1189:
1285:, Pakistan, that dates to 4,500 years ago; 12 blades and blade fragments were excavated there. These blades are 12–18 cm (5–7 in) long, 1.2–2.0 cm (0.5–0.8 in) wide, and relatively thin. Archaeological experiments show that these blades were made with a copper indenter and functioned as a potter's tool to trim and shape unfired pottery. Petrographic analysis indicates local pottery manufacturing, but also reveals the existence of a few exotic black-slipped pottery items from the
1312:. These communities had some common traits like painted pottery and use of copper, but they had a distinct ceramic design tradition. Banas culture (2000–1600 BC) had ceramics with red, white, and black design. Kayatha culture (2450–1700 BC) had ceramics painted with brown colored design. Malwa culture (1900–1400 BC) had profusely decorated pottery with red or black colored design. Jorwe culture (1500–900 BC) had ceramics with matte surface and black-on-red design.
987:
1431:
2650:
1083:, Iran. Here, analysis of six archaeological sites determined a marked downward trend in not only material quality, but also in aesthetic variation in the lithic artefacts. Fazeli & Coningham use these results as evidence of the loss of craft specialisation caused by increased use of copper tools.
1684:
Middle
Eastern archaeologists use "Chalcolithic" regularly, whereas the literature of European archaeology generally avoids the use of "Chalcolithic": The term "Copper Age" is preferred for Western Europe, "Eneolithic" for Eastern Europe. "Chalcolithic" is not generally used by British prehistorians,
1086:
The Tehran Plain findings illustrate the effects of the introduction of copper working technologies on the in-place systems of lithic craft specialists and raw materials. Networks of exchange and specialized processing and production that had evolved during the
Neolithic seem to have collapsed by the
1136:
architectural complexes typical of southern
Mesopotamian architecture. Norşuntepe site demonstrates that some form of arsenic alloying was indeed taking place by the 4th millennium BC. Since the slag identified at Norşuntepe contains no arsenic, this means that arsenic in some form was added
846:
meant that either copper or bronze was being used as the chief hard substance for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Ancient writers, who provided the essential cultural references for educated people during the 19th century, used the same name for both copper- and bronze-using ages.
900:, or "bronze–stone" transition. The phrase was never intended to mean that the period was the only one in which both bronze and stone were used. The Copper Age features the use of copper, excluding bronze; moreover, stone continued to be used throughout both the Bronze Age and the
1166:(7,500 years ago). The find in June 2010 extends the known record of copper smelting by about 800 years, and suggests that copper smelting may have been invented in separate parts of Asia and Europe at that time rather than spreading from a single source.
2606:
737:. It occurred at different periods in different areas, but was absent in some parts of the world, such as Russia, where there was no well-defined Copper Age between the Stone and Bronze Ages. Stone tools were still predominantly used during this period.
885:. He did not include the transitional period in the Bronze Age, but described it separately from the customary stone / bronze / iron system, at the Bronze Age's beginning. He did not, however, present it as a fourth age but chose to retain the
1062:
Copper smelting is also documented at this site at about the same time period (soon after 6000 BC). However, the use of lead seems to precede copper smelting. Early metallurgy is also documented at the nearby site of
1078:
to
Chalcolithic in the Middle East is characterized in archaeological stone tool assemblages by a decline in high quality raw material procurement and use. This dramatic shift is seen throughout the region, including the
1512:
culture. Archaeologists have found remains of copper metallurgy in various cultures from the late fourth to the early third millennia BC. These include the copper-smelting remains and copper artifacts of the
2245:
927:
for
Eneolithic, to avoid the false segmentation. The term chalcolithic is a combination of two words- Chalco+Lithic, derived from the Greek words "khalkos" meaning "copper", and "líthos" meaning "stone".
1408:
from some of these sites have been dated to 6500–1000 BC, making them some of the oldest
Chalcolithic sites in the world. Some archaeologists find artifactual and structural evidence of casting by
1551:, Niger, independent copper smelting developed between 3000 and 2500 BC. The process was not in a developed state, indicating smelting was not foreign. It became mature about 1500 BC.
1216:
has been found at both sites, dating to several centuries after copper-working began there. The Beaker culture appears to have spread copper and bronze technologies in Europe, along with
816:
dated to before 4,000 BC, showed that early tin bronze was more common than previously thought and developed independently in Europe 1,500 years before the first tin bronze alloys in the
221:
2390:
Méry, S.; Anderson, P.; Inizan, M.L.; Lechavallier, M.; Pelegrin, J. (2007). "A pottery workshop with flint tools on blades knapped with copper at
Nausharo (Indus civilisation
1338:
and copper, various types of tools, pieces of fabric woven from Shimul cotton thread, human and various animal skeletons, burnt clay fragments have been found at the site.
2188:
Fazeli, H.; Donahue, R.E.; Coningham, R.A.E. (2002). "Stone tool production, distribution, and use during the Late
Neolithic and Chalcolithic on the Tehran plain, Iran".
2190:
1400:
The evidence of smelting or alloying that has been found in North
America is subject to some dispute and a common assumption by archaeologists is that objects were
2253:
696:
820:. In Britain, the Chalcolithic is a short period between about 2,500 and 2,200 BC, characterized by the first appearance of objects of copper and gold, a new
4284:
2605:
Pompeani, David P.; Steinman, Byron A.; Abbott, Mark B.; Pompeani, Katherine M.; Reardon, William; DePasqual, Seth; Mueller, Robin H. (April 2021).
2923:
1938:
4681:
4422:
4018:
1798:
2049:
213:
4637:
4146:
1849:
1047:
lead, and accordingly might or might not be evidence of early smelting; a lead bead, found in a GK59 group test square in the 4th level of
919:. After several years, a number of complaints appeared in the literature that "Eneolithic" seemed to the untrained eye to be produced from
202:
4469:
3920:
2090:. Oriental Institute Publications. Vol. 105. Chicago, Illinois: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 542.
1150:
689:
122:
1051:, dated to the 7th millennium BCE, though it is small enough that its human usage is doubtful; a lead bracelet, found in level XII of
923:, "outside the Neolithic", clearly not a definitive characterization of the Copper Age. Around 1900, many writers began to substitute
915:
Subsequently, British scholars used either Evans's "Copper Age" or the term "Eneolithic" (or Æneolithic), a translation of
Chierici's
2607:"On the Timing of the Old Copper Complex in North America: A Comparison of Radiocarbon Dates from Different Archaeological Contexts"
1358:
837:
276:
2866:. Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting of Forest History Association of Wisconsin. Oconto, WI: Forest History Association of Wisconsin.
