535:
511:
421:
475:
430:
466:
403:
394:
448:
484:
502:
320:"Varna is the oldest cemetery yet found where humans were buried with abundant golden ornaments. … The weight and the number of gold finds in the Varna cemetery exceeds by several times the combined weight and number of all of the gold artifacts found in all excavated sites of the same millenium, 5000-4000 BC, from all over the world, including Mesopotamia and Egypt. … Three graves contained gold objects that together accounted for more than half of the total weight of all gold grave goods yielded by the cemetery. A scepter, symbol of a supreme secular or religious authority, was discovered in each of these three graves." (Slavchev 2010)
412:
439:
520:
493:
132:
294:
1155:
the so far earliest known fine metalworkers, but also on the general context and potential prerequisites in which the invention of gold metallurgy may be embedded. Here, these structural trajectories as well as the unprecedented inventions connected to this early gold working will be highlighted in order to contextualize the apparently sudden appearance and rapid development of this new craft.
457:
1154:
This paper discusses the invention of gold metallurgy within the
Southeast European Chalcolithic on the basis of newly investigated gold objects from the Varna I cemetery (4550-4450 cal. bc). Comprehensive analyses, including preceding gold finds, shed new light not only on the technical expertise of
169:
The site was accidentally discovered in
October 1972 by excavator operator Raycho Marinov. Research excavation was under the direction of Mihail Lazarov and Ivan Ivanov. About 30% of the estimated necropolis area is still not excavated.
1044:
316:, only grave gifts. These symbolic (empty) graves are the richest in gold artifacts. 3000 gold artifacts were found altogether, with a weight of approximately 6 kilograms. Three symbolic graves also contained masks of unfired clay.
337:
and developed hierarchical status differences. It has the oldest known burial evidence of an elite male (Grave 43). Some authors have described the Varna elite males as 'kings'. The end of the fifth millennium BC is the time that
234:
in the world found in the necropolis is dated 4,600 BC to 4,200 BC. Several prehistoric
Bulgarian finds are considered no less old – the golden treasures of Hotnitsa, Durankulak, artifacts from the settlement of
534:
1061:
366:
and wore a gold penis sheath or possibly a decorative (gold) belt tip. The bull-shaped gold platelets perhaps also venerated virility, instinctive force, warfare and a proto-castle cult.
1200:
743:
1188:
1180:
1220:
Slavchev, Vladimir (2010). "The Varna
Eneolithic Cemetery in the Context of the Late Copper Age in the East Balkans". In Anthony, David; Chi, Jennifer (eds.).
1483:
1192:
1184:
1062:
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/varna-bulgaria-gold-graves-social-hierarchy-prehistoric-archaelogy-smithsonian-journeys-travel-quarterly-180958733/
3429:
1196:
1167:
1457:
Henrieta
Todorova, Kupferzeitliche Siedlungen in Nordostbulgarien. München: Beck 1982. Materialien zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Archäologie 13.
1467:
2068:
3826:
3567:
3163:
1917:
1454:, The eneolithic period in Bulgaria in the fifth millennium B.C. Oxford : British Archaeological Reports, 1978. BAR supplementary series 49.
1269:"From Neolithic kings to the Staffordshire hoard. Hoards and aristocratic graves in the European Neolithic: The birth of a 'Barbarian' Europe?"
1204:
1134:"On the Invention of Gold Metallurgy: The Gold Objects from the Varna I Cemetery (Bulgaria)—Technological Consequence and Inventive Creativity"
1016:"From Neolithic kings to the Staffordshire hoard. Hoards and aristocratic graves in the European Neolithic: The birth of a 'Barbarian' Europe?"
735:
1770:
162:. The oldest golden artifacts in the world (4600 BC - 4200 BC) were found in the Necropolis of Varna. These artefacts are on display in the
3933:
3928:
3782:
3291:
724:
3938:
3614:
3065:
1985:
1520:
644:
3923:
798:
1488:
308:
contained the oldest known examples of gold working in the world. Burials included both crouched and extended inhumations. Some
862:
3948:
1280:
1074:
1042:
1027:
998:
1435:"Durankulak. The door to civilization (Presentation, Kavarna 29.08.2023). From the 5th millennium BC to the 10th century AD"
510:
2061:
982:
382:. Other male samples from the Varna necropolis belonged to the Y-DNA haplogroups I2a1, I2a2, G2a, T1a, E1b1b and R1b-V88.
