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of five years, Phase I eliminated the need for visas for stays of up to 90 days within the ECOWAS territory. Phase II attempted to extend residency to citizens in host ECOWAS states to seek income-earning employment after obtaining an ECOWAS residence card. Phase II also required member states to grant migrant workers equal treatment in areas such as employment, participation, social and cultural activities, and in certain cases of job loss, re-employment, and training. Phase III centered on the facilitation and establishment of business through the right of citizens to manage economic activities in countries other than their country of origin. However, this right has not been fully established in the ECOWAS region. While these three phases promoting freedom of movement within the ECOWAS region is more advanced than in any other regional grouping in Africa, only the first phase has been fully implemented by all ECOWAS countries. The complete implementation of the 90-day visa-free window enhanced human mobility in the region, creating positive impacts on trade and economic development.
1033:, following ECOWAS's threat to intervene to restore civilian rule in Niger. On 21 November 2023, Niger's military government asked the ECOWAS regional court to order the lifting of sanctions imposed on the country. Until the coup, aid from countries like the United States and international organizations like ECOWAS accounted for almost half of Niger's annual budget. Following Niger's ECOWAS suspension, Niger's neighbours closed their borders to the country and 70 percent of its electricity, coming from Nigeria, was cut off. While these sanctions and consequences that have followed have impacted the individuals and economy of Niger, the government is not backing down. As a result of the suspension, children have not been able to attend school due to lack of supplies, and businesses are shutting down due to rising costs. Further, the ECOWAS lawyer pointed out that the Nigerien government is not recognized by ECOWAS and therefore does not have the power to ask the regional court for a removal of these sanctions.
1979:", ECOWAS, since the 1990s, has attempted to defend the region's shift towards democracy against authoritarian attacks. According to the BBC, since 1990, 78% of the 27 coups in sub-Saharan Africa have taken place in former French colonies. This has led some to question whether French influence in Africa has a destabilising impact. The transition governments in Mali and Burkina Faso cancelled military agreements that allow for French troops to operate on their territory, and in the case of Mali, removed French as an official language. However, the group has been cited for mild and ineffective responses in the early 2020s, when three member countries experienced military
4864:, and hostels. In April 2023, tourism experts met to amend the new text for tourist accommodations in the ECOWAS region. This phase is critical to the success of the Ecotour plan as the lack of a regulatory system has been a barrier to the development of the tourism sector, despite its ability to increase member states' economies. During this conference, ministers improved the tourism industry by adopting standards for hotel services. Mrs. Massandjé Toure-Liste, the ECOWAS Commission's Commissioner for Economic Affairs and Agriculture, pointed out the improvements in the tourist sector due to the
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commitment and enforceability. More so, there is a lack of access to readily available migrant information in the ECOWAS region. This poses a barrier to freedom of movement as immigration officials in member states are unaware that individuals who hold valid travel documents can enter their country freely. Therefore, West
African migrants, who are entitled to enter through regular channels, leave their countries without proper travel documents and enter other countries illegally. This illegal and irregular entry poses a barrier towards gaining reliable travel statistics.
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identification. Consequently, immigration officials in
Anglophone countries commonly reject Francophone national identity cards and do not permit Francophone citizens to cross into their borders. Further, these structural barriers are exasperated between different social classes. Middle-class individuals typically experience a smoother border-crossing process than working-class individuals and impoverished citizens who do not have travel documents and are not fluent in the language of the countries they are crossing into.
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accounted for more than 60% of the unions' exports. Additionally, there is a large discrepancy in countries' economic performance over the 2010 decade; the best performance was recorded by Côte d'Ivoire (annual growth rate of 6.72%) and the lowest one by Guinea Bissau (3.85%). However, positive progress has been made in economic distribution since the foundation of WAMEU, with the mean dispersion of economic growth in the region being 1.26 before the creation and 0.73 after.
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1987:, ECOWAS was vocal in its condemnation and raised the possibility of military action if the deposed president was not reinstated by 7 August 2023. Due to the Nigerien military's refusal to restore civilian rule, ECOWAS activated its standby force composed of all other members except for Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea and Cape Verde.
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Niger. However, the political sanctions and targeted sanctions would remain in force. The communiqué said this was done for humanitarian reasons, but it was seen as a gesture of appeasement to dissuade the three junta-led states from withdrawing from the bloc. ECOWAS also lifted sanctions on Guinea and Guinea-Bissau.
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other activities with the goal to meet sub-regional security challenges. It has played an important role in monitoring transitional election in West Africa, and these mediation efforts have even been recognized within and outside the continent of Africa. In recent years these included interventions in
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was introduced as a common passport that functions as an international travel document, and member states are currently in the process of implementing a joint visa for non-ECOWAS citizens. Additionally, ECOWAS has worked to ease the movement of people transported in private and commercial vehicles by
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Additionally, ECOWAS closed all land and air borders between other member states and Niger and instituted a no-fly zone on all commercial flights to and from Niger. The suspension removed all commercial and financial transactions and froze Niger's assets in ECOWAS central banks. On 16 September 2023,
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officially requested to join ECOWAS in
February 2017. The application was endorsed in principle at the Summit of Heads of State in June 2017. However, Morocco's bid for membership was stalled as West African economic actors feared goods imported through Morocco's free trade agreements would flood the
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As of March 2023, Council members mentioned that phases one and two of the
Ecotour Action Plan have come to an end and that the community is moving into phase three and four, which focuses on the development of tourist accommodations establishments, and a proposal for a regional mechanism to enforce
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is not specifically developed, yet it has been mentioned that the program has the opportunity to create linkages between institutions and stakeholder collaboration to suit ecotourism projects that prioritize community, biodiversity, and socioeconomics. The
Ecotour Plan prioritizes local development,
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The SPAO identifies a number of challenges facing youth in ECOWAS, including high unemployment rates, lack of access to education and training, and poor health outcomes. The plan sets out a number of strategies to address these challenges, including investing in education and training, creating jobs
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force in the region, with member states occasionally sending joint military forces to intervene in the bloc's member countries at times of political instability and unrest. ECOWAS facilitates peacekeeping through systematic collaboration with civil society, cooperation with development policies, and
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On 24 February 2024, ECOWAS announced that it was lifting some sanctions against Niger, Mali and
Burkina Faso. For Niger this included the border closures, the freezing of central bank and state assets, the suspension of commercial transactions, and the no-fly-zone for commercial flights to and from
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While monitoring committees exist to ensure all three phases of the protocol are successfully implemented, their work is vague and has not been credited with effective and efficient production of data. The largest challenges assosicated within the implementation of the protocol occur due to lack of
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In May 1979, ECOWAS adopted a Free
Movement of Persons, Residence and Establishment Protocol, which permits citizens to enter, reside, and establish economic activities in the territory of member states. There were three phases of implementation to achieve the goals of the protocol. Over the course
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ECOWAS Community Court of
Justice was created by a protocol signed in 1991 and was later included in Article 6 of the Revised Treaty of the Community in 1993. However, the Court did not officially begin operations until the 1991 protocol came into effect on 5 November 1996. The jurisdiction of the
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withdrawal is not possible, and the three member states could remain in the bloc for up to a year. ECOWAS said in a statement that "Burkina Faso, Niger and Mali remain important members of the
Community and the Authority remains committed to finding a negotiated solution to the political impasse."
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In 2019, ECOWAS unveiled its
Ecotour Action Plan 2019 – 2029. It focuses on tourism heritage protection and development and on the development of standards, regulations, and control systems. The plan includes five programs for implementation, and detailed mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation.
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For the third time since its inception in 1975, ECOWAS is undergoing institutional reforms. The first was when it revised its treaty on 24 July 1993; the second was in 2007 when the Secretariat was transformed into a Commission. As of July 2013, ECOWAS now has six new departments (Human Resources
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However, within the region, there has been a low level of integration with an increase in income disparities since the creation of WAEMU. Côte d'Ivoire had the highest GDP per capita in 2022 at US$ 1,950 while Niger had the lowest one at US$ 484. In the same year, Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal alone
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In addition, ECOWAS includes the following institutions: ECOWAS Commission, Community Court of Justice, Community Parliament, ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development (EBID), West African Health Organisation (WAHO), and the Inter-Governmental Action Group against Money Laundering and Terrorism
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Similarly, the Community, through its specialised agency, promotes regional sports development by offering sponsorship to regional sports federations and specialized disciplines such as the West African Deaf Sports Union (WADSU), the West African Liaison Office of the International Council for
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announced via a joint statement that they were withdrawing from ECOWAS "without delay". The three nations, all of which are currently ruled by military juntas, accused ECOWAS of implementing "inhumane" sanctions in order to reverse the coups in each nation. Under the ECOWAS protocol, immediate
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For example, Francophone countries in the region have issued national identity cards that can be used similarly to a passport. These cards permit citizens to cross borders after presenting their identity cards. However, Anglophone countries have only just begun distributing a similar form of
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ECOWAS was formed initially from the region's former French, British and Portuguese colonies, and independent Liberia, following post-colonial independence throughout the region (particularly in the 1960s and 1970s). At independence, many African states were challenged in increasing economic
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took place in the country. Sanctions were placed on both countries on 16 September. On 10 January 2022, Mali announced its decision to close its borders and recalled several ambassadors with ECOWAS in response to sanctions imposed for deferring elections for four years. On 28 January 2022,
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ECOWAS nations assigned a non-aggression protocol in 1990 along with two earlier agreements in 1978 and 1981. They also signed a Protocol on Mutual Defence Assistance in Freetown, Sierra Leone, on 29 May 1981, that provided for the establishment of an Allied Armed Force of the Community.
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The ECOWAS Youth Policy Strategic Plan of Action (SPAO) is a 10-year plan that aims to promote youth development and empowerment in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The SPAO was adopted in 2016 and is based on the pillars of education and training, employment and
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Management; Education, Science and Culture; Energy and Mines; Telecommunications and IT; Industry and Private Sector Promotion). Finance and Administration to Sierra Leone has been decoupled, to give the incoming Ghana Commissioner the new portfolio of Administration and Conferences.
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development. Because these states could not address problems individually, there was a need for a regional approach and thus ECOWAS was founded. ECOWAS was formed to provide regional economic cooperation, but has since evolved to include political and military cooperation, as well.
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implementing policies that enable vehicles to enter and reside in a State for up to ninety days. Most ECOWAS states have instituted an ECOWAS brown card, which provides prompt, fair, and immediate compensation for any motor accident which occurs outside a motorist's home-country.
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especially in generating skilled and unskilled jobs for marginalized individuals, and aims to make the ECOWAS region a first-class tourist destination in Africa. During its creation, ECOWAS ministers also called on ecotourism programs to protect threatened biodiversity in the
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court is outlined in Article 9 and Articles 76 of the Revised Treaty and allows rulings on disputes between states over interpretations of the Revised Treaty. It also provides ECOWAS Council with advisory opinions on legal issues (Article 10). Like its companion courts, the
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4851:, which span into seven ECOWAS member states. Similar to the Free Movement of People Protocol, Ecotour aims to integrate aviation and ground transportation. ECOWAS hopes that this regional approach will allow states to fight against
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to restore tourism and ecosystems. Ecotour works to create increasing returns to its members' economies by lowering transport costs, developing hospitality training centers and creating a more integrated use of digital technology.