2827:
2697:
1341:
In March 2018, archaeologists had discovered three carts and copper artifacts including weapons dating to 1800 BC in
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2459:
2432:
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2167:
682:
2916:
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2228:
1362:
269:
2082:
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2422:
1761:
Radivojević, Miljana; Rehren, Thilo; Pernicka, Ernst; Šljivar, Dušan; Brauns, Michael; Borić, Dušan (1 November 2010).
1484:
4047:
2953:
2748:
2295:
2095:
2016:
1972:
1929:
1742:
1470:
162:
4254:
4141:
2502:"Royal "chariot" burials of Sanauli near Delhi and archaeological correlates of prehistoric Indo-Iranian languages"
1224:, but some archaeologists do not recognise a British Chalcolithic because production and use was on a small scale.
798:
4666:
4057:
3095:
2909:
1823:
Radivojević, Miljana; Rehren, Thilo; Kuzmanović-Cvetković, Julka; Jovanović, Marija; Northover, J. Peter (2015).
1452:
1346:
722:
136:
2127:
Merpert, N. I.; Munchaev, R. M.; Bader, N. O. (1977). "The Investigations of Soviet Expedition in Iraq 1974".
4279:
3809:
3069:
1448:
3137:
1094:) and been replaced by the use of local materials by a primarily household-based production of stone tools.
4274:
3814:
3287:
1055:
I, dated to the 6th millennium BC; a small cone-shaped piece of lead, found in the "Burnt House" in TT6 at
2963:
2297:
The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world
3240:
2081:
Braidwood, Linda S.; Braidwood, Robert J.; Howe, Bruce; Reed, Charles A.; Watson, Patty Jo, eds. (1983).
1538:
65:
1027:
Possible early examples of lead smelting, supported by the extreme rarity of native lead, include: lead
854:
in the 1870s, when, on the basis of the significant number of large copper objects unearthed within the
4542:
4343:
2802:
2695:(September 2012). "Jiangzhai: Social and economic organization of a Middle Neolithic Chinese village".
1946:
1385:
mined and fabricated copper as tools, weapons, and personal ornaments in an area centered in the upper
1377:
The term "Chalcolithic" is also applied to American civilizations that already used copper and copper
874:
333:
301:
17:
1762:
154:
4348:
4163:
1542:
1233:
581:
1201:
4788:
4537:
3629:
3174:
2888:
2781:. 50th International Conference of Eastern Studies. Tokyo, Japan: The Tôhô Gakkai. pp. 28–66.
1381:
thousands of years before Europeans immigrated. Besides cultures in the Andes and Mesoamerica, the
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3701:
3696:
969:
4654:
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3736:
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3322:
3255:
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1824:
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4222:
4113:
4101:
3797:
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3377:
3014:
2948:
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1405:
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625:
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357:
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4291:
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3684:
3679:
3617:
3556:
3493:
3441:
3434:
2980:
2893:
1414:
1248:
1244:
during 4300–3300 BC of the Chalcolithic period suggest considerable mobility and trade.
326:
3866:
2864:
A brief introduction to the Old Copper Complex of the western Great Lakes: 4000-1000 BC
2135:(1). Baghdad: The State Organization of Antiquities, Ministry of Culture and Arts: 84, 103.
877:
recognized that use of copper often preceded the use of bronze, and distinguished between a
249:
4747:
4698:
4693:
4676:
4671:
4649:
4439:
4153:
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3802:
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3280:
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3022:
2618:
2546:
2054:. New Aspects of Archaeology. New York: McGraw-Hill / Thames and Hudson. pp. 217–218.
1774:
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1217:
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Knowledge of the use of copper was far more widespread than the metal itself. The European
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simply names the Stone Age as the point from which the transition began and is not another
643:
463:
3250:
2226:
Reconstructing the Arsenical Copper Production Process in Early Bronze Age Southwest Asia.
150:
8:
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4402:
4207:
4040:
3573:
3446:
3327:
3302:
2692:
2363:
2346:
1922:
Is There a British Chalcolithic?: People, place, and polity in the later third millennium
1490:
1319:
1146:
931:
But "chalcolithic" could also mislead: For readers unfamiliar with the Italian language,
789:
638:
183:
145:
114:
2622:
2550:
2533:
Cooke, Colin A.; Abbott, Mark B.; Wolfe, Alexander P.; Kittleson, John L. (1 May 2007).
2011:. Smithsonian Institution Press (USA) and Edinburgh University Press (GB). p. 125.
1778:
1074:
contains evidence of copper mining in 7000–5000 BC. The process of transition from
842:
The multiple names result from multiple definitions of the period. Originally, the term
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166:
158:
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4591:
4493:
4306:
3488:
3218:
3184:
2642:
2207:
1708:
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In the 5th millennium BC copper artifacts start to appear in East Asia, such as in the
1410:
1386:
1382:
1170:
612:
445:
229:
2535:"A millennium of metallurgy recorded by lake sediments from Morococha, Peruvian Andes"
1174:
1059:, dated to the Halaf period or slightly later than the Yarim Tepe bracelet; and more.
1032:
4730:
4720:
4710:
4659:
4316:
4234:
3528:
3513:
3498:
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3369:
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2572:
2564:
2455:
2428:
2424:
The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination
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2163:
2109:
2101:
2091:
2063:
2055:
2030:
2022:
2012:
1986:
1978:
1968:
1925:
1902:
1790:
1738:
1315:
1209:
981:
977:
973:
776:
771:
765:
760:
741:
571:
566:
518:
458:
420:
382:
206:
175:
2815:
2501:
4725:
4632:
4375:
4158:
3958:
3878:
3834:
3634:
3456:
3307:
3267:
2706:
2672:
Neiburger, E.J. (1987). "Did Midwest pre-Columbia Indians cast metal? A new look".
2626:
2554:
2513:
2403:
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2199:
1892:
1839:
1782:
1590:
1560:
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1514:
1494:
1109:
1101:
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1003:
893:
886:
855:
781:
597:
528:
257:
4217:
4173:
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1181:
in 1991 and whose remains have been dated to about 3300 BC, was found with a
127:
4783:
4606:
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4338:
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4244:
4202:
4097:
4067:
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2232:
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604:
556:
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84:
80:
2771:
2454:. Vol. 8: South and Southwest Asia. Springer Science & Business Media.
1371:
1173:
used stone axes modeled on copper axes, even with moulding carved in the stone.