3943:
1248:"The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube vallery, 5000-3500 BC, exhibition video (Museum of Cycladic Art, Athens, 2010)"
791:
1494:
Very detailed information about findings in Varna necropolis I and II (founded in 1972 and 1976) - in
Bulgarian language
420:
1118:
3192:
2098:
1231:
1102:
193:
settlement. 294 graves have been found in the Varna necropolis, many containing sophisticated examples of the oldest
182:
122:
1680:
684:
3399:
3286:
1750:
525:
178:
77:
474:
3811:
3202:
2240:
2054:
1640:
1513:
1088:
896:
658:
429:
3424:
2954:
2214:
2016:
2282:
402:
393:
3419:
2959:
2432:
465:
247:. However, Varna gold is most often called the oldest since this treasure is the largest and most diverse.
173:
The Varna culture is characterized by polychrome pottery and rich cemeteries, the most famous of which are
2108:
519:
250:
The findings showed that the Varna culture had trade relations with distant lands, possibly including the
189:, with an adjoining coeval Neolithic settlement (published) and an unpublished and incompletely excavated
2385:
1094:
587:
163:
1208:
The Rise of
Metallurgy in Eurasia. Evolution, Organisation and Consumption of Early Metal in the Balkans
3687:
3488:
855:
823:
1650:
676:
3493:
3308:
1725:
1571:
1506:
1489:
The
Durankulak Lake Town - Kibela's Temple (Древното селище при Дуранкулашкото езеро - Езерният град)
447:
3682:
2774:
2319:
2021:
1670:
881:
483:
118:
30:
2846:
2841:
501:
3799:
3709:
2881:
2648:
2467:
2400:
2132:
1957:
990:
1498:
438:
411:
3887:
3761:
3367:
3258:
3246:
2942:
2683:
2522:
2159:
2093:
2077:
1967:
1587:
1576:
926:
876:
756:
243:, the golden treasure of Sakar, as well as beads and gold jewellery found in the settlement of
25:
1799:
3626:
3562:
3436:
3129:
3055:
2829:
2824:
2762:
2701:
2638:
2586:
2579:
2125:
1824:
1553:
1161:
848:
40:
3011:
1980:
771:
3892:
3843:
3838:
3821:
3816:
3794:
3584:
3298:
3151:
3043:
2947:
2740:
2425:
2224:
2167:
2026:
1990:
1847:
1660:
1330:
901:
2395:
1615:
1075:
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-gold-object-unearthed-bulgaria-180960093/
916:
672:
159:
105:
95:
8:
3882:
3547:
3352:
3185:
2718:
2591:
2472:
2447:
1892:
1765:
1730:
1566:
1132:
Pernicka, Ernst; Armbruster, Barbara; Leusch, Verena; Slavcev, Vladimir (February 2015).
956:
705:
667:
636:
379:
144:
1776:
1720:
1675:
1635:
1625:
1473:
1410:
1385:
1334:
941:
692:
688:
680:
3833:
3736:
3638:
3451:
2633:
2363:
2329:
1912:
1781:
1630:
1361:
1318:
1296:
1226:. New York University, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. pp. 192–211.