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ECOWAS consists of two operating institutions to implement policies: the ECOWAS Commission and the ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development (EBID) – formerly known as the Fund for Cooperation, until it was renamed in 2001.
4295:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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Odeyemi, Temitayo Isaac (2020), Oloruntoba, Samuel Ojo (ed.), "Regional Integration and the Political Economy of Morocco's Desire for Membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)",
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The Community Parliament consists of 115 members, distributed based on the population of each member state. This body is headed by the Speaker of the Parliament, who is above the Secretary General.
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Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa a Multidimensional Perspective, Chapter 1. Introduction: Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa
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2059:. Established in 1994 and intended to counterbalance the dominance of English-speaking economies in the bloc (such as Nigeria and Ghana), members of UEMOA are mostly former territories of
1921:, with its stated mission to promote economic integration across the region. A revised version of the treaty was agreed and signed on 24 July 1993 in Cotonou. Considered one of the pillar
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which creates a single market for goods and services. Mrs. Toure-Liste praised the trade area for providing development opportunities, economic growth, and boosting regional integration.
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4695:. The eventual goal is for the CFA franc and eco to merge, giving all of West and Central Africa a single, stable currency. The launch of the new currency is being developed by the
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4186:. In addition to the sports and well-being objective of the tour, the race also served to demonstrate and put into practice ECOWAS protocol on free movement of goods and persons.
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Yansane, Aguibou (1977). "The State of Economic Integration in North West Africa South of the Sahara: The Emergence of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)".
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Among its achievements, the UEMOA has successfully implemented macro-economic convergence criteria and an effective surveillance mechanism. It has adopted a customs union and
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Notably among ECOWAS's protocols and plans are the ECOWAS Free Movement of Persons, Residences and Establishment Protocol and the Ecotour Action Plan 2019–2029. The
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Christian, Akorlie; Samb, Saliou; Felix, Bate; Inveen, Cooper; Prentice, Alessandra (17 September 2021). Cawthorne, Andrew; Choy, Marguerita; McCool, Grant (eds.).
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was one of the founding members of ECOWAS in 1975 and decided to withdraw in December 2000. Mauritania signed a new associate-membership agreement in August 2017.
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Navigator%20%7C%20UNCTAD%20Investment%20Policy%20Hub "Revised ECOWAS Treaty (1993) | International Investment Agreements Navigator | UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub"
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2082:(WAMZ), established in 2000, comprises six mainly English-speaking countries within ECOWAS which plan to work towards adopting their own common currency, the
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and macroeconomic policy convergence. The organizations have also agreed on common rules of origin to enhance trade, and ECOWAS has agreed to adopt UEMOA's
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The Community, through the EYSDC, also organized 2 editions of ECOWAS International Cycling tour, taking close to 100 riders from all member states, from
855:. Collectively, the countries comprise an area of 5,114,162 km (1,974,589 sq mi) and have an estimated population of over 424.34 million.
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and supporting entrepreneurship, improving access to health care, promoting peace and security, and strengthening youth participation in governance.
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Formed in 2000, the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) is a group of six countries within ECOWAS that plan to introduce a common currency called the
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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In 2019, the EYSDC instituted ECOWAS Abuja International Marathon. The first edition brought together international marathoners from West Africa,
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870:" for its member states by creating a single large trade bloc by building a full economic and trading union. Additionally, ECOWAS aims to raise
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4163:-based ECOWAS Youth and Sports Development Centre (EYSDC), has consistently organised the yearly ECOWAS African Wrestling Tournament mainly in
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1994:. The confederation's stated goal is to provide mutual defense, pool resources to build energy and communications infrastructure, establish a
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2051:(also known by its French-language acronym UEMOA) is an organisation of eight, mainly French-speaking, states within ECOWAS which share a
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and has combined indirect taxation regulations, in addition to initiating regional structural and sectoral policies. A September 2002
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On 6 July 2024, the military leaders of Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso signed a new pact to form a confederation, a political union of
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Samb, Saliou; Eboh, Camillus; Inveen, Cooper (9 September 2021). Heritage, Timothy; Orlofsky, Steve; Pullin, Richard (eds.).
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who joined on 16 February 2010. Apart from Guinea, which is francophone, they are all English-speaking countries. Along with
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Adepoju, A.; Boulton, A.; Levin, M. (September 2010). "Promoting Integration Through Mobility: Free Movement Under Ecowas".
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Castillejo, Clare (2019). "The influence of EU migration policy on regional free movement in the IGAD and ECOWAS regions".
7314:"Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)" fact sheet from the US Department of State's Bureau of African Affairs
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tourist regulations. By the end of phase five, ECOWAS hopes to have unified accommodations in hotels, ecolodges, motels,
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survey cited the UEMOA as "the furthest along the path toward integration" of all the regional groupings in Africa.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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ECOWAS nations organise a broad array of cultural and sports events under the auspices of the body, including the
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Fau-Nougaret, Matthieu, ed. (2012). "La concurrence des organisations régionales en Afrique". Paris: L'Harmattan.
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2022:. The move is seen as a strong move away from ECOWAS, which has been pressing for a return to civilian rule.
1933:" for its member states by creating a single large trade bloc by building a full economic and trading union.
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as the Community sport, and through its specialised agency in charge of youth and sports development, the
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Garba, Faisal; Yeboah, Thomas (2022). "Free Movement and Regional Integration in the ECOWAS Sub-Region".
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Ajulo, Sunday Babalola (1989). "The Economic Community of West African States and International Law".
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estimates for 2015, published in December 2016. Area data is taken from a 2012 report compiled by the
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announced their withdrawal from the bloc. The countries had earlier been suspended from ECOWAS due to
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5261:"ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism". Agence de Presse Africaine. 31 May 2019.
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The West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU, also known as UEMOA from its name in French,
1983:– two in Mali, one in Guinea, and two in Burkina Faso. When a fourth member, Niger, experienced a
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entrepreneurship, health and well-being, peace and security, and governance and participation.
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to intervene in the bloc's member countries at times of political instability and unrest.
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867:
639:
65:
8250:
8195:
5278:
5276:
3644:
2795:
912:
permits citizens the right to enter and reside in any member state's territory, and the
8281:
8205:
7911:
6939:
6931:
6300:
6265:
5456:
5283:
Adeyemi, Segun (6 August 2003). "West African Leaders Agree on Deployment to Liberia".
4950:
4387:
4205:
Military Sports (WALO-CISM), the Region 2 of the African Athletics Federation, and the
3690:
2861:
2576:
2060:
871:
444:
8255:
8160:
8115:
8100:
6158:
6119:
4687:
The WAMZ attempts to establish a strong stable currency to rival the CFA franc, whose
3496:
3302:
3233:
2818:
1980:
8810:
8670:
8464:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8092:
8052:
7722:"ECOWAS Commission Develops New Regulations for Tourist Accommodation in West Africa"
7694:
7515:
7292:
7199:
6991:
6943:
6923:
6876:
6537:
6318:
6255:
5460:
5446:
5395:
5273:
5163:
4904:
4833:
A Trans-ECOWAS project, established in 2007, plans to upgrade railways in this zone.
4797:
4435:
4310:
4142:
3552:
3542:
3200:
3029:
2389:
2379:
2011:
1592:
420:
163:
8870:
7644:"West Africa's (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity"
6599:"The "politics of coups" shape the response to West Africa's military juntas | DIIS"
8800:
8479:
8296:
8200:
8087:
7507:
7443:"ECOWAS – Free Movement of Persons | United Nations Economic Commission for Africa"
7424:
7268:
7258:
6915:
6292:
6247:
5799:
5438:
5240:
3667:
3177:
2917:
2132:
1788:
1688:
1542:
1344:
1294:
8082:
7622:
West Africa's (eco)tourism initiative: Last chance to protect African biodiversity
5764:
4692:
3167:
8745:
8210:
8003:
7628:
7607:
7584:
7565:
7541:
7048:"Communicating ECOWAS Message (4): A New Roadmap for the Ouedraogo Commission(1)"
6660:
6437:
6242:
Olonisakin, Funmi (2011). "ECOWAS: From Economic Integration to Peace-building".
5650:
5643:
5391:
5266:
4807:
3713:
2019:
1991:
1918:
1838:
1738:
1640:
1537:
1492:
1394:
1148:
955:
924:
879:
844:
691:
473:
50:
7511:
6408:"West African states have a science and technology plan. But it's going nowhere"
5442:
2090:
ECOWAS operates in three co-official languages—French, English, and Portuguese.
8760:
8705:
8610:
8550:
8444:
8155:
8145:
5190:
4681:
4641:
4635:
4465:
4461:, in addition to the rationalisation and harmonisation of the legal environment
4450:
4149:
3473:
3427:
3325:
2083:
2056:
1999:
1683:
1289:
1021:
902:
848:
704:
665:
8596:
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
7263:
7246:
7016:
6919:
6720:
8921:
8675:
8535:
8337:
8067:
7836:
6927:
6541:
6269:
4869:
4552:
4472:
4446:
4431:
3937:
3749:
3098:
2052:
1995:
1412:
1389:
1339:
739:
678:
652:
286:
146:
133:
7726:
Stay Up-to-Date with the Latest News and Updates in the Hospitality Industry
2111:
2014:, and invest in agriculture, mines and energy sectors, with the end goal of
8565:
8469:
8403:
8332:
8105:
8097:
7903:
7472:
6469:"Burkina Faso marks official end of French military operations on its soil"
5603:
5601:
4790:
4661:
4538:
4407:
4122:
4107:
4063:
3847:
3509:
3256:
3246:
3210:
3111:
2983:
2884:
2775:
1972:). However, it has had trouble achieving the goals outlined in the policy.
1937:
1758:
1168:
1045:
1005:
935:
920:
898:
894:
732:
712:
379:
219:
118:
8601:
Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty
6251:
4349:
8770:
8545:
8490:
8449:
8342:
8245:
8240:
8125:
8110:
6629:"West African leaders threaten intervention in Niger after military coup"
6530:"Mali demotes French, language of its former colonizer, in symbolic move"
5732:"West African regional bloc suspends Burkina Faso's membership over coup"
5244:
4861:
4828:
4677:
4566:
4458:
4439:
4411:
4383:
4328:
4160:
3955:
3759:
3575:
3565:
3450:
3348:
3279:
2940:
2930:
2785:
2762:
2752:
2093:
1462:
916:
aims to develop and integrate the tourist industry of each member state.
