3088:. The precipitate was washed and dissolved in hydrochloric acid, where it converted to nitrate form and was then dried on a film and counted. Mostly containing a +5 species, which was immediately assigned to dubnium, it also had a +4 species; based on that result, the team decided that additional chemical separation was needed. In 2005, the experiment was repeated, with the final product being hydroxide rather than nitrate precipitate, which was processed further in both Livermore (based on reverse phase chromatography) and Dubna (based on anion exchange chromatography). The +5 species was effectively isolated; dubnium appeared three times in tantalum-only fractions and never in niobium-only fractions. It was noted that these experiments were insufficient to draw conclusions about the general chemical profile of dubnium.
2542:
3029:(2,6-dimethylheptan-4-ol), a specific extractant for protactinium, with subsequent elutions with the hydrogen chloride/hydrogen fluoride mix as well as hydrogen chloride, dubnium was found to be less prone to extraction than either protactinium or niobium. This was explained as an increasing tendency to form nonâextractable complexes of multiple negative charges. Further experiments in 1992 confirmed the stability of the +5 state: Db(V) was shown to be extractable from cationâexchange columns with αâhydroxyisobutyrate, like the group 5 elements and protactinium; Db(III) and Db(IV) were not. In 1998 and 1999, new predictions suggested that dubnium would extract nearly as well as niobium and better than tantalum from halide solutions, which was later confirmed.
2709:
2035:
2807:
2590:(IUPAP) formed a Transfermium Working Group (TWG) to assess discoveries and establish final names for the controversial elements. The party held meetings with delegates from the three competing institutes; in 1990, they established criteria on recognition of an element, and in 1991, they finished the work on assessing discoveries and disbanded. These results were published in 1993. According to the report, the first definitely successful experiment was the April 1970 LBL experiment, closely followed by the June 1970 JINR experiment, so credit for the discovery of the element should be shared between the two teams.
3384:, a leading scientist at JINR, and thus it was a "hobbyhorse" for the facility. In contrast, the LBL scientists believed fission information was not sufficient for a claim of synthesis of an element. They believed spontaneous fission had not been studied enough to use it for identification of a new element, since there was a difficulty of establishing that a compound nucleus had only ejected neutrons and not charged particles like protons or alpha particles. They thus preferred to link new isotopes to the already known ones by successive alpha decays.
1862:
2798:, which dramatically change physical properties on both atomic and macroscopic scales. These properties have remained challenging to measure for several reasons: the difficulties of production of superheavy atoms, the low rates of production, which only allows for microscopic scales, requirements for a radiochemistry laboratory to test the atoms, short half-lives of those atoms, and the presence of many unwanted activities apart from those of synthesis of superheavy atoms. So far, studies have only been performed on single atoms.
2897:
1327:
3371:, the daughter nucleus would also receive a small velocity. The ratio of the two velocities, and accordingly the ratio of the kinetic energies, would thus be inverse to the ratio of the two masses. The decay energy equals the sum of the known kinetic energy of the alpha particle and that of the daughter nucleus (an exact fraction of the former). The calculations hold for an experiment as well, but the difference is that the nucleus does not move after the decay because it is tied to the detector.
2409:
2846:
2881:
orbitals of dubnium are more destabilized than the 5d ones of tantalum, and Db is expected to have two 6d, rather than 7s, electrons remaining, the resulting +3 oxidation state is expected to be unstable and even rarer than that of tantalum. The ionization potential of dubnium in its maximum +5 oxidation state should be slightly lower than that of tantalum and the ionic radius of dubnium should increase compared to tantalum; this has a significant effect on dubnium's chemistry.
1935:
1712:
2276:. They assigned the former activity to Am and ascribed the latter activity to an isotope of element 105. They suggested that it was unlikely that this activity could come from a transfer reaction instead of element 105, because the yield ratio for this reaction was significantly lower than that of the Am-producing transfer reaction, in accordance with theoretical predictions. To establish that this activity was not from a (Ne,
2400:
2549:
2724:; like all elements with such high atomic numbers, it is very unstable. The longest-lasting known isotope of dubnium, Db, has a half-life of around a day. No stable isotopes have been seen, and a 2012 calculation by JINR suggested that the half-lives of all dubnium isotopes would not significantly exceed a day. Dubnium can only be obtained by artificial production.
1999:, which stops the nucleus. The exact location of the upcoming impact on the detector is marked; also marked are its energy and the time of the arrival. The transfer takes about 10 seconds; in order to be detected, the nucleus must survive this long. The nucleus is recorded again once its decay is registered, and the location, the
3409:. It was later shown that the identification was incorrect. The following year, RL was unable to reproduce the Swedish results and announced instead their synthesis of the element; that claim was also disproved later. JINR insisted that they were the first to create the element and suggested a name of their own for the new element,
3413:; the Soviet name was also not accepted (JINR later referred to the naming of the element 102 as "hasty"). This name was proposed to IUPAC in a written response to their ruling on priority of discovery claims of elements, signed 29 September 1992. The name "nobelium" remained unchanged on account of its widespread usage.
2088:
actinides and the predicted island are deformed, and gain additional stability from shell effects. Experiments on lighter superheavy nuclei, as well as those closer to the expected island, have shown greater than previously anticipated stability against spontaneous fission, showing the importance of shell effects on nuclei.
