1952 Egyptian revolution

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sought to consolidate their power and repress competing political factions, student opposition grew. While students—like virtually all Egyptians—shared the Officers' goals, many were opposed to a military dictatorship. Student activists at the time of the coup had come of age during the parliamentary period and thus believed in the virtues of civilian rule and democracy. As a result, the students at Cairo University reversed their support for the regime and established a front to oppose military rule. This is not to suggest that the regime's support on campuses dissipated completely. The Youth Bureau of the Liberation Rally, which was established in 1953, maintained a following for the new regime, but like the Rally itself, there was a distinctly contrived nature to the group. In reality, the Youth Bureau consisted of government-sanctioned thugs who sought to intimidate student Wafdists, Muslim Brothers, and leftists. In order to keep the universities in line, the RCC employed a combination of what was called the "University Guard" (policemen stationed in each university department); the Ministry of Interior's state security agents; the military police; and informants within the student body, faculty, and administrators to complement the activities of the Youth Rally. These repressive measures kept student opposition activists under constant surveillance and threat. Even so, the students proved to be tenacious. At Cairo University, for example, student opponents of the regime continued to battle for months after their adult counterparts succumbed to the Free Officers' drive to consolidate their power in March 1954. Indeed, the RCC was unable to pacify the university until well into that summer.

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As for the period following the war, the mischief-making elements have been assisting one another, and traitors have been commanding the army. They appointed a commander who is either ignorant or corrupt. Egypt has reached the point, therefore, of having no army to defend it. Accordingly, we have undertaken to clean ourselves up and have appointed to command us men from within the army whom we trust in their ability, their character, and their patriotism. It is certain that all Egypt will meet this news with enthusiasm and will welcome it. As for those whose arrest we saw fit from among men formerly associated with the army, we will not deal harshly with them, but will release them at the appropriate time. I assure the Egyptian people that the entire army today has become capable of operating in the national interest and under the rule of the constitution apart from any interests of its own. I take this opportunity to request that the people never permit any traitors to take refuge in deeds of destruction or violence because these are not in the interest of Egypt. Should anyone behave in such ways, he will be dealt with forcefully in a manner such as has not been seen before and his deeds will meet immediately the reward for treason. The army will take charge with the assistance of the police. I assure our foreign brothers that their interests, their personal safety , and their property are safe, and that the army considers itself responsible for them. May God grant us success .

5342:, pp. 208–209: "The first generation of Wafdist leaders were then a closely inter-related group of landed aristocrats and wealthy professionals who believed the time had come for them to assume control over an independent Egyptian nation. They were committed to Parliamentary democratic forms on western models, but wanted to save the existing capitalist structures which they anticipated dominating. The Wafd secured massive popular support not because its leaders offered the people radical societal changes., but because it focused its efforts towards ousting the British. The British were viewed as the primary enemy. Once they were removed from Egyptian soil, then the far more complicated task of creating new internal structures could begin. In some respects* the Wafd was fortunate that the British proved such stubborn opponents, for as long as the British remained the focal point of hostilities, the Wafd was not under heavy pressure to formulate a domestic program for development. On the other hand, the lack of such a program gradually eroded much popular commitment to the Wafd, which was increasingly riddled with internal rivalries and charges of corruption. Gradually, the Wafd was to become another symbol of the irrelevant and politically bankrupt Egyptian government which neither answered the needs of the people nor ousted the British imperial power." 3946:. A ceiling on landholding of 200 feddans was agreed, to lower the price of land and therefore decrease rents. However, the junta butted heads with Ali Maher. Maher believed, like most in the political climate of Egypt, that a complete overhaul of the state was needed. By this time, many Egyptians believed that the 1923 system needed to be completely rebuilt. Maher assumed office with a mandate to further his reforms. The 'illegal-gains' legislation was to be expanded to root out corruption, and 'purge-committees' were created to 'purify' the parties. Maher refused to recall parliament or announce new elections; instead favoring martial law for at least half a year. However, Maher came into conflict with the officers. The junta was skeptical of traditional politicians, and gave Maher a list of nominees to appoint for cabinet positions, which Maher refused. Maher, a landowner himself, instead believed that land redistribution would damage the economy by lowering productivity and discouraging foreign investment. He proposed a revised progressive tax structure on land and a 500 feddan limit, whereby excess land would be taxed at 80%. The landowners suggested a 1,000 feddan limit, with additional exemptions of 100 feddans per wife and son and 50 feddans per daughter. 5936:, p. 208: "The tragedy of Mustafa al-Nahhas-and it is the tragedy of his generation- is that after years of struggle his political vision remained frozen in the past. Old wounds still festered. Banishment from the power that should rightfully been theirs fostered a refusal to countenance dissent within party ranks, tolerance for corruption, and, most damning in 1950, a willingness to compromise ideals in order to rule. Stubbornness and intolerance characterized Wafdist leadership throughout the parliamentary era, but by 1950, the stakes were greater and demands for power sharing within the party louder and more compelling. The Nahhas-Sirag al-Din policy of appeasing the Palace, a cynical pose deliberately adopted to cool royal tempers and prevent a precipitate break in relations, served its purpose in the short run. By defending Palace interests, however, the Wafd cheapened its own image, even as it prolonged its hold on power. Nahhas and his colleagues may have considered the cost a small price to pay." 4117:, local workers went on strike for higher wages, paid leave, an independent elected union, and the dismissal of two members of the managerial staff. Ten thousand workers in the city were on strike, shouting slogans in praise of Mohammed Naguib. The workers burned the homes of company police, destroyed employee files in company offices and medical facilities, and smashed equipment used to test productivity. The police were called, surrounding the factory; the clash between the workers and police left many injured and a few dead. Naguib met with Mustafa al-Khamis, one of the leaders of the strike, and offered him a lesser punishment if he were to give the name of fellow workers. He refused, and was hanged to death on factory grounds, as long with co-conspirator Ahmad al-Bakri on September 7, 1952. His last words were "I was wronged, I want a re-trial." The RCC was convinced that the strike was inspired from outside forces, though there is no evidence that the DMNL ordered the riot. 4158:. The move came in the wake of clashes between members of the Brotherhood and Liberation Rally student demonstrators on 12 January 1954. March witnessed clashes within the RCC, symbolized in the ultimately successful attempt to oust Naguib. The move faced opposition from within the army, and some members of the RCC, especially Khaled Mohieddin, favored a return to constitutional government. On 26 October, an assassination attempt suspected by the Brotherhood was directed at Nasser during a rally in Alexandria. This led to the regime acting against the Brotherhood, executing Brotherhood leaders on 9 December. Nasser subsequently cemented power, first becoming chairman of the RCC, and finally prime minister, with Naguib's constitutional position remaining vague until 14 November, when he was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest. 4146:, which was then supported by the RCC. A wave of anti-communists arrests continued throughout 1953-1954. During a trial of ECP members on July 27, 1953, Mahmud Ghannam – the assistant secretary to the Wafd – was chief council for the defence, even demanding to subpoena Nasser, Naguib and other RCC members to question them on why the defendants should be charged for distributing leaflets, when the Free Officers also distributed leaflets before the coup. The officers did not accept this challenge. The court later heard testimony from the Grand Mufti of Egypt, who denounced communism as anti-religion and 'subservise'. While the DMNL tried to create a united front with the remains of the Wafd, this was not seriously materialized. Student protests continued well into the summer of 1954. 4195: 741: 852: 3280: 5571:, p. 47: 'Essentially, after the termination of press censorship and the abolition of martial law in August 1945, the clamor for independence began immediately. In December 1945, Prime Minister alNuqrashi called for fresh negotiations with the British, but an acceptable agreement was not forthcoming. In response to the seeming futility of thé negotiation process, demonstrations were staged in Cairo, Alexandria, and the provinces in early February 1946. On February 9, students called a massive strike. They massed by the thousands and marched from the university grounds in Giza toward Abdin Palace, chanting, "Evacuation: No negotiation except after evacuation!".' 777: 729: 4090:. Additionally, contrary to orders issued by the council, members of the Liberation Rally accumulated much of the seized non-Muslim property and distributed it amongst their closed networks. Angered at being left out of the political and economic spoils and seeing a continuation of secularism and modernity within the Free Officers Movement such as had existed under the King, the Muslim Brotherhood organized its street elements. From June 1953 into the following year, Egypt was wracked by street riots, clashes, arson, and civil tumult as the regime and the Muslim Brotherhood battled for popular support. 212: 3368: 819: 765: 809: 243: 232: 197: 3891:(RCC), made up of the previous nine-member command committee of the Free Officers in addition to five more members, chaired by Naguib, was formed. Ali Maher was asked to form a civilian government. The first issue was regarding the 1923 constitution. Ali Maher's argument that "immediate return of constitutional procedure" would "leave the country saddled with a defective constitution, an unsuitable electoral system, and an inefficient, party-ridden administration" was understood by the junta. A three-man regency was created to oversee palace affairs consisting of Prince 3311:

versus the conservative monarchical establishment. The Wafd had little to offer outside of defending the liberal framework and negotiating for greater autonomy; Wafdist elites were still wealthy land-owning capitalists who did not offer a radical program in the traditional economic structure of peasants and landlords. While the Wafd enjoyed genuine popularity among the masses, the degrading economic conditions of Egypt beginning the 1930's combined with the failure of the 1923 regime to adequately address these issues sparked the rise of socialist and labor movements.

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as conditions for consumers deteriorated during wartime. Thus, even when the party passed reformist legislation between 1942 and 1944 or 1950 and 1952, it could no longer convince the majority of the population that it held the country's best interests in mind. Instead, in these years of growing politicization of the people, many believed that the Wafd harbored the fear that the nationalist movement would become too radical and go beyond the existing framework of acceptable political and economic discourse.

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elements supported the removal of the old-guard. On September 9, all parties were dissolved and had to apply for recertification with a list of founding members, financial statements and a party program. Anyone facing corruption charges was automatically ineligible for membership. The RCC refused to accept the Wafd's certification so long as Nahhas, who had refused to meet with Naguib so long as Sergeddin remained in prison, was listed as party president and founder. The Egyptian lawyer

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definition and to us there was nothing that could be called a progressive coup d'etat. We were against coups. We were for revolution. In the first days our position was ambiguous, saluting the overthrow of the King but asking the military to fraternize with the population and form neighborhood committees and village committees of workers and soldiers ... Then there was a strike at Kafr al-Dawwar. The army intervened and two leaders of the strike were hanged. Then we said that this is a

3971: 3644: 799: 3632: 718: 3796:, as the higher level leaders, took a car ride to visit every unit in Cairo. After arresting his commanding officer, Muhammad Abu al-Fadl al-Gizawi answered several phone calls as the man he just arrested to assure high command that everything was calm. By 3:00 A.M, Muhammad Naguib arrived at headquarters in Cairo. By seven, Sadat - who was at the movies during the coup - announced on the radio that the Free Officers had taken over; Egypt was now governed by the 4236: 2723: 3620: 3753: 13516: 8847: 3692: 6134:, p. 12"The Free Officers were not ideologues. Their ideology, to the extent they had one, reflected general views of nationalism and social reformism that crossed all political lines, views shared by a generation that had grown disaffected from the country's political elders. Despite organizational links to Muslim Brotherhood and communist cells in the military, their movement, since its founding in late 1949, remained fiercely independent." 8857: 3155:. In the years that followed, the United Kingdom would cement its political and military position in Egypt, and subsequently in Egypt's domains in Sudan, with the British high representative in Cairo exercising more power than the Khedive himself. In 1888, at the Convention of Constantinople, the United Kingdom won the right to protect the Suez Canal with military force, giving Britain a permanent base from which to dominate Egyptian politics. 930: 60: 844: 3166:. Once established, the condominium witnessed ever-decreasing Egyptian control, and would for most of its existence be governed in practice by the United Kingdom through the Governor-General in Khartoum. For the remainder of his reign, this would be one of the flashpoints between the nationalist Khedive Abbas II and the United Kingdom, with Abbas seeking to arrest and reverse the process of increasing British control in Egypt and Sudan. 859: 3880: 7114: 4222: 1331: 8867: 3364:, appealed to Farouk to resist, the deployment of British tanks and artillery outside the Royal palace forced the King to concede. This incident permanently damaged the prestige of both King Farouk's conservative clique and al-Nahhas' Wafd. The surrender to British convinced many Egyptian nationalists that only the removal of the entire 1923 system could bring an end to the United Kingdom's occupation of Egypt. 830: 3716: 8877: 3656: 3668: 3550:(July 2 - July 20) each failed to solve the situation. Maher moved quickly to restore order and calm the economic situation. He created a ministry of rural affairs to study proposals for land reform and lifted curfew restrictions by February. He tried to create a unity government with the Wafd, but they denied his offer of several cabinet positions. His dealings with the Wafd, such as advocating a 2937:. Official fear of a Western-sponsored counter-revolution, domestic religious extremism, potential communist infiltration, and the conflict with the State of Israel were all cited as reasons compelling severe and longstanding restrictions on political opposition, and the prohibition of a multi-party system. These restrictions on political activity would remain in place until the presidency of 3133:. Urabi came from a peasant family, and his rise through the ranks of the military in spite of his humble background had been made possible by the reforms of Isma'il—reforms which he saw as being under attack by Tewfik. The prospect of revolutionary instability in Egypt, and the inferred danger to the Suez Canal, prompted the United Kingdom to intervene militarily in support of Tewfik. 4000:

junta announced the abolition of all political parties, where Naguib would rule in a three-year transitional period. The junta justified its decree because of the resistance to 'purification' and the opposition to land reform. The officers had underestimated the resistance by the liberal establishment, and sought to end the 'reactionary mentality' of the old system.

3554:, alienated his allies to the right and motivated Farouk to deal with him as soon as possible. He was pressured to produce a report on the Cairo Fire that implicated the Wafd as responsible, but refused. The king adjourned parliament and two palace loyalists in the cabinet resigned. The British ambassador refused to meet with Maher, forcing his resignation. 4079:, a movement that would subsume all of the preexisting political movements. While it was effective at rallies and speeches, it did not have the same institutional power as the Brotherhood, Wafd or DMNL. The rally remained as a tool for the officers, because of lack of enrollment of the other power brokers in Egypt's political arena. 4028:

the army, especially through the universities. While he did not name anyone directly, a mocking imitation of a party leader kissing the King's hand was unmistakably evoking al-Nahhas. Salim's speech best exemplifies the RCC's mentality that student protesters and workers strikes were a part of a counter-revolutionary conspiracy.

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government was rapidly losing control over the situation, as students on the Islamist right and socialist left ignited an inferno of non-violent strikes and violent battles. On January 25, 1952, seven thousand British troops ordered the Egyptian police at Ismalia to surrender their weapons. When the police refused, the resulting

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described how colonialism in Egypt did not rule with soldiers or arms, but "traitors". Salim described the RCC as dedicated to "the struggle against imperialism and the Egyptian traitors who served it cause". Traitors were spreading rumors intending to destabilize the economy and cause hatred towards

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The officers did not want to simply remove the king and then retreat into a civilian government. The RCC believed that the entire Egyptian system needed to be overhauled, to remove 'reactionary' elements and restore stability. The RCC were not Marxists, but were receptive to the socialist critique of

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Egypt has passed through a critical period in her recent history characterized by bribery, mischief, and the absence of governmental stability. All of these were factors that had a large influence on the army. Those who accepted bribes and were thus influenced caused our defeat in the Palestine War .

