals and basins on a grand scale.
816:
1297:
56:
1578:
1308:
3445:
336:, and the space was filled with parterres of evergreen shrubs in ornamental patterns, bordered by coloured sand, and the alleys were decorated at regular intervals by statues, basins, fountains, and carefully sculpted topiaries. "The symmetry attained at Vaux achieved a degree of perfection and unity rarely equalled in the art of classic gardens. The chateau is at the center of this strict spatial organization, which symbolizes power and success."
288:
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377:
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280:
30:
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1122:. In 1664, Louis XIV celebrated a six-day festival in the gardens, with cavalcades, comedies, ballets, and fireworks. Gardens of Versailles included a theatre of water, decorated with fountains and statues of the infancy of the gods (destroyed between 1770 and 1780). Full-size ships were constructed for sailing on the Grand Canal, and the garden had an open-air ballroom surrounded by trees; a water organ,
185:
42:
936:
352:. They were the largest gardens in Europe, with an area of 15,000 hectares, and were laid out on an east–west axis followed the course of the sun: the sun rose over the Court of Honor, lit the Marble Court, crossed the Chateau and lit the bedroom of the King, and set at the end of the Grand Canal, reflected in the mirrors of the
1213:, bringing water to the gardens for the irrigation of the plants and for use in the many fountains. This development was not fully successful at Versailles, which was on a plateau; even with 221 pumps and a system of canals bringing water from the Seine, and the construction in 1681 of a huge pumping machine, the
262:
following the
Italian rules of proportion. The carefully prepared harmony of Anet, with its parterres and surfaces of water integrated with sections of greenery, became one of the earliest and most influential examples of the classic French garden. Today, water remains a key garden design in the form
793:
farther from the house, the broderies are replaced with simpler parterres, filled with grass, and often containing fountains or basins of water. Beyond these, small carefully created groves of trees serve as an intermediary between the formal garden and the masses of trees of the park. "The perfect
687:
A planting bed, usually square or rectangular, containing an ornamental design made with low closely clipped hedges, colored gravel, and sometimes flowers. Parterres were usually laid out in geometric patterns, divided by gravel paths. They were intended seen from above from a house or terrace. A
266:
While the gardens of the French
Renaissance were much different in their spirit and appearance than those of the Middle Ages, they were still not integrated with the architecture of the châteaux, and were usually enclosed by walls. In French garden design, the chateau or home was supposed to be the
1064:
The designers of the French garden saw their work as a branch of architecture, which simply extended the space of the building to the space outside the walls, and ordered nature according to the rules of geometry, optics and perspective. Gardens were designed like buildings, with a succession of
1092:
Just as architects installed systems of water into the chateaux, they laid out elaborate hydraulic systems to supply the fountains and basins of the garden. Long basins full of water replaced mirrors, and the water from fountains replaced chandeliers. In the bosquet du Marais in the gardens of
452:
began to appear. Elaborate parterres of broderies, with their curves and counter-curves, were replaced by parterres of grass bordered with flowerbeds, which were easier to maintain. Circles became ovals, called rotules, with alleys radiating outward in the shape of an 'x', and irregular octagon
1153:
to their work. In the first published treatises on gardens, in the 17th century, they devoted chapters to the subject of how to correct or improve perspective, usually to create the illusion of greater distance. This was often done by having alleys become narrower, or having rows of trees that
774:
a central axis, or perspective, perpendicular to the facade of the house, on the side opposite the front entrance. The axis extends either all the way to the horizon (Versailles) or to piece of statuary or architecture (Vaux-le-Vicomte). The axis faces either South (Vaux-le-Vicomte, Meudon) or
267:
visual focal point. The different parts of the gardens were not harmoniously joined, and they were often placed on difficult sites chosen for terrain easy to defend, rather than for beauty. All this was to change in the middle of the 17th century with the development of the first real garden
830:
were relatively rare in French gardens in the 17th century and there was a limited range of colours: blue, pink, white and mauve. Brighter colours (yellow, red, orange) would not arrive until about 1730, because of botanical discoveries from around the world brought to Europe. Bulbs of
1165:). This was a method used to conceal fences which crossed long alleys or perspectives. A deep and wide trench with vertical wall of stone on one side was dug wherever a fence crossed a view, or a fence was placed in bottom of the trench, so that it was invisible to the viewer.
1097:
placed tables of white and red marble for serving meals. The flowing water in the basins and fountains imitated water pouring into carafes and crystal glasses. The dominant role of architecture in the garden did not change until the 18th century, when the
453:
shapes appeared. Gardens began to follow the natural landscape, rather than moving earth to shape the ground into artificial terraces. Limited colors were available at the time as well. Traditionally, French gardens included blue, pink, white, and mauve.
940:
778:
the most elaborate parterres, or planting beds, in the shape of squares, ovals, circles or scrolls, are placed in a regular and geometric order close to the house, to complement the architecture and to be seen from above from the reception rooms of the
1154:
converged, or were trimmed so that they became gradually shorter, as they went farther away from the centre of the garden or from the house. This created the illusion that the perspective was longer and that the garden was larger than it actually was.