1117:
4715:
4642:
4464:
4429:
4360:
4249:
4121:
3829:
3414:
3404:
3225:
3206:
2347:"Crafts and technologies of the Chalcolithic people of South Asia: An overview"
2225:
2116:– via Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, University of Chicago.
1897:
1880:
1663:
1635:
1292:
In India, Chalcolithic culture flourished in mainly four farming communities –
851:
825:
450:
76:
72:
2710:
2475:
2407:
1844:
1822:
1786:
1178:
4772:
4601:
4586:
4532:
4510:
4407:
4395:
4311:
4180:
4062:
4023:
4011:
3999:
3711:
3622:
3551:
3292:
3235:
3213:
3122:
3054:
3049:
3027:
2638:
2568:
2105:
1906:
1794:
1309:
1305:
1213:
1182:
576:
365:
262:
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243:
198:
179:
141:
131:
88:
3142:
2034:
1990:
1113:
4520:
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4457:
4412:
4212:
3893:
3888:
3844:
3471:
3353:
3317:
3297:
3149:
3127:
3039:
2767:
2576:
1522:
1401:
1286:
1237:
1205:
1193:
1133:
1080:
1071:
991:
617:
500:
436:
190:
4569:
2723:
2067:
1965:
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence
1497:, but those metal artifacts were not widely used during this early stage.
4559:
4549:
4505:
4500:
4452:
4390:
4353:
4326:
4227:
4197:
4072:
3994:
3915:
3903:
3664:
3649:
3639:
3610:
3568:
3483:
3451:
3399:
3332:
3169:
3044:
2901:
2518:
1327:
1282:
955:
are used synonymously to mean Evans's original definition of Copper Age.
107:
2559:
2534:
1920:
Allen, Michael J.; Gardiner, Julie; Sheridan, Alison, eds. (2012).
1825:"Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago"
1671:
986:
4703:
4596:
4554:
4370:
4333:
4296:
4192:
3779:
3691:
3518:
3419:
3392:
3312:
3110:
3064:
2975:
2943:
2630:
2211:
1565:
1455: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1323:
1159:, Serbia contains the oldest securely dated evidence of copper-making,
1052:
999:
859:
843:
734:
630:
510:
478:
406:
371:
311:
292:
103:
1318:(2000–1600 BC) is a Chalcolithic site in the eastern part of the
1132:
had been recovered throughout these sites. This was in the context of
1067:, which seems to be dated even earlier, and completely lacks pottery.
4611:
4380:
4365:
3963:
3948:
3873:
3856:
3774:
3659:
3600:
3590:
3585:
3508:
3387:
3275:
3201:
2968:
2958:
2845:
The Tale of the Axe: How the Neolithic revolution transformed Britain
1685:
who disagree as to whether it is appropriate in the British context.
1525:
valley had already learned how to make copper artifacts by the later
1505:
1394:
1331:
1274:
fashioned tools with local copper ore between 7000 and 3300 BC.
1263:
1156:
1075:
1040:
940:
870:– should be further divided with the introduction of the Copper Age.
863:
850:
The concept of the Copper Age was put forward by Hungarian scientist
817:
730:
486:
413:
95:
52:
47:
2807:
The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons and Ornaments of Great Britain
2726:
The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An archaeological perspective
2203:
1430:
896:, perhaps following the lead of Evans, renamed it in Italian as the
774:
the Copper Age covered about the same period, beginning in the late
4385:
4321:
4168:
4126:
3861:
3769:
3644:
3466:
3429:
3409:
1763:"On the origins of extractive metallurgy: New evidence from Europe"
1501:
1390:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1255:
1036:
1017:
901:
867:
809:
669:
548:
394:
316:
225:
2743:. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia. pp. 136, 137.
2314:
2246:"Ancient axe find suggests Copper Age began earlier than believed"
4447:
4239:
4185:
4131:
3953:
3759:
3669:
3523:
3424:
3382:
3245:
3164:
3117:
3105:
1924:. Prehistoric Society Research Papers. Vol. 4. Oxbow books.
1342:
1247:
The term "Chalcolithic" has also been used in the context of the
1129:
821:
2113:
2059:
2026:
1982:
1760:
4515:
4052:
4030:
3883:
3819:
3764:
3154:
3132:
3100:
3074:
2871:
Possehl, Gregory L. (1996). "Mehrgarh". In Fagan, Brian (ed.).
1649:
1521:
at the Yuanwozhen site. This indicates that inhabitants of the
1301:
1259:
1121:
1105:
1021:
813:
794:
745:
726:
660:
239:
2604:
2389:
780:
and lasting for about a millennium before it gave rise to the
4581:
4301:
4035:
3989:
3851:
3706:
3654:
3230:
3196:
2594:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 75–77.
1667:
1653:
1639:
1509:
1378:
1335:
1048:
1044:
296:
1620:
1220:
languages. In Britain, copper was used between the 25th and
4527:
4488:
3968:
3824:
3754:
3674:
3546:
3059:
2129:
Sumer: A Journal of Archaeology & History in Arab World
1608:
1518:
1241:
1125:
1028:
1009:
858:, he suggested that the previous threefold division of the
429:
2080:
1756:
1754:
1508:
is the only site where copper artifacts were found in the
3839:
3605:
3563:
2532:
2191:
Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies
1623:
1617:
1599:
1417:
peoples to be demonstrated in the archaeological record.
1334:, painted Koshi ware, pottery, various ornaments made of
1013:
2809:. London, UK: Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 197.
2427:(2nd ed.). New Delhi, IN: Pearson Education India.
2183:
2181:
2179:
2162:. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 302–303.
2793:
Bogucki, Peter (2007). "Copper Age of Eastern Europe".
2724:
Chang, Kwang-Chih; Xu, Pingfang; Lu, Liancheng (2005).
2160:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
1751:
828:
people, heralding the end of the local late Neolithic.
2187:
2176:
1919:
1818:
1816:
1626:
1605:
1596:
1593:
2448:
Peregrine, Peter N.; Ember, Melvin (31 March 2003).
2126:
1614:
1602:
1200:
Examples of Chalcolithic cultures in Europe include
748:, has the world's oldest securely dated evidence of
2589:
2371:
2326:
1611:
1345:village of Uttar Pradesh. The artifacts belongs to
2738:
1813:
2272:
2260:
2235:Ph.D. Thesis. University College London. pp.75-77
4770:
2345:Shinde, Vasant; Deshpande, Shweta Sinha (2015).