2995:; after mixing with lower concentrations of hydrogen chloride, small amounts of hydrogen fluoride were added to start selective re-extraction. Dubnium showed behavior different from that of tantalum but similar to that of niobium and its pseudohomolog protactinium at concentrations of hydrogen chloride below 12
2617:, originally suggested by Berkeley for elements 104 and 105, were respectively reassigned to elements 106 and 108. Secondly, elements 104 and 105 were given names favored by JINR, despite earlier recognition of LBL as an equal co-discoverer for both of them. Thirdly and most importantly, IUPAC rejected the name
3457:
The modern theory of the atomic nucleus does not suggest a long-lived isotope of dubnium, but claims were made in the past that unknown isotopes of superheavy elements existed primordially on the Earth: for example, such a claim was raised for 108 of a half-life of 400 to 500 million years in 1963 or
2475:
In the early 1970s, both teams reported synthesis of the next element, element 106, but did not suggest names. JINR suggested establishing an international committee to clarify the discovery criteria. This proposal was accepted in 1974 and a neutral joint group formed. Neither team showed interest in
2370:
JINR then attempted another experiment to create element 105, published in a report in May 1970. They claimed that they had synthesized more nuclei of element 105 and that the experiment confirmed their previous work. According to the paper, the isotope produced by JINR was probably 105, or possibly
2280:
n) reaction, the researchers bombarded a Am target with O ions; reactions producing 103 and 103 showed very little SF activity (matching the established data), and the reaction producing heavier 103 and 103 produced no SF activity at all, in line with theoretical data. The researchers concluded that
2018:
provided by the strong interaction increases linearly with the number of nucleons, whereas electrostatic repulsion increases with the square of the atomic number, i.e. the latter grows faster and becomes increasingly important for heavy and superheavy nuclei. Superheavy nuclei are thus theoretically
3347:
It was already known by the 1960s that ground states of nuclei differed in energy and shape as well as that certain magic numbers of nucleons corresponded to greater stability of a nucleus. However, it was assumed that there was no nuclear structure in superheavy nuclei as they were too deformed to
2744:
Only a few atoms of Db can be produced in each experiment, and thus the measured lifetimes vary significantly during the process. As of 2022, following additional experiments performed at the JINR's
Superheavy Element Factory (which started operations in 2019), the half-life of Db is measured to be
2098:
The information available to physicists aiming to synthesize a superheavy element is thus the information collected at the detectors: location, energy, and time of arrival of a particle to the detector, and those of its decay. The physicists analyze this data and seek to conclude that it was indeed
2054:
Alpha particles are commonly produced in radioactive decays because mass of an alpha particle per nucleon is small enough to leave some energy for the alpha particle to be used as kinetic energy to leave the nucleus. Spontaneous fission is caused by electrostatic repulsion tearing the nucleus apart
3032:
The first isothermal gas chromatography experiments were performed in 1992 with Db (half-life 35 seconds). The volatilities for niobium and tantalum were similar within error limits, but dubnium appeared to be significantly less volatile. It was postulated that traces of oxygen in the system might
2973:
was then compared with that of the group 5 elements niobium and tantalum and the group 4 elements zirconium and hafnium produced under similar conditions. The group 5 elements are known to sorb on glass surfaces; the group 4 elements do not. Dubnium was confirmed as a group 5 member. Surprisingly,
2304:
ions, with an alpha activity of 9.1 MeV. To ensure this activity was not from a different reaction, the team attempted other reactions: bombarding Cf with N, Pb with N, and Hg with N. They stated no such activity was found in those reactions. The characteristics of the daughter nuclei matched
2099:
caused by a new element and could not have been caused by a different nuclide than the one claimed. Often, provided data is insufficient for a conclusion that a new element was definitely created and there is no other explanation for the observed effects; errors in interpreting data have been made.
2091:
Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or a series of consecutive decays produces a known nucleus, the original product of a reaction can be easily determined. (That all decays within a decay
1994:
The beam passes through the target and reaches the next chamber, the separator; if a new nucleus is produced, it is carried with this beam. In the separator, the newly produced nucleus is separated from other nuclides (that of the original beam and any other reaction products) and transferred to a
3357:
Since mass of a nucleus is not measured directly but is rather calculated from that of another nucleus, such measurement is called indirect. Direct measurements are also possible, but for the most part they have remained unavailable for superheavy nuclei. The first direct measurement of mass of a
3199:
In 2009, a team at the JINR led by
Oganessian published results of their attempt to create hassium in a symmetric Xe + Xe reaction. They failed to observe a single atom in such a reaction, putting the upper limit on the cross section, the measure of probability of a nuclear reaction, as
2952:
system and concluded that the volatility of dubnium bromide was less than that of niobium bromide and about the same as that of hafnium bromide. It is not certain that the detected fission products confirmed that the parent was indeed element 105. These results may imply that dubnium behaves more
2769:
beams. For its mass, Ca has by far the greatest neutron excess of all practically stable nuclei, both quantitative and relative, which correspondingly helps synthesize superheavy nuclei with more neutrons, but this gain is compensated by the decreased likelihood of fusion for high atomic numbers.
2880:
A singly ionized atom of dubnium (Db) should lose a 6d electron compared to a neutral atom; the doubly (Db) or triply (Db) ionized atoms of dubnium should eliminate 7s electrons, unlike its lighter homologs. Despite the changes, dubnium is still expected to have five valence electrons. As the 6d
1913:
Coming close enough alone is not enough for two nuclei to fuse: when two nuclei approach each other, they usually remain together for about 10 seconds and then part ways (not necessarily in the same composition as before the reaction) rather than form a single nucleus. This happens because
3316:
This separation is based on that the resulting nuclei move past the target more slowly then the unreacted beam nuclei. The separator contains electric and magnetic fields whose effects on a moving particle cancel out for a specific velocity of a particle. Such separation can also be aided by a
2087:
in which nuclei will be more resistant to spontaneous fission and will primarily undergo alpha decay with longer half-lives. Subsequent discoveries suggested that the predicted island might be further than originally anticipated; they also showed that nuclei intermediate between the long-lived
3069:. Later volatility studies of chlorides of dubnium and niobium as a function of controlled partial pressures of oxygen showed that formation of oxychlorides and general volatility are dependent on concentrations of oxygen. The oxychlorides were shown to be less volatile than the chlorides.
2841:
the charge of the nucleus more effectively, leaving less for the outer d and f electrons, which therefore move in larger orbitals. Dubnium is greatly affected by this: unlike the previous group 5 members, its 7s electrons are slightly more difficult to extract than its 6d electrons.
3358:
superheavy nucleus was reported in 2018 at LBNL. Mass was determined from the location of a nucleus after the transfer (the location helps determine its trajectory, which is linked to the mass-to-charge ratio of the nucleus, since the transfer was done in presence of a magnet).
2982:
differed between dubnium, tantalum, and niobium. Dubnium did not extract and its behavior resembled niobium more closely than tantalum, indicating that complexing behavior could not be predicted purely from simple extrapolations of trends within a group in the periodic table.