367:
in the central fountain of the garden. "The views and perspectives, to and from the palace, continued to infinity. The king ruled over nature, recreating in the garden not only his domination of his territories, but over the court and his subjects."
938:
181:. Additionally, the symmetry of French gardens was a continuation of the Renaissance themes of harmony. French gardens were symmetrical and well manicured to represent order, and this idea of orderliness extended to French society at the time.
1262:
of the time, which tried to achieve similar effects with fire instead of water. Both the fountains and fireworks were often accompanied by music, and were designed to show how nature (water and fire) could be shaped by the will of man.
1230:, the art and science of shaping water into different shapes as it came out the fountain. The shape of the water depended upon the force of the water and the shape of the nozzle. New forms created through this art were named
939:
775:
east–west (Tuileries, Clagny, Trianon, Sceaux). The principal axis is composed of a lawn, or a basin of water, bordered by trees. The principal axis is crossed by one or more perpendicular perspectives and alleys
1065:
rooms which a visitor could pass through following an established route, hallways, and vestibules with adjoining chambers. They used the language of architecture in their plans; the spaces were referred to as
806:
and pieces of sculpture, usually on mythological themes, which either underline or punctuate the perspectives, and mark the intersections of the axes, and by moving water in the form of cascades and fountains.
356:. In contrast with the grand perspectives, reaching to the horizon, the garden was full of surprises – fountains, small gardens filled with statuary, which provided a more human scale and intimate spaces.
331:
to create the gardens. It was for the first time that the garden and the chateau were perfectly integrated. A grand perspective of 1500 meters extended from the foot of the chateau to the statue of the
768:
all vegetation is constrained and directed to demonstrate the mastery of man over nature. Trees are planted in straight lines and carefully trimmed, and their tops are trimmed at a set height
771:
the residence serves as the central point of the garden and its central ornament. No trees are planted close to the house; rather, the house is set apart by low parterres and trimmed bushes
575:, the greatest garden project of the age. The gardens he created became the symbols of French grandeur and rationality, setting the style for European gardens until the arrival of the
1465:
937:
411:
912:
The trees in the park were trimmed both horizontally and flattened at the top, giving them the desired geometric form. Only in the 18th century were they allowed to grow freely.
464:
priests from the Court of the
Emperor of China. These styles rejected symmetry in favor of nature and rustic scenes and brought an end to the reign of the symmetrical garden
1278:
had walls five meters thick, with a double wall that maintains temperatures in winter between 5 and 8 degrees
Celsius (41 and 46 °F). Today it can shelter 1055 trees.
2179:« Il est à souhaiter que les jardins soient regardés de haut en bas, soit depuis des bâtiments, soit depuis des terrasses rehaussées à l'entour des parterres »,
1494:
1270:, in the ability to raise plants from warmer climates in the northern European climate by protecting them inside buildings and bringing them outdoors in pots. The first
747:
The form of the French garden was largely fixed by the middle of the 17th century. It had the following elements, which became typical of the formal French garden:
648:
A very curling decorative pattern within a parterre, created with trimmed yew or box or made by cutting the pattern out of a lawn and filling it with colored gravel
19:
2032:
177:, and statuary on mythological themes. The gardens were designed to represent harmony and order, the ideals of the Renaissance, and to recall the virtues of
847:, a tree or bush carved into geometric or fantastic shapes, which were placed in rows along the main axes of the garden, alternating with statues and vases.
1506:
2401:
594:, and included drawings and designs of gardens and parterres. It was reprinted many times, and was found in the libraries of aristocrats across Europe.
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2507:
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As gardens became more and more ambitious and elaborate through the 17th century, the garden no longer served as a decoration for the chateau. At
1134:
765:
wrote in 1600, "It is desirable that the gardens should be seen from above, either from the walls, or from terraces raised above the parterres."
1184:
The appearance of the French garden in the 17th and 18th centuries was a result of the development of several new technologies. The first was
980:. Even the arrangement of the flowers is designed to create a harmonious interplay of colours. Frequently found in French Baroque gardens are
1699:
509:
Traité du jardinage selon les raisons de la nature et de l'art. Ensemble divers desseins de parterres, pelouzes, bosquets et autres ornements
3500:
1820:
1022:
794:
place for a stroll, these spaces present alleys, stars, circles, theaters of greenery, galleries, spaces for balls and for festivities."
1959:
1191:
386:
André Le Nôtre died in 1700, but his pupils and his ideas continued to dominate the design of gardens in France through the reign of
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3270:
2394:
790:
to resemble the patterns of a carpet, and given a polychrome effect by plantings of flowers, or by colored brick, gravel or sand
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a terrace overlooking the garden, allowing the visitor to see all at once the entire garden. As the French landscape architect
2004:
2387:
1470:
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1223:
were placed along the routes of the King's promenades, and turned on the fountains at each site just before he arrived.
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820:
2755:
132:
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that "the principal reason for the existence of a garden is the esthetic pleasure which it gives to the spectator."
