509:
460:
800:
484:, where more than two thousands girls and boys received technical educations while being taught trades and given free lodging and food, all at the expense of the duke and duchess. Their extensive donations helped fund and found technical schools, hospitals, orphanages, as well as other philanthropic institutions all over Russia. As Alexander was a doctor, he was deeply involved in the management of these hospitals, taking charge of the sick and wounded on their departure from the field hospitals. In his position as chief of head of medical services for the Russian army and navy, Alexander invited hundreds of wounded French and British officers to stay free-of-charge in a
26:
637:
667:
760:
820:
736:
705:
622:
346:
682:
860:
652:
603:
780:
269:
840:
284:, and their descendants had been raised in Russia ever since and become completely "Russianized". Thus despite his German title, Duke Alexander, like his father before him, had grown up entirely in Russia, serving his military service for the czars. He was always considered a part of the Russian imperial family.
558:
with his valet and nurse, Alexander was in an auto wreck, sustaining very grave injuries. His gentleman-in-waiting and others who were traveling with the duke, either in his car or another driving behind them, were also injured in the crash, as it involved both vehicles. Alexander survived the wreck.
538:
upon the couple's marriage. Acting out of labor unrest and what was incorrectly perceived as a fake pronouncement that the
Emperor would take back land given to peasants, a mob of angry people traveled throughout southern Russia and caused extensive damage. The estate survived, but fifteen years
499:
He and his wife's charitable exploits became so well known that a newspaper declared in 1914 that because they devoted their lives and the greater portion of their wealth to philanthropy, "there are probably no two who are so universally beloved as the Duke and
Duchess Alexander of Oldenburg".
495:
While attending the opening of the
Institute of Experimental Medicine as its main benefactor in January 1907, a prominent government official, General von Launitz, was assassinated before Alexander and Eugenia's eyes. The general was standing a few steps away from her husband, so that Eugenia,
439:
to
Emperor Alexander, and was the Commanding General of the Imperial Guard. It was also assumed that although he would lose much of his property if he succeeded to Oldenburg, he would be able to keep his wealth if he became the sovereign of Bulgaria because of Emperor Alexander's support.
430:
abdicated on 7 September 1886, various replacement candidates were proposed by the great
European powers, particularly by the governments of Russia and Germany. Because of his Russian background, Alexander was recommended at his government's suggestion for the
508:
467:
Like his father before him, Alexander was well-educated and clever, and concentrated much of his time and energy to philanthropic works throughout Russia. He was president of several schools as well as the
240:, establishing schools, hospitals, orphanages, and other charitable organizations in Russia. During World War I, the duke famously invited wounded British and French soldiers to stay for free in a
443:
In several desperate attempts to prevent Russia from gaining control of
Bulgaria however, the throne was offered to candidates who lacked Russian ties, such as a prince of Denmark or even the
379:
Alexander was one of the richest princes in Russia in both landed and funded property; this was also partly due to the wealth of his wife, whose inherited wealth, as the granddaughter of
2287:
2297:
575:, Alexander was reported to have been one of the members of the Imperial family killed by the government. Further reports revealed however that Alexander had been in hiding in
410:
appointed
Alexander to the post of supreme chief of the medical service of the military and naval forces. Though his selection as a royal duke was unusual to hold such a high
2282:
2277:
305:
2272:
2257:
1687:
477:
1090:
583:. As he left his property (and thus the main source of his wealth) in Russia, Alexander found himself relatively penniless in France. He died in exile at
301:
256:
government, though this turned out to be only a rumor as the duke was able to escape and hide away in
Finland and eventually to France, where he died at
1332:
2292:
459:
435:
crown. Not only was he married to a
Russian princess, and was himself the grandson of a Russian grand duchess, but he also held the positions of
350:
297:
233:
93:
2138:
1952:
740:
384:
2165:
2031:
1397:
1154:
671:
388:
527:. It is thought that a boundary change in 1904 which moved Gagra into Russia was due to the resort. The border was switched back in 1917.