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Nagib al-Hilali succeeded Maher, taking a much more active approach. He decreed new anti-corruption laws and created 'purge-committees' to overhaul the bureaucracy. Hilai ordered Fuad Sirageddin under house arrest. A week later, he dissolved parliament, announcing new elections in May. By April, they

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In contrast to the ideologically defined programs of the nonestablishment parties, the Wafd never developed a comprehensive plan to remedy the deep social and economic problems that troubled the country. As this became increasingly apparent, the population began to lose faith in the party, especially

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President Nasser announced a new Constitution on 16 January at a popular rally, setting up a presidential system of government in which the president has the power to appoint and dismiss ministers. An elections law was passed on 3 March granting women the right to vote for the first time in Egyptian

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The junta pressed for party reform, the removal of traditional corrupt elements within establishment parties. The Wafd hastily formed a "purge committee", expelling fourteen members, only one of which had any significant power. Old-guard Wafdists resisted the call for purification, while the younger

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By the spring of the 1952, the Free Officers began plotting their coup. They had planned to overthrow the monarchy in early August, but events soon made them accelerate their plans. On July 16, King Farouk ordered the governing board of the Officers Club dissolved, causing the officers to fear their

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The strategic value of the Suez Canal was too valuable for Britain in the Cold War to completely surrender. In a dramatic move, the Wafd abrogated the 1936 treaty in 1951. Anti-British demonstrations morphed into a small guerrilla war on the canal; 'liberation battalions' battled British forces. The

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On February 21, Naguib created the constitutional committee of fifty. Ali Maher served as president, who then divided the committee into five subcommittees and appointed a five man executive committee. By March they had approved the creation of a Republic, ending the regency. However, the committee

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summed up the RCC's feelings on Nahhas when he called him a "tumor in the body politic". The September prisoners were released on December 6, the last day they could be held without charge. The case over the recertification of the Wafd went to the State Council on January 10, 1953. On the 17th, the

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Huseinn Sirri moved as prime minister to lift Sirageddin's house arrest, though he did not promise new elections or to lift martial law. However, events in the military soon were spiraling out of control. In January, in a dramatic election in the officers club, opposition candidates were elected to

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5,000 bribe, arms racketeering during the 1948 war, allowing the king to transfer funds outside the country, illegally benefiting from road paving as transport minister in 1945, and conspiring to monopolize the cotton industry - the entire Wafd institution was effectively on trial. The prosecution

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created a proper – albeit flawed – constitutional monarchy. Universal male suffrage allowed Egyptians to vote in parliamentary elections, however the king had the power to dismiss cabinets, dissolve parliament and appoint prime ministers. Politics in Egypt were divided between the liberal Wafdists

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lasted only a week before the court sentenced him to death, later commuted to life imprisonment three day later. Most defendants either received 10-15 year sentences, were stripped of property, or were fined. The most severe sentences were for British collaborators in the Suez insurgency - of the

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The DMNL, the largest of the leftist parties, was firmly against the RCC after the banning of political parties in early 1953. Public demonstrators at college campuses were detained at the military academy until 'they learned how to behave'. As early as late 1952, a communist-Wafd coalition in a

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Immediately following the coup, university students pledged support for the Officers. Despite this, Egypt's new leadership was unable to translate the early support of Egyptian campuses into an asset that it could leverage to its advantage against the regime's opponents. Indeed, as the Officers

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We were confused first because of two contradicting things. We thought that objectively the overthrow of the King was something very positive but due to our political education we believed that nothing good and durable could come from the army. The army was a tool of oppression, conservative by

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programmes and campaigns of military expansion in Sudan and East Africa. Isma'il greatly accelerated the enfranchisement of the Egyptian peasantry and middle class, who had been politically and economically marginalized by the wealthy elites of Egyptian society. It was during this time that an

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on a mandate of continuing its historic political fight against Britain. al-Nahhas, who was now 70 years old, was no longer the national hero he was in 1919. Genuine economic reforms as well as a final agreement with Britain were the pressing issues of the day. A faction known as the 'Wafdist

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entered negotiations. However, issues over the status of Sudan and British troops ended hopes for a successful discussion. The ire of the nationalists concentrated on two issues, Sudan and the Suez. By flaming the fires of nationalism, the Egyptian elites forced themselves to intervene in the

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in 1938. Sadat had been trying to form an anti-British uprising since the 1940's, but was arrested after meeting with two Nazi spies in 1942. The humiliating 1942 British coup and the disaster in Palestine motivated the creation of a secret cell of revolutionary Egyptian officers. After the

3598:, when Syrian military overthrew the government, whispers of a revolt spread throughout the corps. While an exact date is not known, by 1949 meetings and discussions in the homes of the officers started the beginning of the 'Free Officers' movement. While officers met with communists in the 4173:. Finally, on 19 October, Nasser signed a treaty for the evacuation of British troops from Egypt, to be completed over the following 20 months. Two years later, on 18 June 1956, Nasser raised the Egyptian flag over the Canal Zone, announcing the complete evacuation of British troops. 3610:

and the other on a revolver, and published anonymous leaflets and articles criticizing the higher command and the government as a whole for corruption. By 1952, it grew so large that few members knew the identities of the leaders of the conspiracy: Colonel Nasser and General Naguib.

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The modern Egyptian army was established as a result of the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian treaty, which allowed the Egyptian army to expand from 398 officers to 982. Nasser applied at the Obassia Military College, Egypt's leading cadet school, in 1937. Anwar Sadat graduated from the

4124:(ECP) opposed the military only a week after the coup. The ECP soon dubbed the army 'the great deception' after it failed to put the king on trial, failed to immediately abolish the monarchy, and failed to immediately restore political rights. Co-founder of the party, 4052:

focused mostly on Serageddin's rise to power within the Wafd and the his personal failings in the 1950 government. Serageddin's rivals, the who's who of Egypt's liberal government, took the stand to air out personal grievances. Witnesses included former prime ministers (

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A 2024 study found that in the aftermath of the coup, officials that were senior and had connections with the deposed monarch were more likely to be purged, while experienced bureaucrats and those with university education were more likely to be retained as part of the

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fought for greater autonomy for Egypt. The phrase "Egypt for the Egyptians" was a popular rallying cry among nationalists in protest to the privileges of foreigners. It was during this time that the five major points of contentions among nationalists were crystalized:

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of the United Kingdom. Whilst Egypt was not annexed to the British Empire, with the British King never becoming sovereign of Egypt, Egypt's status as a protectorate precluded any actual independence for the sultanate. For all intents and purposes, the

2948:, where there were anti-imperialist and anti-colonial rebellions against European empires. It also inspired the toppling of existing pro-Western monarchies and governments in the MENA region. The Revolution is commemorated each year on 23 July. 3933:

The earliest reforms were populist but symbolic of a new era: the elimination of the government's summer recess to Alexandria, ending the subsidization of private automobiles for cabinet ministers, and the abolition of the honorific titles

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suitable to American interests, but failed. Reformers in the party were not strong enough of pass the legislation needed to avoid a total revolution. Stubbornness and corruption made the Wafd incapable of delivering to the Egyptian people.

4169:, and pressure from both the U.S. and USSR, the British refused to transfer control of the Canal to the new regime. The RCC began funding and coordinating ever greater attacks on the British and French in the Suez Canal Zone, and 4072:. In his defence, Serageddin positioned himself as a proud nationalist, citing his order to the Ismalia police not to surrender their weapons in 1951. In the end, he received a fifteen year sentence, but was released in 1956. 6630:

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, The Near and Middle East, Volume IX, Part 2, eds. Paul Claussen, Joan M. Lee, Carl N. Raether, John P. Glennon (United States Government Printing Office 1986) Egypt Document

3083:, and other groups immigrated to Egypt, establishing a small but wealthy and politically powerful cosmopolitan community. Foreigners were not subject to Egyptian laws, but went through a separate court system known as the 3489:. Anger over corruption in the war, such as rumors of gun-smuggling leading to Egyptian troops being underequipped for battle. Returning from the war, an Egyptian commander commented: "The real battle is in Egypt." 3978:

On September 7, Ali Maher was dismissed, and 64 other politicians, including Foaud Sergeddin, were arrested. The following day the government decreed the 200 feddan limit. At first the Egyptian legal scholar

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al-Hilali returned as prime minister of July 22nd, with the promise of total freedom to select a cabinet. However, when Farouk nominated his own brother-in-law war minister, al-Hilali resigned the next day.

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left 56 Egyptians and 13 British dead. The next day, a series of riots engulfed Cairo. The Egyptian masses torched 750 foreign-owned stores, causing around 40-50 million Egyptian Pounds worth of damage.

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was not a substitute for parliament; it was not taken seriously by the officers, who announced Egypt was a republic and Naguib was selected as president on June 18, without approval from the committee.

3114:. The sale of the Canal mere years after it had been constructed at the cost of some 80,000 Egyptian lives was seen as a national humiliation, particularly as it effectively granted the purchaser, the 2831:

Though initially focused on grievances against King Farouk, the movement had more wide-ranging political ambitions. In the first three years of the Revolution, the Free Officers moved to abolish the

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the Officers Club governing board. In mid-July, Farouk responded by annulling the election and appointing his own men to the board. With a crisis brewing, Sirri offered the War Ministry to General

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in uncontested Egyptian control for the first time since 1875, erasing what was seen as a mark of national humiliation. This strengthened the appeal of the revolution in other Arab countries.

3352:. Egypt remained officially neutral under the closing weeks of the war, however, its territory became a battlefield between the Allies and Axis Powers. In 1942, the refusal of Egypt's young 3562:

criticized the government, writing "Corruption does not mean corruption of the Wafd government alone". Rumors that the King Farouk was going to sack al-Hilali led him to resign on July 2.

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Debate broke out among the Free Officers concerning the fate of the deposed king. While some (including Gen. Naguib and Nasser) thought that the best course of action was to send him into

4110:. Ahmad Hamrush, leader of the military wing of the DMNL, was not a member of the Free Officers but was given advance knowledge of the coup, later sharing it with the rest of the DMNL. 11201: 5755: 3816:. The coup was conducted by less than a hundred officers – almost all of which were drawn from junior ranks — and prompted scenes of celebration in the streets by cheering mobs. 8696: 637: 12536: 7729: 3125:

Tewfik was seen as a puppet of the foreign powers who had deposed his father, a perception heightened by his repressive policies. Discontent with Tewfik's rule ignited the

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At 7:30 a.m., a broadcasting station issued the first communiqué of the coup d'état in the name of Gen. Naguib to the Egyptian people. It attempted to justify the

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With his British support network now neutralized, King Farouk sought the intervention of the United States, which was unresponsive. By the 25th, the army had occupied

3326:. This treaty limited the extent of British troops in Egypt (except with regards to the Suez canal and the Sudan), and the creation of a proper Egyptian military. 3414:

rallied growing numbers of striking workers, especially as King Farouk's extravagant lifestyle continued to insult the millions of Egyptians living in poverty. The

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Within a week of the speech, the government arrested eleven politicians, and placed Nahhas and his wife under house arrest. The trial of former prime minister and

3570:, who was elected club president. When he refused, Sirri resigned on July 20, after failing to persuade Farouk to adopt a more conciliatory pose toward the army. 677: 607: 612: 592: 582: 3118:, a basis for interfering in Egyptian affairs. Shortly thereafter, the United Kingdom, along with the other Great Powers, deposed Isma'il in favour of his son, 9168: 622: 617: 602: 597: 587: 577: 2991:. Within a matter of decades, Muhammad Ali transformed Egypt from a neglected Ottoman province to a virtually independent state that temporarily rivalled the 11387: 9004: 6222: 5828:"The Arab States and the 1948 War in Palestine: The Socio-Political Struggles, the Compelling Nationalist Discourse and the Regional Context of Involvement" 10818: 9036: 3863:– and a three-man Regency Council was appointed. The former king's departure into exile came on 26 July 1952 and at 6 o'clock that evening he set sail for 3233:. Despite the restoration of the nominal sultanate, British power in Egypt and Sudan was undiminished, as the United Kingdom declared Egypt to be a formal 7080: 13625: 9759: 9009: 13275: 10866: 3360:, where the British military surrounded Farouk's palace, and ordered him at gunpoint to appoint al-Nahhas. Though nationalist army officers, including 3087:. Isma'il also established Egypt's first parliament. This period of intellectualism in Egypt, and the Arab world as a whole, later became known as the 3930:

the traditional system. The officers moved to purge their opponents in Egypt to create a new Egypt beyond petty party politics and street violence.

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Former Egyptian Prime Minister Abdel Hady, 57, nonchalantly lights a cigarette, following his conviction a week before by Naguib's Military Tribunal.

12521: 12048: 10798: 9805: 10365: 9529: 8913: 7498: 3269: 3004: 2962: 2751: 1245: 5188:. St. Antony's Middle East monographs (1st ed.). London: Published for the Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College, Oxford Ithaca Press. 12607: 10116: 9925: 9832:

Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

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programmes were initiated in the first decade and half of the Revolution, leading to an unprecedented period of infrastructure building, and

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argues that America did not know about the coup until two days beforehand but did not move to stop it after verifying it was not communist.

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Members of the Free Officers welcomed by crowds in Cairo in January 1953. Standing in the automobile, from left to right: Youssef Seddik,

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After decades of pseudo-independence, elitist infighting and deteriorating economic conditions, more radical politics consumed Egypt. The

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were established before the coup. DMNL leader Ahmad Hamrush met with Nasser on July 22, and charged him with mobilizing loyal troops in

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and the 1946 student protests demonstrated the need for politicians to negotiate full independence. These protests very quickly took an

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The Wafd believed that through gradual negotiations, it would be able to secure complete Egyptian independence. Egypt was successful in

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The history of Egypt during the 19th and early 20th centuries was defined by the vastly different reigns of successive members of the

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In 1950, the Wafd formed a government for the last time. After years of martial law and political chaos, the Wafd decisively won the

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Isma'il's grand policies were ruinously expensive, and financial pressure eventually compelled him to sell Egypt's shares in the

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thirteen tried, eleven were convicted, four were hanged, one got a life sentence and the others were sentenced to 10-15 years.

3812:, which was also known as the "Blessed Movement". The person reading the message was Free Officer and future president of Egypt 3538:

After al-Nahhas, three independent politicians were appointed to clean up the mess and chaos in Egypt. The three governments of

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history. Nasser was elected as the second president of the Republic on 23 June. In 1957, Nasser announced the formation of the

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The status of the Egyptian army – which was demobilized after the 1882 revolt – and the stationing of British troops in Egypt

2459: 2399: 12883: 11549: 9366: 13540: 12923: 11368: 11293: 10953: 10553: 8648: 8302: 8246: 8202: 8015: 7689: 7679: 7639: 7110: 5025: 3493: 2898:. These two issues converged in the fifth year of the Revolution when Egypt was invaded by the United Kingdom, France, and 2532: 8496: 2449: 13620: 13295: 13240: 12566: 10973: 10106: 9772: 9495: 8987: 8906: 8307: 8047: 7933: 7052: 5533: 4057: 3547: 2744: 2602: 2228: 1919: 1015: 865: 10215: 10143: 5959:"MilitaryHistoryOnline.com - Egypt's Canal Zone Guerrillas: The 'Liberation Battalions' and Auxiliary Police, 1951-1954" 4824: 3606:, it was an organization independent of the pre-existing opposition. Members took a vow of secrecy with one hand on the 3595: 3059:

Egyptian intelligentsia was formed; a social class of educated Egyptians well-read in politics and culture known as the

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Meanwhile, the RCC managed to remain united in its opposition to the British and French, specifically in regard to the

3442: 3142: 3067:, the public education system in Egypt grew the field of educated nationalist effendiyya. It was during this time that 3000: 2844: 2619: 2429: 1889: 1282: 1235: 1035: 995: 769: 6502: 4803: 3264:

to renegotiate for Egyptian independence. When Britain refused, nationalist anger at British control erupted into the

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Egyptians nationalism was brewing under the harsh economic policies of the British. Nationalist activists such as

2944:

The early successes of the Revolution encouraged numerous other nationalist movements in other countries, such as

2910:). Despite enormous military losses, the war was seen as a political victory for Egypt, especially as it left the 2489: 12163: 11544: 11473: 11373: 11251: 11023: 11013: 10600: 9987: 9702: 8787: 8755: 8508: 8234: 7644: 7364: 7220: 7197: 7147: 6219: 5999:"'The decisive volley': The battle of Ismailia and the decline of British influence in Egypt, January-July, 1952" 4121: 3987:

led to Naguib's appointment as prime minister. Rashad al-Barawi was also considered, but the American ambassador

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The first clash between the officers and the labor movement started only a month after the coup. In the city of

3151:, the United Kingdom was left in de facto control over the country, a state of affairs that became known as the 851: 13325: 13087: 12681: 11594: 11363: 10943: 10845: 10578: 10022: 10017: 9663: 8899: 8356: 8150: 8113: 7261: 3781: 3583: 3357: 2797: 2737: 1583: 1352: 515: 201: 11263: 10993: 10504: 10276: 9518: 9269: 2504: 13550: 13545: 12541: 11556: 11509: 11273: 11196: 10928: 9542: 9183: 8975: 8643: 8438: 7844: 7369: 7352: 7172: 7162: 6585:"From Kafr al-Dawwar to Kharga's 'Desert Hell Camp': the repression of Communist workers in Egypt, 1952-1965" 4443: 3372: 3323: 3307: 3091:. Coupled with Isma’il's powerful espousal of Egyptian statehood, this contributed to the growth of Egyptian 1874: 975: 823: 12893: 12873: 12853: 10988: 10697: 10620: 10291: 9405: 9361: 8555: 6854:

Gordon, Joel (1989). "The False Hopes of 1950: The Wafd's Last Hurrah and the Demise of Egypt's Old Order".

