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level, air pressure was equal to that in blood vessels, and activities, scenery, and lack of stress also helped. In the early 1900s, Arizona's sunshine and dry desert air attracted many people (called "lungers") who had tuberculosis, rheumatism, asthma, and numerous other diseases. Wealthier people chose to recuperate in exclusive TB resorts, while others used their savings to journey to
Arizona and arrived penniless. TB camps in the desert were formed by pitching tents and building cabins. During the tuberculosis epidemic, cities in Arizona advertised the state as an ideal place for treating TB. Many sanatoria in Arizona were modeled after European away-from-city resorts of the time, boasting courtyards and individual rooms. Each sanatorium was equipped to take care of about 120 people.
47:
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shunned by most citizens. Many of the infected slept in the open desert. The area adjacent to what was then central
Phoenix, called Sunnyslope, was home to another large TB encampment. The residents primarily lived in tents pitched along the hillsides of the mountains that rise to the north of the city. Several sanatoria also opened in southern
324:
with over twelve hotel-style facilities in the city. By 1920, Tucson had 7,000 people who had come for treatment of tuberculosis. So many people came to the West that not enough housing was available. In 1910, tent cities began to pop up in different areas; one was described as a place of squalor and
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was established by Dr. Horatio Page
Gatchell in 1871, before the cause of tuberculosis (then called "phthisis" or "consumption") was even known. Fifty years earlier, Dr. J.F.E. Hardy had reportedly been cured in the "healing climate". Medical experts reported that at 2,200 feet (670 m) above sea
224:, in 1885, was the first such establishment in North America. According to the Saskatchewan Lung Association, when the National Anti-Tuberculosis Association (Canada) was founded in 1904, its members, including renowned pioneer in the fight against tuberculosis
374:
In 1907, Stannington
Sanatorium was opened in the northeast of England to treat tuberculosis in children. The sanatorium was opened using funds raised by a local charity, the Poor Children's Holiday Association, now the region's oldest children's charity,
317:, in 1910. Oregon was the first state on the West Coast to enact legislation stating that the government was to supply proper housing for people with TB who could not receive adequate care at home. The West Coast became a popular spot for sanatoriums.
228:, believed that a distinction should be made between the health resorts with which people were familiar and the new tuberculosis treatment hospitals: "So they decided to use a new word which instead of being derived from the Latin noun
208:(now Poland), for the treatment of tuberculosis. Patients were exposed to plentiful amounts of high altitude, fresh air, and good nutrition. Tuberculosis sanatoria became common throughout Europe from the late-19th century onward.
379:. The largest U.S. tuberculosis sanatorium was located on the site of Chicago's present-day North Park Village. Chicago's Peterson Park fieldhouse housed the lab and morgue of Chicago's Municipal Tuberculosis Sanatorium.
399:, an antibiotic and the first cure for tuberculosis, sanatoria began to close. As in the case of the Paimio Sanatorium, many were transformed into general hospitals. By the 1950s, tuberculosis was no longer a major
113:. The idea of healing was an important reason for the historical wave of establishments of sanatoria, especially at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. One sought, for instance, the healing of
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in 1836 and later published his essay "On the
Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption" in 1840. His novel approach was dismissed as "very crude ideas and unsupported assertions" by reviewers in the
1018:
1332:
42:(now SokoĆowsko, Poland). Brehmer established the first German sanatorium for the systematic open-air treatment of tuberculosis; it was the first institution of its kind.
766:"The history of tuberculosis: the social role of sanatoria for the treatment of tuberculosis in Italy between the end of the 19th century and the middle of the 20th"
1194:
849:
931:
952:
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Adams, Annmarie; Schwartzman, Kevin; Theodore, David (2008). "Collapse and Expand: Architecture and
Tuberculosis Therapy in Montreal, 1909, 1933, 1954".
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254:, a series of tuberculosis sanatoria were built throughout the country in isolated forest areas during the early 1900s. The most famous was the
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265:. It had both sun-balconies and a rooftop terrace where the patients would lie all day either in beds or on specially designed chairs, the
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Sanatoriums should not be confused with the
Russian sanatoriums from the time of the Soviet Union, which were a type of
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used to have many sanatoria, as health professionals believed that clean, cold mountain air was the best treatment for
53:
sanatorium, founded in 1926, was one of the largest sanatoriums in Sweden for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
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threat; it was controlled by antibiotics rather than extended rest. Most sanatoria had been demolished years before.