751:
251:
114:
1814:
1655:
374:
The elite male from Grave 43 (c. 4495 BC) belonged to the paternal (Y-DNA) haplogroup
3875:
3865:
3855:
3804:
3461:
3379:
2673:
2658:
2643:
2623:
2514:
2493:
2304:
2147:
2037:
1451:
1434:
1415:
1386:"Early contact between late farming and pastoralist societies in southeastern Europe"
1366:
1276:
1227:
1133:
1098:
1023:
994:
728:
697:
375:
343:
279:
1740:
961:
3870:
3777:
3520:
3303:
3103:
3023:
2979:
2779:
2601:
2452:
2412:
2011:
1907:
1819:
1700:
1685:
1529:
1405:
1397:
1356:
1346:
1338:
1145:
911:
906:
779:
305:
186:
174:
126:
91:
87:
69:
3362:
3318:
1809:
951:
649:
3751:
3721:
3483:
3411:
3389:
3347:
3242:
3212:
3077:
3072:
2723:
2606:
2177:
1872:
1745:
1705:
1561:
1221:
1051:
Gems and
Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World, By Lance Grande
1048:
921:
606:
602:
363:
339:
1786:
3860:
3787:
3609:
3574:
3505:
3394:
3266:
2974:
2559:
2549:
2370:
2351:
1695:
1690:
1645:
1610:
1600:
1401:
931:
891:
598:
594:
309:
236:
1755:
1545:
1247:
1149:
3917:
3746:
3731:
3677:
3655:
3552:
3540:
3456:
3325:
3207:
3168:
3156:
3144:
2856:
2767:
2696:
2437:
2380:
2358:
2267:
2199:
2194:
2172:
1952:
1947:
1932:
1927:
1902:
1794:
1760:
1715:
1710:
1665:
1620:
1605:
1595:
946:
886:
784:
775:
765:
720:
701:
663:
610:
2287:
3665:
3621:
3602:
3557:
3357:
3281:
3038:
3033:
2989:
2616:
2498:
2462:
2442:
2294:
2272:
2184:
1975:
1937:
1922:
1867:
1735:
1534:
1493:
1419:
1370:
1119:"Archaeologists have discovered the oldest treasure in the world - Afrinik"
712:
557:
275:
190:
3714:
3704:
3694:
3650:
3645:
3597:
3535:
3498:
3471:
3372:
3342:
3217:
3139:
3060:
3048:
2809:
2794:
2784:
2755:
2713:
2628:
2596:
2544:
2477:
2314:
2189:
2046:
1995:
1882:
1842:
629:
271:
1351:
1342:
3848:
3741:
3699:
3515:
3478:
3441:
3337:
2924:
2836:
2663:
2564:
2537:
2457:
2255:
2209:
2120:
2088:
936:
833:
814:
625:
541:
359:
347:
267:
263:
244:
240:
197:
73:
1477:
3756:
3525:
3510:
3108:
3093:
3018:
3001:
2919:
2804:
2745:
2735:
2730:
2653:
2532:
2420:
2346:
2113:
2103:
1942:
617:
574:
569:
492:
334:
282:
64:
1268:
1015:
131:
3530:
3466:
3313:
3271:
3006:
2914:
2789:
2611:
2574:
2554:
1887:
838:
747:
330:
313:
255:
224:
213:
148:
293:
3592:
3384:
3330:
3276:
3098:
2904:
2814:
2668:
2569:
2527:
2390:
2309:
2262:
2250:
1528:
1252:
231:
205:
1090:
Gems and
Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World
3660:
3197:
3175:
3028:
2964:
2909:
2299:
2277:
2245:
2219:
1897:
1862:
1857:
1131:
761:
351:
216:
201:
208:(about 600 pieces, including gold-painted ones), high-quality
3726:
3446:
3180:
3134:
2996:
2851:
2799:
2375:
2341:
1877:
1223:
The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC
818:
354:. The high status male was buried with remarkable amounts of
301:
220:
209:
3672:
3633:
3113:
2969:
2899:
2819:
2691:
2204:
1852:
355:
285:
found in the graves may have served as primitive currency.
259:
194:
2984:
2750:
2708:
456:
135:
Reconstruction of elite burial at the Varna necropolis
1187:(2021): 'Balkan metallurgy in a Eurasian context' in
1087:
Grande, Lance; Augustyn, Allison (15 November 2009).
3915:
1166:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
1086:
744:Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation
16:Prehistoric culture in Bulgaria (ca. 4500 BCE)
2062:
1514:
987:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Volume 1
856:
1319:"The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe"
270:used in Varna artifacts originated from the
158:, contemporary and closely related with the
2076:
2069:
2055:
1521:
1507:
863:
849:
645:Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
1409:
1360:
1350:
1316:
1266:
1219:
1013:
292:
130:
980:
3916:
1432:
1383:
3240:
2879:
2145:
2050:
1502:
1317:Mathieson, Iain; et al. (2018).
1312:
1310:
181:complex, which comprises the largest
3241:
1384:Penske, Sandra; et al. (2023).
378:and the maternal (mtDNA) haplogroup
329:The Varna culture had sophisticated
258:, perhaps exporting metal goods and
3934:Archaeological cultures in Bulgaria
3929:5th-millennium BC disestablishments
297:Artefacts from the Varna necropolis
13:
1445:
1433:Vajsov, Ivan; et al. (2023).