852:
746:
434:
299:
7273:
5639:
5637:
5598:
4402:, Senegal, on 10 January 1994, by the heads of state and governments of
2474:
Industry, Sci. & Tech., Energy, Natural Resources, & Environment
8419:
8378:
8185:
7428:
6877:"Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)"
6319:"Basic information | Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)"
6204:
6165:
6126:
5611:"West African leaders due in Guinea as post-coup calm pervades Conakry"
4843:
4720:
4669:
4496:
4370:
4317:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
4134:
3883:
3865:
3598:
3269:
3223:
2953:
2015:
1964:
In 2011, ECOWAS adopted its development blueprint for the next decade,
1961:. Since its creation, ECOWAS has sent peacekeeping forces seven times.
1922:
1898:
1264:
1214:
982:
963:
660:
634:
246:
233:
7323:"Annual Report on Integration in Africa 2002" All Africa, 1 March 2002
6935:
6304:
8661:
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
8439:
5634:
4673:
4395:
4236:
2064:
1976:
943:
7873:
Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS / EEAC)
6957:
6813:
6598:
5870:"Niger government asks court to force ECOWAS to lift coup sanctions"
878:. The union was established on 28 May 1975, with the signing of the
8755:
6296:
5670:"West African bloc resorts to sanctions over Guinea and Mali coups"
5654:
5054:"Members of the ECOWAS – Economic Community of West African States"
4230:
4198:
4194:
923:
force in the region, with member states occasionally sending joint
413:
6721:"Aboutus – EBID | ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development"
4798:
The Free Movement of Persons, Residence and Establishment Protocol
1917:
The union was established on 28 May 1975, with the signing of the
8398:
8393:
8357:
6661:"Niger coup: West African leaders threaten military intervention"
5114:"Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) | Britannica"
4776:
4762:
4665:
4657:
4608:
4423:
4183:
4045:
4027:
3973:
3772:
3680:
3634:
3611:
3532:
3440:
3361:
3292:
3190:
3065:
3042:
2996:
1708:
1658:
1512:
969:
887:
767:
699:
686:
366:
353:
312:
95:
5644:"West African leaders suspend Guinea from Ecowas following coup"
4292:
8388:
6758:
6052:"West African bloc ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Guinea, Mali"
5804:
4748:
4653:
4645:
4325:{{Translated|fr|Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine}}
4168:
3919:
3157:
2808:
1364:
996:
976:
883:
673:
272:
5702:"Mali's junta deplores new sanctions imposed by regional bloc"
5518:
5435:
Pan Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa
4398:
as a common currency. UEMOA was created by a Treaty signed at
1029:
Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso formed a military alliance, the
8590:
8555:
8383:
8352:
8327:
5001:"GNI per capita, PPP (current international $ ) | Table"
4734:
4700:
4649:
4594:
4524:
4419:
4403:
4399:
4190:
4179:
4175:
4164:
4009:
3901:
3829:
3726:
3703:
3588:
3486:
3463:
3338:
3315:
3134:
2907:
2841:
1610:
1314:
1118:
1037:
1013:
931:
760:
725:
647:
339:
259:
206:
124:
6569:"As militarisation spreads, ECOWAS faces credibility crisis"
6499:"Last French troops leave Mali, ending nine-year deployment"
5900:"Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger quit ECOWAS – DW – 01/28/2024"
5357:"Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso seek re-entry to regional blocs"
1968:, and, to accompany it, a Policy on Science and Technology (
8845:
8765:
8600:
8362:
8347:
7823:
5960:"Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS"
5332:"Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso announce withdrawal from ECOWAS"
4928:(AoSS), a defense pact formed by suspended states of ECOWAS
4622:
4580:
4495:
ECOWAS and UEMOA have developed a common plan of action on
4427:
4415:
4081:
3991:
3657:
3417:
3394:
3088:
3019:
2072:
1929:(AEC), the stated goal of ECOWAS is to achieve "collective
1808:
1562:
1041:
988:
939:
866:(AEC), the stated goal of ECOWAS is to achieve "collective
774:
753:
392:
325:
6783:
6090:. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. pp. 1–2.
6022:"ECOWAS lifts sanctions against Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso"
4386:
West African states within ECOWAS, previously colonies of
3790:
Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group
817:
7995:
7985:
Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC)
7786:
6962:, Directorate of Communication, ECOWAS Commission, 2024,
6843:
5516:
2609:
New Partnership for Africa's Development E-School Program
8716:
GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development
5666:
999:
was also suspended on 8 September 2021, shortly after a
991:
was suspended from ECOWAS on 30 May 2021, following its
954:
Upon its foundation, ECOWAS had 15 member states: eight
8711:
Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America
5835:"Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso sign Sahel security pact"
5765:"West Africa: ECOWAS Warns It Could Use Force in Niger"
4676:
currency shared by all other former French colonies in
4453:
between the members of ECOWAS. Its objectives include:
1020:
and threatened with military intervention if President
44:
Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest
7868:
Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN / SAD)
7863:
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
7601:
ECOWAS to promote regional development through tourism
6244:
ECOWAS and the Dynamics of Conflict and Peace-building
5991:"West African bloc lifts sanctions on junta-led Niger"
5576:"ECOWAS suspends Mali over second coup in nine months"
5437:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 97–123,
5427:
5425:
5423:
4171:(Niger) based on a harmonized African wrestling code.
2094:
Executive secretaries and presidents of the commission
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
7079:
Information Manual: The Institutions of the Community
8781:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
7980:
Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
6985:"Profile: Economic Community of West African States"
5302:"The 5 previous West African military interventions"
5084:"Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)"
4288:
4155:
The Community Heads of State and Government adopted
59:
Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental
6784:"Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS)"
5420:
5230:
4284:
a machine-translated version of the French article.
508:
5,114,162 km (1,974,589 sq mi) (
8968:Regional Economic Communities of the African Union
8796:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
7954:Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
7200:"West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)"
7137:State, Economic Community of West African (2010),
5668:
5609:
4974:"GDP, PPP (current international $ ) | Table"
4664:who founded the organisation together in 2000 and
944:military takeovers of their respective governments
7938:Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
6349:"Coups in Africa, Even in ECOWAS | Wilson Center"
5476:. Diplomatie.ma. 24 February 2017. Archived from
4438:, became the organisation's eighth (and only non-
4231:West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA)
4128:
3783:
8919:
8831:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
8656:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
7964:West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA)
7140:Ecowas youth policy and strategic plan of action
6990:. Africa Union. 18 November 2010. Archived from
6691:"ECOWAS approves military intervention in Niger"
5519:"Morocco-ECOWAS: Good intentions are not enough"
4868:, a trade agreement signed by 44 members of the
57:
27:Intergovernmental economic union in West Africa
8556:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
6814:"WAHO | West African Health Organization"
6438:"Is France to blame for coups in West Africa?"
5607:
5517:Imru AL Qays Talha Jebril (13 February 2020).
5296:
5294:
4313:accompanying your translation by providing an
4275:Click for important translation instructions.
4262:expand this section with text translated from
8646:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
8506:
8011:
7889:Southern African Development Community (SADC)
7809:
4888:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
4691:to that of the euro and is guaranteed by the
4629:
4380:Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine
4121:, it has jurisdiction to rule on fundamental
4101:
4092:
2705:
7230:
6192:
6190:
6153:
6151:
6114:
6112:
5759:
5757:
4899:Economic Community of Central African States
977:States that have withdrawn or been suspended
42:
8953:International organizations based in Africa
8821:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
7506:. IMISCOE Research Series. pp. 19–34.
7501:
5291:
8520:
8513:
8499:
8460:ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development
8018:
8004:
7816:
7802:
7418:
7334:"Common West Africa currency: ECO in 2015"
6725:ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development
6241:
5521:. Moroccan Institute for Policy Analysis.
4915:Intergovernmental Authority on Development
4457:Greater economic competitiveness, through
2712:
2698:
958:-speaking, five English-speaking, and two
94:
8983:United Nations General Assembly observers
8928:Economic Community of West African States
8836:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
8766:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
8686:Economic Community of West African States
7272:
7262:
7245:Alinsato, Alastaire Sèna (January 2022).
6527:
6187:
6148:
6109:
6079:
6077:
5754:
5383:
2043:ECOWAS includes two sub-regional blocks:
886:was agreed and signed on 24 July 1993 in
833:Economic Community of West African States
36:Economic Community of West African States
18:Economic Community of West African States
8776:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
7473:"Benefits | ECOWAS Brown Card Insurance"
7244:
7071:
7069:
6386:Regional Agency For Agriculture And Food
4348:
2599:New Partnership for Africa's Development
2049:West African Economic and Monetary Union
1880:
893:ECOWAS's fundamental principles rely on
843:in French and Portuguese) is a regional
8631:Collective Security Treaty Organization
7824:Regional economic communities in Africa
7366:. Africa Development Bank Group. 2011.
6778:
6776:
6406:Forson, Joseph Ato (2 September 2019).
6282:
5431:
5282:
4225:
3802:
2400:Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
2307:Rural Econ., Agri., Resources, Environ.
1881:
1843:
1793:
1743:
1693:
1547:
1497:
1447:
1349:
1299:
1249:
1153:
1024:is not restored to office, causing the
14:
8920:
8841:Southern African Development Community
8736:Latin American Integration Association
8541:Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization
7719:
7483:from the original on 28 September 2023
7045:
6466:
6405:
6074:
6019:
5681:from the original on 17 September 2021
5556:from the original on 25 September 2020
5543:
5525:from the original on 20 September 2020
5379:
5377:
5308:. AFP. 20 January 2017. Archived from
4920:Southern African Development Community
4477:The co-ordination of sectoral policies
4382:) is an organisation of eight, mainly
3047:13 September 1977 – 30 September 1979
2359:Committee on Audit and Public Accounts
1008:was suspended from ECOWAS following a
8907:Regionalism (international relations)
8791:Organization of Ibero-American States
8626:Central European Free Trade Agreement
8494:
7999:
7894:Southern African Customs Union (SACU)
7797:
7762:from the original on 18 November 2023
7732:from the original on 28 November 2023
7720:Report, Africa Hotel (1 April 2023).
7453:from the original on 28 November 2023
7240:
7238:
7205:European Council on Foreign Relations
7163:
7161:
7136:
7132:
7130:
7115:from the original on 16 December 2010
7066:
6908:The Journal of Modern African Studies
6905:
6887:from the original on 21 February 2022
6871:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6794:from the original on 22 December 2020
6359:from the original on 27 November 2023
6329:from the original on 21 February 2022
6237:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6214:from the original on 22 December 2016
6175:from the original on 24 December 2016
6097:from the original on 10 November 2013
6020:Yekeen, Akinwale (24 February 2024).
5988:
5880:from the original on 28 November 2023
5864:
5862:
5860:
5775:from the original on 15 December 2023
5699:
5256:
5254:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5064:from the original on 16 December 2023
3070:30 September 1979 – 31 December 1980
2449:Economic, Social and Cultural Council
8948:International economic organizations
8902:Regional organizations by population
7917:Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA)
7212:from the original on 12 January 2021
7046:Bensah, Emmanuel K. (24 July 2013).