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371:, was the last remaining freestanding tuberculosis sanatorium in the United States until it closed on July 2, 2012.
1269:"What Tuberculosis did for Modernism: The Influence of a Curative Environment on Modernist Design and Architecture"
871:
364:
1348:
1238:
Topp, Leslie (1 December 1997). "An
Architecture for Modern Nerves: Josef Hoffmann's Purkersdorf Sanatorium".
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274:
217:
734:""The Sanatorium Age:'"Sanatorium' vs. 'Sanitarium', An History of the Fight Against Tuberculosis in Canada"
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232:, meaning health, would emphasize the need for scientific healing or treatment. Accordingly, they took the
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1121:
1215:
Maitland, Leslie (1989). "The Design of
Tuberculosis Sanatoria in Late Nineteenth Century Canada".
348:
184:, and his sanatorium was converted to an asylum soon after. The rationale for sanatoria in the pre-
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932:"Waverly Hills Sanatorium still source of local curiosity - Louisville Cardinal, 21 October 2003"
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553:. Cambridge: Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus; Cambridge University Press
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422:, is now a regional center for programs for treatment and occupational therapy associated with
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660:"History of Tuberculosis. Part 2 â the Sanatoria and the Discoveries of the Tubercle Bacillus"
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era was that a regimen of rest and good nutrition offered the best chance that the patient's
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Sanatorium, "When I Write my
Masters Thesis" and "Letter in Icelandic from the Ninette San".
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wrote three poems about his experiences in sanatoria, including "Wards Island Symphonique."
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Martini, M.; Gazzaniga, V.; Behzadifar, M.; Bragazzi, N.L.; Barberis, I. (2018-12-15).
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850:"Housing the Victims of the Great White Plague The Oregon State Tuberculosis Hospital"
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1037:"Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine : Tambaram Sanatorium, Chennai"
902:"The Great White Plague: The Culture of Death and the Tuberculosis Sanatorium"
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426:. In Japan in 2001, the Ministry of Welfare suggested changing the name of a
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for curiosity seekers who believe it is haunted. Because of its dry climate,
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was used for the treatment of bone tuberculosis between the 1930s and 1960s.
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The first suggestion of sanatoria in the modern sense was likely made by
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611:"The thorax: Two forgotten pioneers. James Carson and George Bodington"
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In the early 20th century, tuberculosis sanatoria became common in the
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823:"Visiting Our Past: Asheville was flush with a "Magic Mountain" high"
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145:. Facility operators were often charitable associations, such as the
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313:, in 1905, followed closely by the first state-owned TB hospital in
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are set in and around the fictional abandoned Blackwood Sanitorium.
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Brehmer sanatorium, photo before 1904, founded by German physician
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Bloomington's Kelso Sanitarium promised to cure all - Pantagraph
1149:, Douglas Kleier Jr., Louisville Cardinal Online, Oct. 21, 2003.
355:, tuberculosis sanatorium, was founded in 1911. It has become a
1217:
Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Architecture in Canada
574:. Glasgow: Collins English Dictionary; HarperCollins Publishers
62:
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would "wall off" pockets of pulmonary TB infection. In 1863,
109:. Sanatoriums are often in a healthy climate, usually in the
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Some, however, have been adapted for new medical roles. The
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752:
Alvar Aalto - A Life's Work - Architecture, Design and Art
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and the newly founded social welfare insurance companies.
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Yiddish Poetry and the Tuberculosis Sanatorium: 1900-1970
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Major story elements of the 2015 drama horror video game
240:, meaning to heal, and adopted the new word sanatorium."
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1147:
Waverly Hills Sanatorium still source of local curiosity
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in the early 20th century due to the dry, warm climate.
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The first sanatorium in the Pacific Northwest opened in
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has the song "Welcome Home (Sanitarium)" on their 1986
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129:, but also of more obscure addictions and longings of
1019:"Inside Chicago's Municipal Tuberculosis Sanitarium"
444:, the 1924 novel by German writer and social critic
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The first tuberculosis sanatorium for blacks in the
258:, completed in 1933 and designed by world-renowned
1240:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
481:'s "Where There's a Will" was set in a sanatorium.