2690:
2671:
2344:
1726:
1500:Copper manufacturing gradually appeared in the
1258:, the earliest Indus civilization site, copper
1120:, around 4200 BC. According to Boscher (2016),
725:characterized by the increasing use of smelted
2468:
2447:
2084:Prehistoric Archeology Along the Zagros Flanks
1192:A painting of a Copper Age walled settlement,
222:Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation
2917:
2814:Hogan, C. Michael (2007). Burnham, A. (ed.).
1881:"The 'Copper Age' – a history of the concept"
1874:
1872:
1870:
1020:, since it can be easily obtained by heating
690:
334:
1485:History of metallurgy in China § Copper
2797:. London, UK: Sandcastle Books. p. 66.
1281:site was a pottery workshop in province of
763:occurred between the late 5th and the late
2931:
2924:
2910:
2886:
2590:Birmingham, R.A.; Eisenberg, L.E. (2000).
1867:
1151:Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
697:
683:
341:
327:
123:Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
2558:
2517:
2362:
2051:Çatal Hüyük: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia
1896:
1843:
1471:Learn how and when to remove this message
1352:
2154:Potts, Daniel T., ed. (15 August 2012).
2047:
2006:
1967:. Oxford University Press. p. 294.
1732:
1187:
985:
740:The archaeological site of Belovode, on
2870:
2792:
2766:
2499:
2377:
2332:
2290:
1733:Pearsall, Judy (1998). "Chalcolithic".
1359:Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
1039:, though they might be made of galena,
838:List of archaeological periods (Levant)
793:from 2013 reporting the discovery of a
14:
4771:
2875:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
2861:
2698:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
2539:Environmental Science & Technology
2476:"The Excavations at Pandu Rajar Dhibi"
1962:
1878:
4095:
3734:
3000:
2905:
2842:
2813:
2801:
2674:Central States Archaeological Journal
2653:from the original on 11 February 2023
2420:
2320:
2278:
2266:
2252:. ANI. 9 October 2008. Archived from
2153:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2002:
2000:
1855:from the original on 19 November 2018
1801:from the original on 25 December 2015
1532:
1322:. It is located on the south bank of
970:Ancient Near East § Chalcolithic
808:, as well as 14 other artefacts from
4096:
2728:. Yale University Press. p. 66.
2351:Indian Journal of History of Science
1958:
1956:
1735:The New Oxford Dictionary of English
1703:
1701:
1453:adding citations to reliable sources
1424:
759:. The transition from Copper Age to
2847:. London, UK: Thames & Hudson.
2830:from the original on 1 October 2017
1963:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1994).
1363:Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America
24:
2788:from the original on 21 June 2006.
2142:
1997:
943:despite the use of copper. Today,
25:
4800:
4048:Megalithic architectural elements
2887:Henrickson, Elizabeth F. (1991).
2880:
2396:Journal of Archaeological Science
2009:Early Metal Mining and Production
1953:
1879:Pearce, Mark (1 September 2019).
1767:Journal of Archaeological Science
1698:
1232:Ceramic similarities between the
3735:
1737:. Clarendon Press. p. 301.
1589:
1429:
1370:in South America appear to have
4667:Evolutionary origin of religion
2873:Oxford Companion to Archaeology
2760:
2732:
2717:
2684:
2665:
2598:
2583:
2526:
2493:
2441:
2414:
2383:
2338:
2284:
2238:
2218:
2120:
2074:
2041:
1440:needs additional citations for
1266:were found. The inhabitants of
1002:may have occurred first in the
939:age, paradoxically part of the
824:culture and the immigration of
2795:The Atlas of World Archaeology
2364:10.16943/ijhs/2015/v50i1/48111
2300:. Princeton University Press.
1913:
1678:
1578:
1347:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
831:
27:Prehistoric period, Copper Age
13:
1:
4280:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
3810:British megalith architecture
2506:Studia Orientalia Electronica
2323:, pp. 363, 423, note 15.
1692:
1227:
1160:
1088:
802:
753:
4275:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
3815:Nordic megalith architecture
2889:"Chalcolithic era in Persia"
1504:period (5000–3000 BC).
1420:
990:Chalcolithic copper mine in
963:
7:
2772:"Study of the Indus script"
2741:The Civilizations of Africa
2739:Ehret, Christopher (2002).
1885:Journal of World Prehistory
1554:
1539:Copper metallurgy in Africa
1124:or natural draft furnaces,
799:Pločnik archaeological site
10:
4805:
4423:British Isles and Brittany
4344:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
2592:Indian Mounds of Wisconsin
2451:Encyclopedia of Prehistory
2007:Craddock, Paul T. (1995).
1898:10.1007/s10963-019-09134-z
1654:
1640:
1536:
1482:
1356:
1144:
967:
958:
935:seemed to suggest another
835:
752:at high temperature, from
302:Domestication of the horse
163:Gumelniţa–Karanovo culture
137:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
4625:
4438:
4265:
4112:
4108:
4091:
3977:
3941:
3790:
3747:
3743:
3730:
3537:
3368:
3341:
3266:
3192:
3183:
3088:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2939:
2711:10.1016/j.jaa.2012.01.007
2408:10.1016/j.jas.2006.10.002
2172:– via Google Books.
1845:10.1017/S0003598X0004984X
1787:10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012
1543:Iron metallurgy in Africa
1234:Indus Valley civilisation
1140:
2691:Peterson, Christian E.;
2224:Loïc C. Boscher (2016),
2048:Mellaart, James (1967).
1571:
1112:) at two ancient sites,
1104:was produced in eastern
1092: 4500–3500 BC
1012:may have been the first
39:Eneolithic, Aeneolithic,
4655:Evolutionary musicology
4058:Oldest extant buildings
3985:Archaeological features
3504:Prepared-core technique
1517:(4700–2900) and copper
1177:, who was found in the
1031:, found on Level IX of
879:transitional Copper Age
787:A study in the journal
155:Decea Mureşului culture
4617:Unchambered long cairn
4465:Mound Builders culture
3798:Neolithic architecture
2933:Prehistoric technology
2500:Parpola, Asko (2020).
2421:Singh, Vipul (2008) .
2156:"Northern Mesopotamia"
1372:independently invented
1353:Pre-Columbian Americas
1202:Vila Nova de São Pedro
1197:
1155:A copper axe found at
995:
994:, Negev Desert, Israel
626:Post-classical history
492:Cradle of civilization
4292:List of Stone Age art
3494:Microblade technology
3442:Langdale axe industry
3040:Ard / plough
2862:Pleger, T.C. (2002).
2843:Miles, David (2016).