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In January, the Muslim Brotherhood was outlawed. It remained an illegal political organization until the

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On the 23rd, infantry united seized general headquarters and blocked roads leading to Cairo. Nasser and

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from 1970 onwards, during which many of the policies of the Revolution were scaled back or reversed.

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also posed a serious challenge, as the Free Officers increased Egypt's already strong support of the

2891: 2547: 2514: 2414: 2409: 2079: 1696: 1345: 909: 776: 505: 450: 5958: 13590: 12238: 11805: 11068: 10958: 10712: 9676: 9021: 8992: 8819: 8799: 8607: 8433: 8229: 8217: 8054: 8032: 7699: 7649: 7549: 7425: 7420: 7386: 7347: 7205: 7137: 4264: 4155: 4036: 3980: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2039: 1442: 1118: 966: 721: 647: 126: 39: 11978: 6259:, 3rd ed. Documentary Research Division, Research Studies Institute, Air University, 1959. p. 273. 5285: 4957: 4007:

By September, the Revolutionary Tribunal was formed, composed solely of three officers as judges,

2934: 1819: 440: 13481: 13400: 13185: 11468: 11413: 11398: 11338: 11146: 11126: 10886: 10563: 10168: 9600: 9595: 9173: 9043: 8728: 8351: 8086: 7938: 7911: 7896: 7891: 7627: 7527: 7251: 7118: 5249:"The National Archives - 100 years ago: 'Egypt is declared to be an independent sovereign State'" 4274: 4065: 3319: 3276:. However, Britain still retained the rights over the Sudan, its empire in Egypt and foreigners: 3016: 2832: 2597: 2587: 2552: 2268: 1914: 1505: 1417: 1273: 1005: 757: 488: 10371: 4315: 4305: 13555: 12908: 12258: 11762: 11156: 10830: 10306: 10066: 10061: 9854: 9697: 9681: 9547: 8880: 8809: 8738: 8560: 8528: 8222: 8160: 8155: 7869: 7334: 7266: 7256: 7210: 5998: 5110: 4947: 4203: 4183: 4053: 3983:

was considered to fill in Maher's shoes, but American concerns over Sanhuri's signature in the

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The Revolution was faced with immediate threats from Western imperial powers, particularly the

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Workers on the Nile: Nationalism, Communism, Islam, and the Egyptian Working Class, 1882-1954

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to their July 1952 coup, there was extensive secret American-Egyptian contact in the months

3736:, claimed to have established contacts with the officers at this time, though the historian 13501: 13471: 13431: 13426: 13330: 13205: 13042: 12033: 11800: 11655: 11609: 11524: 11519: 11318: 11217: 11166: 11161: 11053: 11008: 10963: 10901: 10732: 10707: 10657: 10585: 10499: 10349: 9951: 9930: 9798: 9612: 9585: 9490: 9468: 9426: 9110: 8681: 8631: 8501: 7605: 7595: 7182: 5614:

The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora

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Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J. (1992). "Modern education and the first Egyptian intellectuals".

3943: 3765: 3187: 3163: 3035:. Due to conscription, taxes were raised on nobles in exchange for more land and peasants ( 2968: 2868: 2852: 2637: 2379: 2318: 1681: 1603: 1510: 1477: 1025: 985: 808: 547: 380: 110: 6355:"Purging to Transform the Post-Colonial State: Evidence From the 1952 Egyptian Revolution" 706: 8: 13491: 12848: 12781: 12478: 12393: 12388: 12288: 12151: 11948: 11832: 11747: 11635: 11488: 11483: 11463: 11448: 11358: 11353: 11258: 11191: 11181: 11093: 11088: 11078: 10978: 10918: 10891: 10717: 10702: 10672: 10650: 10436: 10426: 10153: 10076: 10046: 10030: 9792: 9652: 9557: 9485: 9304: 9294: 9212: 9200: 9190: 9084: 8792: 8772: 8592: 8540: 8535: 8474: 8376: 8059: 7990: 7985: 7704: 7408: 7142: 5223: 4981: 3559: 3427: 3203: 3170: 3023:, but allowed to keep its Sudanese territory. After Muhammad Ali's death, his successors 2612: 2557: 2479: 2389: 2278: 1791: 1573: 1563: 1558: 1447: 1215: 11333: 11246: 4745:. Intelligence, surveillance and secret warfare. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 4307:

America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East

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Egypt under the Khedives, 1805 - 1879: from household government to modern bureaucracy

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Monarchy and modernity in Egypt: politics, Islam and neo-colonialism between the wars

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condominium in which sovereignty would be shared between Egypt and the United Kingdom

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Abd El-Nasser, Gamal (1954). The Philosophy of the Revolution. Cairo: Dar Al-Maaref.

3809: 3229:, destroyed by the Ottoman Empire in 1517, was re-established with Hussein Kamal as 1974: 1432: 13390: 13097: 13062: 13032: 13027: 13002: 12811: 12697: 12408: 12333: 12263: 12248: 12228: 12175: 11958: 11953: 11933: 11883: 11873: 11700: 11665: 11650: 11599: 11328: 11268: 11108: 10767: 10747: 10456: 10398: 10392: 10359: 10339: 10329: 10178: 9979: 9971: 9725: 9708: 9669: 9344: 9279: 9274: 9246: 9145: 9105: 8711: 8668: 8638: 8486: 8268: 8197: 8139: 7854: 7849: 7829: 7751: 7566: 7467: 7398: 7381: 7322: 7215: 7177: 6942: 6863: 6362: 6010: 5839: 5792: 5721: 5475: 5389: 5209: 5076: 5037: 4953: 4622: 4407: 4363: 4134: 4107: 4076: 3984: 3860: 3856: 3793: 3773: 3502: 3303: 3273: 3251: 3051: 2864: 2860: 2687: 2647: 2364: 2198: 2104: 2004: 1989: 1899: 1829: 1736: 1731: 1706: 1613: 1593: 1578: 1437: 1302: 1197: 918: 314: 292: 173: 116: 93: 8523: 5582:"Anti-jewish Riots in Egypt; Synagogues Burned in Cairo; Six Killed in Alexandria" 3158:

In 1899, the United Kingdom forced Tewfik's successor as Khedive, the nationalist

3126: 2019: 1929: 788: 13441: 13410: 13405: 13250: 13190: 13137: 13067: 13047: 13022: 13012: 12913: 12791: 12627: 12483: 12473: 12458: 12438: 12423: 12398: 12343: 12108: 12076: 11968: 11928: 11690: 11685: 11625: 11566: 11298: 11176: 11003: 10968: 10876: 10871: 10595: 10489: 10163: 10096: 10086: 10051: 10007: 9994: 9946: 9421: 9398: 9115: 9074: 8701: 8518: 8469: 8371: 8187: 7923: 7906: 7537: 7462: 7074: 7056: 6226: 5843: 4900:(1. publ ed.). Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 179–226. 4767: 4675: 4241: 4061: 4040: 3777: 3756:

Members of the Free Officers gathered after the coup d'état. From left to right:

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was as much controlled by the United Kingdom as the Khedivate of Egypt had been.

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in 1914, the United Kingdom deposed Abbas II in favour of his pro-British uncle,

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by Ahmed S. Kamel, Hassan Kamel Kelisli-Morali, Georges Soliman and Magda Malek.

3130: 1824: 1651: 13446: 13285: 13180: 13175: 13142: 13132: 13122: 13092: 13017: 13007: 12888: 12816: 12711: 12453: 12378: 12368: 12363: 12223: 11963: 11752: 11675: 11403: 11308: 11058: 10998: 10630: 10548: 10451: 10411: 10381: 10281: 10236: 9812: 9393: 9376: 9371: 9241: 8850: 8804: 8658: 8597: 8381: 8182: 7694: 7622: 7481: 7415: 4982:"ʿAlī Pasha Mubārak | Egyptian statesman, reformer & educator | Britannica" 4166: 4114: 4048: 4016: 3996: 3900: 3834: 3830: 3567: 3361: 3218: 3206:: its legal powers regarding foreigners and independence from British influence 3115: 3024: 2992: 2976: 2930: 2875: 2817: 2801: 2657: 2384: 2350: 2149: 2139: 2094: 2054: 2049: 1994: 1984: 1979: 1964: 1894: 1879: 1864: 1854: 1766: 1666: 1656: 1646: 1100: 1070: 802: 369: 259: 189: 65: 7049: 6946: 6867: 6367: 6354: 6014: 5796: 5725: 5479: 5041: 4367: 3505:

told the U.S. ambassador "I own 8000 feddans. Do you think I want Egypt to go

1949: 13534: 13451: 13077: 13057: 12992: 12944: 12858: 12617: 12463: 12358: 12323: 12308: 12268: 11810: 11640: 11378: 11288: 11151: 11131: 11018: 10779: 10757: 10722: 10301: 10296: 10251: 10173: 10133: 9882: 9765: 9463: 9195: 8733: 8721: 8716: 8396: 7486: 6875: 6534: 6514: 6376: 6022: 5851: 5804: 5781:"Egypt's Efforts to Unite the Nile Valley: Diplomacy and Propaganda, 1945-47" 5733: 5651: 5487: 5440: 5401: 5301: 5088: 5049: 5006: 4743:

The Arab world and Western intelligence: analysing the Middle East, 1956-1981

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Arab Socialism. [al-Ishtirakīyah Al-ʻArabīyah]: A Documentary Survey

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Tinker, tailor, and textile worker: class and politics in Egypt, 1930-1952

4411: 3103:(Public Debt Commission) was founded as a way for Egypt to pay its debts. 59: 13102: 12959: 12806: 12801: 12747: 12726: 12448: 12053: 12023: 11878: 11868: 11767: 11630: 11423: 10912: 10742: 10727: 10538: 10386: 10354: 10241: 10056: 9961: 9900: 9826: 9284: 9236: 9231: 8960: 8942: 7879: 7610: 7600: 7393: 4872: 4848: 4311: 4024: 4012: 3958: 3813: 3643: 3497:

Vanguards', attempted to push reform. A new law limited landowning to 50

3260:, Egyptian nationalists tried to send a delegation (Arabic: Wafd) to the 3257: 3214: 3209:

The right for Egypt to establish foreign relations independent of Britain

3191: 3092: 2972: 2938: 2903: 2856: 2821: 2642: 2179: 2119: 2069: 2014: 1809: 1741: 1467: 1462: 1090: 557: 542: 336: 325: 281: 6814:

Nasser's Blessed Movement: Egypt's Free Officers and the July Revolution

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Hunter, Frederick R. (1999). "The Dismantling of Khedivial Absolutism".

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ended in disaster, only further exasperating the Egyptian treasury. The

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Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War

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Egypt for the Egyptians! the socio-political crisis in Egypt, 1878-1882

5096: 5064: 4383: 4351: 4249: 4162: 4103: 4083: 3826: 3631: 3619: 3532: 3510: 3474: 3295: 3178: 3111: 3032: 2911: 2887: 2813: 2788:, was a period of profound political, economic, and societal change in 2682: 2672: 2134: 2099: 2024: 2009: 1944: 1869: 1814: 1716: 1661: 1540: 1525: 147: 10861: 6883: 5685:

Britain, Nasser And The Balance Of Power In The Middle East, 1952-1977

3752: 12721: 12503: 12348: 12197: 12170: 11983: 11938: 11847: 11815: 11795: 11787: 11116: 10906: 8767: 8239: 6036: 5875:"Sunday Times Reporter Interview with President "Gamal Abdel Nasser"" 5136:

The long 1890s in Egypt: colonial quiescence, subterranean resistance

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Chin, John J.; Wright, Joseph; Carter, David B. (13 December 2022).

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Prime minister Ali Maher and leader of the RCC Mohammad Naguib. 1952

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The political status of Sudan – which was ruled as a de-facto joint

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and the gradually increasing intrusion into Egyptian affairs of the

13461: 13170: 12666: 12082: 11923: 11820: 11695: 11514: 11418: 10558: 10416: 9870: 9639: 9579: 7440: 5550: 5111:"Viceroy | Monarchy, Colonialism & Representation | Britannica" 4170: 3879: 3535:

was the end for the Wafd; al-Nahhas was dismissed on the next day.

3225:. The legal fiction of Ottoman sovereignty was terminated, and the 3031:

attempted to modernize Egypt, such as starting construction of the

2979:. From 1805, Egypt underwent a period of rapid modernisation under 2825: 1999: 1756: 1520: 1457: 1157: 858: 843: 47: 11202:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

3841:

on the waterfront. Naguib ordered the captain of Farqouk's yacht,

3473:, a successful Israeli counter-offensive left Egypt with just the 12028: 11913: 11903: 11852: 11393: 10138: 7061: 6470: 4330:... whether or not the CIA dealt directly with the Free Officers 4198:

Celebration of the first anniversary of 1952 Egyptian Revolution.