1850:
1274:
were built in France in the 16th century following the introduction of the orange tree after the
Italian Wars. The
718:
Trees or bushes trimmed into ornamental shapes. In French gardens, they were usually trimmed into geometric shapes
858:, kept in pots, and changed three or four times a year. Palace records from 1686 show that the palace used 20,050
437:) in 1748–50. The major inspiration for gardens continued to be architecture, rather than nature – the architect
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2014:
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563:(1613–1700) was the most important figure in the history of the French garden. The son of the gardener of
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1647:
1217:, there was still not enough water pressure for all the fountains of Versailles to be turned on at once.
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920:
1477:
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As fashions changed, many parterres de broderie of stately homes had to give way in the 19th century to
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2009:
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553:, where Italian formal gardening was introduced to France and where Claude apprenticed. His son was
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A small group of trees, usually some distance from the house, designed as an ornamental backdrop
571:, before becoming the chief gardener of Louis XIV between 1645 and 1700, and the designer of the
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of greenery. The "walls" were composed of hedges, and "stairways" of water. On the ground were
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468:. In many French parks and estates, the garden closest to the house was kept in the traditional
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212:
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arrived in Europe and the inspiration for gardens began to come not from architecture but from
348:, created by André Le Nôtre between 1662 and 1700, were the greatest achievement of the garden
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1523:
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bodies of water (canals, basins) serve as mirrors, doubling the size of the house or the trees
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Following his campaign in Italy in 1495, where he saw the gardens and castles of Naples, King
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and transplanted to
Versailles. Many died in transplanting and had to be regularly replaced.
572:
524:
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was published after his death in 1638. Its sixty-one engravings of designs for parterres and
460:, created by British aristocrats and landowners, and the Chinese style, brought to France by
345:
211:, from Naples and ordered the construction of Italian-style gardens at his residence at the
100:
23:
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at the beginning of the 16th century. The
Italian Renaissance garden, typified by the
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492:, which was inspired not by architecture but by painting, literature and philosophy.
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style, but the rest of the park was transformed into the new style, called variously
399:
244:
220:
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and in parterres on the north side of the palace. Flowers were usually brought from
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to animate the garden; stairways and ramps to unite different levels of the garden;
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503:, sieur de la Barauderie (c. 1560–1633) the superintendent of royal gardens under
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80:
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1996:
1934:
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150:
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1930:
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was often used as a setting for plays, spectacles, concerts, and displays of
997:
972:. It is characterised by a symmetrical layout of the flower beds and sheared
965:
851:
802:
653:
546:
533:(ca 1564-shortly before 1649), was the chief gardener of three French kings:
530:
215:
and at Château
Gaillard, another private résidence in Amboise. His successor
161:, created in geometric shapes, and laid out symmetrical patterns; the use of
60:
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designed elements of the gardens at
Versailles, Choisy (Val-de-Marne), and
430:
320:
235:, which featured fountains, parterres, a forest of pine trees brought from
178:
55:
1600:
902:
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Most of the trees at
Versailles were taken from the forest; they included
843:. An important ornamental feature in Versailles and other gardens was the
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Three or five paths or allées which spread outward from a single point
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2422:
2414:
2335:
According to the chronology of Yves-Marie Allian, Janine Christiany,
1976:
1342:(1536, destroyed in the 19th century and recreated beginning in 1906)
1271:
1259:
1176:, the chateau became a decorative element of the much larger garden.
1119:
360:
174:
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111:
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A recessed landscape design element that creates a vertical barrier
557:, who took the French style to the Netherlands, Sweden and England.
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The middle of the 18th century saw spread in popularity of the new
448:
Nonetheless, a few variations in the strict geometry of the garden
387:
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made it a style book for gardens, which influenced the design the
480:, or "pittoresques". This marked the end of the age of the garden
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29:
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was made of turf with a pattern cut out and filled with gravel.
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993:
989:
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836:
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742:
Traité du jardinage, selon les raisons de la nature et de l'art
507:, became the first theorist of the new French style. His book,
461:
364:
184:
170:
88:
2168:
Traite du jardinage selon les raisons de la nature et de l'art
2157:
See Harrap's standard French-English Dictionary, 1934 edition.
1085:, or embroidered, with plants, and the trees were formed into
3155:
1158:
886:
882:
787:
697:
359:
The central symbol of the garden was the sun; the emblem of
41:
3076:
2691:
867:
83:
for 'garden in the French manner'), is a style of "
3004:
878:
1327:
258:, upon his return from Rome, created the gardens of the
1483:
1157:
Another trick used by French garden designers was the
751:
a geometric plan using the most recent discoveries of
1366:
1986:
1258:(the fan). This art was closely associated with the
964:
meaning 'embroidery') is the typical form of French
1149:did not stop at applying the rules of geometry and
901:trees. Large trees were dug up from the forests of
95:and the principle of imposing order on nature. Its
819:Belvedere Palace's Gardens in Vienna, designed by
243:had two gardens in the new style, one created for
239:, and the first artificial grotto in France. The
850:At Versailles flower beds were found only at the
782:the parterres near the residence are filled with
3487:
223:, created an Italian-style garden nearby at the
2409:
2200:Claude Wenzler, Architecture du Jardin, pg. 22
219:, who had also travelled to Italy and had met
2395:
2015:French gardens in England (The English House)
976:hedging to form ornamental patterns known as
810:
3271:List of organic gardening and farming topics
2185:Théatre d'architecture ou Mesnage des champs
1014:the parterre transitions into the bosquets.