1820:
277:
334:
1938:
2262:
2148:
1930:
1212:
1300:
402:
Alexander was a doctor of medicine and undertook active management of the hospitals he helped in founding. At the outbreak of
395:. Because of this wealth, it was expected that Alexander and his family would remain in Russia and give up their claim to the
2170:
2050:
326:
105:
330:
1804:
From
Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh
1789:
From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh
1238:
996:
372:
tone pervading into Russian politics, and also because he wanted to remove barriers that would bar his succession to the
199:
163:
2186:
970:
764:
225:, though this nomination failed to gain the support of the other great European powers. At the outbreak of World War I,
2191:
473:
2111:
2090:
1749:
1695:
1611:
1274:
872:
804:
656:
415:
368:
In 1889, Alexander resigned the office of commanding general of the Imperial Guard, because of the increasingly anti-
2074:
2024:
912:
641:
229:
appointed Alexander, a medical doctor, as supreme chief of the medical service of the military and naval forces.
221:, and also as commanding general of the Imperial Guard. Alexander was the Russian candidate submitted to succeed
1739:
1601:
1968:
799:
427:
222:
191:
37:
2207:
1058:
207:
2267:
2017:
784:
2069:
832:
636:
252:
broke out, Alexander was reported to have been one of the Imperial family killed by the newly emerged
572:
249:
143:
1918:
1401:
772:
25:
2116:
2095:
938:
852:
824:
752:
396:
373:
1721:
759:
712:, 4th Class ("For courage and bravery, rendered in multi-temporal affairs of the Turks in 1877"),
365:. He was also the commanding general of the Imperial Guard. Alexander served on the State Council
2122:
1491:
1180:
448:
376:. Emperor Alexander refused his resignation, but gave the duke an eleven-month leave of absence.
362:
218:
195:
153:
550:", traveling with the help of a nurse for his care. Later that year, while driving just outside
202:. Though he had a German title and ancestry, Alexander and his siblings were born and raised in
844:
718:
666:
567:
Despite his well-known charitable activities, a price was put on his head by the newly emerged
535:
1824:
819:
304:. Like his own family, Eugenia was also an offshoot of the Imperial family, as her mother was
1901:
686:
407:
226:
1895:
735:
704:
621:
383:, was said to be enormous. Alexander was also second-in-line to the throne of Oldenburg, as
2252:
2247:
380:
309:
345:
8:
1772:
1664:
1567:
1541:
1517:
709:
626:
607:
1715:
543:
regime, and turned into a barracks, school, hospital, and housing for a nearby factory.
2054:
2040:
1848:
1632:
792:
444:
1432:"The Peerage: Alexander Friedrich Constantine von Holstein-Gottorp, Duke of Oldenburg"
681:
1946:
1745:
1691:
1607:
357:
Like his two brothers, Alexander served in the Russian army. He held the position of
314:
100:
859:
2221:
1032:
436:
392:
358:
281:
214:
183:
1972:
1865:
812:
651:
602:
175:
123:
329:(21 November 1868 – 11 March 1924). Eugenia had a long-standing friendship with
779:
469:
333:, and the two helped arrange the marriage of Eugenia's son to Maria's daughter
319:
268:
203:
46:
42:
496:
believing at first that Alexander had been the one killed, fell into a faint.
492:. He also greatly improved the organization of wounded soldiers at the front.
2241:
293:
414:-related position, there had been another precedent in another royal house,
1431:
864:
839:
531:
512:
237:
530:
In 1902, a mob of peasants burned Alexander's southern Russian estate of
403:
1679:
587:
on 6 September 1932. He was buried at Cimetière du Sabaou in Biarritz.
551:
485:
241:
418:, who at that time was serving as surgeon general to the German army.
2009:
568:
540:
481:
253:
584:
571:
regime, who also destroyed the institutions he founded. During the
524:
432:
257:
78:
62:
1965:
1883:
Russian Imperial Army - Prince of Oldenburgsky Alexander Petrovich
519:
From 1901 Duke Alexander began building a luxury health resort at
1882:
576:
547:
369:
138:
391:; were he to die before his father, Alexander would have become
194:
21 May] 1844 – 6 September 1932) was the second son of
489:
245:
82:
66:
1986:
Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima
579:
ever since the revolution broke out, eventually turning up in
580:
555:
520:
515:, which was almost burned down in 1902 by a mob of peasants.
2288:
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Fourth Degree
1897:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: 1879
1770:"German Prince Opens Hotels To Wounded British Officers",
1662:"Duke Alexander Not Slain By Bolsheviki; Safe in Paris",
2298:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
2003:(in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1914, p. 5
399:, were they to succeed to that particular territory.