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The trial of Fouad Serageddin was more than just the charges - a

3667: 3060: 2996: 2984: 2945: 829: 9829:

and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each

6535:"NEW RIOTING IN EGYPT 12 Dead, 200 Hurt in Clash; Stern Warning" 12096: 11898: 11837: 10772: 8921: 7472: 7430: 7277: 5710:"Origins of the 1950 Tripartite Declaration on the Middle East" 3498: 3466: 3040: 3039:

in Arabic). Peasants continued to lose access to their land as

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The Student Movement and national politics in Egypt: 1923-1973

5163:(Repr ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Press. 3655: 3402:

against colonialism and modernity. Leftist movements like the

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American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

12043: 11826: 9905: 8970: 7503: 7308: 7113: 6599: 5286:"Egypt's 1923 Constitution: A Constitution of National Unity" 3939: 3864: 3849: 3607: 3088: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2789: 242: 231: 196: 6964:

The Wafd, 1919-1952: Cornerstone of Egyptian political power

3485:

made a name for himself as a hero for holding out until the

2792:. On 23 July 1952 the revolution began with the toppling of 12121: 12003: 9895: 9839: 7916: 3162:, to transform Sudan from an integral part of Egypt into a 2995:

itself for dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the

6564: 6552: 5378:"Convention Regarding Abolition of Capitulations in Egypt" 4566:"Egypt's 23 Revolution – and beyond: challenges and gains" 4165:. Despite continued calls from the RCC, in debates in the 3697:

Lieutenant Colonel Anwar El-Sadat (Military Communication)

12576: 12556: 12551: 6966:(1st ed.). Third World Centre for Research and Pub. 4923:

The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak

4804:"Egypt's 1952 revolution: Seven decades of military rule" 3935: 3110:, the company that owned the 99-year lease to manage the 6482: 6388: 6386: 6185: 5975: 5939: 5534:"The Egyptian Jewels of King Farouk; Farouking Fabulous" 6434: 6410: 6202: 6200: 3465:, Egyptian troops fought in the southern front against 2933:

had become a dominant theme, transforming Egypt into a

6647: 6611: 6458: 6173: 6113: 2356: 6706:. New York: Oxford university press. pp. 80–81. 6683: 6671: 6659: 6635: 6589:

International Journal on Strikes and Social Conflicts

6383: 6286: 6149: 5927: 5903: 5265: 4825:"Egypt celebrates 70th anniversary of Revolution Day" 4651:"Egypt's Revolution and the Lessons for Today - AIIA" 4202:

The anniversary of the revolution is commemorated on

4082:

In opposition to the new constitution with its overt

3558:

were postponed indefinitely. The Egyptian journalist

3019:. As a result of these wars, Egypt was expelled from 7021:

The Game of Nations: The Amorality of Power Politics

6931:"Egyptian Communists and the Free Officers: 1950-54" 6704:

The struggle for Egypt: from Nasser to Tahrir Square

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International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest

4217: 3910:

the elimination of imperialism and its collaborators

3441:

that Jews were receiving beneficial treatment over "

2855:). The revolutionary government adopted a staunchly 6101: 5425:"The Abolition of the Capitulatory Régime in Egypt" 5356:. Berkeley London: University of California press. 5212:; Sigler, Jay A.; Beede, Benjamin R., eds. (1977). 4352:"American Support for the 1952 Egyptian Coup: Why?" 4075:When political parties were banned, RCC formed the 3991:rejected this idea, calling al-Barawi a 'commie'. 3673:

Wing Commander Abd al-Latif al-Boghdadi (Air force)