72:
1644:, Marseille, garden by Eduard Andre, 1891.
1017:Well known examples are the gardens at the
2402:
2388:
2268:Une nature domptée sur ordre du Roi Soleil
1960:Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso
1821:Augustusburg and Falkenlust Palaces, Brühl
495:
319:, beginning in 1656. Fouquet commissioned
2351:Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany,
2283:Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany,
2035:, "Les jardins témoins de leur temps" in
1949:Palace and Garden, west of St. Petersburg
1668:
283:17th-century engraving of Vaux-le-Vicomte
157:, was characterized by planting beds, or
2260:
2139:Wenzer, Architecture du jardin, (pg. 27)
1605:
1586:
1576:
1565:
1553:
1538:
1316:
1306:
1295:
1285:
1190:
1133:
1047:
934:
919:
915:
814:
728:
622:A straight path, often lined with trees
590:, laid out the principles of the garden
375:
339:
286:
278:
183:
126:
103:designed during the 17th century by the
54:
40:
28:
18:
2050:Wenzler, Architecture du jardin, pg. 12
476:(the English garden), "anglo-chinois",
3496:Châteaux with formal gardens in France
3488:
2173:
2079:
2026:
1625:, restored to original design in 2003)
327:to design statues for the garden, and
2383:
2005:History of Parks and Gardens of Paris
1834:in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia
1328:Predecessors in the Renaissance Style
1266:Another important development was in
3456:
2355:, Citadelles et Mazenod, Paris, 2006
1635:
1484:Gardens attributed to André Le Nôtre
1226:A related development took place in
661:An umbrella term for water features
315:, the Superintendent of Finances to
299:-like patterning) at Vaux-le-Vicomte
145:, a style which was inspired by the
3468:
1817:, Hanover, Lower Saxony (1676–1680)
835:and other exotic flowers came from
13:
2187:, 1600, cité par Bernard Jeannel,
2166:Jacques Boyceau de La Barauderie,
1805:, Kassel, Hesse (built until 1785)
1768:in Schwetzingen, Baden-Württemberg
1715:in Engelhartstetten, Lower Austria
1367:Gardens designed by André Le Nôtre
274:
99:is generally considered to be the
14:
3522:
3501:Ancien Régime French architecture
1780:near Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg
1774:in Weikersheim, Baden-Württemberg
1719:
1089:, or curtains, along the alleys.
484:and the arrival in France of the
133:Gardens of the French Renaissance
16:Style of garden based on symmetry
3467:
3455:
3444:
3443:
3431:
2367:Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes
2170:, Paris, Michel Vanlochon, 1638.
2128:Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes
1989:
1851:Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi
1534:
1420:Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1052:Broderies in the gardens of the
1029:in Germany, which have achieved
738:Jacques Boyceau de La Barauderie
3511:Garden design history of France
2329:
2316:
2303:
2290:
2277:
2247:
2234:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2160:
2151:
2142:
1179:
1043:
363:, illustrated by the statue of
263:of round pools and long ponds.
2133:
2120:
2107:
2094:
2066:
2053:
2044:
1863:
1129:
1040:and have not been reinstated.
588:Théorie et traité de jardinage
203:brought Italian craftsmen and
1:
2362:, Editions Ouest-France, 2003
2345:
1145:The architects of the garden
733:A French estate, 18th century
724:
1927:, St. Petersburg (1712–1725)
1209:A second development was in
800:the garden is animated with
567:, he worked on the plans of
404:Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
37:in the Gardens of Versailles
7:
3302:Index of pesticide articles
2353:L'art des jardins en Europe
2337:L'art des jardins in Europe
2285:L'art des jardins en Europe
1982:
1654:estate, early 20th century.
1648:Nemours Mansion and Gardens
786:, designs created with low
412:Jean-Charles Garnier d'Isle
303:The first important garden
231:created new gardens at the
227:. Beginning in 1528, King
114:and widely copied by other
63:at the Palace of Versailles
10:
3527:
2446:Climate-friendly gardening
2376:, Editions Sud Ouest, 2006
1943:Estate, Moscow (1750–1780)
1898:Branicki Palace, Białystok
1759:
1739:
1673:
1196:Vue de la Machine de Marly
1109:
811:Colours, flowers and trees
371:
247:in 1551, and a second for
147:Italian Renaissance garden
130:
121:
3425:
3347:
3322:Plant disease forecasting
3284:
3276:Vegan organic agriculture
3251:
3126:Genetically modified tree
3013:
2556:
2421:
2010:Notable Gardens of France
1966:
1962:in San Ildefonso, Segovia
1908:
1876:
1755:, Buckinghamshire (1870s)
1748:, Oxfordshire (1705–1724)
1440:at Versailles (1687–1688)
1038:English landscape gardens
823:, pupil of André Le Nôtre
410:), and another relative,
143:French Renaissance garden
2020:
1953:
1872:in Apeldoorn, Gelderland
1838:
1827:, North Rhine-Westphalia
1478:Château de Pontchartrain
1394:Château de Fontainebleau
1081:, or carpets, of grass,
996:. Further away from the
458:English landscape garden
433:) in 1746 and Bellevue (
394:, created the garden at
233:Château de Fontainebleau
1859:Palace, Piedmont (1755)
1845:Royal Palace of Caserta
1698:in Vienna (designed by
1688:in Vienna (designed by
1582:Royal Palace of Caserta
1495:Château de Valgenceusel
1281:
1254:(Ball in the air), and
889:trees. There were also
496:Theorists and gardeners
323:to design the chateau,
155:Villa Medici in Fiesole
3261:Biodynamic agriculture
3198:Postharvest physiology
3146:Landscape architecture
2843:Indonesian home garden
2369:, Hazan, Paris, 2007.