2824:The Megalithic Portal
1666:"); Eneolithic, from
1547:In the region of the
1249:South Asian Stone Age
1191:
1087:Middle Chalcolithic (
989:
723:archaeological period
4699:Prehistoric medicine
4694:Prehistoric counting
4677:Prehistoric religion
4672:Paleolithic religion
4650:Behavioral modernity
4007:Causewayed enclosure
3899:Abri de la Madeleine
3023:Neolithic Revolution
2894:Encyclopædia Iranica
2519:10.23993/store.98032
2480:indianculture.gov.in
1449:improve this article
1368:Andean civilizations
761:Bronze Age in Europe
757: 5,000 BC
464:Behavioral modernity
4738:Prehistoric warfare
3484:Magdalenian culture
3447:Levallois technique
3378:Earliest toolmaking
2623:2021Radcb..63..513P
2551:2007EnST...41.3469C
2256:on 14 October 2008.
2231:14 May 2023 at the
1943:Oxbow books website
1779:2010JArSc..37.2775R
1320:Indian subcontinent
1164: 5500 BC
1147:Chalcolithic Europe
543:Bronze Age collapse
184:Monte Claro culture
4689:Origin of language
4682:Spiritual drug use
4592:Rectangular dolmen
4494:Dartmoor kistvaens
4307:Carved stone balls
4019:Circular enclosure
3978:Other architecture
3921:Alp pile dwellings
3509:Solutrean industry
3420:Gravettian culture
3070:Secondary products
2897:(online ed.).
2631:10.1017/RDC.2021.7
1838:(338): 1030–1045.
1533:Sub-Saharan Africa
1387:Great Lakes region
1383:Old Copper complex
1198:
1171:Battle Axe culture
1033:Chatal/Çatal Hüyük
996:
729:. It followed the
446:Middle Paleolithic
235:Ahar–Banas culture
230:Hakra Ware culture
104:Ghassulian culture
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4711:Prehistoric music
4660:music archaeology
4317:Cup and ring mark
4142:Clothing/textiles
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3529:Yubetsu technique
3514:Striking platform
3479:Lithic technology
3364:
3363:
3349:Game drive system
3268:Projectile points
3160:Mortar and pestle
2854:978-0-500-05186-3
2560:10.1021/es062930+
2545:(10): 3469–3474.
2461:978-0-306-46262-7
2434:978-81-317-1753-0
2307:978-0-691-14818-2
2169:978-1-4443-6077-6
1773:(11): 2775–2787.
1495:Hongshan cultures
1481:
1480:
1473:
1374:copper smelting.
1316:Pandu Rajar Dhibi
1222:22nd centuries BC
1212:. Pottery of the
1210:Iberian Peninsula
998:The emergence of
982:4th millennium BC
978:5th millennium BC
974:6th millennium BC
887:tripartite system
883:Bronze Age proper
777:5th millennium BC
772:Ancient Near East
766:3rd millennium BC
733:and preceded the
713:(also called the
707:
706:
459:Upper Paleolithic
421:Lower Paleolithic
351:
350:
207:Afanasevo culture
176:Remedello culture
151:Cernavodă culture
68:(2600 BC–1600 AD)
16:(Redirected from
4796:
4726:Divje Babe flute
4633:Archaeoastronomy
4376:Petrosomatoglyph
4110:
4109:
4093:
4092:
3942:Water management
3745:
3744:
3732:
3731:
3635:Denticulate tool
3457:Lithic reduction
3190:
3189:
3011:
3010:
2998:
2997:
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2919:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2876:
2867:
2858:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2810:
2798:
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2787:
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2755:
2754:
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2721:
2715:
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2418:
2412:
2411:
2402:(7): 1098–1116.
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2004:
1995:
1994:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1945:. Archived from
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1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
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1595:
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1582:
1561:Arsenical bronze
1515:Hongshan culture
1476:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1433:
1425:
1223:
1165:
1162:
1110:Malatya Province
1098:Arsenical copper
1093:
1090:
1065:Tell Maghzaliyah
1004:Fertile Crescent
894:Gaetano Chierici
856:Carpathian Basin
807:
804:
782:Early Bronze Age
779:
769:
758:
755:
699:
692:
685:
674:
673:
667:
659:
613:Earliest records
598:Recorded history
399:
398:
392:
381:
374:
353:
352:
343:
336:
329:
258:Anarta tradition
226:Bhirrana culture
171:Coțofeni culture
167:Petreşti culture
159:Gorneşti culture
32:
31:
21:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4789:Historical eras
4769:
4768:
4767:
4754:
4621:
4607:Stone box grave
4577:Megalithic tomb
4482:Cotswold-Severn
4434:
4339:Guardian stones
4267:Prehistoric art
4261:
4104:
4079:
4068:Timber trackway
3973:
3937:
3933:Wattle and daub
3786:
3765:Standing stones
3739:
3718:
3533:
3360:
3337:
3262:
3179:
3089:Food processing
3084:
3033:New World crops
3005:
2992:
2935:
2930:
2883:
2855:
2833:
2831:
2785:
2774:
2763:
2758:
2751:
2737:
2733:
2722:
2718:
2693:Shelach, Gideon
2689:
2685:
2670:
2666:
2656:
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2588:
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2531:
2527:
2498:
2494:
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2469:
2462:
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2442:
2435:
2419:
2415:
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2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2233:Wayback Machine
2223:
2219:
2204:10.2307/4300616
2186:
2177:
2170:
2152:
2143:
2125:
2121:
2098:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2046:
2042:
2019:
2005:
1998:
1975:
1961:
1954:
1949:on 21 May 2013.
1937:
1932:
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1914:
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1574:
1557:
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1537:Main articles:
1535:
1487:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1446:
1434:
1423:
1365:
1357:Main articles:
1355:
1270:in present-day
1240:, and northern
1230:
1221:
1175:Ötzi the Iceman
1163:
1153:
1145:Main articles:
1143:
1091:
984:
966:
961:
860:Prehistoric Age
840:
834:
806: 4,650 BC
805:
775:
764:
756:
750:copper smelting
742:Rudnik mountain
703:
665:
664:
663:
657:
652:
651:
648:
622:
605:Ancient history
600:
590:
589:
586:
538:
483:
474:Epipalaeolithic
442:
409:
390:
389:
388:
379:
369:
368:
347:
314:
305:
304:
300:
290:
282:
281:
250:Savalda Culture
85:C-Group culture
81:A-Group culture
62:
50:
40:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4716:Alligator drum
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4645:
4643:lunar calendar
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4626:Other cultural
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4432:
4430:Venus figurine
4427:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4361:Megalithic art
4358:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4319:
4314:
4312:Cave paintings
4309:
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4150:
4149:
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4129:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4114:Material goods
4106:
4105:
4089:
4088:
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4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
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4075:
4065:
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3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
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3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3832:
3830:Cliff dwelling
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
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3805:
3794:
3792:
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3496:
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3474:
3469:
3464:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3415:Fire hardening
3412:
3407:
3405:Clovis culture
3402:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
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3330:
3328:Manis Mastodon
3325:
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3315:
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3305:
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3295:
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3285:
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3209:
3207:throwing stick
3199:
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3019:
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2990:
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2881:External links
2879:
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2759:
2757:
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2749:
2731:
2716:
2705:(3): 241–422.