2863:agenda, which came to be expressed chiefly through 13276:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 5891: 5599:The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914-1952, Gudrun Krämer 3469:. Though Egypt quickly gained controlled over the 3420:antisemitic turn, evolving into a prolonged pogrom 3137:British occupation under the 'Veiled Protectorate' 9607:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) 6739:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 4873:"Egypt - Social Change in the Nineteenth Century" 4542:"Egypt - Revolution, Republic, Nile | Britannica" 4522: 3521:Egyptian police fighting in the Battle of Ismalia 3318:in 1937, repealing the Public Debt Commission in 13532: 12522:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 6837:Egypt from independence to revolution, 1919-1952 6003:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 5464:"Lampson's Ultimatum to Faruq, 4 February, 1942" 4673: 3721:Lieutenant Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser (Infantry) 10959:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 10366:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 9760:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) 6255:Hilton Proctor Goss and Charles Marion Thomas. 4505:America and Egypt: From Roosevelt to Eisenhower 3709:Lieutenant Colonel Zakaria Mohieddin (Infantry) 3356:to appoint al-Nahhas prime minister led by the 3294:The leading party after the revolution was the 3213:Following the Ottoman Empire's entry in to the 3108:Universal Company of the Maritime Canal of Suez 2963:History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty 2847:of the country, and secure the independence of 5687:. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 17–18. 4703:"Egypt's Revolution: Two Lessons from History" 3925:the establishment of a sound democratic system 3329: 13306:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 12753:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 12682: 9855: 9070:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 8907: 7293: 7236:Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) 7096: 6909: 6605: 6501:TIMES, Special to THE NEW YORK (1952-08-22). 6476: 6352: 5638:TIMES, Special to THE NEW YORK (1946-10-19). 4655:Australian Institute of International Affairs 3961:, Gamal Abdel Nasser and Abdel Latif Boghdadi 3685:Major General Muhammad Naguib (Border Guards) 3095:, particularly within the army. However, the 2745: 1353: 885: 485:(1954–(March)1954,(April)1954–1962,1967–1970) 12598:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 10149:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 7004:(1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row. 6914:(1st ed.). 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(1969). 4700: 4280:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 3412:Democratic Movement for National Liberation 3129:of 1881, led by nationalist soldiers under 2878:, which had occupied Egypt since 1882, and 2853:condominium of Egypt and the United Kingdom 12689: 12675: 12562:United States involvement in regime change 10117:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 9862: 9848: 8914: 8900: 7300: 7286: 7103: 7089: 5030:Comparative Studies in Society and History 4920: 4612: 3637:Squadron Leader Hassan Ibrahim (Air force) 3190:but as a de-jure British colony after the 2752: 2738: 1360: 1346: 892: 878: 6893:The Rise of Egyptian Communism, 1939-1970 6820:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 6366: 5382:The American Journal of International Law 5138:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 4958:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199681778.001.0001 4680:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 790. 4093: 3829:, where the King was in residence at the 3449:and British secretary of foreign affairs 2987:in defiance of his nominal suzerain, the 2800:. This group of army officers was led by 13386:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 13316:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 13281:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 9806:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 7068:L'Egypte d'antan... Egypt in Bygone Days 7018: 6985:. Al Saqi books. London: Al Saqi Books. 6791: 6179: 5682: 5351: 5246: 5158: 5134:Booth, Marilyn; Gorman, Anthony (2014). 4193: 3969: 3952: 3922:the building of a powerful national army 3878: 3751: 3577: 3516: 3366: 3278: 2951: 13261:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 13246:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 10688:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 9479:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 7119:Major revolts and riots in modern Egypt 7002:In search of identity: an autobiography 6980: 6910:Beinin, Joel; Lockman, Zachary (1988). 6772: 6191: 6155: 5981: 5556: 5461: 5314: 5183: 5004: 4801: 4501: 4470: 4399: 4303: 3965: 2956: 2816:, and contributed to the escalation of 2309:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 14: 13533: 13256:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 12532:Russian espionage in the United States 10804:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 6928: 6890: 6853: 6834: 6810: 6753: 6689: 6677: 6665: 6653: 6641: 6617: 6570: 6558: 6488: 6464: 6452: 6440: 6428: 6416: 6404: 6392: 6340: 6328: 6316: 6304: 6292: 6280: 6268: 6206: 6167: 6143: 6131: 6095: 6083: 6071: 6059: 5933: 5921: 5909: 5897: 5756:"14. Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1922-1956)" 5707: 5610: 5568: 5520: 5508: 5271: 5023: 4945: 4895: 4528: 4508:. United States: Praeger. p. 27. 4142:college student election defeated the 3625:Major Kamal el-Din Hussein (Artillery) 782:Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo 12670: 12527:Soviet espionage in the United States 10683:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 10462:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 10127:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 9843: 8895: 8326: 8137: 7960: 7801: 7320: 7281: 7231:Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014) 7084: 6999: 6961: 6734: 6500: 6353:Ketchley, Neil; Wenig, Gilad (2024). 6236: 6119: 6107: 5996: 5992: 5990: 5945: 5825: 5778: 5670: 5637: 5339: 5283: 5247:Archives, The National (2022-03-17). 5065:"The Mixed Courts of Egypt 1875-1885" 5062: 4822: 4589: 4473:"Egypt since the Coup d'Etat of 1952" 4349: 3906:The six principles of the RCC were: 3511:pressure King Farouk to adopt reforms 3383:describes the state of the late Wafd: 3371:Poster from the Egyptian nationalist 2460:1946 Italian institutional referendum 2400:Spanish American wars of independence 13626:1950s coups d'état and coup attempts 12696: 12603:Soviet Union–United States relations 10954:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 8876: 6701: 6503:"EGYPT TO SENTENCE RIOTERS TOMORROW" 6249: 5005:Shouman, Mariam Ahmad (1999-06-01). 4740: 4395: 4393: 3433:, often accompanied with chants of " 3398:was founded in 1928, pushing for an 3286:of Egypt in Parliament listening to 13296:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 12567:Soviet involvement in regime change 8866: 6582: 5215:Independence Documents of the World 3919:the establishment of social justice 3859:– who was acceded to the throne as 3245: 2781: 2769: 2229:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 24: 13236:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 12758:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 12608:Soviet Union–United States summits 10082:1947 Polish parliamentary election 9967:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 9716:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) 9141:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 6794:The Society of the Muslim Brothers 5987: 5872: 5422: 4583: 4098:Relations between the RCC and the 4039:over corruption and the murder of 3481:, a young Egyptian officer called 3268:, prompting the United Kingdom to 3143:History of Egypt under the British 770:Order of the White Rose of Finland 25: 13647: 13301:Palestine Liberation Organization 11369:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 11304:United States invasion of Grenada 10574:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 10515:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 9553:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt 8247:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces 7038: 6595:(7): 55 – via Academia.edu. 5011:Archived Theses and Dissertations 4495: 4458:"The revolution and the Republic" 4450: 4390: 3916:the ending of the monopoly system 3649:Major Abdel Hakim Amer (Infantry) 27:Military overthrow of King Farouk 13515: 13514: 13241:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 12924:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 11444:United States invasion of Panama 11294:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 10934:1971 Turkish military memorandum 10897:Communist insurgency in Thailand 10867:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 10799:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 10626:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 10554:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 10072:Restatement of Policy on Germany 9591:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) 8875: 8865: 8855: 8846: 8845: 8104:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 7307: 7112: 6695: 6623: 6576: 6527: 6494: 5617:. American Univ in Cairo Press. 4627:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0501 4444:"Military seizes power in Egypt" 4234: 4220: 4189: 3874: 3747: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3007:, and led Egypt during both the 2843:, establish a republic, end the 2721: 2249:Discourses Concerning Government 1329: 928: 857: 850: 842: 828: 817: 807: 797: 787: 775: 763: 751: 739: 727: 716: 705: 406: 385: 374: 363: 352: 341: 330: 319: 308: 297: 286: 275: 264: 253: 241: 230: 210: 195: 182: 166: 58: 13596:History of Egypt (1900–present) 12884:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 12164:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 11545:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 11474:Fall of the inner German border 11374:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 11024:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 11014:Spanish transition to democracy 10974:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 10601:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 10107:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 9988:Occupation of the Baltic states 9773:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 9742:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon 9496:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 8588:Identification card controversy 7216:Sinai insurgency (2011–present) 7148:1945 anti-Jewish riots in Egypt 6756:Nasser: Hero of the Arab Nation 6728: 6346: 6231:Egypt State Information Service 6212: 6029: 5951: 5866: 5819: 5772: 5748: 5701: 5676: 5631: 5604: 5592: 5574: 5526: 5455: 5416: 5370: 5345: 5333: 5308: 5277: 5240: 5202: 5177: 5152: 5127: 5103: 5056: 5017: 4998: 4974: 4939: 4914: 4889: 4865: 4849:"Egypt - Muhammad Ali, 1805-48" 4841: 4816: 4795: 4786: 4759: 4734: 4709: 4701:Omar Ashour (7 February 2011). 4694: 4667: 4643: 4613:Poljarevic, Emin (2009-01-01). 4606: 4558: 3439:antisemitic conspiracy theories 3270:recognise Egyptian independence 3063:. Under the education minister 2906:of 1956 (known in Egypt as the 2515:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 768:Grand Cross with Collar of the 746:Order of the Crown of the Realm 125:Dictatorship imposed until the 64:The leaders of the Revolution, 13636:Military history of Alexandria 13586:Egypt–United Kingdom relations 13326:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 13088:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 10944:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 10579:Mozambican War of Independence 10018:Indonesian National Revolution 7494:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt 7262:Egyptian National Action Group 6246:. Yale University Press, p. 40 5429:Bulletin of International News 4534: 4464: 4436: 4343: 4297: 3833:. Terrified, Farouk abandoned 3584:Free Officers Movement (Egypt) 2810:wave of revolutionary politics 2808:. The Revolution ushered in a 2450:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 2430:German Revolution of 1918–1919 13: 1: 12542:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 11557:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 11510:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 11232:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 11197:Seven Days to the River Rhine 10929:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 10216:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 10144:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 9543:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 9184:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 7802: 7173:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 6895:. Syracuse University Press. 6792:Mitchell, Richard P. (1993). 6359:Comparative Political Studies 5963:www.militaryhistoryonline.com 5284:Ghazi, Aly Afify Aly (2013). 4802:Mansour, Thaer (2022-07-22). 4717:"Egyptian Revolution of 1952" 4406:. Stanford University Press. 4290: 3798:Revolutionary Command Council 3661:Major Salah Salem (Artillery) 3196:Ownership over the Suez Canal 3054:, Egypt went through massive 13271:Federation of Arab Republics 13231:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 13221:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 12822:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 12770:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 11535:Fall of communism in Albania 11505:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 11454:Polish Round Table Agreement 10794:1968 Polish political crisis 10611:Eritrean War of Independence 10377:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 10272:East German uprising of 1953 10204:Chinese Communist Revolution 9869: 9747:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 9734:Turkish involvement in Syria 9618:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 9449:Political violence in Turkey 9383:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 9290:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 9169:Italian bombing of Palestine 9131:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 9080:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 8121:Twin towns and sister cities 7961: 7633:Assassination of Anwar Sadat 7188:2008 Egyptian general strike 7163:Corrective Revolution (1971) 7045:Egyptian revolution 25/01/11 6583:Ide, Derek (November 2015). 5844:10.1080/00263206.2012.643584 5024:Tignor, Robert (July 1980). 4946:Ryzova, Lucie (2014-01-30). 4772:. University of Utah Press. 4596:Boston University Law Review 2700:Republic without republicans 2445:11 September 1922 Revolution 2440:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 683:Philosophy of the Revolution 7: 13541:Egyptian revolution of 1952 13396:Flag of the Arab Federation 13226:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 13216:Arab Socialist Action Party 11409:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 11137:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 10882:Corrective Movement (Syria) 10846:New People's Army rebellion 10841:Sino-Soviet border conflict 10569:Angolan War of Independence 10432:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 10312:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 9957:Jamaican political conflict 8999:Turkish War of Independence 8983:Unification of Saudi Arabia 8649:Vehicle registration plates 8327: 8303:Water supply and sanitation 8138: 7321: 7252:2017 Warraq Island protests 7221:2012–2013 Egyptian protests 7211:2011 Maspero demonstrations 7198:Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) 6929:Botman, Selma (July 1986). 6796:. Oxford University Press. 5184:Schölch, Alexander (1981). 4952:. Oxford University Press. 4823:Babar, Sadia (2022-07-23). 4615:"Egypt, Revolution of 1952" 4270:June 2013 Egyptian protests 4260:Egyptian revolution of 1919 4213: 3330:The final decade: 1942–1952 3316:abolishing the Mixed courts 3266:Egyptian revolution of 1919 3101:Caisse de la Dette Publique 3013:Second Egyptian-Ottoman War 2851:(previously governed as an 2766:Egyptian revolution of 1952 2435:Turkish War of Independence 2357: 521:Egyptian revolution of 1952 33:Egyptian revolution of 1952 18:Egyptian revolution of 1952 10: 13652: 13621:July 1952 events in Africa 13367:On the Way of Resurrection 13360:The Battle for One Destiny 13291:Lebanese National Movement 12732:Third International Theory 11605:Sino-Indian border dispute 11434:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 11364:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 11122:1976 Argentine coup d'état 11034:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 10984:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 10668:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 10636:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 10325:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 10092:Asian Relations Conference 9664:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 9658:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 9647:Balochi insurgency in Iran 9623:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 9459:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 9454:Islamist uprising in Syria 9432:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 9321:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 9207:Kurdish separatism in Iran 9126:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 8308:Water resources management 5253:The National Archives blog 5159:Mitchell, Timothy (2003). 5063:Hoyle, Mark S. W. (1986). 4590:Lahav, Pnina (July 2015). 4350:Morsy, Laila Amin (1995). 3897:Bahey El Din Barakat Pasha 3889:Revolution Command Council 3581: 3333: 3324:1936 Anglo-Egyptian treaty 3308:1923 Egyptian constitution 3249: 3188:Anglo-Egyptian condominium 3140: 3009:First Egyptian–Ottoman War 2960: 2490:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 2239:The Commonwealth of Oceana 756:Collar Grand Cross of the 744:Honorary Recipient of the 13631:Military history of Cairo 13566:Arab nationalism in Egypt 13510: 13419: 13376: 13344: 13321:Unified Political Command 13211:Arab Nationalist Movement 13156: 13108:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 12968: 12937: 12904:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 12775:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 12740: 12704: 12641: 12590: 12512: 12489:William Appleman Williams 12434:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 12216: 12188: 12137: 12069: 12062: 11996: 11861: 11786: 11716: 11709: 11618: 11565: 11497: 11210: 10949:Bangladesh Liberation War 10939:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 10854: 10826:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 10814:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 10477: 10252:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 10229: 9939: 9877: 9822: 9785: 9690: 9631: 9571: 9504: 9422:Black September in Jordan 9414: 9313: 9257: 9154: 9098: 9052: 8929: 8841: 8667: 8339: 8335: 8322: 8203:Impact on the environment 8193:Entrepreneurship policies 8146: 8133: 7969: 7956: 7810: 7797: 7765: 7667: 7333: 7329: 7316: 7244: 7226:2013 Egyptian coup d'état 7196: 7168:1977 Egyptian bread riots 7125: 7000:Sādāt, Anwar as- (1978). 6962:Terry, Janice J. (1982). 6947:10.1080/00263208608700670 6868:10.1017/S0020743800032281 6758:. Oneworld Publications. 6606:Beinin & Lockman 1988 6477:Beinin & Lockman 1988 6368:10.1177/00104140231209966 6233:, Retrieved 20 July 2008. 6220:'Profile: Anwar Al-Sadat' 6015:10.1080/03086539108582828 5797:10.1080/00263200601114067 5726:10.1080/00263208708700696 5683:McNamara, Robert (2004). 5586:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 5480:10.1080/00263207508700285 5462:Warburg, Gabriel (1975). 5042:10.1017/S0010417500009427 4502:Matthew, Holland (1996). 4368:10.1080/00263209508701055 3867:with protection from the 3804:Declaration of revolution 3591:Egyptian Military Academy 3509:?". The CIA attempted to 3375:for complete independence 2935:centrally planned economy 2820:, and the development of 2663:The Emperor's New Clothes 2415:5 October 1910 revolution 2410:French Revolution of 1848 1433:Liberty as non-domination 1091:Roman and Byzantine Egypt 780:Supreme Commander of the 223: 159: 76: 57: 37: 32: 13561:20th-century revolutions 12829:1952 Egyptian revolution 11264:1980 Turkish coup d'état 11099:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 11069:1978 Somali coup attempt 11029:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 10994:1973 Chilean coup d'état 10819:Revolutionary Government 10713:South African Border War 10505:1960 Turkish coup d'état 10422:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 10277:1953 Iranian coup d'état 10257:1952 Egyptian revolution 9524:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 9519:1980 Turkish coup d'état 9338:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 9270:1953 Iranian coup d'état 9265:1952 Egyptian revolution 8993:1919 Egyptian revolution 8976:Mount Lebanon starvation 7974:Administrative divisions 7650:2011 Egyptian revolution 7591:1952 Egyptian revolution 7387:Lighthouse of Alexandria 7206:2011 Egyptian revolution 7158:1952 Egyptian revolution 7138:1919 Egyptian revolution 7133:Urabi revolt (1879–1882) 7126:Major events before 2010 7019:Copeland, Miles (1970). 