6966:from the original on 14 January 2024
6850:from the original on 7 December 2020
6824:from the original on 1 November 2020
6773:
6731:from the original on 3 February 2022
6509:from the original on 19 October 2023
6136:from the original on 21 January 2017
5970:from the original on 28 January 2024
5940:from the original on 28 January 2024
5910:from the original on 28 January 2024
5742:from the original on 28 January 2022
5712:from the original on 10 January 2022
5622:from the original on 5 February 2023
5408:from the original on 30 January 2024
5197:from the original on 31 October 2023
5150:from the original on 20 October 2023
5094:from the original on 11 October 2023
4644:. The six member states of WAMZ are
4480:The harmonisation of fiscal policies
4244:
3570:17 February 2012 – 17 February 2013
3547:18 February 2010 – 17 February 2012
3537:19 December 2008 – 18 February 2010
2489:Edu., Culture, & Human Resources
2327:Transport, Industry, Communication,
1016:was suspended from ECOWAS after the
8621:Central American Integration System
7842:Organization of African Unity (OAU)
7672:
7556:ECOWAS Regional Tourism Action Plan
7167:
6701:from the original on 11 August 2023
5841:. 16 September 2023. Archived from
5387:Historical Dictionary of Mauritania
5374:
4866:African Continental Free Trade Area
4503:forms and compensation mechanisms.
3514:19 January 2007 – 19 December 2008
3445:21 December 2001 – 31 January 2003
2846:1 February 2002 – 31 December 2006
2354:Rules, Privileges, & Discipline
2344:Gender, Family, Youth, Disabilities
2063:. The currency they all use is the
1889:Statistics for population, nominal
429:• President of the Commission
24:
8856:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat
8636:Commonwealth of Independent States
7681:from the original on 2 August 2023
7673:Limited, Daniel Inaju-Challydoff.
7400:from the original on 5 August 2020
7370:from the original on 20 March 2012
7235:
7180:from the original on 5 August 2023
7158:
7147:from the original on 5 August 2023
7127:
6862:
6671:from the original on 2 August 2023
6566:
6548:from the original on 3 August 2023
6528:Avi-Yonah, Shera (4 August 2023).
6479:from the original on 6 August 2023
6467:Ndiaga, Thiam (20 February 2023).
6448:from the original on 6 August 2023
6226:
6198:"Gross domestic product 2015, PPP"
6058:. 25 February 2024. Archived from
5857:
5544:Okanla, Karim (15 February 2019).
5251:
5209:
5088:United States Trade Representative
4884:– motor insurance scheme of ECOWAS
3491:19 January 2005 – 19 January 2007
3468:31 January 2003 – 19 January 2005
2856:1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010
2417:Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
2040:Financing in West Africa (GIABA).
1903:United Nations Statistics Division
191:
25:
8994:
8963:Organizations established in 1975
8826:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
8691:Economic Cooperation Organization
8576:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
8470:ECOWAS Community Court of Justice
8229:Executive Secretaries (1975–2006)
7959:West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ)
7778:
7390:"WAMZ gets US$ 7.8 million grant"
7344:from the original on 11 June 2013
7027:from the original on 7 March 2017
6641:from the original on 30 July 2023
6609:from the original on 30 July 2023
6579:from the original on 30 July 2023
6418:from the original on 30 July 2023
5989:Onuah, Felix (24 February 2024).
5815:from the original on 30 July 2023
5034:from the original on 18 June 2023
5007:from the original on 14 June 2016
4980:from the original on 8 March 2022
3024:29 July 1975 – 13 September 1977
2823:September 1997 – 31 January 2002
2339:Educ., Culture, Tourism, & HR
2317:Trade, Customs, & Immigration
910:Free Movement of Persons Protocol
8666:Council of the Baltic Sea States
7847:African Economic Community (AEC)
7054:from the original on 3 July 2014
5586:from the original on 6 June 2021
5550:D+C, Development and Cooperation
5025:
4998:
4971:
4783:
4769:
4755:
4741:
4727:
4713:
4615:
4601:
4587:
4573:
4559:
4545:
4531:
4517:
4390:. It was established to promote
4249:
4074:
4056:
4038:
4020:
4002:
3984:
3966:
3948:
3930:
3912:
3894:
3876:
3858:
3840:
3822:
3765:
3742:
3719:
3696:
3673:
3650:
3627:
3604:
3581:
3558:
3525:
3502:
3479:
3456:
3433:
3410:
3387:
3354:
3331:
3308:
3285:
3262:
3239:
3216:
3183:
3150:
3127:
3104:
3081:
3058:
3035:
3012:
2989:
2946:
2923:
2900:
2877:
2866:18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012
2834:
2801:
2768:
2745:
2454:Specialised Technical Committees
2110:
1897:GDP listed below are taken from
1801:
1751:
1701:
1651:
1603:
1555:
1505:
1455:
1405:
1357:
1307:
1257:
1207:
1161:
1111:
973:market of states within ECOWAS.
949:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
711:
698:
685:
672:
659:
646:
633:
385:
372:
359:
346:
332:
318:
305:
292:
279:
265:
252:
239:
226:
212:
199:
80:
8866:Union of South American Nations
8786:Organization of American States
8586:Association of Caribbean States
7744:
7713:
7666:
7654:from the original on 4 May 2021
7636:
7615:
7594:
7570:
7549:
7528:
7495:
7465:
7435:
7412:
7382:
7356:
7326:
7317:
7308:
7281:
7224:
7192:
7097:
7039:
7009:
6977:
6950:
6899:
6836:
6806:
6743:
6713:
6683:
6653:
6621:
6591:
6560:
6521:
6491:
6460:
6430:
6399:
6371:
6341:
6311:
6276:
6044:
6013:
5982:
5952:
5922:
5892:
5827:
5787:
5724:
5700:AHMED, BABA (10 January 2022).
5693:
5660:
5568:
5537:
5510:
5484:
5466:
5349:
5324:
4706:
4697:West African Monetary Institute
4394:among countries that share the
3593:17 February 2013 – 19 May 2015
2964:
2469:Trade, Customs, and Immigration
2322:Cooperation, IR, & Conflict
8651:Community of Democratic Choice
7017:"About Us – ECOWAS Parliament"
5183:
5132:
5106:
5076:
5046:
5019:
4992:
4965:
4939:
4323:You may also add the template
4129:Sporting and cultural exchange
4115:European Court of Human Rights
3784:Regional security co-operation
1975:Covering a region known as a "
13:
1:
8933:1975 establishments in Africa
8861:Organization of Turkic States
8616:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
6159:"Gross domestic product 2015"
5657:, retrieved September 9, 2021
5494:. 7 June 2017. Archived from
4932:
4510:
4207:West African University Games
4157:African Traditional Wrestling
4119:East African Court of Justice
2604:African Peer Review Mechanism
2143:Organisation of African Unity
2103:Politics of the African Union
890:, the largest city in Benin.
858:Considered one of the pillar
8958:Organizations based in Abuja
8726:Indian Ocean Rim Association
8701:European Political Community
8581:Assembly of European Regions
7933:East African Community (EAC)
7648:trade4devnews.enhancedif.org
7632:trade4devnews.enhancedif.org
6246:. CODESRIA. pp. 11–26.
4822:
4765:(Joined on 16 February 2010)
3685:31 July 2018 – 29 June 2019
2334:Health, Labour, & Social
2329:Energy, Science, & Tech.
2025:
788:West African Unit of Account
7:
7512:10.1007/978-3-030-97322-3_2
6634:Radio France Internationale
5443:10.1007/978-3-030-34296-8_6
5384:Pazzanita, Anthony (2008).
5144:investmentpolicy.unctad.org
4875:
4241:Economic and monetary union
3708:29 June 2019 – 2 June 2020
3662:4 June 2017 – 31 July 2018
3366:27 July 1996 – 8 June 1998
3001:28 May 1975 – 29 July 1975
2935:1 March 2018 – 3 July 2022
2912:4 June 2016 – 1 March 2018
2889:1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
10:
8999:
8751:Melanesian Spearhead Group
8025:
7143:, Ecowas Commission 2010,
4853:pandemics such as COVID-19
4836:
4826:
4672:, Guinea opted out of the
4633:
4630:West African Monetary Zone
4287:Machine translation, like
4234:
4105:
4102:Community Court of Justice
4093:Expanded ECOWAS Commission
3787:
3754:3 July 2022 – 9 July 2023
3731:2 June 2020 – 3 July 2022
3639:4 June 2016 – 4 June 2017
3616:19 May 2015 – 4 June 2016
2444:Peace and Security Council
2385:Constitutive Act of the AU
2148:African Economic Community
2080:West African Monetary Zone
2030:
1927:African Economic Community
1908:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1152:
1147:
1142:
864:African Economic Community
607:$ 816.4 billion 2019 (
541:68.3/km (176.9/sq mi)
8889:
8741:Latin American Parliament
8561:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
8528:
8432:
8412:
8371:
8320:
8313:
8270:Presidents (2007–present)
8269:
8228:
8219:
8040:
8033:
7972:
7946:
7925:
7902:
7881:
7855:
7829:
7264:10.3390/economies10010022
6920:10.1017/S0022278X0000046X
5030:. futures.issafrica.org.
4264:the corresponding article
3523:
3352:
3181:
3148:
2832:
2799:
2766:
2479:Transport, Comm., Tourism
2153:African Unification Front
1849:
1799:
1749:
1699:
1649:
1601:
1553:
1503:
1453:
1403:
1355:
1305:
1255:
1205:
1159:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1061:
810:
797:
625:
615:
601:
587:
577:
563:
545:
535:
521:
516:
502:
497:
493:
483:
470:
466:
458:
454:
445:Speaker of the Parliament
441:
427:
410:
406:
401:
184:
162:
117:
93:
77:
34:
8816:Polynesian Leaders Group
8731:Liptako–Gourma Authority
8721:Gulf Cooperation Council
7912:Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)
7504:Migration in West Africa
5649:8 September 2021 at the
5233:Refugee Survey Quarterly
5191:"Fundamental Principles"
4926:Alliance of Sahel States
4212:
3422:1999 – 21 December 2001
2740:Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara
2464:Monetary & Financial
2407:Justice and Human Rights
2312:Monetary & Financial
2008:free movement of persons
2002:under proposed currency
1985:coup d'état in July 2023
1936:ECOWAS also serves as a
1031:Alliance of Sahel States
919:ECOWAS also serves as a
851:of fifteen countries of
569:US$ 1.483 trillion (
8696:Eurasian Economic Union
8641:Commonwealth of Nations
7540:24 October 2009 at the
7535:Proposed Ecowas railway
4468:policies and indicators
4334:For more guidance, see
4182:and then from Lagos to
2594:African Investment Bank
2228:Rural Econ. & Agri.
2138:Union of African States
1895:purchasing power parity
485:• Treaty Revision
8681:East African Community
8571:Asia-Europe Foundation
8522:Regional organizations
6751:"CCJ Official Website"
6285:African Studies Review
4894:East African Community
4806:In December 2000, the
4555:(Joined on 2 May 1997)
4486:common external tariff
4375:
4209:(WAUG), among others.