2360:Architecture du jardin
1811:in Celle, Lower Saxony
1669:Gardens outside France
1614:
1603:
1584:
1574:
1563:
1551:
1543:A contemporary garden
1400:Château de Saint-Cloud
1324:
1314:
1304:
1293:
1206:
1142:
1061:
1023:Palace of Augustusburg
961:
949:
932:
824:
734:
584:Dezallier d'Argenville
577:English landscape park
421:, created gardens for
406:(1717) and at Champs (
383:
300:
284:
254:In 1536 the architect
209:Pacello da Mercogliano
196:
73:
64:
52:
38:
26:
2508:Historic conservation
2274:, n° 7/8, 2000, p. 39
2266:Jean-Marie Constant,
1902:Podlaskie Voivodeship
1642:Jardin de la Magalone
1621:(1710–1724, later an
1609:
1590:
1580:
1569:
1558:View of the gardens,
1557:
1542:
1466:Château de Montmirail
1414:Gardens of Versailles
1382:Château de Versailles
1352:Château de Chenonceau
1346:Chateau Fontainebleau
1320:
1310:
1299:
1289:
1194:
1140:Gardens of Versailles
1137:
1051:
1031:UNESCO World Heritage
954:parterres de broderie
948:(49 seconds, 1.54 MB)
943:
923:
916:Parterres de broderie
818:
740:wrote in 1638 in his
732:
715:Ornamental gardening
579:in the 18th century.
573:Gardens of Versailles
525:Saint Germain-en-Laye
523:, and the gardens of
379:
346:Gardens of Versailles
340:Gardens of Versailles
290:
282:
241:Château de Chenonceau
194:Château de Chenonceau
187:
139:jardin à la française
127:Renaissance influence
101:Gardens of Versailles
75:jardin à la française
58:
44:
32:
24:Gardens of Versailles
22:
3438:Gardening portal
3337:Aquamog weed remover
3312:List of insecticides
2374:Histoire des jardins
2324:Histoire des jardins
2311:Histoire des jardins
2298:Histoire des jardins
2255:Histoire des jardins
2242:Histoire des jardins
2229:Histoire des jardins
2115:Histoire des jardins
2102:Histoire des jardins
2074:Histoire des Jardins
2061:Histoire des jardins
1973:Drottningholm Palace
1815:Herrenhausen Gardens
1809:French Garden, Celle
1787:in Würzburg, Bavaria
1619:Château de Lunéville
1571:Herrenhausen Gardens
1519:Château de Courances
1432:Château de Dampierre
1388:Château de Chantilly
1340:Château de Villandry
1302:Château de Chantilly
1291:Château de Villandry
1276:Versailles Orangerie
1238:(the double sheaf),
1054:château de Villandry
1019:Palace of Versailles
946:parterre de broderie
925:Parterre de broderie
606:English translation
521:Jardin des Tuileries
517:Palais du Luxembourg
439:Ange-Jacques Gabriel
249:Catherine de' Medici
190:Catherine de' Medici
153:in Florence and the
69:French formal garden
50:Versailles Orangerie
1791:Schleissheim Palace
1766:Schwetzingen Palace
1629:Château de Breteuil
1529:Castle of Racconigi
1524:Château de Castries
1360:Catherine de Medici
1322:Château de Breteuil
1200:Pierre-Denis Martin
1138:Perspective in the
599:
474:jardin à l'anglaise
423:Madame de Pompadour
396:Château de Bagnolet
307:was the Chateau of
256:Philibert de l'Orme
105:landscape architect
3307:List of fungicides
3072:Companion planting
2191:, Éd. Hazan, p. 26
2091:, Éd. Hazan, p. 17
2033:Éric Mension-Rigau
1892:Tylman van Gameren
1799:in Munich, Bavaria
1797:Nymphenburg Palace
1793:in Munich, Bavaria
1785:Würzburg Residence
1778:Ludwigsburg Palace
1772:Weikersheim Castle
1733:Wallenstein Palace
1615:
1604:
1585:
1575:
1564:
1552:
1325:
1315:
1305:
1294:
1246:(candelabra), and
1207:
1143:
1062:
1021:in France and the
950:
933:
828:Ornamental flowers
825:
735:
597:
586:(1680–1765) wrote
384:
301:
285:
197:
71:, also called the
65:
53:
39:
27:
3506:Gardens in France
3483:
3482:
3355:Community orchard
3181:drought tolerance
2372:Philippe Prevot,
2365:Lucia Impelluso,
2322:Philippe Prévôt,
2309:Philippe Prévôt,
2296:Philippe Prévôt,
2253:Philippe Prévôt,
2240:Philippe Prévôt,
2227:Philippe Prévôt,
2181:Olivier de Serres
2126:Lucia Impelluso,
2085:Bernard Jeannel,
2059:Philippe Prevot,
1830:French garden of
1825:Brühl (Rhineland)
1696:Schönbrunn Palace
1664:, created in 2004
1658:Pavillon de Galon
1636:19th–21st century
1560:Schönbrunn Palace
1549:Pavillon de Galon
1490:Château du Raincy
1461:Château de Braine
1455:Château de Cordès
1450:Château de Meudon
1444:Château de Clagny
1356:Diane de Poitiers
1312:Château de Cordès
1252:La Boule en l'air
1104:romantic painting
956:(from the French
941:
763:Olivier de Serres
722:
721:
690:parterre de gazon
545:. His father was
400:Seine-Saint-Denis
245:Diane de Poitiers
221:Leonardo da Vinci
213:Château d'Amboise
141:evolved from the
3518:
3471:
3470:
3459:
3458:
3447:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3412:Plant collecting
3348:Related articles
3285:Plant protection
2466:French intensive
2404:
2397:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2358:Claude Wenzler,
2340:
2333:
2327:
2320:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2264:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2238:
2232:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2210:
2209:Wenzler, pg. 22.