1307:
1210:, Archaeopress Archaeology, p. 613
14:
3960:
3939:Archaeological cultures of Europe
3193:Megalithic architectural elements
2038:↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓
1546:↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑
1474:Varna Necropolis Cultural Tourism
1461:
123:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe
3924:5th-millennium BC establishments
2880:
1484:Another photo by Ivo Hadjimishev
1138:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
533:
518:
509:
500:
491:
482:
473:
464:
455:
446:
437:
428:
419:
410:
401:
392:
3812:Evolutionary origin of religion
1426:
1377:
1289:
1260:
1240:
1213:
346:claims the cultural advance to
288:
1174:
1125:
1111:
1080:
1067:
1054:
1036:
1007:
974:
177:, the eponymous site, and the
1:
3425:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2955:British megalith architecture
2017:Secondary products revolution
967:
152:
50:
3949:Neolithic cultures of Europe
3420:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2960:Nordic megalith architecture
1275:. Oxbow Books. p. 175.
1267:Jeunesse, Christian (2017).
1022:. Oxbow Books. p. 175.
1014:Jeunesse, Christian (2017).
7:
1468:Varna Archaeological Museum
1095:University of Chicago Press
549:
369:
324:
164:Varna Archaeological Museum
10:
3965:
3944:History of Varna, Bulgaria
3568:British Isles and Brittany
3489:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1402:10.1038/s41586-023-06334-8
1201:Julka Kuzmanović Cvetković
897:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
824:Domestication of the horse
685:Gumelniţa–Karanovo culture
659:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
385:
112:
3770:
3583:
3410:
3257:
3253:
3236:
3122:
3086:
2935:
2892:
2888:
2875:
2682:
2513:
2486:
2411:
2337:
2328:
2233:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2141:
2084:
2035:
2004:
1966:
1833:
1586:
1572:First Temperate Neolithic
1552:
1543:
1150:10.1017/S0959774314001140
101:
83:
63:
46:
36:
24:
882:Old Europe (archaeology)
561:Eneolithic, Aeneolithic,
147:culture of northeastern
119:Old Europe (archaeology)
3800:Evolutionary musicology
3203:Oldest extant buildings
3130:Archaeological features
2649:Prepared-core technique
1958:Unchambered long barrow
1273:The Neolithic of Europe
1152:(inactive 2024-08-27).
1020:The Neolithic of Europe
991:Oxford University Press
677:Decea Mureşului culture
3762:Unchambered long cairn
3610:Mound Builders culture
2943:Neolithic architecture
2078:Prehistoric technology
1577:Linear Pottery culture
981:Chapman, John (2012).
962:Carnac Stones - Tumuli
927:Linear Pottery culture
877:Early European Farmers
322:
298:
136:
3437:List of Stone Age art
2639:Microblade technology
2587:Langdale axe industry
2185:Ard / plough
318:
296:
134:
3844:Prehistoric medicine
3839:Prehistoric counting
3822:Prehistoric religion
3817:Paleolithic religion
3795:Behavioral modernity
3152:Causewayed enclosure
3044:Abri de la Madeleine
2168:Neolithic Revolution
2027:Proto-Indo-Europeans
1991:Neolithic long house
1848:Causewayed enclosure
902:Funnelbeaker culture
266:rock salt mine. The
3883:Prehistoric warfare
2629:Magdalenian culture
2592:Levallois technique
2523:Earliest toolmaking
1893:Megalithic entrance
1771:Starčevo–Körös–Criș
1567:Corded Ware culture
1478:Golden Sands Resort
1343:10.1038/nature25778
1335:2018Natur.555..197M
1297:"T-M184 - Varna 43"
1193:Benjamin W. Roberts
1189:Miljana Radivojević
1185:Benjamin W. Roberts
1181:Miljana Radivojević
957:Old European script
706:Monte Claro culture
187:southeastern Europe
21:
3834:Origin of language
3827:Spiritual drug use
3737:Rectangular dolmen
3639:Dartmoor kistvaens
3452:Carved stone balls
3164:Circular enclosure
3123:Other architecture
3066:Alp pile dwellings
2654:Solutrean industry
2565:Gravettian culture
2215:Secondary products
1913:Rectangular dolmen
1681:Gumelnița–Karanovo
1641:Cucuteni–Trypillia
1047:2022-11-01 at the
757:Ahar–Banas culture
752:Hakra Ware culture
626:Ghassulian culture
312:did not contain a
299:
252:lower Volga region
137:
115:Prehistoric Europe
19:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3856:Prehistoric music
3805:music archaeology
3462:Cup and ring mark
3287:Clothing/textiles
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2674:Yubetsu technique
2659:Striking platform
2624:Lithic technology
2509:
2508:
2494:Game drive system
2413:Projectile points
2305:Mortar and pestle
2044:
2043:
1981:Lithic industries
1538:
1452:Henrieta Todorova
1396:(7973): 358–365.