3777:9 July 2023 – Present
3205:27 August 1985 – 1989
3195:1985 – 27 August 1985
2958:3 July 2022 – present
2872:Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo
2671:TerrAfrica partnership
2589:African Monetary Union
2270:Pan-African Parliament
1925:of the continent-wide
966:which joined in 1977.
862:of the continent-wide
782:West African CFA franc
111: Suspended states
58:
43:
8851:Three Seas Initiative
8806:Pacific Islands Forum
8606:British–Irish Council
7559:westafricatourism.com
7168:GNA (27 April 2023).
7023:. 17 September 2016.
6252:10.2307/j.ctvk8w0dp.6
5653:, September 9, 2021,
5285:Jane's Defence Weekly
4689:exchange rate is tied
4352:
4336:Knowledge:Translation
4307:copyright attribution
3622:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
3053:Léopold Sédar Senghor
2895:Marcel Alain de Souza
2484:Health, Labor, Social
2279:Fortune Z. Charumbira
2218:HR, Sci., & Tech.
2193:Conference and Events
1951:Guinea-Bissau in 2012
1057:ECOWAS member states
8973:Supranational unions
8897:Regional integration
8881:Western Balkans Quad
7111:. 18 November 2010.
6755:prod.courtecowas.org
6379:"ECOWAS VISION 2020"
6353:www.wilsoncenter.org
6207:. 16 December 2016.
6168:. 16 December 2016.
6129:. 16 December 2016.
5845:on 17 September 2023
5394:. pp. 177–178.
4910:ECOWAS Peace Pageant
4497:trade liberalisation
4392:economic integration
4226:Economic integration
3803:Community Parliament
3794:ECOWAS Standby Force
3737:Umaro Sissoco Embaló
3372:Abdulsalami Abubakar
3343:1994 – 27 July 1996
2757:January 1977 – 1985
2727:Executive Secretary
2639:African Space Agency
2623:Decentralised bodies
2584:African Central Bank
2349:Justice & Rights
2302:Permanent Committees
1036:On 28 January 2024,
995:within nine months.
993:second military coup
876:economic development
718:Sierra Leonean leone
523:• 2019 estimate
8876:West Nordic Council
7583:3 June 2020 at the
7093:on 30 October 2008.
7050:. Modernghana.com.
6761:on 26 November 2020
6062:on 26 February 2024
6032:on 25 February 2024
6001:on 24 February 2024
5738:. 28 January 2022.
5312:on 28 November 2020
4501:customs declaration
4464:The convergence of
4369: ECOWAS only (
3520:Umaru Musa Yar'Adua
3376:9 June 1998 – 1999
2852:Mohamed Ibn Chambas
2829:Mohamed Ibn Chambas
2208:Infra. & Energy
1943:Ivory Coast in 2003
1058:
914:Ecotour Action Plan
901:, and economic and
640:Cape Verdean escudo
147:9.04194°N 7.52500°E
143: /
104: Member states
7705:has generic name (
7627:4 May 2021 at the
7606:4 May 2021 at the
7564:4 May 2021 at the
7545:railwaysafrica.com
7429:10.23661/dp11.2019
7295:on 2 February 2009
7208:. 9 October 2020.
7105:"Miss ECOWAS 2010"
6697:. 11 August 2023.
6695:Al Arabiya English
5245:10.1093/rsq/hdq032
5118:www.britannica.com
4953:on 17 October 2015
4471:The creation of a
4388:French West Africa
4376:
4315:interlanguage link
3691:Mahamadou Issoufou
3405:Alpha Oumar Konaré
3382:Gnassingbé Eyadéma
3076:Gnassingbé Eyadéma
3007:Gnassingbé Eyadéma
2862:James Victor Gbeho
2629:Agencies of the AU
2459:Rural Econ., Agri.
2223:Trade and Industry
2061:French West Africa
1959:The Gambia in 2017
1092:(millions intl.$ )
1056:
559:2015 estimate
450:Moustapha Cissé Lô
164:Official languages
8915:
8914:
8811:Paneuropean Union
8671:Council of Europe
8488:
8487:
8465:ECOWAS Parliament
8428:
8427:
8309:
8308:
8305:
8304:
7993:
7992:
7521:978-3-030-99238-5
7477:www.browncard.org
7447:archive.uneca.org
7174:Ghana News Agency
6573:www.aljazeera.com
6567:Durmaz, Mucahid.
6503:www.aljazeera.com
6444:. 6 August 2023.
6261:978-2-86978-496-3
6120:"Population 2015"
5771:. 1 August 2023.
5452:978-3-030-34295-1
5401:978-0-8108-6265-4
4905:Economy of Africa
4882:Brown card system
4793:(Founding Member)
4779:(Founding Member)
4751:(Founding Member)
4737:(Founding Member)
4723:(Founding Member)
4625:(Founding Member)
4611:(Founding Member)
4597:(Founding Member)
4583:(Founding Member)
4569:(Founding Member)
4541:(Founding Member)
4527:(Founding Member)
4436:Portuguese colony
4430:. On 2 May 1997,
4347:
4346:
4276:
4272:
4143:2012 ECOWAS Games
4090:
4089:
3816:Parliament Seats
3781:
3780:
3553:Alassane Ouattara
3543:Goodluck Jonathan
3201:Ibrahim Babangida
3145:Ahmed Sékou Touré
3030:Olusegun Obasanjo
2962:
2961:
2738:Inaugural holder
2722:
2721:
2666:Foreign relations
2395:Charter on Rights
2380:Sirte Declaration
2245:Executive Council
2012:industrialization
1887:
1886:
829:
828:
617:• Per capita
579:• Per capita
527:387 million (
421:Bola Ahmed Tinubu
16:(Redirected from
8990:
8801:Pacific Alliance
8515:
8508:
8501:
8492:
8491:
8480:UEMOA Tournament
8318:
8317:
8226:
8225:
8038:
8037:
8020:
8013:
8006:
7997:
7996:
7818:
7811:
7804:
7795:
7794:
7790:
7789:
7787:Official website
7772:
7771:
7769:
7767:
7756:TradeMark Africa
7748:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7737:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7704:
7700:
7698:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7670:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7659:
7640:
7634:
7619:
7613:
7598:
7592:
7574:
7568:
7553:
7547:
7532:
7526:
7525:
7499:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7488:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7421:Discussion Paper
7416:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7394:Accra Daily Mail
7386:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7330:
7324:
7321:
7315:
7312:
7306:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7291:. Archived from
7285:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7266:
7242:
7233:
7232:
7228:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7217:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7165:
7156:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7134:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7086:. Archived from
7085:
7073:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7021:ecowasparliament
7013:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6996:
6989:
6981:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6873:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6844:"Welcome !"
6840:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6780:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6757:. Archived from
6747:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6667:. 30 July 2023.
6657:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6637:. 30 July 2023.
6625:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6595:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6584:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6412:The Conversation
6403:
6397:
6396:
6395:on 30 June 2022.
6394:
6388:. Archived from
6383:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6239:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6213:
6202:
6194:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6174:
6163:
6155:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6135:
6124:
6116:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6096:
6089:
6081:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6028:. Archived from
6017:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:
5997:. Archived from
5986:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5866:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5800:Associated Press
5791:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5761:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5672:
5664:
5658:
5641:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5613:
5605:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5480:on 6 March 2019.
5470:
5464:
5463:
5429:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5381:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5298:
5289:
5288:
5280:
5271:
5270:
5258:
5249:
5248:
5228:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5174:
5169:
5167:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5120:. 26 August 2024
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4949:. Archived from
4943:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4442:) member state.
4368:
4362:
4356:
4326:
4320:
4293:Google Translate
4274:
4270:
4253:
4252:
4245:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4008:
4006:
4005:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3810:
3809:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3668:Muhammadu Buhari
3656:
3654:
3653:
3645:Faure Gnassingbé
3633:
3631:
3630:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3178:Muhammadu Buhari
3156:
3154:
3153:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3018:
3016:
3015:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2969:
2968:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2918:Jean-Claude Brou
2906:
2904:
2903:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2796:Édouard Benjamin
2774:
2772:
2771:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2724:
2723:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2503:Financial bodies
2412:Court of Justice
2198:Peace & Sec.
2133:Casablanca Group
2114:
2098:
2097:
1992:sovereign states
1931:self-sufficiency
1883:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1845:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1695:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1499:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1351:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1251:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1155:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1069:
1059:
1055:
1026:Nigerien crisis.
1018:2023 coup d'état
981:Arabic-speaking
872:living standards
868:self-sufficiency
839:; also known as
824:
821:
819:
806:
778:
777:
771:
770:
764:
763:
757:
756:
750:
749:
743:
742:
736:
735:
729:
728:
716:
715:
703:
702:
690:
689:
677:
676:
664:
663:
651:
650:
638:
637:
594:
556:
437:
423:
391:
389:
388:
378:
376:
375:
365:
363:
362:
352:
350:
349:
338:
336:
335:
324:
322:
321:
311:
309:
308:
298:
296:
295:
285:
283:
282:
271:
269:
268:
258:
256:
255:
245:
243:
242:
232:
230:
229:
218:
216:
215:
205:
203:
202:
158:
157:
155:
154:
153:
152:9.04194; 7.52500
148:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
128:
112:
110:
105:
103:
98:
84:
69:
61:
54:
46:
32:
31:
21:
8998:
8997:
8993:
8992:
8991:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8918:
8917:
8916:
8911:
8885:
8746:Lublin Triangle
8524:
8519:
8489:
8484:
8424:
8408:
8367:
8301:
8265:
8221:
8215:
8191:Johnson Sirleaf
8029:
8024:
7994:
7989:
7968:
7942:
7921:
7898:
7877:
7851:
7825:
7822:
7785:
7784:
7781:
7776:
7775:
7765:
7763:
7750:
7749:
7745:
7735:
7733:
7718:
7714:
7702:
7701:
7692:
7691:
7684:
7682:
7671:
7667:
7657:
7655:
7642:
7641:
7637:
7629:Wayback Machine
7620:
7616:
7608:Wayback Machine
7599:
7595:
7585:Wayback Machine
7575:
7571:
7566:Wayback Machine
7554:
7550:
7542:Wayback Machine
7533:
7529:
7522:
7500:
7496:
7486:
7484:
7471:
7470:
7466:
7456:
7454:
7441:
7440:
7436:
7417:
7413:
7403:
7401:
7388:
7387:
7383:
7373:
7371:
7362:
7361:
7357:
7347:
7345:
7338:MC Modern Ghana
7332:
7331:
7327:
7322:
7318:
7313:
7309:
7298:
7296:
7287:
7286:
7282:
7243:
7236:
7229:
7225:
7215:
7213:
7198:
7197:
7193:
7183:
7181:
7166:
7159:
7150:
7148:
7135:
7128:
7118:
7116:
7103:
7102:
7098:
7090:
7083:
7077:"ECOWAS (2007)
7075:
7074:
7067:
7057:
7055:
7044:
7040:
7030:
7028:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7000:
6998:
6997:on 26 June 2011
6994:
6987:
6983:
6982:
6978:
6969:
6967:
6956:
6955:
6951:
6904:
6900:
6890:
6888:
6875:
6874:
6863:
6853:
6851:
6842:
6841:
6837:
6827:
6825:
6818:www.wahooas.org
6812:
6811:
6807:
6797:
6795:
6782:
6781:
6774:
6764:
6762:
6749:
6748:
6744:
6734:
6732:
6719:
6718:
6714:
6704:
6702:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6674:
6672:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6644:
6642:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6612:
6610:
6605:. 18 May 2023.