190:, Alexander Petrovich Oldenburgsky; 2 June [
741:
House and Merit Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig
2283:
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)
2049:The generations are numbered from the ascension of
1915:
Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg
340:
302:
Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg
180:
Herzog Alexander Friedrich Konstantin von Oldenburg
2278:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class
2228:may have lost his title due to an unequal marriage
1333:Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
627:Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle the First-called
421:
2239:
1937:(in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1877, p.
172:Duke Alexander Frederick Constantin of Oldenburg
1720:. London: Funk & Wagnalls Company. p.
351:Princess Eugenia Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg
298:Princess Eugenia Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg
234:Princess Eugenia Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg
94:Princess Eugenia Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg
2273:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
451:was chosen, becoming Ferdinand I of Bulgaria.
385:Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg
349:Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg and his wife
2258:Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
2025:
534:, which had been a gift from Eugenia's uncle
1155:Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg
1992:
2032:
2018:
1988:. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 618.
1951:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1059:Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia
721:, for the transition through the Balkans,
539:later, it would be confiscated by the new
208:Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia
1931:"Königlicher Haus-orden von Hohenzollern"
1713:
2293:Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery
2220:All Dukes were also by right Princes of
888:Ancestors of Duke Alexander of Oldenburg
507:
458:
344:
267:
263:
1878:
1876:
1801:
1786:
1737:
1709:
1707:
1625:
1623:
1599:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1213:Burgravine Louise Isabelle of Kirchberg
863:Grand Cross of the Grand Ducal Hessian
2240:
2039:
1983:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1301:Princess Louise of Saxe-Hildburghausen
1254:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1091:Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg
1012:
902:
898:
2013:
1846:"Russian Mob Burns Another Chateau",
1815:
1813:
1580:
1578:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1330:
1320:
1316:
1304:
1298:
1288:
1272:
1262:
1258:
1242:
1236:
1226:
1210:
1200:
1196:
1184:
1178:
1168:
1152:
1142:
1138:
1117:Duke Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg
1114:
1104:
1088:
1078:
1074:
1062:
1056:
1046:
1030:
1020:
1016:
1000:
994:
984:
968:
958:
954:
942:
936:
926:
910:
906:
783:Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal
562:
449:Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
2001:Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste
1923:
1873:
1839:
1823:. Royal Russian News. Archived from
1741:Behind the Veil at the Russian Court
1704:
1620:
1603:Behind the Veil at the Russian Court
1416:
1392:
1390:
476:. Alexander and Eugenia founded the
276:Alexander's grandfather had married
272:Alexander of Oldenburg by Hau, 1853.
188:Алекса́ндр Петро́вич Ольденбу́ргский
1856:
1758:
1640:
1445:
1239:Princess Therese of Nassau-Weilburg
997:Duke Peter Georgievich of Oldenburg
803:Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian
200:Princess Therese of Nassau-Weilburg
164:Princess Therese of Nassau-Weilburg
13:
1810:
1744:. Read Books Design. p. 128.
1606:. Read Books Design. p. 246.
1575:
1565:"Europe's Famous Royal Surgeons",
1549:
1525:
1499:
1473:
546:By 1914, Alexander was almost an "
474:Institute of Experimental Medicine
14:
2309:
1935:Königlich Preussische Ordensliste
1585:"The Czar's New Brother-In-Law",
1429:
1387:
1275:Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg
873:Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine
416:Prince Louis Ferdinand of Bavaria
2187:Anton-Günther, Duke of Oldenburg
1917:(1886/7), "Königliche Orden" p.
1636:, St. Petersburg, 31 August 1889
971:Duchess Frederica of Württemberg
913:Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg
858:
838:
818:
798:
778:
758:
734:
703:
680:
665:
650:
635:
620:
601:
463:Alexander Petrovich of Oldenburg
341:Military and professional career
278:Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna
24:
1977:
1959:
1908:
1888:
1821:"The Oldenburg Estate at Ramon"
1795:
1780:
1738:Vassili, Paul (December 2009).
1731:
1672:
1600:Vassili, Paul (December 2009).
1400:. Royalty Guide. Archived from
642:Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky
454:
335:Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna
312:. She was entitled to the rank
121:Alexander Frederick Constantine
2263:Nobility from Saint Petersburg
2166:Hereditary Grand Duke Nikolaus
1593:
765:Order of the Württemberg Crown
503:
422:Candidate for Bulgarian throne
389:Hereditary Grand Duke Nikolaus
306:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna
128:Alexander Friedrich Konstantin
1:
1714:Radziwill, Catherine (1915).