1329:(7695): 197–203.
1282:978-1-78570-654-7
1029:978-1-78570-654-7
1000:978-0-19-973578-5
917:Gumelnița culture
873:
872:
729:Afanasevo culture
698:Remedello culture
673:Cernavodă culture
590:(2600 BC–1600 AD)
544:walled settlement
344:Kurgan hypothesis
342:, founder of the
331:religious beliefs
160:Gumelnița culture
111:
110:
106:Cernavodă culture
96:Gumelnița culture
3956:
3871:Divje Babe flute
3778:Archaeoastronomy
3521:Petrosomatoglyph
3255:
3254:
3238:
3237:
3087:Water management
2890:
2889:
2877:
2876:
2780:Denticulate tool
2602:Lithic reduction
2335:
2334:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2142:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2012:Danubian culture
1908:Polygonal dolmen
1751:Seine–Oise–Marne
1671:Globular Amphora
1532:
1530:Neolithic Europe
1523:
1516:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1354:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1217:
1211:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1058:
1052:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1011:
1005:
1004:
978:
942:Starčevo culture
912:Karanovo culture
907:Hamangia culture
865:
858:
851:
780:Anarta tradition
748:Bhirrana culture
693:Coțofeni culture
689:Petreşti culture
681:Gorneşti culture
554:
553:
537:
522:
513:
504:
495:
486:
477:
468:
459:
450:
441:
432:
423:
414:
405:
396:
306:Varna Necropolis
283:spondylus shells
230:The oldest gold
175:Varna Necropolis
157:
154:
127:Danubian culture
92:Hamangia culture
88:Karanovo culture
70:Varna Necropolis
59:
55:
52:
22:
18:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3899:
3766:
3752:Stone box grave
3722:Megalithic tomb
3627:Cotswold-Severn
3579:
3484:Guardian stones
3412:Prehistoric art
3406:
3249:
3224:
3213:Timber trackway
3118:
3082:
3078:Wattle and daub
2931:
2910:Standing stones
2884:
2863:
2678:
2505:
2482:
2407:
2324:
2234:Food processing
2229:
2178:New World crops
2150:
2137:
2080:
2075:
2045:
2040:
2031:
2000:
1962:
1873:Guardian stones
1835:
1829:
1791:
1651:Decea Mureşului
1582:
1562:Cardium pottery
1548:
1539:
1533:(including the
1527:
1464:
1448:
1446:Further reading
1443:
1442:
1431:
1427:
1382:
1378:
1315:
1308:
1301:Family Tree DNA
1295:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1265:
1261:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1218:
1214:
1179:
1175:
1159:
1158:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1049:Wayback Machine
1041:
1037:
1030:
1012:
1008:
1001:
993:. p. 342.
979:
975:
970:
922:Lengyel culture
869:
836:
827:
826:
822:
812:
804:
803:
772:Savalda Culture
607:C-Group culture
603:A-Group culture
584:
572:
562:
560:
552:
545:
538:
529:
523:
514:
505:
496:
487:
478:
469:
460:
451:
442:
433:
424:
415:
406:
397:
388:
372:
340:Marija Gimbutas
327:
291:
179:Durankulak lake
155:
129:
58: 4,100 BC
57:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3962:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:Alligator drum
3853:
3852:
3851:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3788:lunar calendar
3785:
3774:
3772:
3771:Other cultural
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3575:Venus figurine
3572:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3506:Megalithic art
3503:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3459:
3457:Cave paintings
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3259:Material goods
3251:
3250:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2977:
2975:Cliff dwelling
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2885:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Fire hardening
2557:
2552:
2550:Clovis culture
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2473:Manis Mastodon
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2352:throwing stick
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2164:
2162:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1471:
1463:
1462:External links
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1425:
1376:
1306:
1288:
1281:
1259:
1239:
1232:
1212:
1197:Miroslav Marić
1173:
1144:(1): 353–376.
1124:
1121:. 15 May 2021.