2207:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2177:
2171:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2041:, n° 7/8 (2000).
2030:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1975:gardens outside
1888:Łódź Voivodeship
1853:Palace, Piedmont
1728:, Prague (1720s)
1690:Dominique Girard
1686:Belvedere Palace
1613:, St. Petersburg
1547:in Provence: Le
1515:
1507:Château de Fages
1503:
1474:
1407:Tuileries Palace
1215:Machine de Marly
1204:Machine de Marly
1126:, and a grotto.
942:
821:Dominique Girard
600:
596:
541:, and the young
490:landscape garden
420:
334:Farnese Hercules
225:Château de Blois
205:garden designers
78:
35:Bassin d'Apollon
3526:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3430:
3421:
3417:Turf management
3402:Lists of plants
3397:List of gardens
3343:
3280:
3247:
3009:
2559:
2552:
2417:
2408:
2348:
2343:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2235:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:Wenzel, pg. 28.
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2031:
2027:
2023:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1969:
1956:
1911:
1884:Nieborów Palace
1879:
1866:
1841:
1832:Schloss Benrath
1783:Gardens of the
1762:
1753:Waddesdon Manor
1746:Blenheim Palace
1742:
1731:Gardens of the
1722:
1680:Mirabell Palace
1676:
1671:
1638:
1611:Peterhof Palace
1597:Branicki Palace
1537:
1509:
1497:
1486:
1468:
1412:Grand Canal of
1405:Gardens of the
1376:Vaux-le-Vicomte
1369:
1330:
1300:Gardens of the
1284:
1182:
1132:
1112:
1046:
1025:at Brühl, near
935:
929:Vaux-le-Vicomte
918:
813:
727:
582:Joseph-Antoine
569:Vaux-le-Vicomte
501:Jacques Boyceau
498:
486:jardin paysager
414:
374:
354:Hall of Mirrors
342:
325:Charles Le Brun
313:Nicolas Fouquet
309:Vaux-le-Vicomte
277:
275:Vaux-le-Vicomte
135:
129:
124:
116:European courts
59:Gardens of the
17:
12:
11:
5:
3524:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3392:Garden tourism
3389:
3384:
3382:Groundskeeping
3379:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:free-flowering
3168:
3163:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:Groundskeeping
2485:
2484:
2483:
2481:computer-aided
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2328:
2315:
2302:
2289:
2276:
2259:
2246:
2233:
2220:
2218:Wenzler pg. 24
2211:
2202:
2193:
2172:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2119:
2106:
2093:
2078:
2065:
2052:
2043:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1997:Gardens portal
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1933:Old Garden in
1928:
1922:
1919:St. Petersburg
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:Het Loo Palace
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:The Parterre,
1749:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1720:Czech Republic
1718:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1693:
1683:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1623:English garden
1593:à la française
1545:à la française
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1426:Parc de Sceaux
1423:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1334:Château d'Anet
1329:
1326:
1283:
1280:
1242:(centerpiece)
1202:, showing the
1181:
1178:
1147:à la française
1131:
1128:
1116:à la française
1111:
1108:
1100:English garden
1095:André Le Nôtre
1058:Indre-et-Loire
1045:
1042:
944:Elements of a
917:
914:
812:
809:
808:
807:
798:
795:
791:
780:
776:
772:
769:
766:
759:
726:
723:
720:
719:
716:
713:
707:
706:
703:
700:
694:
693:
685:
684:On the ground
682:
676:
675:
672:
669:
663:
662:
659:
656:
650:
649:
646:
643:
637:
636:
633:
630:
624:
623:
620:
617:
611:
610:
607:
604:
592:à la française
561:André Le Nôtre
551:Château d'Anet
497:
494:
482:à la française
470:à la française
466:à la française
450:à la française
435:Hauts-de-Seine
408:Seine-et-Marne
392:Claude Desgots
390:. His nephew,
381:André Le Nôtre
373:
370:
350:à la française
341:
338:
329:André Le Nôtre
311:, created for
305:à la française
276:
273:
269:à la française
260:Château d'Anet
151:Boboli Gardens
131:Main article:
128:
125:
123:
120:
108:André Le Nôtre
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3523:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3476:
3475:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3387:Garden centre
3385:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3365:Floral design
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3231:reforestation
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:Intercropping
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3082:most valuable
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
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3050:Arboriculture
3048:
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2643:Garden square
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2573:Ancient Egypt
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2476:Garden design
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2197:
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2186:
2182:
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2169:
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2154:
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2136:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2110:
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2097:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:Tsarskoe Selo
1929:
1926:
1925:Summer Garden
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:(designed by
1889:
1885:
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1535:Later gardens
1530:
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1439:
1438:Grand Trianon
1436:
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1237:
1234:(the tulip),
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
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1177:
1175:
1174:Saint-Germain
1171:
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1125:
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1003:
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998:country house
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:water gardens
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:garden design
963:
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876:
871:
869:
865:
862:bulbs, 23000
861:
857:
853:
852:Grand Trianon
848:
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842:
838:
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829:
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566:
562:
558:
556:
552:
548:
547:head gardener
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:Claude Mollet
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
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502:
493:
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487:
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195:
192:'s garden at
191:
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77:
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70:
62:
61:Grand Trianon
57:
51:
47:
43:
36:
31:
25:
21:
3472:
3460:
3448:
3429:
3332:Weed control
3221:horticulture
3151:Olericulture
3131:Hydroculture
3121:Fruticulture
3099:Floriculture
3028:Permaculture
3015:Horticulture
2745:
2411:Horticulture
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2336:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2271:
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2254:
2249:
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2236:
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2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2167:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2086:
2081:
2073:
2068:
2060:
2055:
2046:
2036:
2028:
1726:Vrtba Garden
1592:
1544:
1370:
1268:horticulture
1265:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:double gerbe
1235:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1180:Technologies
1167:
1163:saut de loup
1162:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1115:
1113:
1093:Versailles,
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1044:Architecture
1035:
1016:
1009:
1002:stately home
953:
951:
945:
924:
911:
872:
849:
826:
801:
746:
741:
736:
698:Saut de loup
689:
658:Water games
591:
587:
581:
559:
555:André Mollet
529:
508:
499:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
455:
449:
447:
431:Eure-et-Loir
385:
358:
349:
343:
321:Louis Le Vau
304:
302:
291:Parterre of
268:
265:
253:
201:Charles VIII
198:
188:View of the
179:Ancient Rome
138:
136:
74:
68:
66:
3474:WikiProject
3243:Monoculture
3238:Viticulture
3216:agriculture
3176:propagation
3116:Hügelkultur
3038:sustainable
3023:Agriculture
2965:Therapeutic
2945:Shakespeare
2756:Renaissance
2548:Xeriscaping
2543:Sustainable
2538:Square foot
2528:Proplifting
2493:Garden tool
2461:Foodscaping
1947:Oranienbaum
1937:(1717–1720)
1921:(1714–1725)
1904:(1737–1771)
1864:Netherlands
1847:near Napoli
1713:Schloss Hof
1700:Jean Trehet
1682:in Salzburg
1631:(1730–1784)
1510: [
1498: [
1469: [
1446:(1674–1680)
1434:(1673–1783)
1422:(1669–1673)
1416:(1668–1669)
1396:(1645–1685)
1390:(1663–1684)
1384:(1662–1700)
1378:(1658–1661)
1362:(1559–1570)
1348:(1522–1540)
1250:(bouquet),
1228:hydroplasie
1220:Fontainiers
1151:perspective
1130:Perspective
1124:a labyrinth
1114:The garden
893:trees from
866:, and 1700
841:Netherlands
753:perspective
671:Goose foot
667:Patte d'oie
645:Embroidery
609:Definition
415: [
3490:Categories
3136:Indigenous
3033:stock-free
3005:Zoological
2885:Pollinator
2778:Greenhouse
2721:Sharawadgi
2709:Vietnamese
2670:East Asian
2578:Australian
2533:Raised bed
2498:Green wall
2346:References
2287:. (p. 234)
1272:orangeries
1256:L'Evantail
1244:candélabre
1198:(1723) by
1186:géoplastie
803:jeux d'eau
725:Principles
654:Jeux d'eau
565:Louis XIII
539:Louis XIII
505:Louis XIII
297:embroidery
207:, such as
175:labyrinths
3407:Perennial
3370:Floristry
3317:Pesticide
3297:Herbicide
3292:Fungicide
3186:hardiness
2950:Shrubbery
2930:Sculpture
2751:landscape
2680:Cantonese
2655:Container
2650:Community
2618:Byzantine
2613:Butterfly
2603:Botanical
2503:Guerrilla
2451:Community
2441:Butterfly
2436:Arboretum
2431:Allotment
2423:Gardening
2415:gardening
2339:, pg. 612
2326:, pg. 156
2313:, pg. 155
2300:, pg. 167
2257:, pg. 165
2244:, pg. 166
2231:, pg. 164
2130:, pg. 64.