2756:
hours. The second most stable isotope, Db, has been produced in even smaller quantities: three atoms in total, with lifetimes of 33.4 h, 1.3 h, and 1.6 h. These two are the heaviest isotopes of dubnium to date, and both were produced as a result of decay of the heavier nuclei
2431:
JINR did not propose a name after their first report claiming synthesis of element 105, which would have been the usual practice. This led LBL to believe that JINR did not have enough experimental data to back their claim. After collecting more data, JINR proposed the name
2873:â of a d shell is 2âinto two subshells, with four of the ten orbitals having their â lowered to 3/2 and six raised to 5/2. All ten energy levels are raised; four of them are lower than the other six. (The three 6d electrons normally occupy the lowest energy levels, 6d
2492:, and othersâto try to resolve the conflict internally and render the neutral joint group unnecessary; after two hours of discussions, this failed. The joint neutral group never assembled to assess the claims, and the conflict remained unresolved. In 1979, IUPAC suggested
2916:, in which interactions between molecules may be ignored as negligible. Multiple authors have researched dubnium pentachloride; calculations show it to be consistent with the periodic laws by exhibiting the properties of a compound of a group 5 element. For example, the
1918:âthe probability that fusion will occur if two nuclei approach one another expressed in terms of the transverse area that the incident particle must hit in order for the fusion to occur. This fusion may occur as a result of the quantum effect in which nuclei can
2092:
chain were indeed related to each other is established by the location of these decays, which must be in the same place.) The known nucleus can be recognized by the specific characteristics of decay it undergoes such as decay energy (or more specifically, the
2939:
of dubnium is expected to follow group 5 trends in its richness. Calculations for hydroxo-chlorido- complexes have shown a reversal in the trends of complex formation and extraction of group 5 elements, with dubnium being more prone to do so than tantalum.
2055:
and produces various nuclei in different instances of identical nuclei fissioning. As the atomic number increases, spontaneous fission rapidly becomes more important: spontaneous fission partial half-lives decrease by 23 orders of magnitude from
1791:
in 1970. Both teams proposed their names for the new element and used them without formal approval. The long-standing dispute was resolved in 1993 by an official investigation of the discovery claims by the
Transfermium Working Group, formed by the
3448:, on which the determination of half-lives relies, cannot be directly applied due to a very limited number of experiments (decays). The range of uncertainty is an indication that the half-life period lies within this range with 95% probability.
2531:, West Germany, claimed synthesis of element 107; their report came out five years after the first report from JINR but with greater precision, making a more solid claim on discovery. GSI acknowledged JINR's efforts by suggesting the name
2662:
had been used for element 104 in the previous IUPAC recommendation. The
American scientists "reluctantly" approved this decision. IUPAC pointed out that the Berkeley laboratory had already been recognized several times, in the naming of
3076:. This new isotope proved to be long-lived enough to allow further chemical experimentation, with a half-life of over a day. In the 2004 experiment, a thin layer with dubnium was removed from the surface of the target and dissolved in
2732:
than those with higher atomic number, meaning that the target and beam nuclei that could be employed to create the superheavy element have fewer neutrons than needed to form these most stable isotopes. (Different techniques based on
2371:
105. This report included an initial chemical examination: the thermal gradient version of the gas-chromatography method was applied to demonstrate that the chloride of what had formed from the SF activity nearly matched that of
2960:
The next studies on the chemistry of dubnium were conducted in 1988, in
Berkeley. They examined whether the most stable oxidation state of dubnium in aqueous solution was +5. Dubnium was fumed twice and washed with concentrated
2727:
The short half-life of dubnium limits experimentation. This is exacerbated by the fact that the most stable isotopes are the hardest to synthesize. Elements with a lower atomic number have stable isotopes with a lower
2986:
This prompted further exploration of the chemical behavior of complexes of dubnium. Various labs jointly conducted thousands of repetitive chromatographic experiments between 1988 and 1993. All group 5 elements and
2593:
LBL said that the input from JINR was overrated in the review. They claimed JINR was only able to unambiguously demonstrate the synthesis of element 105 a year after they did. JINR and GSI endorsed the report.
3190:
series). Terms "heavy isotopes" (of a given element) and "heavy nuclei" mean what could be understood in the common languageâisotopes of high mass (for the given element) and nuclei of high mass, respectively.
1905:
in order to make such repulsion insignificant compared to the velocity of the beam nucleus. The energy applied to the beam nuclei to accelerate them can cause them to reach speeds as high as one-tenth of the
6339:
2027:. Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons, and the lightest nuclide primarily undergoing spontaneous fission has 238. In both decay modes, nuclei are inhibited from decaying by corresponding
2640:
after Georgy Flerov, following the recognition by the 1993 report that that element had been first synthesized in Dubna. This was rejected by
American scientists and the decision was retracted. The name
2386:
before the catcher. This time, they were able to find 9.1 MeV alpha activities with daughter isotopes identifiable as either 103 or 103, implying that the original isotope was either 105 or 105.
2141:
2794:. Several studies have investigated the properties of element 105 and found that they generally agreed with the predictions of the periodic law. Significant deviations may nevertheless occur, due to
4003:
2566:
2931:
chemistry indicate that the maximum oxidation state of dubnium, +5, will be more stable than those of niobium and tantalum and the +3 and +4 states will be less stable. The tendency towards
2268:(SF) of the element and study the resulting fission fragments. They published a paper in February 1970, reporting multiple examples of two such activities, with half-lives of 14 ms and
2621:
for element 106, having just approved a rule that an element could not be named after a living person, even though the 1993 report had given the LBL team the sole credit for its discovery.
2116:, element 92, is the heaviest element to occur in significant quantities in nature; heavier elements can only be practically produced by synthesis. The first synthesis of a new elementâ
6706:
Wuenschel, S.; Hagel, K.; Barbui, M.; et al. (2018). "An experimental survey of the production of alpha decaying heavy elements in the reactions of U +Th at 7.5-6.1 MeV/nucleon".
2128:, the priority of discoveries was contested between American and Soviet physicists. Their rivalry resulted in a race for new elements and credit for their discoveries, later named the
6903:
2379:. The team identified a 2.2-second SF activity in a volatile chloride portraying eka-tantalum properties, and inferred that the source of the SF activity must have been element 105.
3649:
Gyanchandani, Jyoti; Sikka, S. K. (May 10, 2011). "Physical properties of the 6 d -series elements from density functional theory: Close similarity to lighter transition metals".