1110:
1103:
1079:
1066:
1053:
1035:
1028:
1006:
999:
972:
971:
969:
966:
965:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
932:Sesklo culture
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
892:Butmir Culture
889:
884:
879:
871:
870:
868:
867:
860:
853:
845:
842:
841:
829:
828:
813:
811:Related topics
810:
809:
806:
805:
801:(6500–1000 BC)
794:(5000–2900 BC)
788:
787:
782:
769:
762:Kaytha culture
759:
754:
738:(4300–1800 BC)
732:
731:
715:(3700–1700 BC)
709:
708:
695:
670:
661:
656:
647:
639:(5500–2200 BC)
633:
632:
620:(6000–3500 BC)
614:
613:
599:Gerzeh culture
595:Naqada culture
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
565:
564:
551:
548:
547:
546:
539:
532:
530:
524:
517:
515:
508:
506:
499:
497:
490:
488:
481:
479:
472:
470:
463:
461:
454:
452:
445:
443:
436:
434:
427:
425:
418:
416:
409:
407:
400:
398:
391:
387:
384:
371:
368:
348:male dominance
326:
323:
290:
287:
200:in the world,
156: 4500 BC
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
85:
81:
80:
67:
61:
60:
54: 4550 BC
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3961:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3747:Simple dolmen
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:Passage grave
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3678:Gallery grave
3676:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3593:Burial mounds
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3553:Statue menhir
3551:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3541:Stone carving
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Sewing needle
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Timber circle
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3157:Tor enclosure
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3145:fulacht fiadh
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:spear-thrower
2379:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2359:Bow and arrow
2357:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:Grinding slab
2266:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:Domestication
2198:
2196:
2195:Digging stick
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Founder crops
2171:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2114:New Stone Age
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Tor enclosure
1951:
1949:
1948:Timber circle
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Statue menhir
1931:
1929:
1928:Simple dolmen
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:Passage grave
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1825:Windmill Hill
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:Pit–Comb Ware
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1235:
1233:9780691143880
1229:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1106:
1104:9780226305110
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1002:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
973:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
952:Vinča culture
950:
948:
947:Tisza culture
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
887:Boian culture
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
866:
861:
859:
854:
852:
847:
846:
844:
843:
840:
835:
831:
830:
825:
820:
816:
808:
807:
802:
800:
796:
795:
793:
786:
783:
781:
777:
776:Jorwe culture
773:
770:
767:
766:Malwa culture
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
749:
745:
742:
741:
740:
739:
737:
730:
726:
722:
721:Botai culture
719:
718:
717:
716:
714:
707:
703:
702:Gaudo culture
699:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
671:
669:
665:
664:Yamna culture
662:
660:
657:
655:
654:Varna culture
651:
650:Vinča culture
648:
646:
643:
642:
641:
640:
638:
631:
627:
624:
623:
622:
621:
619:
612:
611:Kerma culture
608:
604:
600:
596:
593:
592:
591:
589:
580:
579:
576:
571:
567:
566:
563:or Copper Age
559:
556:
555:
543:
536:
531:
527:
521:
516:
512:
507:
503:
498:
494:
489:
485:
480:
476:
471:
467:
462:
458:
453:
449:
444:
440:
435:
431:
426:
422:
417:
413:
408:
404:
399:
395:
390:
389:
383:
381:
377:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
332:
321:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
295:
286:
284:
281:
280:Mediterranean
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
167:
165:
161:
150:
146:
142:
141:Varna culture
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