1539:"Duke Victim of Auto Wreck",
1515:"Princess A Philanthropist",
1381:
428:Alexander, Prince of Bulgaria
318:, and was born and raised in
223:Alexander, Prince of Bulgaria
2208:Christian, Duke of Oldenburg
1966:"A Szent István Rend tagjai"
1869:, St. Petersburg, 8 May 1902
1852:, St. Petersburg, 2 May 1902
7:
1682:; Michael Maclagan (1981).
879:
785:House Order of Hohenzollern
287:
10:
2314:
2149:Duke Constantine Petrovich
1941:– via hathitrust.org
1678:
1630:"Current Foreign Topics",
1465:"Alexander of Oldenburg",
1248:
1132:
1006:
900:
833:Principality of Montenegro
672:Knight of Saint Stanislaus
590:
292:On 19 January 1868 at the
2216:
2200:
2179:
2158:
2131:
2104:
2083:
2062:
2047:
1984:Acović, Dragomir (2012).
1900:. Schulze. 1879. p.
1806:. Routledge. p. 134.
1791:. Routledge. p. 134.
1318:
1310:
1282:
1260:
1256:
1220:
1198:
1190:
1162:
1140:
1136:
1098:
1076:
1068:
1040:
1018:
1014:
978:
956:
948:
920:
904:
693:, 2nd Class with Swords,
187:
159:
149:
144:House of Holstein-Gottorp
137:
120:
115:
111:
99:
89:
72:
52:
32:
23:
18:
2171:Duke Peter Alexandrovich
2144:Duke Alexander Petrovich
1971:22 December 2010 at the
1802:Saparov, Arsene (2014).
1787:Saparov, Arsène (2014).
939:Duke George of Oldenburg
853:Principality of Bulgaria
845:Order of Saint Alexander
825:Order of Prince Danilo I
753:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
657:Order of the White Eagle
397:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
387:had only one young son,
374:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
331:Empress Maria Feodorovna
325:The couple had one son,
206:as the grandchildren of
1717:Memories of Forty Years
1492:The Manchester Guardian
1489:"Russia and Bulgaria",
1181:William, Duke of Nassau
687:Order of Saint Vladimir
685:Knight of the Imperial
670:Knight of the Imperial
655:Knight of the Imperial
625:Knight of the Imperial
606:Knight of the Imperial
232:Alexander and his wife
219:Alexander III of Russia
196:Duke Peter of Oldenburg
154:Duke Peter of Oldenburg
2123:Duke Peter Georgievich
805:Order of Saint Stephen
773:Kingdom of Württemberg
719:Gold Sword for Bravery
516:
464:
354:
273:
179:
127:
2192:Duke Friedrich August
2139:Frederick Augustus II
2091:Grand Duke Augustus I
743:, with Golden Crown,
710:Order of Saint George
511:
462:
363:Emperor Alexander III
348:
308:, eldest daughter of
271:
264:Family and early life
260:on 6 September 1932.