6773:Aburish, Saïd K (2004). 6735:Watry, David M. (2014). 6702:Cook, Steven A. (2012). 6225:25 November 2007 at the 5352:Goldberg, Ellis (1986). 4949:The Age of the Efendiyya 4265:2011 Egyptian revolution 4122:Egyptian Communist Party 4066:Mohammed Hussein Heikal 3985:Stockholm appeal of 1951 3981:Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri 3542:(January 27 - March 1), 3487:1949 armistice agreement 3404:Egyptian Communist Party 2892:state of war with Israel 2796:in a coup d'état by the 2505:1987 Fijian coups d'état 2465:1952 Egyptian revolution 1443:Political representation 722:Hero of the Soviet Union 415:This article is part of 40:decolonisation of Africa 13601:Military coups in Egypt 13482:Palestinian nationalism 13401:Flag of the Arab Revolt 12894:1966 Syrian coup d'état 12874:1963 Syrian coup d'état 12854:1961 Syrian coup d'état 11469:Fall of the Berlin Wall 11414:People Power Revolution 11399:Central American crisis 11339:1986 Black Sea incident 10989:1973 Afghan coup d'état 10887:Western Sahara conflict 10698:1966 Syrian coup d'état 10621:1963 Syrian coup d'état 10564:Portuguese Colonial War 10527:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 10292:1954 Syrian coup d'état 10169:Annexation of Hyderabad 10112:1947–1949 Palestine war 9753:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 9601:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 9596:Yemeni Civil War (1994) 9406:1966 Syrian coup d'état 9333:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 9174:Allied invasion of Iraq 9121:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 9044:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 8178:Egyptian stock exchange 6981:Abdalla, Ahmed (1985). 5997:Mason, Michael (1993). 5826:Eppel, Michael (2012). 5708:Slonim, Shlomo (1987). 5315:Whidden, James (2013). 4400:Stenner, David (2019). 4275:History of modern Egypt 4208:public holiday in Egypt 4176: 4149: 3913:the ending of feudalism 3789:their arrest was soon. 3546:(March 2 - July 2) and 3288:Mustafa el-Nahhas Pasha 3202:The sovereignty of the 3052:Isma'il the Magnificent 2983:, who declared himself 2833:constitutional monarchy 2485:1969 Libyan coup d'état 2269:Discourse on Inequality 1418:Consent of the governed 1036:3rd Intermediate Period 1016:2nd Intermediate Period 996:1st Intermediate Period 758:Order of the White Lion 12909:1969 Libyan revolution 12787:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 11763:Neoclassical economics 11274:Gulf of Sidra incident 10831:1969 Libyan revolution 10522:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 10307:1954 Geneva Conference 10067:Turkish straits crisis 10062:Corfu Channel incident 9698:2011 Bahraini uprising 9682:South Yemen insurgency 9563:Abu Nidal's executions 9548:1986 Damascus bombings 9327:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 9179:Syria–Lebanon campaign 8949:Middle Eastern theatre 8509:International rankings 7514:Egyptian–Ethiopian War 7267:2020 Egyptian protests 7257:2019 Egyptian protests 7023:. Simon and Schuster. 6935:Middle Eastern Studies 6891:Botman, Selma (1988). 6835:Botman, Selma (1991). 6777:. St. Martin's Press. 5832:Middle Eastern Studies 5785:Middle Eastern Studies 5714:Middle Eastern Studies 5468:Middle Eastern Studies 4829:The Diplomatic Insight 4356:Middle Eastern Studies 4304:Wilford, Hugh (2013). 4199: 4139: 4094:Anti-leftist crackdown 3975: 3962: 3884: 3823: 3785: 3522: 3456:civil war in Palestine 3392: 3376: 3358:Abdeen Palace Incident 3350:North African campaign 3322:, and negotiating the 3291: 3262:Paris Peace Conference 2822:Third World solidarity 2798:Free Officers Movement 516:Free Officers Movement 248:Ahmed Naguib el-Hilaly 224:Commanders and leaders 202:Free Officers Movement 13467:Jordanian nationalism 13201:Arab Islamic Republic 13196:Arab Higher Committee 13073:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 13053:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 12864:North Yemen civil war 12797:Arab–Israeli conflict 12613:Russia–NATO relations 12494:Jonathan Reed Winkler 11778:Democratic capitalism 11773:Supply-side economics 11741:American conservatism 11540:Breakup of Yugoslavia 11429:Bougainville conflict 11344:South Yemen civil war 11279:Martial law in Poland 11142:Nicaraguan Revolution 11117:Dirty War (Argentina) 10924:1971 JVP insurrection 10738:Years of Lead (Italy) 10616:North Yemen civil war 10534:Berlin Crisis of 1961 10510:Albanian–Soviet split 10442:1959 Tibetan uprising 10407:Syrian Crisis of 1957 10262:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 10122:1948 Arab–Israeli War 9538:South Yemen civil war 9437:Shatt al-Arab clashes 9362:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup 9351:North Yemen civil war 9300:1958 Iraqi revolution 9227:1948 Arab–Israeli War 9221:Arab–Israeli conflict 9090:Sheikh Said rebellion 8954:Battle of Robat Karim 8114:Terrorism and tourism 7572:1948 Arab–Israeli War 7404:Library of Alexandria 7178:2000 Kosheh lynchings 6811:Gordon, Joel (1992). 6775:Nasser: The Last Arab 6754:Gordon, Joel (2006). 6242:Tarek Osman. (2010). 5611:Beinin, Joel (2005). 4412:10.1515/9781503609006 4197: 4130: 4126:Ismail Sabri Abdullah 3973: 3956: 3893:Muhammad Abdel Moneim 3882: 3818: 3755: 3744:arrest was imminent. 3602:and Islamists in the 3578:Free Officer Movement 3544:Ahmad Nagib al-Hilali 3520: 3503:Fuad Sirageddin Pasha 3463:1948 Arab-Israeli war 3385: 3370: 3336:Egypt in World War II 3282: 2952:Background and causes 2908:Tripartite Aggression 2772:), also known as the 2653:Criticism of monarchy 2475:North Yemen civil war 2289:The Federalist Papers 1584:Federal parliamentary 976:Early Dynastic Period 824:Order of the Republic 734:Order of the Republic 563:North Yemen civil war 511:Arab Higher Committee 489:Deputy prime minister 13551:Revolutions in Egypt 13546:Egyptian nationalism 13502:Tunisian nationalism 13472:Lebanese nationalism 13432:Egyptian nationalism 13427:Algerian nationalism 13331:United Arab Republic 13206:Arab Liberation Army 13186:Arab Ba'ath Movement 13043:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 12034:Non-Aligned Movement 11656:Peaceful coexistence 11610:North Borneo dispute 11525:German reunification 11520:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 11218:Salvadoran Civil War 11167:Grand Mosque seizure 11162:Yemenite War of 1979 11054:Mozambican Civil War 11009:Carnation Revolution 10964:Yemenite War of 1972 10902:1970 Polish protests 10733:1967 Hong Kong riots 10708:Argentine Revolution 10658:Guatemalan Civil War 10586:Cuban Missile Crisis 10500:Bay of Pigs Invasion 10372:1956 Poznań protests 10350:Geneva Summit (1955) 9952:Hukbalahap Rebellion 9931:Non-Aligned Movement 9677:Fatah–Hamas conflict 9613:Operation Desert Fox 9586:1991 Iraqi uprisings 9580:Gulf War (1990–1991) 9491:Grand Mosque seizure 9469:Yemenite War of 1979 9427:Yemenite War of 1972 9367:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup 9357:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 9111:Ahmed Barzani revolt 9022:Turkish–Armenian War 8825:World Heritage Sites 8644:Units of measurement 8099:Proposed new capital 7845:Environmental issues 7606:United Arab Republic 7499:Muhammad Ali dynasty 7183:2005 Alexandria riot 5779:Ginat, Rami (2007). 5388:(4): 201–225. 1940. 5226:. pp. 204–205. 5210:Blaustein, Albert P. 4019:. In a speech in at 3966:Party 'Purification' 3766:Kamel el-Din Hussein 3762:Abdel Latif Boghdadi 3344:, Egypt was a major 2969:Muhammad Ali dynasty 2957:Muhammad Ali dynasty 2867:, and international 2638:Classical radicalism 2380:Republic of Florence 2319:Democracy in America 1478:Separation of powers 1453:Public participation 1246:Muhammad Ali dynasty 822:Grand Cordon BAR of 813:Order of the Virtues 732:Grand Cordon of the 548:United Arab Republic 460:Arab Socialist Union 381:Kamal el-Din Hussein 304:Abdel Latif Boghdadi 111:Muhammad Ali dynasty 13492:Sahrawi nationalism 12849:1959 Mosul uprising 12782:Great Syrian Revolt 12479:Alex von Tunzelmann 12469:Vladimir Tismăneanu 12394:Thomas J. McCormick 12389:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 12289:Robert Hugh Ferrell 12152:Crusade for Freedom 11949:Illiberal democracy 11833:Ho Chi Minh Thought 11636:Eisenhower Doctrine 11489:Peaceful Revolution 11484:Romanian Revolution 11464:Revolutions of 1989 11449:1988 Polish strikes 11359:Operation INFEKTION 11354:1987 Lieyu massacre 11259:Eritrean Civil Wars 11242:Peruvian Revolution 11192:1979 Herat uprising 11182:Sino-Vietnamese War 11147:Uganda–Tanzania War 11127:Egyptian–Libyan War 11094:Third Indochina War 11089:Sino-Albanian split 11079:Ethiopian Civil War 10979:Eritrean Civil Wars 10919:Ping-pong diplomacy 10892:Cambodian Civil War 10718:Korean DMZ Conflict 10703:Cultural Revolution 10673:Dominican Civil War 10651:Tlatelolco massacre 10437:1959 Mosul uprising 10427:1958 Lebanon crisis 10154:Al-Wathbah uprising 10077:First Indochina War 10047:Iran crisis of 1946 9825:This list includes 9793:2021 Beirut clashes 9653:2004 Qamishli riots 9530:Turkey–PKK conflict 9486:1979 Qatif Uprising 9305:1959 Mosul uprising 9295:1958 Lebanon crisis 9242:1973 Yom Kippur War 9213:Iran crisis of 1946 9201:Al-Wathbah uprising 9191:1943 Barzani revolt 9085:Great Syrian Revolt 9065:Iraqi Revolt (1920) 8988:Simko Shikak revolt 8497:Freedom of religion 8392:Mass sexual assault 7757:Timekeeping devices 7655:2013 Rabaa massacre 7628:Egyptian–Libyan War 7143:Helwan riots (1945) 7050:The Long Revolution 6573:, pp. 125–130. 6561:, pp. 355–358. 6479:, pp. 419–431. 5948:, pp. 300–301. 5559:, 1946: The Climax. 5224:Oceana Publications 4741:Rezk, Dina (2017). 4403:Globalizing Morocco 3728:The founder of the 3560:Ihsan Abdel Quddous 3548:Hussein Sirri Pasha 3445:." Prime Minister 3416:1945 riots in Egypt 3217:as a member of the 3204:Egyptian parliament 3171:Mostafa Kamil Pasha 3153:veiled protectorate 3005:invaded East Africa 3001:conquered the Sudan 2975:, particularly the 2835:and aristocracy of 2728:Politics portal 2533:Antigua and Barbuda 2480:Zanzibar Revolution 2390:American Revolution 2279:The Social Contract 1448:Popular sovereignty 1081:Ptolemaic dynasties 711:Yugoslav Great Star 109:End of rule of the 13576:Cold War in Africa 13571:Cold War conflicts 13497:Syrian nationalism 13477:Libyan nationalism 13437:Greater Mauritania 13353:The Arab Awakening 13336:United Arab States 13311:Rejectionist Front 13118:Gamal Abdel Nasser 12929:Yemeni unification 12919:Lebanese Civil War 12899:17 July Revolution 12869:Ramadan Revolution 12844:14 July Revolution 12633:Russian Revolution 12429:Mary Elise Sarotte 12414:William B. Pickett 12339:Patrick J. Hearden 12319:Gabriel Gorodetsky 12314:Timothy Garton Ash 12299:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 11894:Ethnic nationalism 11646:Hallstein Doctrine 11530:Yemeni unification 11319:1985 Geneva Summit 11284:Casamance conflict 11187:New Jewel Movement 11172:Iranian Revolution 11157:Chadian–Libyan War 11104:Cambodian conflict 11084:Lebanese Civil War 11074:Western Sahara War 11049:June 1976 protests 11044:Cambodian genocide 10809:17 July Revolution 10763:Nigerian Civil War 10678:Rhodesian Bush War 10663:Colombian conflict 10606:Ramadan Revolution 10345:Bandung Conference 10221:Operation Valuable 10102:Partition of India 9474:Iranian Revolution 9443:Lebanese Civil War 9389:1948 Palestine war 9136:1935 Yazidi revolt 9027:Franco-Turkish War 8687:Art (contemporary) 8367:Capital punishment 8257:Telecommunications 7934:Towns and villages 7902:Qattara Depression 7715:Muslim Brotherhood 7685:Cigarette industry 7545:British occupation 7456:Crusader invasions 7426:Rashidun Caliphate 7073:2019-05-22 at the 7055:2005-12-12 at the 6957:– via JSTOR. 6507:The New York Times 6244:Egypt on the Brink 5879:nasser.bibalex.org 5644:The New York Times 5115:www.britannica.com 5069:Arab Law Quarterly 4986:www.britannica.com 4546:www.britannica.com 4200: 4156:revolution of 2011 4144:Muslim Brotherhood 4088:Muslim Brotherhood 4037:Ibrahim Abdel Hady 3976: 3963: 3885: 3839:Ras Al Teen Palace 3786: 3770:Gamal Abdel Nasser 3734:Miles Copeland Jr. 3604:Muslim Brotherhood 3523: 3483:Gamal Abdel-Nasser 3431:Jewish communities 3396:Muslim Brotherhood 3377: 3302:and his successor 3292: 3240:Sultanate of Egypt 3227:Sultanate of Egypt 3175:Abdullah an-Nadeem 3149:Anglo-Egyptian War 2981:Muhammad Ali Pasha 2845:British occupation 2806:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2786:23 July Revolution 2694:Primus inter pares 2510:Nepalese Civil War 2500:Iranian Revolution 2470:14 July Revolution 2425:Russian Revolution 2420:Chinese Revolution 2370:Republic of Venice 2219:Discourses on Livy 1293:Sultanate of Egypt 1283:British occupation 1256:Khedivate of Egypt 1128:Rashidun caliphate 949:Predynastic Period 553:Operation Damocles 425:Gamal Abdel Nasser 271:Gamal Abdel Nasser 144:Revolutionary wave 70:Gamal Abdel Nasser 13616:Protests in Egypt 13611:Politics of Egypt 13581:Conflicts in 1952 13528: 13527: 13457:Iraqi nationalism 13148:Constantin Zureiq 12998:Abdul Rahman Arif 12978:Butrus al-Bustani 12664: 12663: 12651:List of conflicts 12499:Rudolph Winnacker 12444:Giles Scott-Smith 12419:Ronald E. Powaski 12374:Melvyn P. Leffler 12304:John Lewis Gaddis 12279:Robert D. English 12244:Warren H. Carroll 12234:Michael Beschloss 12203:Nuclear arms race 12184: 12183: 12090:Neues Deutschland 11992: 11991: 11974:White nationalism 11944:Liberal democracy 11681:Ulbricht Doctrine 11671:Brezhnev Doctrine 11479:Velvet Revolution 11223:Soviet–Afghan War 11039:Angolan Civil War 10836:Goulash Communism 10693:ASEAN Declaration 10646:Mexican Dirty War 10544:Annexation of Goa 10495:1960 U-2 incident 10469:Sino-Soviet split 10447:Laotian Civil War 10287:Bricker Amendment 10267:Mau Mau rebellion 10211:Malayan Emergency 10199:Chinese Civil War 10159:Tito–Stalin split 10013:Division of Korea 9837: 9836: 9060:Franco-Syrian War 9017:Greco-Turkish War 9005:Anglo-Turkish War 8971:Assyrian genocide 8966:Armenian genocide 8937:Italo-Turkish War 8889: 8888: 8837: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8761:Football stadiums 8692:Botanical gardens 8571:Catholic dioceses 8463:Gender inequality 8387:Human trafficking 8318: 8317: 8252:Tallest buildings 8213:Military industry 8129: 8128: 8070:Political parties 8023:Islamic extremism 8011:Foreign relations 7952: 7951: 7793: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7533:French occupation 7451:Fatimid Caliphate 7446:Ikhshidid dynasty 7275: 7274: 7153:Cairo fire (1952) 7011:978-0-06-013742-7 6992:978-0-86356-117-7 6846:978-0-8156-2530-8 6713:978-0-19-979526-0 6491:, pp. 62–63. 6122:, pp. 17–41. 5984:, pp. 78–79. 5624:978-977-424-890-0 5538:www.gemselect.com 5363:978-0-520-05353-3 5326:978-1-84885-706-3 5233:978-0-379-00794-7 5195:978-0-903729-82-6 5170:978-0-520-07568-9 5145:978-0-7486-7012-3 4967:978-0-19-968177-8 4932:978-0-8018-4215-3 4907:978-977-424-544-2 4877:countrystudies.us 4853:countrystudies.us 4779:978-0-87480-056-2 4752:978-0-7486-9891-2 4687:978-1-5381-2068-2 4636:978-1-4051-8464-9 4421:978-1-5036-0900-6 3989:Jefferson Caffery 3758:Zakaria Mohieddin 3528:Battle of Ismalia 3435:death to the Jews 3304:Mostafa al-Nahhas 3192:Mahdist rebellion 3097:war with Ethiopia 3065:Ali Pasha Mubarak 3015:, triggering the 2923:industrialisation 2762: 2761: 2705:Republican empire 2678:List of republics 2527:National variants 2455:Spanish Civil War 2395:French Revolution 2375:Republic of Genoa 2259:The Spirit of Law 2192:Theoretical works 1536:Neo-republicanism 1370: 1369: 1321: 1320: 1274:Late Modern Egypt 1264: 1263: 1236:French occupation 1206: 1205: 1168:Ikhshidid dynasty 1138:Umayyad caliphate 1109: 1108: 1063:Greco-Roman Egypt 1054: 1053: 957: 956: 940:Prehistoric Egypt 902: 901: 834:Order of the Nile 433: 432: 397: 396: 392:Abdel Moneim Amin 359:Hussein el-Shafei 348:Zakaria Mohieddin 155: 154: 137:Beginning of the 121:Republic of Egypt 16:(Redirected from 13643: 13518: 13517: 13391:Eagle of Saladin 13098:Amin al-Husseini 13063:Faisal I of Iraq 13033:Sultan al-Atrash 13028:Mansur al-Atrash 13003:Abdul Salam Arif 12812:War of Attrition 12698:Arab nationalism 12691: 12684: 12677: 12668: 12667: 12409:David S. Painter 12334:John Earl Haynes 12264:Nicholas J. Cull 12249:Adrian Cioroianu 12229:Thomas A. Bailey 12176:Voice of America 12067: 12066: 11979:White separatism 11959:Social democracy 11954:Guided democracy 11934:Authoritarianism 11884:Ultranationalism 11874:Anti-imperialism 11801:Marxism–Leninism 11714: 11713: 11701:Kinmen Agreement 11666:Johnson Doctrine 11651:Kennedy Doctrine 11567:Frozen conflicts 11550:1991 August Coup 11439:Afghan Civil War 11334:Reykjavík Summit 11329:Somali Rebellion 11269:Ugandan Bush War 11247:Gdańsk Agreement 10768:Protests of 1968 10748:War of Attrition 10457:Cuban Revolution 10393:We will bury you 10360:Cyprus Emergency 10340:Kashmir Princess 10330:Jebel Akhdar War 10179:Western betrayal 9864: 9857: 9850: 9841: 9840: 9799:Israel–Hamas war 9726:Syrian civil war 9709:Sinai insurgency 9670:2006 Lebanon War 9345:Dhofar Rebellion 9280:Cyprus Emergency 9275:Jebel Akhdar War 9247:1982 Lebanon War 9237:1967 Six-Day War 9146:Dersim rebellion 9106:Ararat rebellion 9010:Al-Jazeera Front 8916: 8909: 8902: 8893: 8892: 8879: 8878: 8869: 8868: 8859: 8849: 8848: 8654:Waste management 8419:Academic grading 8337: 8336: 8324: 8323: 8296:Railway stations 8274:Cultural tourism 8173:Economic regions 8135: 8134: 7958: 7957: 7799: 7798: 7468:Mamluk Sultanate 7399:Diocese of Egypt 7382:Battle of Actium 7331: 7330: 7318: 7317: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7279: 7278: 7117: 7116: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7082: 7081: 7062:Egyptian Royalty 7034: 7015: 6996: 6977: 6958: 6925: 6906: 6887: 6850: 6831: 6819: 6807: 6788: 6769: 6750: 6722: 6721: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6443:, p. 85-91. 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6419:, p. 68-78. 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6381: 6380: 6370: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6253: 6247: 6240: 6234: 6218:Ibrahim Sammar. 6216: 6210: 6204: 6195: 6194:, p. 51-57. 6189: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6047: 6033: 6027: 6026: 5994: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5588:. 20 March 2015. 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5161:Colonising Egypt 5156: 5150: 5149: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4471:T. R. L (1954). 4468: 4462: 4461: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4397: 4388: 4387: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4301: 4244: 4239: 4238: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4108:Khaled Mohieddin 4077:Liberation Rally 4054:Naguib al-Hilali 3784:and Ahmed Shawki 3774:Abdel Hakim Amer 3718: 3706: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3596:1949 Syrian coup 3552:unity government 3342:Second World War 3306:. The resulting 3274:Kingdom of Egypt 3252:Kingdom of Egypt 3246:Kingdom of Egypt 2929:. By the 1960s, 2865:Arab nationalism 2861:anti-imperialist 2783: 2774:1952 coup d'état 2771: 2754: 2747: 2740: 2726: 2725: 2710:Republican Party 2688:Peasant republic 2648:Communitarianism 2365:Classical Athens 2360: 2334: 2324: 2314: 2304: 2294: 2284: 2274: 2264: 2254: 2244: 2234: 2224: 2214: 2204: 1438:Mixed government 1372: 1371: 1362: 1355: 1348: 1336:Egypt portal 1334: 1333: 1332: 1303:Kingdom of Egypt 1279: 1278: 1222: 1221: 1124: 1123: 1067: 1066: 972: 971: 945: 944: 932: 922: 904: 903: 894: 887: 880: 861: 854: 846: 832: 821: 811: 801: 791: 779: 767: 755: 743: 731: 720: 709: 536: 493: 486: 479: 429: 428: 426: 419: 418: 410: 403: 402: 399: 398: 390: 389: 388: 379: 378: 377: 368: 367: 366: 357: 356: 355: 346: 345: 344: 335: 334: 333: 324: 323: 322: 315:Abdel Hakim Amer 313: 312: 311: 302: 301: 300: 293:Khaled Mohieddin 291: 290: 289: 280: 279: 278: 269: 268: 267: 258: 257: 256: 246: 245: 235: 234: 216: 214: 213: 200: 199: 188: 186: 185: 174:Kingdom of Egypt 172: 170: 169: 131:Independence of 117:Kingdom of Egypt 105:Coup successful 94:Kingdom of Egypt 78: 77: 72:(right) in a car 62: 30: 29: 21: 13651: 13650: 13646: 13645: 13644: 13642: 13641: 13640: 13591:Farouk of Egypt 13531: 13530: 13529: 13524: 13506: 13442:Greater Morocco 13415: 13411:Pan-Arab colors 13406:Hawk of Quraish 13372: 13340: 13191:Arab Federation 13152: 13138:Abdullah Rimawi 13113:Mostéfa Merarda 13068:Muammar Gaddafi 13048:Ahmed Ben Bella 13023:Jamal al-Atassi 13013:Bashar al-Assad 12964: 12933: 12914:Black September 12792:Anglo-Iraqi War 12736: 12700: 12695: 12665: 12660: 12637: 12628:Second Cold War 12586: 12514: 12508: 12484:Odd Arne Westad 12474:Patrick Vaughan 12459:Athan Theoharis 12439:Ellen Schrecker 12424:Yakov M. Rabkin 12399:Timothy Naftali 12344:Tvrtko Jakovina 12329:Jussi Hanhimäki 12212: 12190: 12180: 12158:Paix et Liberté 12133: 12077:Active measures 12058: 11988: 11969:White supremacy 11929:Totalitarianism 11857: 11782: 11705: 11691:Reagan Doctrine 11686:Carter Doctrine 11626:Truman Doctrine 11614: 11561: 11493: 11388:Soviet reaction 11299:Ndogboyosoi War 11206: 11177:Saur Revolution 11004:1973 oil crisis 10969:Munich massacre 10877:Alcora Exercise 10872:Black September 10850: 10596:Sino-Indian War 10490:Simba rebellion 10473: 10317:Capture of the 10225: 10164:Berlin Blockade 10097:May 1947 crises 10087:Truman Doctrine 10052:Greek Civil War 10041:Blacklist Forty 10008:Gouzenko Affair 9995:Cursed soldiers 9947:Morgenthau Plan 9935: 9873: 9868: 9838: 9833: 9831: 9818: 9781: 9703:Egyptian Crisis 9686: 9627: 9567: 9500: 9410: 9399:Second Intifada 9309: 9253: 9150: 9116:Simele massacre 9094: 9075:Adwan Rebellion 9048: 8925: 8920: 8890: 8885: 8829: 8820:Public holidays 8810:National anthem 8663: 8576:Coptic Churches 8519:Egyptian Arabic 8429:Medical schools 8331: 8314: 8230:Nuclear program 8142: 8125: 8055:Nationality law 8048:Supreme Council 8033:Law enforcement 7965: 7948: 7924:Sinai Peninsula 7907:Red Sea Riviera 7806: 7785: 7761: 7663: 7550:1919 revolution 7538:Revolt of Cairo 7463:Ayyubid dynasty 7441:Tulunid dynasty 7325: 7312: 7306: 7276: 7271: 7240: 7192: 7121: 7111: 7109: 7077:by Max Karkegi. 