68:
66:
62:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
32:
29:
27:
23:
20:Varna culture
3688:wedge-shaped
3673:Funeral pyre
3666:Great dolmen
3622:Chamber tomb
3603:Round barrow
3558:Stone circle
3430:Blombos Cave
3358:Grooved ware
3282:Chalcolithic
3186:Thornborough
3104:Flush toilet
3039:Blombos Cave
3034:Rock shelter
2990:Quiggly hole
2882:Architecture
2857:illustration
2499:Buffalo jump
2320:Storage pits
2283:Aşıklı Höyük
2273:Ground stone
2109:Subdivisions
1976:Grooved ware
1938:Stone circle
1923:Round barrow
1868:Great dolmen
1836:architecture
1804:
1661:Funnelbeaker
1535:Chalcolithic
1476:page on the
1428:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1352:11585/700884
1326:
1322:
1300:
1291:
1272:
1262:
1251:
1242:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1205:Thilo Rehren
1176:
1162:cite journal
1153:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1113:
1089:
1082:
1069:
1056:
1038:
1019:
1009:
986:
976:
797:
790:
789:
785:Ajay culture
734:
733:
725:BMAC culture
713:Central Asia
711:
710:
653:
635:
634:
616:
615:
586:
558:Chalcolithic
540:Site of the
373:
328:
319:
300:
289:Burial rites
276:Stara Zagora
249:
229:
204:metallurgy,
191:Chalcolithic
185:cemetery in
172:
168:
145:Chalcolithic
140:
138:
41:Chalcolithic
3710:unchambered
3705:Long barrow
3695:Grave goods
3651:Court cairn
3646:Clava cairn
3598:Bowl barrow
3536:Rock cupule
3479:Golden hats
3472:Hill figure
3373:Unstan ware
3353:Cord-marked
3218:Sweet Track
3140:Burnt mound
3061:Stilt house
3049:Sibudu Cave
2842:Tally stick
2810:Quern-stone
2795:Hammerstone
2785:Fire plough
2756:Pesse canoe
2714:Bannerstone
2684:Other tools
2597:Lithic core
2545:Aurignacian
2433:Bare Island
2315:Quern-stone
1996:Unstan ware
1883:Long barrow
1843:Bank barrow
1800:Tiszapolgár
1766:Sredny Stog
1731:Pitted Ware
799:Mesoamerica
668:Corded Ware
630:Uruk period
272:Sredna Gora
183:prehistoric
102:Followed by
84:Preceded by
3918:Categories
3849:trepanning
3742:Ring cairn
3700:Jar burial
3683:transepted
3615:U.S. sites
3516:Petroglyph
3442:Bird stone
3400:wine press
3073:Stone roof
3056:Roundhouse
2948:long house
2925:Stonehenge
2893:Ceremonial
2837:Stone tool
2664:Tool stone
2634:Metallurgy
2538:Mousterian
2515:Toolmaking
2453:Cumberland
2426:Transverse
2396:Schöningen
2288:Qesem cave
2256:Earth oven
2210:Irrigation
2121:Technology
2089:Prehistory
2022:Old Europe
1986:Metallurgy
1968:Technology
1834:Monumental
1631:Cortaillod
968:References
937:Solnitsata
834:Bronze Age
815:Metallurgy
736:South Asia
542:Solnitsata
528:, Bulgaria
526:Durankulak
333:about the
274:mine near
268:copper ore
264:Solnitsata
245:Solnitsata
241:Pazardzhik
198:metallurgy
113:See also:
78:Durankulak
74:Solnitsata
56: – c.
31:Old Europe
3893:symbolism
3757:Tor cairn
3715:Grønsalen
3656:Cremation
3548:Sculpture
3526:Pictogram
3511:Petroform
3331:amber use
3299:Cosmetics
3109:Reservoir
3094:Check dam
3024:Pueblitos
3019:Pit-house
3002:Longhouse
2936:Dwellings
2805:Microlith
2736:Bow drill
2731:Bone tool
2724:prismatic
2533:Acheulean
2448:Cresswell
2421:Arrowhead
2347:Boomerang
2263:Granaries
2225:Terracing
2104:Stone Age
1943:Stone row
1616:Cernavodă
1480:web site.
618:West Asia
583:By region
575:Neolithic
570:Stone Age
358:, held a
350:began in
335:afterlife
262:from the
237:Yunatsite
65:Type site
3531:Rock art
3494:painting
3467:Geoglyph
3292:timeline
3272:Beadwork
3012:Mehrgarh
3007:Mudbrick
2915:megalith
2790:Fire-saw
2612:debitage
2607:analysis
2575:Hand axe
2555:Cupstone
2133:Glossary
2094:Timeline
2005:Concepts
1888:Megalith
1820:Wartberg
1777:Starčevo
1721:Petrești
1701:Karanovo
1686:Hamangia
1676:Gornești
1636:Coțofeni
1626:Chasséen
1588:Cultures
1554:Horizons
1420:37468624
1411:10412445
1371:29466330
1045:Archived
839:Iron Age
550:See also
370:Genetics
325:Religion
314:skeleton
256:Cyclades
254:and the
214:obsidian
151:, dated
149:Bulgaria
3888:Symbols
3499:pigment
3385:Weaving
3348:Cardium
3343:Pottery
3338:Mirrors
3326:Jewelry
3267:Baskets
3247:culture
3099:Cistern
2905:Pyramid
2847:Weapons
2825:Scraper
2815:Racloir
2775:Cleaver
2763:Chopper
2669:Uniface
2580:Grooves
2570:Hafting
2528:Oldowan
2487:Systems
2438:Cascade
2401:woomera
2391:harpoon
2364:history
2330:Hunting
2310:Pottery
2251:Cooking
2160:Farming
2126:history
2099:Outline
1815:Vučedol
1746:Rzucewo
1706:Lengyel
1656:Dudești
1362:6091220
1331:Bibcode
1303:. 2024.