1914:
during the attempted formation of a single nucleus, electrostatic repulsion tears apart the nucleus that is being formed. Each pair of a target and a beam is characterized by its
6798:
2814:
A direct relativistic effect is that as the atomic numbers of elements increase, the innermost electrons begin to revolve faster around the nucleus as a result of an increase of
1922:
through electrostatic repulsion. If the two nuclei can stay close past that phase, multiple nuclear interactions result in redistribution of energy and an energy equilibrium.
6567:
Marinov, A.; Rodushkin, I.; Kolb, D.; et al. (2010). "Evidence for a long-lived superheavy nucleus with atomic mass number A=292 and atomic number Z=~122 in natural Th".
2650:
In 1996, IUPAC held another meeting, reconsidered all names in hand, and accepted another set of recommendations; it was approved and published in 1997. Element 105 was named
2194:
followed by alpha activities similar to those of either 103 or 103. Based on prior theoretical predictions, the two activity lines were assigned to 105 and 105, respectively.
2605:, a contributor to the development of nuclear physics and chemistry; this name was originally proposed by the Soviet team for element 102, which by then had long been called
8612:
3057:. Later experiments in 1996 showed that group 5 chlorides were more volatile than the corresponding bromides, with the exception of tantalum, presumably due to formation of
1873:. Reactions that created new elements to this moment were similar, with the only possible difference that several singular neutrons sometimes were released, or none at all.
3298:
reaction, cross section changes smoothly from 370 mb at 12.3 MeV to 160 mb at 18.3 MeV, with a broad peak at 13.5 MeV with the maximum value of 380 mb.
5225:
6331:
2512:(meaning "one", "zero", and "five", respectively, the digits of the atomic number). Both teams ignored it as they did not wish to weaken their outstanding claims.
4126:
2541:
5510:
2367:
These results did not confirm the JINR findings regarding the 9.4 MeV or 9.7 MeV alpha decay of 105, leaving only 105 as a possibly produced isotope.
5256:
3405:. There were no earlier definitive claims of creation of this element, and the element was assigned a name by its Swedish, American, and British discoverers,
2096:
of the emitted particle). Spontaneous fission, however, produces various nuclei as products, so the original nuclide cannot be determined from its daughters.
3026:
2920:
levels indicate that dubnium uses three 6d electron levels as expected. Compared to its tantalum analog, dubnium pentachloride is expected to show increased
2120:, element 93âwas achieved in 1940 by a team of researchers in the United States. In the following years, American scientists synthesized the elements up to
3467:
Relativistic effects arise when an object moves at velocities comparable to the speed of light; in heavy atoms, the quickly moving objects are electrons.
2690:
for element 105 in their own material, doing so as recently as 2014. However, the problem was resolved in the literature as Jens Volker Kratz, editor of
3091:
In 2009, at the JAEA tandem accelerator in Japan, dubnium was processed in nitric and hydrofluoric acid solution, at concentrations where niobium forms
2006:
Stability of a nucleus is provided by the strong interaction. However, its range is very short; as nuclei become larger, its influence on the outermost
1400:
7223:
Zagrebaev, V.; Karpov, A.; Greiner, W. (2013). "Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?".
4194:
3174:(element 82) is one example of such a heavy element. The term "superheavy elements" typically refers to elements with atomic number greater than
2624:
In 1995, IUPAC abandoned the controversial rule and established a committee of national representatives aimed at finding a compromise. They suggested
2382:
In June 1970, JINR made improvements on their first experiment, using a purer target and reducing the intensity of transfer reactions by installing a
7301:
2583:
1793:
4011:
1970:. This happens in about 10 seconds after the initial nuclear collision and results in creation of a more stable nucleus. The definition by the
3127:. From the available information, it was concluded that dubnium often behaved like niobium, sometimes like protactinium, but rarely like tantalum.
2014:
and neutrons) weakens. At the same time, the nucleus is torn apart by electrostatic repulsion between protons, and its range is not limited. Total
6085:
4592:
3577:
Hoffman, D. C.; Lee, D. M.; Pershina, V. (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss, L.R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.).
3186:; sometimes, the term is presented an equivalent to the term "transactinide", which puts an upper limit before the beginning of the hypothetical
2587:
1797:
6055:
1885:, the greater the possibility that the two react. The material made of the heavier nuclei is made into a target, which is then bombarded by the
6151:
5768:
2924:
character: a decrease in the effective charge on an atom and an increase in the overlap population (between orbitals of dubnium and chlorine).
1881:
is created in a nuclear reaction that combines two other nuclei of unequal size into one; roughly, the more unequal the two nuclei in terms of
3072:
In 2004â05, researchers from Dubna and
Livermore identified a new dubnium isotope, Db, as a fivefold alpha decay product of the newly created
3873:"First experiment at the Super Heavy Element Factory: High cross section of Mc in theAm+Ca reaction and identification of the new isotope Lr"
1746:
1252:
6892:
6424:
5931:
5414:
2741:
are being considered as of the 2010s, but those based on the collision of a large and small nucleus still dominate research in the area.)
2609:. This recommendation was criticized by the American scientists for several reasons. Firstly, their suggestions were scrambled: the names
6653:
Botvina, Al.; Mishustin, I.; Zagrebaev, V.; et al. (2010). "Possibility of synthesizing superheavy elements in nuclear explosions".
5841:
6449:
Karpov, A. V.; Zagrebaev, V. I.; Palenzuela, Y. M.; Greiner, W. (2013). "Superheavy Nuclei: Decay and
Stability". In Greiner, W. (ed.).
6263:
4081:; Dmitriev, S. N.; Yeremin, A. V.; et al. (2009). "Attempt to produce the isotopes of element 108 in the fusion reaction Xe + Xe".
2535:
for the new element. JINR did not suggest a new name for element 105, stating it was more important to determine its discoverers first.
6874:
3222:
The amount of energy applied to the beam particle to accelerate it can also influence the value of cross section. For example, in the
5666:
1737:
3204:. In comparison, the reaction that resulted in hassium discovery, Pb + Fe, had a cross section of ~20 pb (more specifically, 19
1966:, which would carry away the excitation energy; if the latter is not sufficient for a neutron expulsion, the merger would produce a
5901:"Responses on the report 'Discovery of the Transfermium elements' followed by reply to the responses by Transfermium Working Group"
5384:"Responses on the report 'Discovery of the Transfermium elements' followed by reply to the responses by Transfermium Working Group"
2826:
ones, though in dubnium they are not occupied): for example, the 7s orbital contracts by 25% in size and is stabilized by 2.6
1369:
2516:
5977:
2935:
of cations with the highest oxidation state should continue to decrease within group 5 but is still expected to be quite rapid.