7075:Wayback Machine 7057:Wayback Machine 7041: 7031: 7012: 6993: 6974: 6922: 6903: 6847: 6828: 6817: 6804: 6785: 6766: 6747: 6731: 6726: 6725: 6714: 6700: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6652: 6648: 6640: 6636: 6628: 6624: 6616: 6612: 6604: 6600: 6581: 6577: 6569: 6565: 6557: 6553: 6544: 6542: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6519: 6517: 6499: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6384: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6291: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6267: 6263: 6254: 6250: 6241: 6237: 6227:Wayback Machine 6217: 6213: 6205: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6178: 6174: 6166: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6142: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6118: 6114: 6106: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6070: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6045: 6043: 6035: 6034: 6030: 5995: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5967: 5965: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5883: 5881: 5873:Morgan, David. 5871: 5867: 5824: 5820: 5777: 5773: 5764: 5762: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5681: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5656: 5654: 5636: 5632: 5625: 5609: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5542: 5540: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5507: 5503: 5460: 5456: 5423:P., E. (1937). 5421: 5417: 5394:10.2307/2213462 5376: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5313: 5309: 5282: 5278: 5274:, pp. 5–6. 5270: 5266: 5257: 5255: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5220:Dobbs Ferry, NY 5218:. Vol. 1. 5207: 5203: 5196: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5132: 5128: 5119: 5117: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5081:10.2307/3381423 5061: 5057: 5022: 5018: 5003: 4999: 4990: 4988: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4894: 4890: 4881: 4879: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4857: 4855: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4833: 4831: 4821: 4817: 4808: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4739: 4735: 4726: 4724: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4672: 4668: 4659: 4657: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4611: 4607: 4588: 4584: 4575: 4573: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4550: 4548: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4500: 4496: 4477:The World Today 4469: 4465: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4422: 4398: 4391: 4348: 4344: 4338:the revolution. 4326: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4242:Politics portal 4240: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4192: 4179: 4152: 4096: 3968: 3877: 3806: 3794:Abdel Hakim Amr 3778:Muhammad Naguib 3750: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3594:witnessing the 3586: 3580: 3568:Muhammad Naguib 3400:Islamic-revival 3338: 3332: 3272:in 1922 as the 3254: 3248: 3215:First World War 3145: 3139: 3043:became a major 3017:Oriental Crisis 2999:. Muhammad Ali 2965: 2959: 2954: 2919:agrarian reform 2758: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2633: 2625: 2624: 2528: 2520: 2519: 2405:Trienio Liberal 2346: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2322: 2312: 2302: 2292: 2282: 2272: 2262: 2252: 2242: 2232: 2222: 2212: 2202: 2193: 2185: 2184: 1920:Flynn (Stephen) 1805: 1797: 1796: 1637: 1629: 1628: 1554: 1546: 1545: 1501: 1493: 1492: 1488:Social equality 1483:Social contract 1473:Self-governance 1428:Democratization 1403:Anti-corruption 1398:Anti-monarchism 1393: 1377:Politics series 1366: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1322: 1276: 1266: 1265: 1219: 1208: 1207: 1188:Ayyubid dynasty 1178:Fatimid dynasty 1158:Tulunid dynasty 1148:Abbasid dynasty 1121: 1111: 1110: 1064: 1056: 1055: 969: 959: 958: 942: 920: 913: 898: 862: 840: 700: 699: 687: 656:Books and Films 652: 627: 608:Seventh Cabinet 567: 530: 525: 495: 491: 487: 484: 480: 477: 472: 455: 424: 422: 421: 420: 416: 414: 413: 386: 384: 383: 375: 373: 372: 364: 362: 361: 353: 351: 350: 342: 340: 339: 331: 329: 328: 320: 318: 317: 309: 307: 306: 298: 296: 295: 287: 285: 284: 276: 274: 273: 265: 263: 262: 254: 252: 240: 239: 229: 211: 209: 208: 204: 194: 183: 181: 180: 176: 167: 165: 127:2011 revolution 96: 63: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13649: 13639: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13526: 13525: 13523: 13522: 13511: 13508: 13507: 13505: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13423: 13421: 13420:Related topics 13417: 13416: 13414: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13382: 13380: 13374: 13373: 13371: 13370: 13363: 13356: 13348: 13346: 13342: 13341: 13339: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13286:Islamic Legion 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13176:Al-Mourabitoun 13173: 13168: 13162: 13160: 13154: 13153: 13151: 13150: 13145: 13143:Hamdeen Sabahi 13140: 13135: 13133:Fuad al-Rikabi 13130: 13125: 13123:Adnan Pachachi 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13093:Saddam Hussein 13090: 13085: 13083:Sati' al-Husri 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13018:Hafez al-Assad 13015: 13010: 13008:Zaki al-Arsuzi 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12974: 12972: 12966: 12965: 12963: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12941: 12939: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12889:Aden Emergency 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12834:Iraqi Intifada 12831: 12826: 12825: 12824: 12819: 12817:Yom Kippur War 12814: 12809: 12804: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12778: 12777: 12767: 12762: 12761: 12760: 12750: 12744: 12742: 12738: 12737: 12735: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12712:Arab socialism 12708: 12706: 12702: 12701: 12694: 12693: 12686: 12679: 12671: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12642: 12639: 12638: 12636: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12594: 12592: 12588: 12587: 12585: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12518: 12516: 12510: 12509: 12507: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12454:Timothy Snyder 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12384:Vojtech Mastny 12381: 12379:Geir Lundestad 12376: 12371: 12369:Walter Laqueur 12366: 12364:Walter LaFeber 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12294:André Fontaine 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12224:Gar Alperovitz 12220: 12218: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12194: 12192: 12186: 12185: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12178: 12173: 12167: 12166: 12161: 12154: 12149: 12141: 12139: 12135: 12134: 12132: 12131: 12124: 12119: 12112: 12105: 12100: 12093: 12086: 12079: 12073: 12071: 12064: 12060: 12059: 12057: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12000: 11998: 11994: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11964:Third-Worldism 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11865: 11863: 11859: 11858: 11856: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11792: 11790: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11753:Libertarianism 11750: 11745: 11744: 11743: 11733: 11731:Chicago school 11728: 11722: 11720: 11711: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11676:Nixon Doctrine 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11622: 11620: 11619:Foreign policy 11616: 11615: 11613: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11571: 11569: 11563: 11562: 11560: 11559: 11554: 11553: 11552: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11501: 11499: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11404:Operation RYAN 11401: 11396: 11391: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11309:Able Archer 83 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11255: 11254: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11225: 11220: 11214: 11212: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11059:Oromo conflict 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10999:Yom Kippur War 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10858: 10856: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10822: 10821: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10782: 10777: 10776: 10775: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10654: 10653: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10631:Aden Emergency 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10549:Papua conflict 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10519: 10518: 10517: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10481: 10479: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10471: 10466: 10465: 10464: 10454: 10452:Kitchen Debate 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10412:Sputnik crisis 10409: 10404: 10396: 10389: 10384: 10382:Polish October 10379: 10374: 10369: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10282:Pact of Madrid 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10237:Bamboo Curtain 10233: 10231: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10207: 10206: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10130: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10036: 10028: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 9997: 9992: 9991: 9990: 9985: 9977: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9943: 9941: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9886: 9878: 9875: 9874: 9867: 9866: 9859: 9852: 9844: 9835: 9834: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9816: 9813:Red Sea crisis 9809: 9802: 9795: 9789: 9787: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9779: 9778: 9777: 9763: 9756: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9738: 9737: 9721: 9720: 9719: 9712: 9700: 9694: 9692: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9673: 9672: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9643: 9635: 9633: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9575: 9573: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9565: 9560: 9558:Mecca massacre 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9521: 9516: 9508: 9506: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9482: 9481: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9408: 9403: 9402: 9401: 9396: 9394:First Intifada 9391: 9379: 9377:1964 Hama riot 9374: 9372:Aden Emergency 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9347: 9342: 9341: 9340: 9335: 9323: 9317: 9315: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9261: 9259: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9217: 9216: 9215: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9046: 9041: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9013: 9012: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8939: 8933: 8931: 8927: 8926: 8919: 8918: 8911: 8904: 8896: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8883: 8873: 8863: 8853: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8796: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8770: 8765: 8764: 8763: 8758: 8756:Football clubs 8748: 8747: 8746: 8741: 8731: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8719: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8673: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8628: 8627: 8617: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8579: 8578: 8573: 8563: 8558: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8511: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8499: 8489: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8477: 8467: 8466: 8465: 8455: 8454: 8453: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8352:Animal welfare 8349: 8343: 8341: 8333: 8332: 8320: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8235:Power stations 8232: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8183:Egyptian pound 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8153: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8087:Prime Minister 8084: 8083: 8082: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7982: 7981: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7892:Northern coast 7889: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7642: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7623:Yom Kippur War 7615: 7614: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7574: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7506: 7501: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7465: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7418: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7345: 7339: 7337: 7327: 7326: 7314: 7313: 7305: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7282: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7202: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7122: 7108: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7065: 7059: 7047: 7040: 7039:External links 7037: 7036: 7035: 7029: 7016: 7010: 6997: 6991: 6978: 6972: 6959: 6941:(3): 350–366. 6926: 6920: 6907: 6901: 6888: 6862:(2): 193–214. 6851: 6845: 6832: 6827:978-0195069358 6826: 6808: 6803:978-0195084375 6802: 6789: 6783: 6770: 6764: 6751: 6745: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6712: 6694: 6682: 6670: 6658: 6656:, p. 354. 6646: 6634: 6622: 6620:, p. 130. 6610: 6608:, p. 423. 6598: 6575: 6563: 6551: 6526: 6493: 6481: 6469: 6467:, p. 119. 6457: 6445: 6433: 6421: 6409: 6397: 6395:, p. 167. 6382: 6345: 6333: 6321: 6309: 6297: 6295:, p. 116. 6285: 6273: 6261: 6248: 6235: 6211: 6196: 6184: 6172: 6160: 6148: 6136: 6124: 6112: 6100: 6088: 6076: 6064: 6052: 6028: 5986: 5974: 5950: 5938: 5926: 5914: 5912:, p. 198. 5902: 5890: 5865: 5818: 5791:(2): 193–222. 5771: 5747: 5700: 5693: 5675: 5673:, p. 297. 5663: 5630: 5623: 5603: 5591: 5573: 5561: 5549: 5525: 5513: 5501: 5454: 5415: 5369: 5362: 5344: 5332: 5325: 5307: 5296:(3): 109–122. 5276: 5264: 5239: 5232: 5201: 5194: 5176: 5169: 5151: 5144: 5126: 5102: 5075:(4): 436–451. 5055: 5036:(3): 416–449. 5016: 4997: 4973: 4966: 4938: 4931: 4913: 4906: 4888: 4864: 4840: 4815: 4794: 4785: 4778: 4758: 4751: 4733: 4708: 4693: 4686: 4666: 4642: 4635: 4605: 4582: 4557: 4533: 4521: 4514: 4494: 4483:(4): 140–149. 4463: 4449: 4435: 4420: 4389: 4362:(2): 307–316. 4342: 4325:978-0465019656 4324: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4231: 4215: 4212: 4210:, on 23 July. 4204:Revolution Day 4191: 4188: 4184:National Union 4178: 4175: 4167:United Nations 4151: 4148: 4095: 4092: 4041:Hasan al-Banna 4009:Abdel Baghdadi 3997:Sulayman Hafez 3967: 3964: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3901:Rashad Mehanna 3876: 3873: 3831:Montaza Palace 3805: 3802: 3782:Youssef Seddik 3749: 3746: 3720: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3579: 3576: 3533:Black Saturday 3494:1950 elections 3443:real Egyptians 3379:The historian 3362:Mohamed Naguib 3331: 3328: 3247: 3244: 3219:Central Powers 3211: 3210: 3207: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3138: 3135: 3116:United Kingdom 2993:Ottoman Empire 2989:Ottoman Sultan 2977:United Kingdom 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2931:Arab socialism 2890:. The ongoing 2876:United Kingdom 2818:decolonisation 2802:Mohamed Naguib 2760: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2749: 2742: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2658:Egalitarianism 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2634: 2632:Related topics 2631: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2603:United Kingdom 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2385:Dutch Republic 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2353: 2351:Roman Republic 2347: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2325: 2315: 2305: 2295: 2285: 2275: 2265: 2255: 2245: 2235: 2225: 2215: 2205: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1792:Wollstonecraft 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1364: 1357: 1350: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1198:Mamluk dynasty 1194: 1193: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1122: 1119:Medieval Egypt 1117: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1101:Sasanian Egypt 1097: 1096: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1071:Argead dynasty 1065: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1006:Middle Kingdom 1002: 1001: 998: 992: 991: 988: 982: 981: 978: 970: 965: 964: 961: 960: 955: 954: 951: 943: 938: 937: 934: 933: 925: 924: 915: 914: 907: 900: 899: 897: 896: 889: 882: 874: 871: 870: 864: 863: 855: 839: 838: 837: 836: 826: 815: 805: 803:Order of Lenin 795: 793:Order of Merit 785: 773: 761: 749: 737: 725: 714: 697: 696: 695: 694: 693: 686: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 659: 658: 651: 650: 645: 640: 634: 633: 626: 625: 620: 615: 613:Eighth Cabinet 610: 605: 600: 595: 593:Fourth Cabinet 590: 585: 583:Second Cabinet 580: 574: 573: 566: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 539: 538: 524: 523: 518: 513: 508: 502: 501: 482:Prime Minister 471: 470: 467:National Union 463: 454: 453: 448: 443: 435: 434: 431: 430: 417:a series about 411: 395: 394: 370:Hassan Ibrahim 260:Mohamed Naguib 250: 226: 225: 221: 220: 192: 190:United Kingdom 162: 161: 157: 156: 153: 152: 151: 150: 141: 135: 129: 123: 113: 102: 98: 97: 92: 90: 86: 85: 82: 74: 73: 66:Mohamed Naguib 55: 54: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13648: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13556:1952 in Egypt 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13538: 13536: 13521: 13513: 13512: 13509: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13452:Greater Yemen 13450: 13448: 13447:Greater Syria 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13424: 13422: 13418: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13383: 13381: 13379: 13375: 13369: 13368: 13364: 13362: 13361: 13357: 13355: 13354: 13350: 13349: 13347: 13343: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13163: 13161: 13159: 13158:Organizations 13155: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13078:George Habash 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13058:Izzat Darwaza 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12993:Yasser Arafat 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12975: 12973: 12971: 12970:Personalities 12967: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12945:Arab identity 12943: 12942: 12940: 12936: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12859:Arab Cold War 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12799: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12776: 12773: 12772: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12759: 12756: 12755: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12745: 12743: 12739: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12707: 12703: 12699: 12692: 12687: 12685: 12680: 12678: 12673: 12672: 12669: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12643: 12640: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12618:War on terror 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12589: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12519: 12517: 12513:Espionage and 12511: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12464:Andrew Thorpe 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12359:Gabriel Kolko 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12324:Fred Halliday 