6597:
6596:
6592:
6582:
6580:
6565:
6561:
6551:
6549:
6534:Washington Post
6526:
6522:
6512:
6510:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6482:
6480:
6465:
6461:
6451:
6449:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6421:
6419:
6404:
6400:
6392:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6362:
6360:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6332:
6330:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6281:
6277:
6262:
6240:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6200:
6196:
6195:
6188:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6149:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6110:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6075:
6065:
6063:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6035:
6033:
6018:
6014:
6004:
6002:
5987:
5983:
5973:
5971:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5943:
5941:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5913:
5911:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5883:
5881:
5868:
5867:
5858:
5848:
5846:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5818:
5816:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5778:
5776:
5763:
5762:
5755:
5745:
5743:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5715:
5713:
5698:
5694:
5684:
5682:
5665:
5661:
5651:Wayback Machine
5642:
5635:
5625:
5623:
5606:
5599:
5589:
5587:
5582:. 31 May 2021.
5574:
5573:
5569:
5559:
5557:
5546:"Like a magnet"
5542:
5538:
5528:
5526:
5515:
5511:
5501:
5499:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5453:
5430:
5421:
5411:
5409:
5402:
5392:Scarecrow Press
5382:
5375:
5365:
5363:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5340:
5338:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5315:
5313:
5300:
5299:
5292:
5281:
5274:
5260:
5259:
5252:
5229:
5210:
5200:
5198:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5172:
5170:
5161:
5160:
5153:
5151:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5067:
5065:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5037:
5035:
5024:
5020:
5010:
5008:
4997:
4993:
4983:
4981:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4954:
4947:"African Union"
4945:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4878:
4849:Guinean Forests
4839:
4831:
4825:
4808:ECOWAS passport
4800:
4784:
4782:
4770:
4768:
4756:
4754:
4742:
4740:
4728:
4726:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4693:French Treasury
4638:
4632:
4616:
4614:
4602:
4600:
4588:
4586:
4574:
4572:
4560:
4558:
4546:
4544:
4532:
4530:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4374:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4324:
4318:
4277:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4233:
4228:
4215:
4131:
4110:
4104:
4095:
4075:
4073:
4057:
4055:
4039:
4037:
4021:
4019:
4003:
4001:
3985:
3983:
3967:
3965:
3949:
3947:
3931:
3929:
3913:
3911:
3895:
3893:
3877:
3875:
3859:
3857:
3841:
3839:
3823:
3821:
3805:
3796:
3786:
3766:
3764:
3743:
3741:
3720:
3718:
3714:Nana Akufo-Addo
3697:
3695:
3674:
3672:
3651:
3649:
3628:
3626:
3605:
3603:
3582:
3580:
3559:
3557:
3526:
3524:
3503:
3501:
3497:Blaise Compaoré
3480:
3478:
3457:
3455:
3434:
3432:
3411:
3409:
3388:
3386:
3355:
3353:
3332:
3330:
3309:
3307:
3303:Nicéphore Soglo
3286:
3284:
3263:
3261:
3240:
3238:
3234:Blaise Compaoré
3217:
3215:
3184:
3182:
3151:
3149:
3128:
3126:
3122:Mathieu Kérékou
3105:
3103:
3082:
3080:
3059:
3057:
3036:
3034:
3013:
3011:
2990:
2988:
2967:
2947:
2945:
2924:
2922:
2901:
2899:
2878:
2876:
2835:
2833:
2819:Lansana Kouyaté
2802:
2800:
2769:
2767:
2746:
2744:
2718:
2689:
2685:Other countries
2676:
2675:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2439:
2438:Advisory bodies
2431:
2430:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2328:
2295:List of members
2265:
2257:
2256:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2128:
2105:
2096:
2033:
2028:
2020:sovereign state
1947:Liberia in 2003
1919:Treaty of Lagos
1911:
1802:
1800:
1752:
1750:
1702:
1700:
1652:
1650:
1604:
1602:
1556:
1554:
1506:
1504:
1456:
1454:
1406:
1404:
1358:
1356:
1308:
1306:
1258:
1256:
1208:
1206:
1162:
1160:
1112:
1110:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1066:
979:
952:
925:military forces
880:Treaty of Lagos
825:
816:
815:
801:
793:
772:
765:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
710:
697:
692:Liberian dollar
684:
671:
658:
645:
632:
618:
604:
592:
580:
566:
550:
538:
524:
505:
486:
476:
474:Treaty of Lagos
447:
433:
430:
419:
416:
397:
386:
384:
373:
371:
360:
358:
347:
345:
333:
331:
319:
317:
306:
304:
293:
291:
280:
278:
266:
264:
253:
251:
240:
238:
227:
225:
213:
211:
200:
198:
195:
194:
180:
151:
149:
145:
142:
137:
134:
132:
130:
129:
123:
113:
108:
107:
106:
101:
100:
89:
88:
85:
73:
72:
63:
48:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8996:
8986:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8943:Customs unions
8940:
8935:
8930:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8893:
8891:
8887:
8886:
8884:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8871:Visegrád Group
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8761:Nordic Council
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8706:European Union
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8611:Bucharest Nine
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8551:Arctic Council
8548:
8543:
8538:
8532:
8530:
8526:
8525:
8518:
8517:
8510:
8503:
8495:
8486:
8485:
8483:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8436:
8434:
8430:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8422:
8416:
8414:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8375:
8373:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8324:
8322:
8315:
8311:
8310:
8307:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8300:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8273:
8271:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8232:
8230:
8223:
8222:the Commission
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8044:
8042:
8035:
8031:
8030:
8023:
8022:
8015:
8008:
8000:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7987:
7982:
7976:
7974:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7950:
7948:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7935:
7929:
7927:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7914:
7908:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7891:
7885:
7883:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7859:
7857:
7856:Inter-regional
7853:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7833:
7831:
7827:
7826:
7821:
7820:
7813:
7806:
7798:
7792:
7791:
7780:
7779:External links
7777:
7774:
7773:
7743:
7712:
7665:
7635:
7614:
7593:
7589:www.ecowas.int
7577:ECOWAS ECOTOUR
7569:
7548:
7527:
7520:
7494:
7464:
7434:
7411:
7381:
7355:
7325:
7316:
7307:
7280:
7234:
7223:
7191:
7157:
7126:
7096:
7065:
7038:
7008:
6976:
6949:
6914:(2): 233–250.
6898:
6861:
6835:
6805:
6772:
6742:
6712:
6682:
6652:
6620:
6590:
6559:
6520:
6490:
6459:
6429:
6398:
6370:
6340:
6310:
6297:10.2307/523653
6275:
6260:
6225:
6186:
6147:
6108:
6073:
6043:
6012:
5981:
5951:
5921:
5891:
5856:
5826:
5786:
5753:
5723:
5692:
5659:
5633:
5597:
5567:
5536:
5509:
5498:on 8 June 2017
5483:
5465:
5451:
5419:
5400:
5373:
5348:
5323:
5290:
5272:
5250:
5239:(3): 120–144.
5208:
5182:
5131:
5105:
5075:
5058:Worlddata.info
5045:
5018:
5003:. World Bank.
4991:
4976:. World Bank.
4964:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4891:
4885:
4877:
4874:
4838:
4835:
4827:Main article:
4824:
4821:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4780:
4766:
4752:
4738:
4724:
4708:
4705:
4682:Central Africa
4636:Eco (currency)
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4612:
4598:
4584:
4570:
4556:
4542:
4528:
4512:
4509:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4469:
4466:macro-economic
4462:
4451:currency union
4365:
4359:
4353:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4332:
4321:
4299:
4296:
4285:
4278:
4271:(October 2023)
4259:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4248:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4214:
4211:
4167:(Senegal) and
4150:beauty pageant
4130:
4127:
4106:Main article:
4103:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4016:
4015:
4012:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3890:
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3886:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3854:
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3850:
3836:
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3832:
3818:
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3814:
3804:
3801:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3762:
3756:
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3739:
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3716:
3710:
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3693:
3687:
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3670:
3664:
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3647:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3476:
3474:Mamadou Tandja
3470:
3469:
3466:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3430:
3428:Abdoulaye Wade
3424:
3423:
3420:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3328:
3326:Jerry Rawlings
3322:
3321:
3318:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2943:
2937:
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2920:
2914:
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2910:
2897:
2891:
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2874:
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2864:
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2848:
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2831:
2825:
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2821:
2815:
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2811:
2798:
2792:
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2742:
2735:
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2720:
2719:
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2709:
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2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2654:Related topics
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
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2643:
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2641:
2636:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2618:
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2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
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2540:
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2528:
2523:
2518:
2505:
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2498:
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2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
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2446:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2422:List of judges
2414:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2365:
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2292:
2287:
2282:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2250:Rep. Committee
2242:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2076:
2057:currency union
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2018:into a single
2000:monetary union
1998:, implement a
1923:regional blocs
1910:
1907:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1086:
1083:(millions USD)
1077:
1070:
1063:
1022:Mohamed Bazoum
978:
975:
951:
948:
903:social justice
860:regional blocs
849:economic union
827:
826:
811:
808:
807:
799:
795:
794:
792:
791:
785:
779:
721:
708:
705:Nigerian naira
695:
682:
669:
666:Gambian dalasi
656:
643:
629:
627:
623:
622:
619:
616:
613:
612:
605:
602:
599:
598:
595:
585:
584:
581:
578:
575:
574:
567:
564:
561:
560:
557:
543:
542:
539:
537:• Density
536:
533:
532:
525:
522:
519:
518:
514:
513:
506:
503:
500:
499:
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
484:
481:
480:
477:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
460:
456:
455:
452:
451:
448:
442:
439:
438:
431:
428:
425:
424:
417:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
399:
398:
396:
395:
382:
369:
356:
343:
329:
315:
302:
289:
276:
262:
249:
236:
223:
209:
190:
189:
188:
186:
182:
181:
179:
178:
175:
172:
168:
166:
160:
159:
121:
115:
114:
99:
91:
90:
86:
79:
78:
75:
74:
71:
70:
55:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8995:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8938:African Union
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8925:
8923:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8894:
8892:
8888:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8676:Craiova Group
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8536:African Union
8534:
8533:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8516:
8511:
8509:
8504:
8502:
8497:
8496:
8493:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8435:
8431:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8411:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8370:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8338:Guinea-Bissau
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8319:
8316:
8314:Member states
8312:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8268:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8227:
8224:
8218:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8039:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8021:
8016:
8014:
8009:
8007:
8002:
8001:
7998:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7971:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7945:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7907:
7905:
7901:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7880:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7854:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7837:African Union
7835:
7834:
7832:
7828:
7819:
7814:
7812:
7807:
7805:
7800:
7799:
7796:
7788:
7783:
7782:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7747:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7716:
7708:
7696:
7680:
7676:
7669:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7639:
7633:
7630:
7626:
7623:
7618:
7612:
7609:
7605:
7602:
7597:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7573:
7567:
7563:
7560:
7557:
7552:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7531:
7523:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7498:
7482:
7479:(in French).