4007:
3839:
Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Kovrizhnykh, N. D.; et al. (2022). "New isotope Mc produced in the Am+Ca reaction".
2039:
7038:
2683:
for elements 104 and 106 should be offset by recognizing JINR's contributions to the discovery of elements 104, 105, and 106.
7294:
7225:
7213:
7187:
7149:
6637:
6551:
6466:
5835:
5486:
4426:
4054:
3716:
3590:
2285:
5746:
3134:(M = Nb, Ta, Db) were experimentally studied at the JAEA tandem accelerator. The trend in volatilities was found to be NbOCl
6979:
6486:
4450:
4322:
Wakhle, A.; Simenel, C.; Hinde, D. J.; et al. (2015). Simenel, C.; Gomes, P. R. S.; Hinde, D. J.; et al. (eds.).
2160:
1784:
1362:
4033:
Eliav, E.; Kaldor, U.; Borschevsky, A. (2018). "Electronic
Structure of the Transactinide Atoms". In Scott, R. A. (ed.).
2038:
Scheme of an apparatus for creation of superheavy elements, based on the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil
Separator set up in the
5701:
4383:
5589:
4260:
3515:
2810:
Relativistic (solid line) and nonrelativistic (dashed line) radial distribution of the 7s valence electrons in dubnium.
2156:
1893:
into one if they approach each other closely enough; normally, nuclei (all positively charged) repel each other due to
4165:
2658:
in Russia, the location of the JINR; the American suggestions were used for elements 102, 103, 104, and 106. The name
5792:
5503:
4855:
Aksenov, N. V.; Steinegger, P.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; et al. (2017). "On the volatility of nihonium (Nh, Z = 113)".
1393:
1173:
141:
94:
6928:
Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Sobiczewski, A.; Ter-Akopian, G. M. (2017). "Superheavy nuclei: from prediction to discovery".
4973:
3976:
7287:
7205:
3582:
3318:
1800:, resulting in credit for the discovery being officially shared between both teams. The element was formally named
6620:
Karpov, A. V.; Zagrebaev, V. I.; Palenzuela, Y. M.; et al. (2013). "Superheavy Nuclei: Decay and Stability".
4724:
4682:
3611:Ăstlin, A.; Vitos, L. (2011). "First-principles calculation of the structural stability of 6d transition metals".
2019:
predicted and have so far been observed to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion:
2628:
for element 106 in exchange for the removal of all the other American proposals, except for the established name
1971:
6308:
5230:
1942:
1901:
can overcome this repulsion but only within a very short distance from a nucleus; beam nuclei are thus greatly
3367:
If the decay occurred in a vacuum, then since total momentum of an isolated system before and after the decay
1955:
4328:
4287:
Kern, B. D.; Thompson, W. E.; Ferguson, J. M. (1959). "Cross sections for some (n, p) and (n, α) reactions".
2028:
1730:
5782:
3115:. Dubnium's behavior was close to that of niobium but not tantalum; it was thus deduced that dubnium formed
1788:
1375:
7111:
Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; et al. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties".
2597:
In 1994, IUPAC published a recommendation on naming the disputed elements. For element 105, they proposed
8607:
5958:"An Attempt to Solve the Controversies Over Elements 104 and 105: A Meeting in Russia, 23 September 1975"
4747:"Spontaneous fission modes and lifetimes of superheavy elements in the nuclear density functional theory"
3739:
8602:
8597:
6081:
5330:
4484:
4410:
4265:
3823:
2888:
configuration, like the previous group 5 elements. The predicted density of dubnium is 21.6 g/cm.
2866:
2815:
2806:
2602:
2469:
2460:. When LBL first announced their synthesis of element 105, they proposed that the new element be named
1835:
and having a dominant +5 oxidation state, with the other group 5 elements, with a few anomalies due to
1133:
6366:"#16elements from Berkeley Lab: mendelevium, nobelium, lawrencium, rutherfordium, hahnium, seaborgium"
3321:
and a recoil energy measurement; a combination of the two may allow to estimate the mass of a nucleus.
2765:
rather than directly, because the experiments that yielded them were originally designed in Dubna for
2738:
1919:
6032:
4982:
3872:
2948:
Experimental results of the chemistry of dubnium date back to 1974 and 1976. JINR researchers used a
6120:
2949:
2712:
A chart of nuclide stability as used by JINR in 2012. Characterized isotopes are shown with borders.
1849:
1453:
5261:
2870:
2729:
2034:
1723:
5052:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
2496:
to be used as placeholders until permanent names were established; under it, element 105 would be
1982:
within 10 seconds. This value was chosen as an estimate of how long it takes a nucleus to acquire
5873:
Can one make gold? Swindlers, deceivers and scientists. From the history of the chemical elements
5696:
3526:
3393:
For instance, element 102 was mistakenly identified in 1957 at the Nobel Institute of Physics in
2493:
2075:
thus suggested that spontaneous fission would occur nearly instantly due to disappearance of the
2042:
in JINR. The trajectory within the detector and the beam focusing apparatus changes because of a
1915:
1113:
6121:"Names and symbols of the elements with atomic numbers 114 and 116 (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)"
5900:
5861:
Can one make gold? Swindlers, deceivers and scientists from the history of the chemical elements
5383:
4118:
1962:
without formation of a more stable nucleus. Alternatively, the compound nucleus may eject a few
6388:
5808:
5440:
4476:
4199:
3743:
2979:
2015:
1996:
1832:
1468:
1140:
1125:
1101:
5869:
Kann man Gold machen? Gauner, Gaukler und Gelehrte. Aus der Geschichte der chemischen Elemente
5825:
4477:"Criteria that must be satisfied for the discovery of a new chemical element to be recognized"
3912:"Ca+Bk Fusion Reaction Leading to Element Z=117: Long-Lived α-Decaying Db and Discovery of Lr"
1172:
6255:
4713:
4671:
3798:
MĂŒnzenberg, G.; Gupta, M. (2011). "Production and Identification of Transactinide Elements".
3307:
This figure also marks the generally accepted upper limit for lifetime of a compound nucleus.