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12309:Lloyd Gardner 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12269:Norman Davies 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12254:John Costello 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12219: 12215: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12195: 12193: 12189:Technological 12187: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12168: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12159: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12147: 12143: 12142: 12140: 12136: 12130: 12129: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12117: 12113: 12111: 12110: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12098: 12094: 12092: 12091: 12087: 12085: 12084: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12070:Pro-communist 12068: 12065: 12061: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12001: 11999: 11997:Organizations 11995: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11866: 11864: 11860: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11828: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11811:Eurocommunism 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11785: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11723: 11721: 11719: 11715: 11712: 11708: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11641:Domino theory 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11623: 11621: 11617: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11595:South Ossetia 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11568: 11564: 11558: 11555: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11389: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11379:8888 Uprising 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11324:Iran–Iraq War 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11289:Falklands War 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11209: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11152:NDF Rebellion 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11132:German Autumn 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11112: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11019:Metapolitefsi 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10914: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10853: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10783: 10781: 10780:Prague Spring 10778: 10774: 10771: 10770: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10758:Al-Wadiah War 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10723:12-3 incident 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10652: 10649: 10648: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10528: 10525: 10524: 10523: 10520: 10516: 10513: 10512: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10476: 10470: 10467: 10463: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10402: 10397: 10394: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10367: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10320: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10302:Domino theory 10300: 10298: 10297:Petrov Affair 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10228: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10174:Madiun Affair 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10134:Marshall Plan 10132: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10042: 10037: 10035: 10034: 10029: 10027: 10026: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10003: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9983: 9978: 9976: 9975: 9970: 9969: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9938: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9891: 9887: 9885: 9884: 9883:United States 9880: 9879: 9876: 9872: 9865: 9860: 9858: 9853: 9851: 9846: 9845: 9842: 9830: 9828: 9821: 9815: 9814: 9810: 9808: 9807: 9803: 9801: 9800: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9784: 9776: 9775: 9774: 9769: 9768: 9767: 9766:Yemeni crisis 9764: 9762: 9761: 9757: 9755: 9754: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9736: 9735: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9718: 9717: 9713: 9711: 9710: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9648: 9644: 9642: 9641: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9630: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9608: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9581: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9570: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9532: 9531: 9527: 9526: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9514: 9513:Iran–Iraq War 9510: 9509: 9507: 9503: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9480: 9477: 9476: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9464:NDF Rebellion 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9444: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9413: 9407: 9404: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9384: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9352: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9328: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9312: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9256: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9211: 9210: 9209: 9208: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9196:Alwaziri coup 9194: 9192: 9189: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9166: 9165: 9164: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9051: 9045: 9042: 9038: 9037:United States 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9001: 9000: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8944: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8917: 8912: 8910: 8905: 8903: 8898: 8897: 8894: 8882: 8874: 8872: 8864: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8852: 8844: 8843: 8840: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8682:Art (ancient) 8680: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8666: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8633: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8618: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8561:Blasphemy law 8559: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8529:Sign Language 8527: 8525: 8524:Saʽidi Arabic 8522: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8471: 8468: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8321: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8304: 8301: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8282: 8279: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8161:National Bank 8159: 8158: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8145: 8141: 8136: 8132: 8122: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7968: 7964: 7959: 7955: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7809: 7805: 7800: 7796: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7579: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7487:Ottoman Egypt 7485: 7484: 7483: 7480: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7392: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7303: 7298: 7296: 7291: 7289: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7115: 7106: 7101: 7099: 7094: 7092: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7032: 7030:9780671205324 7026: 7022: 7017: 7013: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6988: 6984: 6979: 6975: 6973:9780861990009 6969: 6965: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6927: 6923: 6921:9781850430766 6917: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6902:9780815624431 6898: 6894: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6838: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6816: 6815: 6809: 6805: 6799: 6795: 6790: 6786: 6784:9780312286835 6780: 6776: 6771: 6767: 6765:9781851684113 6761: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6746:9780807157190 6742: 6738: 6733: 6732: 6720: 6715: 6709: 6705: 6698: 6692:, p. 96. 6691: 6686: 6680:, p. 75. 6679: 6674: 6668:, p. 79. 6667: 6662: 6655: 6650: 6644:, p. 94. 6643: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6619: 6614: 6607: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6572: 6567: 6560: 6555: 6540: 6539:Barrier Miner 6536: 6530: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6478: 6473: 6466: 6461: 6455:, p. 55. 6454: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6431:, p. 84. 6430: 6425: 6418: 6413: 6407:, p. 73. 6406: 6401: 6394: 6389: 6387: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6343:, p. 67. 6342: 6337: 6331:, p. 66. 6330: 6325: 6319:, p. 65. 6318: 6313: 6307:, p. 62. 6306: 6301: 6294: 6289: 6283:, p. 61. 6282: 6277: 6271:, p. 60. 6270: 6265: 6258: 6252: 6245: 6239: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6215: 6209:, p. 52. 6208: 6203: 6201: 6193: 6188: 6182:, p. 65. 6181: 6180:Copeland 1970 6176: 6170:, p. 48. 6169: 6164: 6158:, p. 38. 6157: 6152: 6146:, p. 50. 6145: 6140: 6133: 6128: 6121: 6116: 6110:, p. 16. 6109: 6104: 6098:, p. 41. 6097: 6092: 6086:, p. 36. 6085: 6080: 6074:, p. 35. 6073: 6068: 6062:, p. 34. 6061: 6056: 6042: 6038: 6037:"Countries E" 6032: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5991: 5983: 5978: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5947: 5942: 5935: 5930: 5924:, p. 24. 5923: 5918: 5911: 5906: 5899: 5894: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5775: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5696: 5694:9780203495308 5690: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5667: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5607: 5600: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5570: 5565: 5558: 5553: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5523:, p. 58. 5522: 5517: 5511:, p. 46. 5510: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5365: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5328: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5292:(in Arabic). 5291: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5197: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4969: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4942: 4934: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4805: 4798: 4789: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4762: 4754: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4704: 4697: 4689: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4670: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4517: 4515:0-275-95474-9 4511: 4507: 4506: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4459: 4453: 4445: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4396: 4394: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4232: 4229: 4218: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4196: 4190:Commemoration 4187: 4185: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4138: 4136: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4115:Kafr al Dawar 4111: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4058:Hussein Sirri 4055: 4050: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4026: 4022: 4021:Tahrir Square 4018: 4017:Hasan Ibrahim 4014: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3881: 3875:Consolidation 3872: 3870: 3869:Egyptian army 3866: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3748:Military coup 3745: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3717: 3705: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3575: 3571: 3569: 3563: 3561: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3529: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3479:Faluja pocket 3477:. During the 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3384: 3382: 3374: 3373:Ahmed Hussein 3369: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3348:base for the 3347: 3343: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3300:Sa'ad Zaghoul 3297: 3289: 3285: 3284:King Farouk I 3281: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3223:Hussein Kamal 3220: 3216: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3056:modernization 3053: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2949: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2869:non-alignment 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2770:ثورة 23 يوليو 2767: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2718: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2621: 2620:United States 2618: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2495:Metapolitefsi 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2331: 2330: 2329:On Revolution 2326: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2299:Rights of Man 2296: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2209:De re publica 2206: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2015:Jones (Lynne) 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 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Retrieved 6541:. 1952-08-14 6538: 6529: 6518:. Retrieved 6506: 6496: 6484: 6472: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6424: 6412: 6400: 6358: 6348: 6336: 6324: 6312: 6300: 6288: 6276: 6264: 6256: 6251: 6243: 6238: 6230: 6214: 6192:Aburish 2004 6187: 6175: 6163: 6156:Aburish 2004 6151: 6139: 6127: 6115: 6103: 6091: 6079: 6067: 6055: 6044:. Retrieved 6040: 6031: 6009:(1): 45–64. 6006: 6002: 5982:Abdalla 1985 5977: 5966:. Retrieved 5962: 5953: 5941: 5929: 5917: 5905: 5893: 5882:. Retrieved 5878: 5868: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5763:. Retrieved 5759: 5750: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5684: 5678: 5666: 5655:. Retrieved 5643: 5633: 5613: 5606: 5594: 5585: 5576: 5564: 5557:Abdalla 1985 5552: 5541:. Retrieved 5537: 5528: 5516: 5504: 5474:(1): 24–32. 5471: 5467: 5457: 5432: 5428: 5418: 5385: 5381: 5372: 5353: 5347: 5335: 5316: 5310: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5267: 5256:. Retrieved 5252: 5242: 5214: 5204: 5185: 5179: 5160: 5154: 5135: 5129: 5118:. 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Retrieved 4545: 4536: 4524: 4504: 4497: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4452: 4438: 4402: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4335: 4331: 4329: 4306: 4299: 4228:Egypt portal 4206:, an annual 4201: 4180: 4160: 4153: 4140: 4131: 4119: 4112: 4097: 4081: 4074: 4070:Makram Ebeid 4046: 4030: 4006: 4002: 3993: 3977: 3948: 3932: 3928: 3905: 3899:and Colonel 3886: 3861:King Fuad II 3854:Crown Prince 3847: 3842: 3837:and fled to 3824: 3819: 3807: 3791: 3787: 3742: 3738:Said Aburish 3727: 3587: 3572: 3564: 3556: 3537: 3524: 3491: 3471:Naqab desert 3460: 3451:Ernest Bevin 3447:Ismail Sidky 3424:Alexandria's 3393: 3387: 3386: 3381:Selma Botman 3378: 3339: 3313: 3293: 3255: 3235:protectorate 3212: 3168: 3157: 3152: 3146: 3127:Urabi Revolt 3124: 3120:Tewfik Pasha 3105: 3085:Mixed Courts 3049: 2973:Great Powers 2966: 2943: 2927:urbanisation 2916: 2907: 2896:Palestinians 2873: 2830: 2785: 2773: 2765: 2763: 2692: 2464: 2327: 2317: 2307: 2297: 2287: 2277: 2267: 2257: 2247: 2237: 2227: 2217: 2207: 2197: 2010:Jones (Elin) 1915:Flynn (Paul) 1875:Clarke (Tom) 1870:Clark (Katy) 1815:Adams (John) 1636:Philosophers 1413:Civic virtue 1375:Part of the 1317:1953–present 1216:Early modern 1095:30 BC–641 AD 1030:1550–1069 BC 1020:1650–1550 BC 1010:2055–1650 BC 1000:2181–2055 BC 990:2686–2181 BC 980:3150–2686 BC 953:6000–3000 BC 866: 841: 690: 655: 630: 570: 528: 520: 498: 473: 465: 458: 205: 177: 160:Belligerents 119:becomes the 104: 84:23 July 1952 38:Part of the 13181:Arab Ba'ath 13103:Salah Jadid 12960:Arabization 12807:Six-Day War 12802:Suez Crisis 12748:Arab Revolt 12727:Pan-Arabism 12449:Shen Zhihua 12259:Michael Cox 12191:competition 12138:Pro-Western 12128:Soviet Life 12054:Safari Club 12024:Warsaw Pact 11879:Nationalism 11869:Imperialism 11768:Reaganomics 11631:Containment 11424:Perestroika 10913:Realpolitik 10743:Six-Day War 10728:Greek junta 10539:Berlin Wall 10387:Suez Crisis 10355:Vietnam War 10242:McCarthyism 10057:Baruch Plan 10002:Unthinkable 9962:Dekemvriana 9901:Warsaw Pact 9827:World War I 9285:Suez Crisis 9232:Suez Crisis 8961:Arab Revolt 8943:World War I 8871:WikiProject 8632:Scientology 8502:LGBT rights 8424:Law schools 8208:Lighthouses 8151:Agriculture 7880:Mount Sinai 7840:Earthquakes 7640:Mubarak era 7611:Six-Day War 7601:Suez Crisis 7596:Land reform 7343:Prehistoric 6690:Gordon 1992 6678:Gordon 1992 6666:Gordon 1992 6654:Botman 1986 6642:Gordon 1992 6618:Botman 1988 6571:Botman 1988 6559:Botman 1986 6489:Gordon 1992 6465:Botman 1988 6453:Gordon 1992 6441:Gordon 1992 6429:Gordon 1992 6417:Gordon 1992 6405:Gordon 1992 6393:Gordon 1992 6341:Gordon 1992 6329:Gordon 1992 6317:Gordon 1992 6305:Gordon 1992 6293:Botman 1988 6281:Gordon 1992 6269:Gordon 1992 6207:Gordon 1992 6168:Gordon 1992 6144:Gordon 1992 6132:Gordon 1992 6096:Gordon 1992 6084:Gordon 1992 6072:Gordon 1992 6060:Gordon 1992 5934:Gordon 1989 5922:Gordon 1992 5910:Gordon 1989 5898:Gordon 1989 5569:Botman 1991 5521:Botman 1991 5509:Botman 1991 5435:(24): 3–7. 5272:Botman 1991 4602:(4): 15–50. 4529:Gordon 1992 4314:. pp. 4312:Basic Books 4025:Salah Salim 4013:Anwar Sadat 3959:Salah Salem 3950:government. 3944:land reform 3814:Anwar Sadat 3461:During the 3354:King Farouk 3340:During the 3258:World War I 3131:Ahmed Urabi 3093:nationalism 3047:in Egypt. 2939:Anwar Sadat 2921:, and huge 2904:Suez Crisis 2857:nationalist 2824:during the 2794:King Farouk 2782:انقلاب 1952 2643:Common good 2583:New Zealand 2578:Netherlands 2323:(1835–1840) 2293:(1787–1788) 2203:(c. 375 BC) 2125:Robespierre 1900:Etherington 1835:Benn (Tony) 1804:Politicians 1782:Tocqueville 1742:Montesquieu 1722:Machiavelli 1468:Rule of law 1463:Res publica 1046:Late Period 1040:1069–664 BC 1026:New Kingdom 986:Old Kingdom 919:History of 678:The Journey 571:Governments 558:Suez Crisis 543:Six-Day War 529:Presidency 492:(1953–1954) 478:(1956–1970) 337:Salah Salem 326:Gamal Salem 282:Anwar Sadat 146:across the 68:(left) and 13535:Categories 13345:Literature 13038:Tariq Aziz 12955:Arab world 12950:Arab Union 12879:Dhofar War 12217:Historians 12208:Space Race 12109:Rudé právo 12063:Propaganda 11919:Neo-Nazism 11889:Chauvinism 11843:Trotskyism 11758:Monetarism 11726:Liberalism 11718:Capitalism 11710:Ideologies 11661:Ostpolitik 11384:Solidarity 11349:Toyota War 11252:Solidarity 11109:Operation 11064:Ogaden War 10753:Dhofar War 10641:Shifta War 10399:Operation 10247:Korean War 10039:Operation 10031:Operation 10023:Operation 10000:Operation 9980:Operation 9972:Operation 8783:Newspapers 8773:Mass media 8625:Synagogues 8593:Irreligion 8541:Literature 8536:Liberalism 8475:Healthcare 8377:Corruption 8060:Parliament 7991:Corruption 7986:Civil Code 7929:Suez Canal 7887:Nile Delta 7772:Alexandria 7742:Population 7737:Parliament 7705:Healthcare 7586:Nasser era 7360:Achaemenid 7335:Chronology 6545:2023-11-13 6520:2023-11-13 6120:Sādāt 1978 6108:Sādāt 1978 6046:2023-11-01 6041:rulers.org 5968:2023-11-01 5946:Terry 1982 5884:2023-11-01 5838:(1): 1–8. 5765:2023-11-01 5720:(2): 137. 5671:Terry 1982 5657:2023-11-01 5601:, page 208 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13378:Symbolism 12722:Nasserism 12717:Ba'athism 12504:Ken Young 12349:Tony Judt 12198:Arms race 12171:Red Scare 12039:NN States 11984:Apartheid 11939:Autocracy 11848:Stalinism 11816:Guevarism 11806:Castroism 11796:Communism 11788:Socialism 11314:Star Wars 10907:Koza riot 10033:Beleaguer 10025:Masterdom 8778:Magazines 8768:Egyptians 8603:Ahmadiyya 8514:Languages 8480:Hospitals 8414:Education 8281:Transport 8240:Aswan Dam 8168:Companies 8109:Terrorism 8075:President 8038:Massacres 8028:Judiciary 8006:Elections 7875:Mountains 7804:Geography 7782:Port Said 7725:1939–1954 7720:1928–1938 7675:Anarchism 7618:Sadat era 7562:Sultanate 7509:Khedivate 7409:Christian 7377:Ptolemaic 6876:0020-7438 6515:0362-4331 6377:0010-4140 6023:0308-6534 5852:0026-3206 5805:0026-3206 5734:0026-3206 5652:0362-4331 5488:0026-3206 5441:2044-3986 5402:0002-9300 5302:2305-2465 5089:0268-0556 5050:0010-4175 4430:239343404 4376:0026-3206 4255:Nasserism 4128:remarked: 4062:Ali Maher 3540:Ali Maher 3507:communist 3298:, led by 3077:Armenians 3045:cash crop 2768:(Arabic: 2538:Australia 2170:Venizelos 2160:Spadolini 2150:Slaughter 2095:McDonnell 2060:Mackenzie 2005:Jefferson 1960:Griffiths 1940:de Gaulle 1935:Garibaldi 1895:Drakeford 1787:Warburton 1707:Jefferson 1702:Honderich 1682:Condorcet 1569:Christian 1531:Nasserism 1506:Classical 1423:Democracy 1307:1922–1953 1297:1914–1922 1287:1882–1922 1260:1867–1914 1250:1805–1953 1240:1798–1801 1230:1517–1867 1202:1250–1517 1192:1171–1250 1085:310–30 BC 673:Port Said 663:Nasser 56 631:Elections 475:President 13520:Category 13462:Islamism 13171:Al-Fatat 12938:Concepts 12705:Ideology 12656:Timeline 12646:Category 12591:See also 12083:Izvestia 11924:Islamism 11821:Hoxhaism 11696:Rollback 11575:Abkhazia 11515:Gulf War 11419:Glasnost 10789:incident 10559:Sand War 10417:Ifni War 9926:Rio Pact 9871:Cold War 9640:Iraq War 8851:Category 8815:Olympics 8751:Football 8583:Hinduism 8551:Religion 8458:Feminism 8446:Families 8409:Diaspora 8372:Censuses 8362:Cannabis 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