2683:
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2617:(2): 513–531.
2597:
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2492:
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2440:
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2413:
2382:
2378:Possehl (1996)
2370:
2337:
2333:Parpola (2005)
2325:
2313:
2306:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2250:Thaindian News
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2017:
1996:
1973:
1952:
1930:
1912:
1891:(3): 229–250.
1866:
1812:
1750:
1743:
1725:
1713:British Museum
1709:"Chalcolithic"
1696:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1584:Chalcolithic (
1576:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1534:
1531:
1483:Main article:
1479:
1478:
1437:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1354:
1351:
1229:
1226:
1183:Mondsee copper
1142:
1139:
965:
962:
960:
957:
852:Ferenc Pulszky
833:
830:
826:Beaker culture
797:foil from the
705:
704:
702:
701:
694:
687:
679:
676:
675:
670:Holocene epoch
654:
653:
650:
649:
647:
646:
641:
635:
633:
631:Modern history
628:
623:
621:
620:
615:
609:
607:
601:
596:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
585:
584:
579:
574:
572:Southeast Asia
569:
564:
559:
553:
551:
546:
539:
537:
536:
531:
526:
521:
515:
513:
508:
503:
497:
496:
495:
494:
489:
482:
481:
476:
470:
468:
467:
466:
461:
456:
448:
443:
441:
440:
433:
425:
423:
416:
410:
405:
404:
401:
400:
395:Pliocene epoch
376:
375:
362:
361:
349:
348:
346:
345:
338:
331:
323:
320:
319:
307:
306:
291:
289:Related topics
288:
287:
284:
283:
279:(6500–1000 BC)
272:(5000–2900 BC)
266:
265:
260:
247:
240:Kaytha culture
237:
232:
216:(4300–1800 BC)
210:
209:
193:(3700–1700 BC)
187:
186:
173:
148:
139:
134:
125:
117:(5500–2200 BC)
111:
110:
98:(6000–3500 BC)
92:
91:
77:Gerzeh culture
73:Naqada culture
63:
60:
59:
56:
55:
43:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4801:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4602:Simple dolmen
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4587:Passage grave
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4533:Gallery grave
4531:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4448:Burial mounds
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:Statue menhir
4406:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4396:Stone carving
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4235:Sewing needle
4233:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:Timber circle
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4012:Tor enclosure
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4001:
4000:fulacht fiadh
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:spear-thrower
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3214:Bow and arrow
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:Grinding slab
3121:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3055:Domestication
3053:
3051:
3050:Digging stick
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:Founder crops
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2969:New Stone Age
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2768:Parpola, Asko
2765:
2764:
2752:
2750:0-8139-2085-X
2746:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2292:Anthony, D.W.
2287:
2280:
2275:
2268:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2097:0-918986-36-2
2093:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2018:1-56098-535-6
2014:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:0-19-814921-2
1970:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1931:9781842174968
1927:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1744:0-19-861263-X
1740:
1736:
1729:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1681:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1631:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1549:Aïr Mountains
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1475:
1472:
1464:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1438:This section
1436:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1416:
1415:Mississippian
1412:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1389:(present-day
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1219:
1218:Indo-European
1215:
1214:Beaker people
1211:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
993:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
926:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
866:, Bronze and
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
845:
839:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
800:
796:
792:
791:
785:
783:
778:
773:
767:
762:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
700:
695:
693:
688:
686:
681:
680:
678:
677:
671:
662:
656:
655:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
608:
606:
603:
602:
599:
594:
593:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
552:
550:
547:
545:
544:
540:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
469:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
454:
449:
447:
444:
439:
438:
434:
432:
431:
427:
426:
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
415:
412:
411:
408:
403:
402:
396:
387:
386:
378:
377:
373:
367:
366:Human history
364:
363:
359:
355:
354:
344:
339:
337:
332:
330:
325:
324:
322:
321:
318:
313:
309:
308:
303:
298:
294:
286:
285:
280:
278:
274:
273:
271:
264:
261:
259:
255:
254:Jorwe culture
251:
248:
245:
244:Malwa culture
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
227:
223:
220:
219:
218:
217:
215:
208:
204:
200:
199:Botai culture
197:
196:
195:
194:
192:
185:
181:
180:Gaudo culture
177:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
147:
143:
142:Yamna culture
140:
138:
135:
133:
132:Varna culture
129:
128:Vinča culture
126:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
116:
109:
105:
102:
101:
100:
99:
97:
90:
89:Kerma culture
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
70:
69:
67:
58:
57:
54:
49:
45:
44:
41:or Copper Age
37:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4779:Chalcolithic
4543:wedge-shaped
4528:Funeral pyre
4521:Great dolmen
4477:Chamber tomb
4458:Round barrow
4413:Stone circle
4285:Blombos Cave
4213:Grooved ware
4137:Chalcolithic
4136:
4041:Thornborough
3959:Flush toilet
3894:Blombos Cave
3889:Rock shelter
3845:Quiggly hole
3737:Architecture
3712:illustration
3354:Buffalo jump
3175:Storage pits
3138:Aşıklı Höyük
3128:Ground stone
2964:Subdivisions
2892:
2872:
2863:
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2823:
2818:Los Silillos
2817:
2806:
2794:
2779:Transactions
2778:
2761:Bibliography
2740:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2702:
2696:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2614:
2610:
2600:
2591:
2585:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2479:
2470:
2450:
2443:
2423:
2416:
2399:
2395:
2392:ca. 2500 BC)
2385:
2373:
2357:(1): 42–54.