2376:
6453:. FIAS Interdisciplinary Science Series. Springer International Publishing. pp. 69â79.
3871:
Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V. K.; Kovrizhnykh, N. D.; et al. (September 29, 2022).
7330:
7244:
7120:
7020:
6937:
6832:
6813:
6772:
6725:
6672:
6586:
6501:
6400:
6369:
5969:
5141:
5108:
5059:
4936:
4864:
4768:
4337:
4296:
4141:
4038:
3923:
3620:
3445:
2795:
2289:
1902:
1836:
1317:
5635:
5325:
2140:
8:
7256:
7167:
4949:
4924:
4597:
4531:
4190:
2996:
2913:
2885:
2703:
2372:
2265:
2084:
2080:
2024:
1773:
1496:
1386:
1335:
7248:
7132:
7124:
7024:
6941:
6836:
6776:
6729:
6676:
6590:
6505:
6404:
5973:
5145:
5112:
5063:
4940:
4868:
4772:
4341:
4300:
4145:
3927:
3624:
7268:
7234:
7085:
7056:
6973:
Chemical Identification of a Long-Lived Isotope of Dubnium, a Descendant of Element 115
6953:
6866:
6741:
6715:
6688:
6662:
6602:
6576:
6517:
6416:
6352:
Poor element 105 has had five different namesâBerkeley partisans still call it hahnium.
6193:
6143:
5923:
5762:
5658:
5406:
5206:
5175:
4888:
4758:
4563:
4509:
4454:
4157:
4060:
3957:
3892:
3765:
3085:
2818:
between an electron and a nucleus. Similar effects have been found for the outermost s
2721:
2445:
1898:
6513:
6365:
5957:
3458:
122 of a half-life of over 100 million years in 2009; neither claim gained acceptance.
2183:
ions, and reported 9.4 MeV (with a half-life of 0.1â3 seconds) and 9.7 MeV (
1958:âand thus it is very unstable. To reach a more stable state, the temporary merger may
8181:
7260:
7209:
7183:
7155:
7145:
7090:
6957:
6858:
6790:
6633:
6606:
6547:
6521:
6462:
6420:
6300:
6197:
5857:ĐĐŸĐ¶ĐœĐŸ лО ŃЎДлаŃŃ Đ·ĐŸĐ»ĐŸŃĐŸ? ĐĐŸŃĐ”ĐœĐœĐžĐșĐž, ĐŸĐ±ĐŒĐ°ĐœŃĐžĐșĐž Đž ŃŃĐ”ĐœŃĐ” ĐČ ĐžŃŃĐŸŃОО Ń
ĐžĐŒĐžŃĐ”ŃĐșĐžŃ
ŃĐ»Đ”ĐŒĐ”ĐœŃĐŸĐČ
5831:
5788:
5662:
5482:
5311:
5210:
5179:
5167:
5159:
5085:
5077:
4954:
4892:
4880:
4786:
4555:
4501:
4422:
4365:
4308:
4161:
4100:
4083:
4064:
4050:
3949:
3896:
3712:
3692:
3586:
3487:
2992:
2975:
2917:
2129:
2072:
2047:
1979:
1758:
1644:
1590:
1433:
1424:
1311:
1304:
1234:
762:
7272:
6760:
6745:
6692:
6147:
5927:
5410:
5025:
4567:
4513:
4458:
4233:
1787:(JINR) claimed the first discovery of the element in 1968, followed by the American
8592:
8245:
7950:
7779:
7608:
7527:
7446:
7419:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7252:
7179:
7128:
7080:
7072:
7033:
7028:
7005:
6945:
6870:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6785:
6780:
6733:
6680:
6625:
6594:
6509:
6454:
6408:
6292:
6235:
6185:
6135:
6047:
6012:
5915:
5896:
5650:
5631:
5581:
5548:
5455:
5398:
5198:
5149:
5067:
5021:
4944:
4872:
4776:
4547:
4493:
4414:
4402:
4355:
4345:
4304:
4149:
4122:
4092:
4046:
4042:
3961:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3884:
3848:
3803:
3780:
3704:
3658:
3628:
3398:
3335:
3022:
2999:. This similarity to the two elements suggested that the formed complex was either
2928:
2838:
2441:
1975:
1894:
1816:
1783:
Dubnium does not occur naturally on Earth and is produced artificially. The Soviet
1716:
1550:
1194:
1118:
107:
60:
5007:
4981:. Dai 2 Kai Hadoron Tataikei no Simulation Symposium, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, Japan.
4350:
4323:
2264:
After observing the alpha decays of element 105, the researchers aimed to observe
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7006:"Chemical properties of rutherfordium (Rf) and dubnium (Db) in the aqueous phase"
6412:
5740:
5724:
5438:
5257:"The Transfermium Wars: Scientific Brawling and Name-Calling during the Cold War"
4876:
4588:
4472:
4078:
3981:
3888:
3807:
3492:
3163:
2896:
2575:
2489:
2297:
2076:
2043:
1959:
1812:
1762:
1283:
1214:
1106:
6972:
6629:
6525:
6458:
3852:
3368:
7310:
7171:
6949:
6737:
4781:
4746:
4593:"How to Make Superheavy Elements and Finish the Periodic Table [Video]"
4535:
4096:
3784:
3662:
3632:
3423:
3084:
carrier, from which various +3, +4, and +5 species were precipitated on adding
2819:
2477:
2476:
resolving the conflict through a third party, so the leading scientists of LBLâ
2093:
1907:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1695:
1656:
1542:
1488:
1167:
167:
6684:
6598:
5585:
5553:
5536:
4551:
4324:"Comparing Experimental and Theoretical Quasifission Mass Angle Distributions"
2708:
1938:
8586:
8404:
7264:
6139:
5691:
5202:
5163:
5132:
5081:
5012:
4958:
4884:
4790:
4559:
4505:
4369:
4104:
3693:"Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties"
3381:
3187:
3167:
2921:
2900:
Relativistic (rel) and nonrelativistic (nr) values of the effective charge (Q
2717:
2485:
2481:
2176:
2168:
2145:
1951:
1886:
1769:
1458:
1358:
1266:
1083:
1059:
932:
7159:
6240:
6223:
6051:
5919:
5654:
5569:
5459:
5402:
5308:
Popular library of chemical elements. Silver through nielsbohrium and beyond
4797:
4497:
4418:
8458:
8287:
7992:
7392:
7325:
7094:
7076:
6862:
6794:
5286:[Popular library of chemical elements. Seaborgium (eka-tungsten)].