1209:Tuberculosis Hospital and Sanatorium Construction
1064:"Winter reads: The Magic Mountain by Thomas Mann"
966:Sunland Hospital#A. G. Holley Hospital in Lantana
468:studio album, which had been in part inspired by
61:A 1978 Finnish postage stamp, depicting the 1933
16:Medical facility for treatment of chronic illness
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1082:
951:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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934:. Archived from the original on 5 November 2003
984:. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014
361:Colorado Springs was home to several sanatoria
1089:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 34â39.
451:The Austrian-American Jewish poet and artist
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496:, the first solo album by Canadian musician
982:Woodhorn Museum and Northumberland Archives
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770:Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
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690:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
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664:Journal of Military and Veterans' Health
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198:Brehmersche Heilanstalt fĂŒr Lungenkranke
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45:
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320:The greatest area for sanatoria was in
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876:The White Plague in the City of Angels
531:List of sanatoria in the United States
1267:Campbell, Margaret (1 October 2005).
782:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2018.59.4.1103
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65:tuberculosis sanatorium, designed by
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872:"The Sanatorium Movement in America"
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383:Discovery of antibiotics and decline
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754:, Otava Publishing, Helsinki, 1994.
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978:"Voices of Stannington Sanatorium"
14:
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1335:(Bloomington, Illinois newspaper)
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1062:WB Gooderham (14 December 2011).
880:University of Southern California
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500:features 2 songs referencing the
551:"Sanatorium; US also sanitarium"
418:patients. The state hospital in
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471:One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
85:'to heal, make healthy'), also
821:Neufeld, Rob (April 7, 2019).
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572:"Sanitorium (British English)"
458:The American heavy metal band
273:, the Heliantia Sanatorium in
101:for the treatment of specific
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684:McCarthy, O R (August 2001).
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391:, then a graduate student at
281:In 20th-century United States
218:Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium
173:, who opened a sanatorium in
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609:Keers, Robert (July 1980).
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21:Sanatorium (disambiguation)
10:
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1017:Eng, Monica (March 2018).
702:10.1177/014107680109400813
686:"The Key to the Sanatoria"
592:Bodington, George (1840).
301:. The first of several in
291:Lima Tuberculosis Hospital
159:
18:
1285:10.1017/s0025727300009169
1207:Thomas Spees Carrington.
1083:Ernest B. Gilman (2014).
1002:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
522:(Michigan, United States)
448:, is set in a sanatorium.
311:Milwaukie Heights, Oregon
303:Asheville, North Carolina
349:Waverly Hills Sanatorium
202:Görbersdorf (SokoĆowsko)
123:discovery of antibiotics
105:, related ailments, and
1325:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
828:Asheville Citizen-Times
520:Battle Creek Sanitarium
424:intellectual disability
420:Sanatorium, Mississippi
156:residence for workers.
1349:Tuberculosis sanatoria
1328:(11th ed.). 1911.
1155:Technology and Culture
906:University of Virginia
414:is now a hospital for
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222:Saranac Lake, New York
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740:on December 15, 2004.
479:Mary Roberts Rinehart
365:A. G. Holley Hospital
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627:10.1136/thx.35.7.483
353:Louisville, Kentucky
345:Burkeville, Virginia
212:Early establishments
143:emotional exhaustion
99:specialised hospital
19:For other uses, see
1354:Destination resorts
1167:10.1353/tech.0.0172
515:Sanatorium (resort)
477:The mystery writer
408:Tambaram Sanatorium
377:Children North East
341:Piedmont Sanatorium
1319:"Sanatorium"
441:The Magic Mountain
393:Rutgers University
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1211:(New York, 1911).
1124:. Epitaph Records
1043:on 30 August 2006
912:on March 18, 2005
465:Master of Puppets
430:to a sanatorium.
387:After 1943, when
256:Paimio Sanatorium
226:Dr. R.G. Ferguson
220:, established in
154:sanatorium resort
147:Order of St. John
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1102:11 November
1047:8 September
446:Thomas Mann
428:leprosarium
263:Alvar Aalto
244:Switzerland
196:opened the
117:especially
111:countryside
97:name for a
67:Alvar Aalto
36:Görbersdorf
1343:Categories
988:28 October
938:2007-10-01
578:2022-07-20
557:2022-07-20
537:References
494:Provincial
487:Until Dawn
434:In culture
334:segregated
327:California
236:verb root
186:antibiotic
165:Conception
127:alcoholism
91:sanitorium
87:sanitarium
74:sanatorium
790:1121-2233
460:Metallica
410:in south
275:Valadares
260:architect
1303:16562331
1201:20977990
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