7478:
7474:
7468:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7438:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7415:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7385:
7369:
7365:
7359:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7329:
7320:
7311:
7294:
7290:
7284:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7241:
7239:
7227:
7211:
7207:
7206:
7201:
7195:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7164:
7162:
7146:
7142:
7141:
7133:
7131:
7114:
7110:
7109:The Economist
7106:
7100:
7089:
7082:
7080:
7072:
7070:
7053:
7049:
7042:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7012:
6993:
6986:
6980:
6965:
6961:
6960:
6953:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6902:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6849:
6845:
6839:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6809:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6777:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6716:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6656:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6630:
6624:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6563:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6463:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6433:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6402:
6391:
6387:
6380:
6374:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6279:
6271:
6270:j.ctvk8w0dp.6
6267:
6263:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6210:
6206:
6199:
6193:
6191:
6171:
6167:
6160:
6154:
6152:
6132:
6128:
6121:
6115:
6113:
6093:
6086:
6080:
6078:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6047:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6016:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5985:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5925:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5830:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5790:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5758:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5663:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5640:
5638:
5621:
5617:
5612:
5604:
5602:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5540:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5380:
5378:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5286:
5279:
5277:
5268:
5264:
5257:
5255:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5178:
5165:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5033:
5029:
5022:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4979:
4975:
4968:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4870:African Union
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4834:
4830:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4804:
4792:
4781:
4778:
4767:
4764:
4753:
4750:
4739:
4736:
4725:
4722:
4711:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4624:
4613:
4610:
4599:
4596:
4585:
4582:
4571:
4568:
4557:
4554:
4553:Guinea-Bissau
4543:
4540:
4529:
4526:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:common market
4470:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4447:customs union
4443:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4432:Guinea-Bissau
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4372:
4351:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4322:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4260:You can help
4256:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4223:
4219:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4099:
4085:
4083:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3938:Guinea-Bissau
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3885:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3776:
3774:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:Guinea-Bissau
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3534:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:Lansana Conté
3166:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3102:
3100:
3099:Siaka Stevens
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2957:
2955:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2543:ECOWAS/CEDEAO
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2508:AEC Pillars (
2507:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:Legal Counsel
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:customs union
2050:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:common market
1993:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1840:
1835:
1810:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1760:
1748:
1740:
1735:
1710:
1698:
1690:
1685:
1660:
1648:
1642:
1637:
1612:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1564:
1552:
1544:
1539:
1514:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1464:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1414:
1413:Guinea-Bissau
1402:
1396:
1391:
1366:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1316:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1266:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1216:
1204:
1195:
1170:
1158:
1150:
1145:
1120:
1108:
1080:GDP (nominal)
1060:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:military coup
1007:
1002:
1001:military coup
998:
994:
990:
986:
984:
974:
971:
967:
965:
961:
957:
950:Member states
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
823:
814:
809:
804:
800:
796:
789:
786:
783:
780:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
722:
719:
714:
709:
706:
701:
696:
693:
688:
683:
680:
679:Guinean franc
675:
670:
667:
662:
657:
654:
653:Ghanaian cedi
649:
644:
641:
636:
631:
630:
628:
624:
620:
614:
610:
606:
600:
596:
590:
586:
582:
576:
572:
568:
562:
558:
554:
548:
544:
540:
534:
530:
526:
520:
515:
511:
507:
501:
496:
492:
488:
482:
478:
475:
469:
465:
461:
459:Establishment
457:
453:
449:
446:
440:
436:
432:
426:
422:
418:
415:
409:
405:
400:
394:
383:
381:
370:
368:
357:
355:
344:
341:
330:
327:
316:
314:
303:
301:
290:
288:
287:Guinea-Bissau
277:
274:
263:
261:
250:
248:
237:
235:
224:
221:
210:
208:
197:
196:
193:
187:
185:Member states
183:
176:
173:
170:
169:
167:
165:
161:
156:
126:
122:
120:
116:
97:
92:
83:
76:
67:
60:
56:
52:
45:
41:
40:
33:
30:
19:
8566:Asia Council
8404:Sierra Leone
8333:Burkina Faso
8220:President of
8026:
7953:
7764:. Retrieved
7755:
7746:
7734:. Retrieved
7725:
7715:
7683:. Retrieved
7668:
7656:. Retrieved
7647:
7638:
7631:
7617:
7610:
7596:
7588:
7572:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7530:
7503:
7497:
7485:. Retrieved
7476:
7467:
7455:. Retrieved
7446:
7437:
7420:
7414:
7402:. Retrieved
7393:
7384:
7372:. Retrieved
7358:
7346:. Retrieved
7337:
7328:
7319:
7310:
7297:. Retrieved
7293:the original
7283:
7274:10419/257385
7254:
7250:
7226:
7214:. Retrieved
7203:
7194:
7182:. Retrieved
7173:
7149:, retrieved
7139:
7117:. Retrieved
7108:
7099:
7088:the original
7078:
7056:. Retrieved
7041:
7029:. Retrieved
7020:
7011:
6999:. Retrieved
6992:the original
6979:
6968:, retrieved
6958:
6952:
6911:
6907:
6901:
6889:. Retrieved
6880:
6852:. Retrieved
6838:
6826:. Retrieved
6817:
6808:
6796:. Retrieved
6787:
6763:. Retrieved
6759:the original
6754:
6745:
6733:. Retrieved
6724:
6715:
6703:. Retrieved
6694:
6685:
6673:. Retrieved
6664:
6655:
6643:. Retrieved
6632:
6623:
6611:. Retrieved
6602:
6593:
6581:. Retrieved
6572:
6562:
6550:. Retrieved
6533:
6523:
6511:. Retrieved
6502:
6493:
6481:. Retrieved
6472:
6462:
6450:. Retrieved
6441:
6432:
6420:. Retrieved
6411:
6401:
6390:the original
6385:
6373:
6361:. Retrieved
6352:
6343:
6331:. Retrieved
6322:
6313:
6291:(2): 63–87.
6288:
6284:
6278:
6243:
6216:. Retrieved
6177:. Retrieved
6138:. Retrieved
6099:. Retrieved
6064:. Retrieved
6060:the original
6055:
6046:
6034:. Retrieved
6030:the original
6025:
6015:
6003:. Retrieved
5999:the original
5994:
5984:
5972:. Retrieved
5963:
5954:
5942:. Retrieved
5933:
5924:
5912:. Retrieved
5903:
5894:
5882:. Retrieved
5873:
5847:. Retrieved
5843:the original
5838:
5829:
5817:. Retrieved
5798:
5789:
5777:. Retrieved
5768:
5744:. Retrieved
5735:
5726:
5714:. Retrieved
5705:
5695:
5685:17 September
5683:. Retrieved
5674:
5662:
5624:. Retrieved
5615:
5590:12 September
5588:. Retrieved
5579:
5570:
5558:. Retrieved
5549:
5539:
5527:. Retrieved
5512:
5500:. Retrieved
5496:the original
5486:
5478:the original
5468:
5434:
5412:23 September
5410:. Retrieved
5386:
5364:. Retrieved
5360:
5351:
5339:. Retrieved
5335:
5326:
5314:. Retrieved
5310:the original
5305:
5284:
5236:
5232:
5199:. Retrieved
5185:
5152:. Retrieved
5143:
5134:
5122:. Retrieved
5117:
5108:
5096:. Retrieved
5087:
5078:
5066:. Retrieved
5057:
5048:
5036:. Retrieved
5021:
5009:. Retrieved
4994:
4982:. Retrieved
4967:
4955:. Retrieved
4951:the original
4941:
4862:apart hotels
4858:
4840:
4832:
4817:
4813:
4805:
4801:
4791:Sierra Leone
4686:
4662:Sierra Leone
4639:
4539:Burkina Faso
4505:
4494:
4483:
4459:open markets
4444:
4408:Burkina Faso
4379:
4377:
4311:edit summary
4302:
4269:
4261:
4220:
4216:
4203:
4188:
4173:
4154:
4132:
4123:human rights
4111:
4108:ECOWAS Court
4096:
4064:Sierra Leone
3848:Burkina Faso
3806:
3797:
3510:Burkina Faso
3257:Dawda Jawara
3247:Burkina Faso
3211:Dawda Jawara
3112:Sierra Leone
2984:Yakubu Gowon
2972:Chairperson
2965:Chairpersons
2885:Burkina Faso
2776:Sierra Leone
2542:
2510:Abuja Treaty
2213:Soc. Affairs
2203:Pol. Affairs
2126:Institutions
2089:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2016:federalizing
2003:
1989:
1981:coups d'état
1974:
1965:
1963:
1955:Mali in 2013
1938:peacekeeping
1935:
1916:
1912:
1888:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1759:Sierra Leone
1169:Burkina Faso
1051:
1046:Burkina Faso
1035:
1006:Burkina Faso
987:
980:
968:
953:
936:Burkina Faso
929:
921:peacekeeping
918:
913:
909:
907:
899:human rights
892:
874:and promote
857:
840:
836:
832:
830:
812:
603:• Total
565:• Total
504:• Total
489:24 July 1993
380:Sierra Leone
342:(suspended)
328:(suspended)
275:(suspended)
222:(suspended)
220:Burkina Faso
119:Headquarters
29:
8978:Trade blocs
8771:Open Balkan
8546:Arab League
8450:ECOWAS rail
8413:ECOWAS only
8343:Ivory Coast
7830:Continental
7766:18 November
7736:27 November
7703:|last=
7685:18 November
7658:18 November
7611:apanews.net
7299:27 December
7119:10 December
7001:10 December
6891:21 February
6603:www.diis.dk
6363:25 November
6066:26 February
6036:25 February
6005:24 February
5884:27 November
5779:28 November
5626:9 September
5124:5 September
5068:16 December
4829:ECOWAS rail
4567:Ivory Coast
4445:UEMOA is a
4440:francophone
4434:, a former
4412:Ivory Coast
4384:francophone
4357: UEMOA
4161:Ouagadougou
4147:Miss CEDEAO
3956:Ivory Coast
3760:Bola Tinubu
3576:John Mahama
3566:Ivory Coast
3451:John Kufuor
3349:Sani Abacha
3280:Abdou Diouf
2941:Omar Touray
2931:Ivory Coast
2786:Abass Bundu
2763:Momodu Munu
2753:Ivory Coast
2661:Enlargement
2531:ECCAS/CEEAC
2290:Secretariat
2264:Legislature
2188:Chairperson
2176:Chairperson
2067:, which is
1966:Vision 2020
1463:Ivory Coast
1075:(thousands)
853:West Africa
479:28 May 1975
462:28 May 1975
435:Omar Touray
300:Ivory Coast
150: /
8922:Categories
8420:Cape Verde
8211:Akufo Addo
8196:Gnassingbé
8034:Leadership
7487:24 October
7457:24 October
7216:10 January
7031:2 February
6970:30 January
6881:ecowas.int
6854:16 October
6788:ecowas.int
6765:16 October
6735:3 February
6323:ecowas.int
6218:27 January
6205:World Bank
6179:27 January
6166:World Bank
6140:27 January
6127:World Bank
6101:27 January
5974:28 January
5964:Al Jazeera
5944:28 January
5914:28 January
5874:Al Jazeera
5849:29 January
5746:28 January
5716:10 January
5580:Al Jazeera
5361:Al Jazeera
5336:Al Jazeera
5316:27 January
5306:Yahoo News
5267:2232643790
5201:15 October
5193:. ECOWAS.