5089:
5072:
5047:
3953:
3530:
2988:
2936:
2827:
2779:
2172:
2000:
1910:. However, if too much energy is applied, the beam nucleus can fall apart.
1861:
974:
841:
615:
7055:
Chiera, Nadine M.; Sato, Tetsuya K.; Eichler, Robert; et al. (2021).
6759:
Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Bailey, P. D.; et al. (2010).
3178:(although there are other definitions, such as atomic number greater than
2845:
24:
8512:
8476:
8467:
8377:
8359:
8350:
7387:
7197:
6332:"Branding the Elements: Berkeley Stakes its Claims on the Periodic Table"
6224:"Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)"
6033:"Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)"
6017:
6000:
5441:"Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)"
4721:
Introductory Nuclear, Atomic and Molecular Physics (Nuclear Physics Part)
4679:
Introductory Nuclear, Atomic and Molecular Physics (Nuclear Physics Part)
3183:
2962:
2668:
2301:
2191:
2121:
2020:
1780:
of about 16 hours. This greatly limits extended research on the element.
1479:
1016:
988:
981:
911:
897:
890:
157:
7202:
From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements: A Story of Dispute and Creation
5304:ĐĐŸĐżŃĐ»ŃŃĐœĐ°Ń Đ±ĐžĐ±Đ»ĐžĐŸŃĐ”ĐșĐ° Ń
ĐžĐŒĐžŃĐ”ŃĐșĐžŃ
ŃĐ»Đ”ĐŒĐ”ĐœŃĐŸĐČ. ĐĄĐ”ŃДбŃĐŸ â ĐОлŃŃĐ±ĐŸŃĐžĐč Đž ЎалДД
3330:
Not all decay modes are caused by electrostatic repulsion. For example,
8521:
8449:
8422:
8395:
8055:
8037:
8010:
7841:
7832:
7571:
6853:
6189:
4360:
4153:
3944:
3708:
3331:
3175:
3077:
2970:
2932:
2766:
2762:
2484:âtraveled to Dubna in 1975 and met with the leading scientists of JINRâ
2437:
2418:
2383:
2296:, United States, claimed to have synthesized element 105 by bombarding
2293:
2149:
1067:
1023:
967:
946:
925:
664:
650:
629:
501:
494:
295:
6812:
Khuyagbaatar, J.; Yakushev, A.; DĂŒllmann, Ch. E.; et al. (2014).
5504:
The Transuranium Elements: From Neptunium and Plutonium to Element 112
5382:
Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G. T.; Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (1993).
5326:"Nobelium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table"
5171:
5154:
5127:
3911:
3910:
Khuyagbaatar, J.; Yakushev, A.; DĂŒllmann, Ch. E.; et al. (2014).
2869:, particularly spinâorbit splitting, which splits the 6d subshellâthe
2144:
Apparatus at Dubna used for the chemical characterization of elements
1326:
8530:
8503:
8494:
8341:
8323:
8314:
8305:
8091:
8001:
7974:
7922:
7868:
7850:
7814:
7794:
7733:
7670:
7614:
7553:
7542:
7461:
7412:
7402:
7397:
6978:(Report). IX International Conference on Nucleus Nucleus Collisions.
6811:
6546:(New ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 215â217.
6304:
6286:
3870:
3394:
3081:
3073:
2758:
2734:
2672:
2664:
2643:
2524:
2465:
2422:
2117:
1967:
1777:
1438:
1272:
1030:
1009:
1002:
883:
869:
862:
855:
692:
622:
601:
564:
522:
508:
480:
462:
418:
369:
325:
281:
272:
212:
5377:
5375:
5284:"ĐĐŸĐżŃĐ»ŃŃĐœĐ°Ń Đ±ĐžĐ±Đ»ĐžĐŸŃĐ”ĐșĐ° Ń
ĐžĐŒĐžŃĐ”ŃĐșĐžŃ
ŃĐ»Đ”ĐŒĐ”ĐœŃĐŸĐČ. ĐĄĐžĐ±ĐŸŃгОĐč (ŃĐșĐ°ĐČĐŸĐ»ŃŃŃĐ°ĐŒ)"
5226:"Exploring the superheavy elements at the end of the periodic table"
4624:
4612:
2408:
8485:
8386:
8269:
8251:
8226:
8217:
8190:
8163:
8127:
8118:
8100:
8028:
8019:
7913:
7785:
7751:
7661:
7652:
7643:
7634:
7589:
7508:
7490:
7425:
6720:
6389:"An experimental paradigm opening the world of superheavy elements"
6296:
5478:
5250:
5248:
4665:
4663:
4636:
4195:"Making New Elements Doesn't Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist"
4117:
3764:
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).
3201:
2966:
2884:
Atoms of dubnium in the solid state should arrange themselves in a
2791:
2783:
2606:
2125:
2060:
1983:
1839:. A limited investigation of dubnium chemistry has confirmed this.
1828:
1820:
1042:
995:
918:
827:
813:
797:
790:
769:
748:
720:
713:
699:
643:
636:
557:
455:
432:
362:
355:
348:
341:
309:
249:
235:
187:
7239:
6667:
6581:
5001:
4999:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4763:
4525:
4523:
4440:
4438:
2694:, refused to accept papers not using the 1997 IUPAC nomenclature.
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8440:
8431:
8368:
8296:
8278:
8208:
8154:
8136:
8109:
8082:
8064:
8046:
7956:
7886:
7859:
7823:
7805:
7769:
7760:
7742:
7724:
7623:
7562:
7452:
7407:
7279:
6373:
5629:
5372:
4836:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4536:"A History and Analysis of the Discovery of Elements 104 and 105"
3179:
2954:
2861:
orbitals and their spinâorbit splitting for the group 5 elements.
2787:
2180:
2113:
2083:
suggested that nuclei with about 300 nucleons would form an
2068:
2064:
2056:
2007:
1963:
1870:
1824:
1188:
960:
953:
904:
848:
834:
783:
741:
727:
706:
685:
671:
657:
587:
536:
515:
487:
473:
446:
439:
425:
411:
332:
288:
205:
17:
7057:"Chemical Characterization of a Volatile Dubnium Compound, DbOCl
6971:
Stoyer, N. J.; Landrum, J. H.; Wilk, P. A.; et al. (2006).