236:were noted for their
227:Nicholas II of Russia
77:Cimetière du Sabaou,
40:21 May] 1844
1688:Orbis Publishing Ltd
536:Emperor Alexander II
381:Nicholas I of Russia
310:Nicholas I of Russia
296:, Alexander married
213:Alexander served as
2112:Grand Duke Peter II
1863:"Russian Affairs",
1773:The Washington Post
1684:Lines of Succession
1665:The Washington Post
1587:The Washington Post
1568:The Washington Post
1542:The Washington Post
1518:The Washington Post
1404:on 10 February 2011
843:Grand Cross of the
823:Grand Cross of the
763:Grand Cross of the
739:Grand Cross of the
608:Order of Saint Anna
478:Oldenburg Institute
408:Emperor Nicholas II
2268:Dukes of Oldenburg
2075:Grand Duke Peter I
2051:Frederick August I
2041:Dukes of Oldenburg
1999:"Ludewigs-orden",
1849:The New York Times
1633:The New York Times
1521:, 13 February 1907
1495:, 7 September 1886
1467:The New York Times
793:Kingdom of Prussia
573:Russian revolution
563:Russian revolution
517:
488:he founded in the
465:
355:
274:
250:Russian revolution
244:he founded in the
2235:
2234:
2230:
2055:Duke of Oldenburg
1827:on 5 January 2011
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
315:Imperial Highness
169:
168:
133:
132:
36:2 June [
2305:
2222:Holstein-Gottorp
2218:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1942:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1756:
1755:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1571:, 1 October 2010
1562:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1497:
1496:
1486:
1471:
1470:
1469:, 3 October 1886
1462:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1427:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1394:
1033:Paul I of Russia
894:
893:
885:
884:
869:24 February 1889
862:
842:
822:
802:
782:
762:
738:
707:
684:
669:
654:
639:
624:
605:
437:Adjutant-General
393:heir presumptive
359:Adjutant-General
300:, a daughter of
282:Paul I of Russia
215:Adjutant general
189:
113:
112:
59:
56:6 September 1932
28:
16:
15:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2212:
2196:
2175:
2154:
2127:
2100:
2079:
2058:
2043:
2038:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1982:
1978:
1973:Wayback Machine
1964:
1960:
1944:
1943:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1913:
1909:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1866:The Independent
1862:
1861:
1857:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1800:
1796:
1785:
1781:
1769:
1768:
1759:
1752:
1736:
1732:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1690:. p. 297.
1677:
1673:
1668:, 21 April 1919
1661:
1660:
1641:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1564:
1563:
1550:
1538:
1537:
1526:
1514:
1513:
1500:
1488:
1487:
1474:
1464:
1463:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1430:Lundy, Darryl.
1428:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1379:
882:
865:Order of Ludwig
813:Austria-Hungary
747:; with Swords,
729:Foreign honours
596:Russian honours
593:
565:
506:
457:
445:king of Romania
424:
343:
290:
266:
122:
85:
61:
57:
41:
12:
11:
5:
2311:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2233:
2232:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2201:7th Generation
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2180:6th Generation
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2159:5th Generation
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2132:4th Generation
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2105:3rd Generation
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2084:2nd Generation
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2070:Duke Wilhelm I
2066:
2064:
2063:1st Generation
2060:
2059:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2007:
2006:
1991:
1976:
1958:
1922:
1907:
1887:
1872:
1855:
1838:
1809:
1794:
1779:
1776:, 18 July 1915
1757:
1750:
1730:
1703:
1696:
1671:
1639:
1619:
1612:
1592:
1589:, 6 April 1901
1574:
1548:
1524:
1498:
1472:
1444:
1415:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
983:
980:
979:
977:
974:
973:
967:
964:
963:
960:
959:
957:
955:
953:
950:
949:
947:
944:
943:
941:
935:
932:
931:
928:
927:
925:
922:
921:
919:
916:
915:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
890:
889:
883:
881:
878:
877:
876:
856:
836:
816:
796:
776:
756:
731:
730:
726:
725:
716:
714:1 January 1878
708:Knight of the
701:
691:30 August 1870
678:
663:
648:
640:Knight of the
633:
618:
612:30 August 1866
598:
597:
592:
589:
564:
561:
505:
502:
470:St. Petersburg
456:
453:
447:. In the end,
423:
420:
342:
339:
320:St. Petersburg
289:
286:
280:, daughter of
265:
262:
204:St. Petersburg
198:and his wife,
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
131:
130:
118:
117:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
76:
74:
70:
69:
60:(aged 88)
54:
50:
49:
47:Russian Empire
43:St. Petersburg
34:
30:
29:
21:
20:
19:Duke Alexander
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2310:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1751:9781444689693
1747:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1727:
1726:Leuchtenberg.