2117:, pg. 152
2104:, pg. 146
2063:, pg. 107
1977:Stockholm
1917:Gardens,
1857:Racconigi
1735:in Prague
1708:in Vienna
1601:Białystok
1573:, Hanover
1402:(1664–65)
1260:fireworks
1248:corbeille
1240:Girandole
1211:hydrology
1170:Chantilly
1120:fireworks
903:Compiègne
784:broderies
619:Alleyway
598:Glossary
543:Louis XIV
478:exotiques
443:Compiègne
361:Louis XIV
317:Louis XIV
293:broderies
251:in 1560.
229:Francis I
163:fountains
159:parterres
112:Louis XIV
91:based on
85:landscape
3450:Category
3360:Features
3266:Grafting
3226:forestry
3208:Tropical
3193:Pomology
3166:cuttings
3161:breeding
2995:Wildlife
2975:Tropical
2925:Scottish
2875:Pleasure
2863:Paradise
2858:Charbagh
2828:Monastic
2823:Medieval
2733:Floating
2687:Japanese
2638:Communal
2628:Colonial
2593:Biblical
2558:Types of
2523:Parterre
2272:Historia
2189:Le Nôtre
2113:Prevot,
2100:Prevot,
2088:Le Nôtre
2072:Prevot,
2038:Historia
1983:See also
1915:Peterhof
1882:Parc of
1803:Karlsaue
1711:Parc of
1706:Augarten
1562:, Vienna
1371:Source:
1075:théâtres
1071:chambres
1033:status.
986:cascades
978:broderie
962:broderie
891:chestnut
875:hornbeam
870:plants.
864:cyclamen
856:Provence
839:and the
680:Parterre
641:Broderie
535:Henry IV
513:bosquets
388:Louis XV
237:Provence
217:Henry II
167:cascades
93:symmetry
46:Parterre
3462:Commons
3375:Ikebana
3327:Pruning
3253:Organic
3203:Roguing
3089:Cutting
2980:Victory
2955:Spanish
2935:Sensory
2880:Prairie
2848:Persian
2838:Orchard
2803:Kitchen
2798:Keyhole
2793:Italian
2788:Islamic
2783:Hanging
2742:French
2728:Fernery
2716:English
2675:Chinese
2660:Cottage
2588:Baroque
2560:gardens
2513:History
1941:Kuskovo
1935:Pushkin
1760:Germany
1740:England
1674:Austria
1662:Cucuron
1652:du Pont
1595:of the
1591:Garden
1172:and at
1110:Theatre
1087:rideaux
1027:Cologne
1011:schloss
1006:chateau
994:statues
990:grottos
970:Baroque
968:of the
860:jonquil
845:topiary
788:boxwood
711:Topiary
628:Bosquet
549:at the
372:Decline
171:grottos
122:History
97:epitome
48:of the
3212:Urban
3109:Taiwan
3104:Canada
3067:Botany
3060:Saikei
3055:Bonsai
3000:Winter
2985:Walled
2920:School
2915:Sacred
2870:Physic
2833:Mughal
2813:Market
2768:German
2746:formal
2738:Flower
2704:Korean
2623:Cactus
2608:Bottle
2568:Alpine
2518:Native
2471:Garden
2456:Forest
1967:Sweden
1909:Russia
1877:Poland
1457:(1695)
1428:(1670)
1409:(1664)
1336:(1536)
1232:tulipe
1083:brodés
1067:salles
958:French
907:Artois
899:acacia
895:Turkey
885:, and
883:linden
837:Turkey
833:tulips
757:optics
632:Grove
519:, the
462:Jesuit
402:) for
365:Apollo
89:garden
81:French
3156:Plant
3094:Flora
3043:urban
2990:Water
2970:Trial
2940:Shade
2900:Roman
2773:Greek
2763:Front
2665:Dutch
2633:Color
2076:, 114
2021:Notes
1954:Spain
1839:Italy
1514:]
1502:]
1473:]
1161:(fr:
1159:ha-ha
1079:tapis
887:beech
779:house
702:Wall
615:Allée
603:Term
488:, or
427:Crécy
419:]
3077:Crop
2910:Rose
2905:Roof
2895:Rock
2890:Rain
2853:Bāgh
2818:Mary
2808:Knot
2692:Roji
2583:Back
2413:and
1358:and
1282:List
1073:and
992:and
952:The
905:and
897:and
868:lily
755:and
344:The
165:and
137:The
110:for
67:The
33:The
2960:Tea
2697:Zen
2598:Bog
2270:in
2183:in
1823:in
1660:in
1599:in
1008:or
974:box
927:at
879:elm
425:at
3492::
1900:,
1886:,
1650:–
1512:fr
1500:fr
1471:fr
1106:.
1069:,
1004:,
1000:,
988:,
984:,
960::
881:,
877:,
537:,
527:.
445:.
417:fr
271:.
173:,
118:.
87:"
2403:e
2396:t
2389:v
1894:)
1702:)
1692:)
1060:)
1056:(
931:.
429:(
398:(
295:(
79:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