2354:
2350:
2340:
2328:
2321:Miles (2016)
2316:
2296:
2286:
2279:Hogan (2007)
2274:
2267:Evans (1897)
2262:
2254:the original
2249:
2240:
2220:
2195:
2189:
2159:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2083:
2076:
2050:
2043:
2008:
1964:
1947:the original
1942:
1939:"Abstracted"
1921:
1915:
1888:
1884:
1857:. Retrieved
1835:
1831:
1803:. Retrieved
1770:
1766:
1734:
1728:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:
1680:
1670:
1659:
1645:
1580:
1546:
1523:Yellow River
1499:
1488:
1467:
1461:October 2018
1458:
1447:Please help
1442:verification
1439:
1404:into shape.
1399:
1376:
1366:
1340:
1314:
1291:
1287:Indus Valley
1276:
1253:
1246:
1238:Turkmenistan
1231:
1206:Los Millares
1199:
1194:Los Millares
1168:
1154:
1137:separately.
1134:Ubaid period
1118:Değirmentepe
1096:
1085:
1081:Tehran Plain
1072:Timna Valley
1069:
1061:
1026:
1016:that humans
1008:
997:
992:Timna Valley
953:Chalcolithic
952:
948:
944:
936:
933:chalcolithic
932:
930:
925:Chalcolithic
924:
920:
916:
914:
909:
905:
897:
891:
882:
878:
872:
849:
841:
788:
786:
739:
718:
714:
711:Chalcolithic
710:
708:
666:
644:Contemporary
618:Protohistory
541:
505:
501:Protohistory
453:Homo sapiens
452:
437:Homo erectus
435:
428:
391:
384:
275:
268:
267:
263:Ajay culture
212:
211:
203:BMAC culture
191:Central Asia
189:
188:
113:
112:
94:
93:
64:
36:Chalcolithic
35:
29:
4565:unchambered
4560:Long barrow
4550:Grave goods
4506:Court cairn
4501:Clava cairn
4453:Bowl barrow
4391:Rock cupule
4334:Golden hats
4327:Hill figure
4228:Unstan ware
4208:Cord-marked
4073:Sweet Track
3995:Burnt mound
3916:Stilt house
3904:Sibudu Cave
3697:Tally stick
3665:Quern-stone
3650:Hammerstone
3640:Fire plough
3611:Pesse canoe
3569:Bannerstone
3539:Other tools
3452:Lithic core
3400:Aurignacian
3288:Bare Island
3170:Quern-stone
2803:Evans, John
2680:(2): 60–74.
2657:11 February
2611:Radiocarbon
1805:6 September
1675:"of copper"
1411:Hopewellian
1402:cold-worked
1328:West Bengal
1283:Balochistan
1236:, southern
1179:Ötztal Alps
1128:, ore, and
1035:in central
921:e-neolithic
917:eneo-litica
904:. The part
898:eneo-litica
832:Terminology
582:West Africa
277:Mesoamerica
146:Corded Ware
108:Uruk period
4773:Categories
4704:trepanning
4597:Ring cairn
4555:Jar burial
4538:transepted
4470:U.S. sites
4371:Petroglyph
4297:Bird stone
4255:wine press
3928:Stone roof
3911:Roundhouse
3803:long house
3780:Stonehenge
3748:Ceremonial
3692:Stone tool
3519:Tool stone
3489:Metallurgy
3393:Mousterian
3370:Toolmaking
3308:Cumberland
3281:Transverse
3251:Schöningen
3143:Qesem cave
3111:Earth oven
3065:Irrigation
2976:Technology
2944:Prehistory
1693:References
1566:Proto-city
1324:Ajay River
1264:arrowheads
1228:South Asia
1114:Norşuntepe
1057:Arpachiyah
1053:Yarim Tepe
1000:metallurgy
968:See also:
949:Eneolithic
945:Copper Age
875:John Evans
844:Bronze Age
836:See also:
795:tin bronze
735:Bronze Age
719:Eneolithic
715:Copper Age
567:South Asia
529:South Asia
511:Bronze Age
506:Copper Age
479:Mesolithic
407:Prehistory
372:prehistory
312:Bronze Age
293:Metallurgy
214:South Asia
18:Eneolithic
4748:symbolism
4612:Tor cairn
4570:Grønsalen
4511:Cremation
4403:Sculpture
4381:Pictogram
4366:Petroform
4186:amber use
4154:Cosmetics
3964:Reservoir
3949:Check dam
3879:Pueblitos
3874:Pit-house
3857:Longhouse
3791:Dwellings
3660:Microlith
3591:Bow drill
3586:Bone tool
3579:prismatic
3388:Acheulean
3303:Cresswell
3276:Arrowhead
3202:Boomerang
3118:Granaries
3080:Terracing
2959:Stone Age
2647:233029733
2639:0033-8222
2569:0013-936X
2106:0069-3367
1907:1573-7802
1832:Antiquity
1795:0305-4403
1718:12 August
1587:English:
1506:Jiangzhai
1491:Jiangzhai
1421:East Asia
1406:Artifacts
1395:Wisconsin
1332:Blackware
1157:Prokuplje
1076:Neolithic
1041:cerussite
964:Near East
941:Stone Age
892:In 1884,
873:In 1881,
868:Iron Ages
818:Near East
801:dated to
790:Antiquity
731:Neolithic
721:) was an
577:East Asia
562:Near East
534:East Asia
524:Near East
487:Neolithic
414:Stone Age
96:West Asia
61:By region
53:Neolithic
48:Stone Age
4386:Rock art
4349:painting
4322:Geoglyph
4147:timeline
4127:Beadwork
3867:Mehrgarh
3862:Mudbrick
3770:megalith
3645:Fire-saw
3467:debitage
3462:analysis
3430:Hand axe
3410:Cupstone
2988:Glossary
2949:Timeline
2828:Archived
2805:(1897).
2783:Archived
2770:(2005).
2651:Archived
2577:17547165
2294:(2007).
2229:Archived
2198:: 1–14.
2114:81-85896
2060:67-14150
2035:32769136
2027:94-61412
1991:29255664
1983:93-40752
1850:Archived
1799:Archived
1555:See also
1529:period.
1527:Yangshao
1502:Yangshao
1391:Michigan
1279:Nausharo
1272:Pakistan
1268:Mehrgarh
1256:Bhirrana
1045:metallic
1037:Anatolia
902:Iron Age
881:and the
810:Bulgaria
549:Iron Age
358:a series
356:Part of
317:Iron Age
4743:Symbols
4354:pigment
4240:Weaving
4203:Cardium
4198:Pottery
4193:Mirrors
4181:Jewelry
4122:Baskets
4102:culture
3954:Cistern
3760:Pyramid
3702:Weapons
3680:Scraper
3670:Racloir
3630:Cleaver
3618:Chopper
3524:Uniface
3435:Grooves
3425:Hafting
3383:Oldowan
3342:Systems
3293:Cascade
3256:woomera
3246:harpoon
3219:history
3185:Hunting
3165:Pottery
3106:Cooking
3015:Farming
2981:history
2954:Outline
2619:Bibcode
2547:Bibcode
2512:: 176.