1723:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1697:0-460-04519-9
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1613:9781444689693
1609:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1545:, 9 July 1914
1544:
1543:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1003:
998:
992:
991:
988:
987:
982:
981:
976:
975:
972:
966:
965:
962:
961:
952:
951:
946:
945:
940:
934:
933:
930:
929:
924:
923:
918:
917:
914:
908:
896:
895:
892:
891:
887:
886:
874:
870:
866:
861:
857:
854:
850:
846:
841:
837:
834:
830:
826:
821:
817:
814:
810:
806:
801:
797:
794:
790:
786:
781:
777:
774:
770:
766:
761:
757:
754:
750:
749:26 March 1878
746:
742:
737:
733:
732:
728:
727:
724:
720:
717:
715:
711:
706:
702:
700:
697:; 1st Class,
696:
692:
689:, 3rd Class,
688:
683:
679:
677:
674:, 1st Class,
673:
668:
664:
662:
658:
653:
649:
647:
643:
638:
634:
632:
628:
623:
619:
617:
614:, 1st Class,
613:
610:, 3rd Class,
609:
604:
600:
599:
595:
594:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
560:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
514:
510:
501:
497:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
461:
452:
450:
446:
441:
438:
434:
429:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
352:
347:
338:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:Winter Palace
285:
283:
279:
270:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
185:
181:
177:
173:
165:
162:
158:
155:
152:
148:
145:
142:
140:
136:
129:
125:
119:
114:
110:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
71:
68:
64:
55:
51:
48:
44:
39:
35:
31:
27:
22:
17:
2227:
2219:
2143:
2000:
1994:
1985:
1979:
1961:
1934:
1925:
1914:
1910:
1896:
1890:
1885:(In Russian)
1864:
1858:
1847:
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1825:the original
1803:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1771:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1716:
1683:
1674:
1663:
1631:
1602:
1595:
1586:
1566:
1540:
1516:
1490:
1466:
1435:. Retrieved
1406:. Retrieved
1402:the original
1116:
868:
848:
828:
808:
788:
768:
748:
744:
723:24 June 1878
722:
713:
698:
694:
690:
675:
660:
645:
630:
615:
611:
566:
545:
532:Ramon Palace
529:
518:
513:Ramon Palace
498:
494:
466:
455:Philanthropy
442:
425:
411:
401:
378:
367:
356:
324:
313:
291:
275:
238:philanthropy
231:
212:
171:
170:
58:(1932-09-06)
2253:1932 deaths
2248:1844 births
2117:Duke Elimar
2096:Duke George
1680:Louda, Jiri
1408:21 November
1398:"OLDENBURG"
745:2 June 1844
676:1 July 1868
661:1 July 1868
646:1 July 1868
631:1 July 1868
616:1 July 1868
504:Later years
404:World War I
248:. When the
2242:Categories
1831:17 October
1686:. London:
1437:16 October
1382:References
789:7 May 1873
552:Wiesenthal
486:sanatorium
242:sanatorium
106:Duke Peter
569:Bolshevik
541:Bolshevik
482:Petrograd
433:Bulgarian
406:in 1914,
254:Bolshevik
2057:in 1774.
1969:Archived
1947:citation
880:Ancestry
585:Biarritz
525:Abkhazia
288:Marriage
258:Biarritz
79:Biarritz
63:Biarritz
591:Honours
577:Finland
548:invalid
472:-based
412:medical
184:Russian
1748:
1694:
1610:
490:Crimea
426:After
370:German
246:Crimea
176:German
160:Mother
150:Father
124:German
90:Spouse
83:France
73:Burial
67:France
581:Paris
556:Baden
521:Gagra
327:Peter
139:House
116:Names
101:Issue
1953:link
1833:2010
1746:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1439:2010
1410:2010
1331:15.
1273:14.
1211:13.
1153:12.
1089:11.
1031:10.
849:1883
829:1881
809:1874
769:1863
699:1900
695:1878
192:O.S.
53:Died
38:O.S.
33:Born
2053:as
1939:924
1722:236
1299:7.
1237:3.
1179:6.
1115:1.
1057:5.
995:2.
969:9.
937:4.
911:8.
554:in
480:at
361:to
217:to
2244::
2226:*
1949:}}
1945:{{
1933:,
1919:22
1902:30
1875:^
1812:^
1760:^
1724:.
1706:^
1642:^
1622:^
1577:^
1551:^
1527:^
1501:^
1475:^
1447:^
1418:^
1389:^
867:,
847:,
827:,
807:,
787:,
767:,
659:,
644:,
629:,
523:,
337:.
322:.
210:.
186::
182:;
178::
126::
81:,
65:,
45:,
2151:*
2119:*
2033:e
2026:t
2019:v
1955:)
1904:.
1835:.
1754:.
1700:.
1616:.
1441:.
1412:.
875:)
871:(
855:)
851:(
835:)
831:(
815:)
811:(
795:)
791:(
775:)
771:(
755:)
751:(
353:.
174:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)