5173:|url=
5154:12 October
5098:12 October
4957:26 October
4933:References
4844:Ecotourism
4707:Membership
4670:Mauritania
4634:See also:
4511:Membership
4371:Cape Verde
4363: WAMZ
4235:See also:
4135:CEDEAO Cup
4125:breaches.
3866:Cape Verde
3788:See also:
3599:Macky Sall
3399:1999–1999
3320:1993–1994
3297:1992–1993
3274:1991–1992
3251:1990–1991
3228:1989–1990
3172:1984–1985
3162:1983–1984
3139:1982–1983
3116:1981–1982
3093:1980–1981
2978:In office
2813:1993–1997
2790:1989–1993
2780:1985–1989
2733:In office
2634:Africa CDC
2183:Commission
1899:World Bank
1443:Portuguese
1399:Suspended
1265:The Gambia
1245:Portuguese
1215:Cape Verde
1072:Population
983:Mauritania
964:Cape Verde
960:Portuguese
517:Population
234:Cape Verde
192:15 members
177:Portuguese
66:Portuguese
8440:CFA franc
8287:Ouédraogo
8093:Babangida
7257:(1): 22.
7251:Economies
6944:154306079
6928:0022-278X
6846:. GIABA.
6705:11 August
6542:0190-8286
6056:France 24
5769:The Point
5736:France 24
5474:"Afrique"
5461:216250685
4823:Transport
4703:, Ghana.
4699:based in
4674:CFA franc
4396:CFA franc
4329:talk page
4266:in French
4237:CFA franc
2374:Judiciary
2275:President
2165:Executive
2065:CFA franc
2026:Structure
2010:, enable
2004:the Sahel
1977:coup belt
1876:1,482,756
1855:5,114,162
1834:CFA franc
1734:CFA franc
1679:1,093,921
1645:Withdrew
1636:CFA franc
1616:1,267,000
1597:Withdrew
1588:CFA franc
1568:1,240,192
1488:CFA franc
1438:CFA franc
1201:Withdrew
1194:CFA franc
1144:CFA franc
1102:language
1097:Currency
1089:GDP (PPP)
930:In 2024,
845:political
798:Time zone
593:(nominal)
583:US$ 4,247
138:7°31′30″E
127:, Nigeria
8756:Mercosur
8433:See also
8292:de Souza
8251:Benjamin
8236:Ouattara
8206:Issoufou
8176:Ouattara
8171:Jonathan
8166:Yar'Adua
8161:Compaoré
8131:Abubakar
8121:Rawlings
8101:Compaoré
8053:Obasanjo
8041:Chairmen
7904:Northern
7882:Southern
7760:Archived
7730:Archived
7695:cite web
7679:Archived
7652:Archived
7625:Archived
7604:Archived
7581:Archived
7562:Archived
7538:Archived
7481:Archived
7451:Archived
7398:Archived
7396:. 2011.
7368:Archived
7342:Archived
7210:Archived
7184:5 August
7178:Archived
7151:5 August
7145:archived
7113:Archived
7058:8 August
7052:Archived
7025:Archived
6964:archived
6885:Archived
6848:Archived
6822:Archived
6792:Archived
6729:Archived
6699:Archived
6669:Archived
6665:BBC News
6639:Archived
6607:Archived
6577:Archived
6552:6 August
6546:Archived
6513:6 August
6507:Archived
6483:6 August
6477:Archived
6452:6 August
6446:Archived
6442:BBC News
6416:Archived
6357:Archived
6327:Archived
6209:Archived
6170:Archived
6131:Archived
6092:Archived
6026:TheCable
5968:Archived
5938:Archived
5934:ABC News
5908:Archived
5878:Archived
5813:Archived
5809:ABC News
5773:Archived
5740:Archived
5710:Archived
5679:Archived
5655:BBC News
5647:Archived
5620:Archived
5584:Archived
5560:10 April
5554:Archived
5529:23 March
5523:Archived
5406:Archived
5263:ProQuest
5195:Archived
5164:cite web
5148:Archived
5092:Archived
5062:Archived
5032:Archived
5011:8 August
5005:Archived
4984:8 August
4978:Archived
4890:(COMESA)
4876:See also
4305:provide
4199:Cameroon
4195:Ethiopia
4145:and the
4139:football
3813:Country
2975:Country
2730:Country
2233:Economic
2171:Assembly
2006:, allow
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805:-1 to +1
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414:Chairman
135:9°2′31″N
8475:ECOPOST
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8394:Liberia
8358:Senegal
8277:Chambas
8261:Chambas
8256:Kouyaté
8136:Eyadéma
8073:Kérékou
8068:Stevens
8063:Eyadéma
8058:Senghor
8048:Eyadéma
7973:Central
7947:Western
7926:Eastern
7579:(PDF).
7348:17 June
7081:ECOWAS"
6959:History
6828:27 July
6798:27 July
6675:30 July
6645:30 July
6613:30 July
6583:30 July
6473:Reuters
6422:30 July
6333:5 April
5995:Reuters
5839:Reuters
5819:31 July
5675:Reuters
5616:Reuters
5502:15 June
5175:value (
5038:18 June
4901:(ECCAS)
4837:Tourism
4777:Nigeria
4763:Liberia
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4658:Nigeria
4609:Senegal
4424:Senegal
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4309:in the
4268:.
4184:Abidjan
4046:Senegal
4028:Nigeria
3974:Liberia
3773:Nigeria
3681:Nigeria
3635:Liberia
3612:Senegal
3533:Nigeria
3441:Senegal
3362:Nigeria
3293:Senegal
3191:Nigeria
3066:Senegal
3043:Nigeria
2997:Nigeria
2577:AMU/UMA
2516:CEN-SAD
2071:to the
2031:Overall
1970:ECOPOST
1909:History
1869:623,491
1862:338,052
1789:English
1714:196,712
1709:Senegal
1689:English
1674:481,066
1669:211,400
1664:923,768
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1593:Various
1543:English
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1513:Liberia
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1370:245,857
1345:English
1335:115,409
1320:238,533
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1124:114,763
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8098:Jawara
8088:Buhari
8027:ECOWAS
7518:
6942:
6936:160849
6934:
6926:
6540:
6305:523653
6303:
6268:
6258:
5904:dw.com
5805:Niamey
5706:SFGATE
5459:
5449:
5398:
5366:5 July
5341:5 July
5265:
5171:Check
5026:Data.
4999:Data.
4972:Data.
4922:(SADC)
4788:
4774:
4760:
4749:Guinea
4746:
4732:
4721:Gambia
4718:
4654:Guinea
4646:Gambia
4620:
4606:
4592:
4578:
4564:
4550:
4536:
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4426:, and
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4169:Niamey
4141:, the
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3920:Guinea
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3884:Gambia
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3270:Gambia
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3224:Gambia
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3158:Guinea
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3040:
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2954:Gambia
2951:
2928:
2905:
2882:
2839:
2809:Guinea
2806:
2773:
2750:
2521:COMESA
2361:(CAPA)
2285:Bureau
2069:pegged
1957:, and
1850:Total
1839:French
1829:10,667
1814:56,785
1806:
1779:10,127
1764:72,300
1756:
1739:French
1729:36,625
1724:13,610
1719:15,129
1706:
1656:
1641:French
1631:19,013
1621:19,899
1608:
1583:35,695
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1460:
1418:36,125
1410:
1395:French
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1362:
1330:37,543
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1240:escudo
1212:
1189:30,708
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1044:, and
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841:CEDEAO
837:ECOWAS
790:(WAUA)
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273:Guinea
270:
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247:Gambia
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231:
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174:French
109:
102:
87:Emblem
62:
51:French
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8591:AUKUS
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8353:Niger
8328:Benin
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8282:Gbeho
8246:Bundu
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8111:Diouf
8083:Conté
8078:Touré
7404:7 May
7374:7 May
7091:(PDF)
7084:(PDF)
6995:(PDF)
6988:(PDF)
6940:S2CID
6932:JSTOR
6393:(PDF)
6382:(PDF)
6301:JSTOR
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6212:(PDF)
6201:(PDF)
6173:(PDF)
6162:(PDF)
6134:(PDF)
6123:(PDF)
6095:(PDF)
6088:(PDF)
5457:S2CID
4735:Ghana
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4650:Ghana
4595:Niger
4525:Benin
4420:Niger
4404:Benin
4400:Dakar
4289:DeepL
4213:Youth
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3902:Ghana
3830:Benin
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3589:Ghana
3487:Niger
3464:Ghana
3339:Ghana
3316:Benin
3135:Benin
2908:Benin
2842:Ghana
2548:UEMOA
2536:CEMAC
1824:4,088
1819:7,305
1784:leone
1774:4,215
1769:6,453
1684:naira
1626:7,143
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1533:3,762
1528:2,053
1523:4,503
1433:2,685
1428:1,057
1423:1,844
1390:franc
1380:6,699
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1285:3,344
1275:1,991
1235:3,413
1230:1,603
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1119:Benin
1038:Niger
1014:Niger
932:Niger
784:(XOF)
720:(SLL)
707:(NGN)
694:(LRD)
681:(GNF)
668:(GMD)
655:(GHS)
642:(CVE)
340:Niger
260:Ghana
207:Benin
125:Abuja
8846:TAKM
8372:WAMZ
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8297:Brou
8241:Munu
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7738:2023
7707:help
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7186:2023
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7121:2010
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6893:2022
6856:2019
6830:2023
6800:2023
6767:2019
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6707:2023
6677:2023
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6335:2022
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6142:2017
6103:2017
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5687:2021
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5562:2019
5531:2020
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4959:2014
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4660:and
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2560:IGAD
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2078:The
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