2212:4300616
2137:PL. XII
1859:11 June
1775:Bibcode
1646:khalkós
1634:; from
1343:Sanauli
1302:Kayatha
1260:bangles
1208:on the
1196:, Spain
1130:pigment
1122:hearths
1018:smelted
959:Regions
937:-lithic
910:-lithic
906:-litica
822:ceramic
770:In the
383:before
4784:Copper
4721:flutes
4516:Dolmen
4440:Burial
4250:winery
4223:Linear
4053:Midden
4031:Cursus
4024:Goseck
3884:Pueblo
3835:Dugout
3820:Burdei
3499:Mining
3323:Lamoka
3318:Folsom
3298:Clovis
3155:Metate
3133:Hearth
3101:Basket
3075:Sickle
2851:
2834:3 June
2747:
2645:
2637:
2575:
2567:
2485:3 July
2458:
2431:
2304:
2210:
2166:
2133:XXXIII
2112:
2104:
2094:
2068:306918
2066:
2058:
2033:
2025:
2015:
1989:
1981:
1971:
1928:
1905:
1793:
1741:
1672:aeneus
1660:líthos
1658:
1652:" and
1650:copper
1644:
1641:χαλκός
1379:alloys
1308:, and
1141:Europe
1106:Turkey
1102:bronze
1022:galena
980:, and
951:, and
862:– the
814:Serbia
746:Serbia
727:copper
661:Future
557:Europe
519:Europe
451:Early
115:Europe
66:Africa
4638:sites
4582:Mummy
4302:Cairn
4218:Jōmon
4169:shoes
4164:Hides
4036:Henge
3990:Broch
3852:Jacal
3707:Wheel
3655:Knife
3601:Canoe
3596:Burin
3574:Blade
3472:flake
3333:Plano
3241:baton
3231:Spear
3197:Arrow
3150:Manos
3003:Tools
2786:(PDF)
2775:(PDF)
2643:S2CID
2208:JSTOR
2088:(PDF)
1853:(PDF)
1828:(PDF)
1668:Latin
1664:stone
1655:λίθος
1636:Greek
1572:Notes
1510:Banpo
1336:pearl
1310:Jorwe
1306:Malwa
1298:Banas
1185:axe.
1049:Jarmo
1043:, or
1029:beads
912:age.
864:Stone
639:Early
297:Wheel
270:China
4731:gudi
4489:Cist
4418:list
4245:Wine
4174:Ötzi
4159:Glue
4132:Beds
4100:and
4098:Arts
3969:Well
3825:Cave
3755:Kiva
3685:side
3675:Rope
3623:tool
3557:bone
3547:Adze
3313:Eden
3226:Nets
3096:Fire
3060:Goad
3045:Celt
2849:ISBN
2836:2008
2745:ISBN
2659:2023
2635:ISSN
2573:PMID
2565:ISSN
2487:2023
2456:ISBN
2429:ISBN
2302:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2110:LCCN
2102:ISSN
2092:ISBN
2064:OCLC
2056:LCCN
2031:OCLC
2023:LCCN
2013:ISBN
1987:OCLC
1979:LCCN
1969:ISBN
1926:ISBN
1903:ISSN
1861:2019
1807:2022
1791:ISSN
1739:ISBN
1720:2023
1541:and
1519:slag
1493:and
1413:and
1393:and
1361:and
1294:Ahar
1277:The
1262:and
1242:Iran
1204:and
1149:and
1126:slag
1116:and
1070:The
1010:Lead
812:and
717:and
709:The
430:Homo
385:Homo
370:and
3840:Hut
3775:row
3606:Oar
3564:Axe
3552:Awl
2707:doi
2627:doi
2555:doi
2514:doi
2404:doi
2394:".
2359:doi
2200:doi
1893:doi
1840:doi
1783:doi
1662:, "
1648:, "
1451:by
1397:).
1326:in
1296:or
1254:In
1100:or
1014:ore
744:in
4775::
2891:.
2826:.
2822:.
2777:.
2703:31
2701:.
2678:34
2676:.
2649:.
2641:.
2633:.
2625:.
2615:63
2613:.
2609:.
2571:.
2563:.
2553:.
2543:41
2541:.
2537:.
2508:.
2504:.
2478:.
2400:34
2398:.
2355:50
2353:.
2349:.
2248:.
2206:.
2196:40
2194:.
2178:^
2158:.
2144:^
2131:.
2108:.
2100:.
2062:.
2029:.
2021:.
1999:^
1985:.
1977:.
1955:^
1941:.
1936:—
1901:.
1889:32
1887:.
1883:.
1869:^
1848:.
1836:87
1834:.
1830:.
1815:^
1797:.
1789:.
1781:.
1771:37
1769:.
1765:.
1753:^
1711:.
1700:^
1638::
1349:.
1330:.
1304:,
1300:,
1289:.
1251:.
1161:c.
1089:c.
1024:.
1006:.
976:,
972:,
947:,
889:.
803:c.
784:.
754:c.
360:on
315:↓
310:↓
295:,
256:,
252:,
242:,
228:,
224:,
205:,
201:,
182:,
178:,
169:,
165:,
161:,
157:,
153:,
144:,
130:,
106:,
87:,
83:,
79:,
75:,
51:↑
46:↑
2925:e
2918:t
2911:v
2857:.
2838:.
2820:"
2816:"
2753:.
2713:.
2709::
2661:.
2629::
2621::
2579:.
2557::
2549::
2522:.
2516::
2510:8
2489:.
2464:.
2437:.
2410:.
2406::
2380:.
2367:.
2361::
2335:.
2310:.
2281:.
2269:.
2214:.
2202::
2070:.
2037:.
1993:.
1934:.
1909:.
1895::
1863:.
1842::
1809:.
1785::
1777::
1747:.
1722:.
1630:/
1627:k
1624:ɪ
1621:θ
1618:ɪ
1615:l
1612:ˈ
1609:ə
1606:k
1603:l
1600:æ
1597:k
1594:ˌ
1591:/
1474:)
1468:(
1463:)
1459:(
1445:.
1108:(
768:.
698:e
691:t
684:v
672:)
668:(
658:↓
397:)
393:(
380:↑
342:e
335:t
328:v
299:,
246:,
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