1253:YouTube
983:"Varna"
386:Gallery
360:war axe
304:of the
232:jewelry
206:pottery
26:Horizon
3866:flutes
3661:Dolmen
3585:Burial
3395:winery
3368:Linear
3198:Midden
3176:Cursus
3169:Goseck
3029:Pueblo
2980:Dugout
2965:Burdei
2644:Mining
2468:Lamoka
2463:Folsom
2443:Clovis
2300:Metate
2278:Hearth
2246:Basket
2220:Sickle
1918:Rondel
1898:Menhir
1863:Dolmen
1858:Cursus
1756:Sesklo
1741:Rössen
1696:Kakanj
1691:Horgen
1646:Danilo
1611:Butmir
1601:Beaker
1418:
1408:
1390:Nature
1369:
1359:
1323:Nature
1279:
1230:
1101:
1026:
997:
637:Europe
588:Africa
376:T-M184
352:Europe
310:graves
302:Graves
278:, and
225:shells
223:, and
217:blades
202:copper
143:was a
125:, and
37:Period
3783:sites
3727:Mummy
3447:Cairn
3363:Jōmon
3314:shoes
3309:Hides
3181:Henge
3135:Broch
2997:Jacal
2852:Wheel
2800:Knife
2746:Canoe
2741:Burin
2719:Blade
2617:flake
2478:Plano
2386:baton
2376:Spear
2342:Arrow
2295:Manos
2148:Tools
1878:Henge
1810:Vinča
1805:Varna
1795:Tisza
1782:Körös
1761:Sopot
1716:Neman
1711:Narva
1666:Gaudo
1621:Cerny
1606:Boian
1596:Baden
1579:(LBK)
819:Wheel
792:China
239:near
221:beads
210:flint
47:Dates
3876:gudi
3634:Cist
3563:list
3390:Wine
3319:Ötzi
3304:Glue
3277:Beds
3245:and
3243:Arts
3114:Well
2970:Cave
2900:Kiva
2830:side
2820:Rope
2768:tool
2702:bone
2692:Adze
2458:Eden
2371:Nets
2241:Fire
2205:Goad
2190:Celt
1853:Cist
1787:Criş
1736:Pfyn
1416:PMID
1367:PMID
1277:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1168:link
1099:ISBN
1024:ISBN
995:ISBN
364:mace
356:gold
260:salt
212:and
195:gold
139:The
2985:Hut
2920:row
2751:Oar
2709:Axe
2697:Awl
1406:PMC
1398:doi
1394:620
1357:PMC
1347:hdl
1339:doi
1327:555
1146:doi
362:or
227:.
3920::
1414:.
1404:.
1392:.
1388:.
1365:.
1355:.
1345:.
1337:.
1325:.
1321:.
1309:^
1299:.
1271:.
1250:.
1203:;
1199:;
1195:;
1191:;
1183:;
1164:}}
1160:{{
1142:25
1140:.
1136:.
1097:.
1093:.
1018:.
989:.
985:.
837:↓
832:↓
817:,
778:,
774:,
764:,
750:,
746:,
727:,
723:,
704:,
700:,
691:,
687:,
683:,
679:,
675:,
666:,
652:,
628:,
609:,
605:,
601:,
597:,
573:↑
568:↑
380:U2
219:,
166:.
153:c.
121:,
117:,
94:,
90:,
76:,
72:,
51:c.
2070:e
2063:t
2056:v
1537:)
1522:e
1515:t
1508:v
1470:.
1437:.
1422:.
1400::
1373:.
1349::
1341::
1333::
1285:.
1256:.
1236:.
1170:)
1148::
1107:.
1077:)
1073:(
1064:)
1060:(
1032:.
1003:.
864:e
857:t
850:v
821:,
768:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