6927:
6652:
6619:
6448:
5283:
5245:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4660:
4077:
1978:
can only be recognized as discovered if a nucleus of it has not
8332:
8260:
8145:
8073:
7983:
7965:
7931:
7895:
7877:
7706:
7697:
7688:
7580:
7533:
7499:
7481:
7436:
6288:
Properties of Group Five and Group Seven transactinium elements
5276:
4996:
4911:
4520:
4435:
3520:
3402:
2011:
1941:
of unsuccessful nuclear fusion, based on calculations from the
876:
820:
734:
678:
608:
594:
571:
543:
529:
397:
390:
383:
302:
265:
242:
228:
196:
6758:
4854:
4574:
8546:
8235:
7940:
7598:
7472:
5894:
5381:
4696:
3838:
2655:
2571:
2556:
2528:
2453:
2399:
2164:
1805:
1354:
1146:
804:
578:
316:
221:
69:
6705:
4925:"Nuclei in the "Island of Stability" of Superheavy Elements"
4183:
3909:
2063:(element 102), and by 30 orders of magnitude from
1831:. Dubnium should share most properties, such as its valence
8199:
8172:
7715:
7679:
7517:
6082:"Naming of element 106 disputed by international committee"
5217:
3171:
2305:
those of 103, implying that the parent nuclei were of 105.
1882:
776:
755:
404:
376:
256:
128:
125:
81:
78:
7054:
5439:
Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (1997).
5432:
4321:
7904:
7319:
5350:
5348:
4899:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4111:
3678:
Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications
550:
116:
6893:"Science Magazine Podcast. Transcript, 9 September 2011"
6566:
5107:. 50th Anniversary of Nuclear Fission, Leningrad, USSR.
4826:
4824:
4744:
4400:
3579:
The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements
3146:, so that dubnium behaves in line with periodic trends.
1811:
Theoretical research establishes dubnium as a member of
6485:
Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; et al. (2012).
5726:
Symbolik und Fachausdruecke. Mathematik, Physik, Chemie
5472:
3380:
Spontaneous fission was discovered by Soviet physicist
7222:
6544:
Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements
6484:
5729:(in German). Germany: Verlag EnzyklopÀdie. p. 83.
5473:
Choppin, G. R.; Liljenzin, J.-O.; Rydberg, J. (2002).
5345:
5318:
4642:
4214:
4032:
3824:
Six New Isotopes of the Superheavy Elements Discovered
2468:, the "father of nuclear chemistry", thus creating an
7166:
6761:"Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z=117"
6624:. FIAS Interdisciplinary Science Series. p. 69.
6210:
6176:
Bera, J. K. (1999). "Names of the Heavier Elements".
6106:
5125:
4821:
4809:
4648:
4630:
4618:
3130:
In 2021, the volatile heavy group 5 oxychlorides MOCl
2833:
A more indirect effect is that the contracted s and p
2425:, both proposed as possible namesakes for element 105
2281:
the activities observed came from SF of element 105.
1772:
105. It is highly radioactive: the most stable known
142:
122:
95:
75:
8613:
Chemical elements with body-centered cubic structure
6818:= 117: Long-Lived α-Decaying Db and Discovery of Lr"
6386:
5193:
Grant, A. (2018). "Weighing the heaviest elements".
4447:
Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering
4286:
4261:"Something new and superheavy at the periodic table"
4035:
Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry
3763:
119:
113:
72:
66:
5827:
The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side
5360:
2686:Even after 1997, LBL still sometimes used the name
2124:, element 101, which was synthesized in 1955. From
2079:for nuclei with about 280 nucleons. The later
131:
110:
84:
63:
7003:
5509:(Report). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
3903:
16:"Hahnium" redirects here. Not to be confused with
6970:
6487:"The NUBASE2012 evaluation of nuclear properties"
6387:Armbruster, Peter; MĂŒnzenberg, Gottfried (2012).
4745:Staszczak, A.; Baran, A.; Nazarewicz, W. (2013).
4529:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3766:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"
3648:
2974:the behavior on extraction from mixed nitric and
2584:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
2031:for each mode, but they can be tunneled through.
1856:
1794:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
8584:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5823:
5817:
5745:(in French). Switzerland. 1972. pp. 30â31.
5126:Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Rykaczewski, K. P. (2015).
6444:
6442:
6262:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 1999.
5722:
4587:
3797:
3697:Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry
3045:, which was predicted to be less volatile than
3021:. After extraction experiments of dubnium from
2588:International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
1869:reaction. Two nuclei fuse into one, emitting a
1798:International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
23:For the node.js release labeled "Dubnium", see
7004:Nagame, Y.; Kratz, J. V.; SchÀdel, M. (2016).
5998:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5607:
3859:
3422:This notation signifies that the nucleus is a
2436:(Bo) in honor of the Danish nuclear physicist
7295:
5879:
4445:KrĂĄsa, A. (2010). "Neutron Sources for ADS".
4236:[Superheavy steps into the unknown].
3826:. Berkeley Lab. News center. October 26, 2010
2632:for element 103. The equally entrenched name
1731:
1130:
6814:"Ca + Bk Fusion Reaction Leading to Element
6439:
5863:] (in Russian). Nauka. pp. 180â181.
5824:Fontani, M.; Costa, M.; Orna, M. V. (2014).
5742:Industries atomiques et spatiales, Volume 16
4329:European Physical Journal Web of Conferences
3819:
3817:
1378:and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
32:Chemical element with atomic number 105 (Db)
7110:
6890:
6363:
6291:(PhD). University of California, Berkeley.
6100:
5899:; Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (1993).
5604:
4975:Fission properties of the heaviest elements
4842:
4803:
4189:
3675:
3610:
3213: pb), as estimated by the discoverers.
7302:
7288:
6118:
6025:
5767:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5634:; Hrynkiewicz, A. Z.; et al. (1993).
5005:
4922:
2175:, in April 1968. The scientists bombarded
2003:, and the time of the decay are measured.
1986:and thus display its chemical properties.
1738:
1724:
1401:
1394:
1325:
7238:
7176:The Transuranium People: The Inside Story
7084:
7032:
6852:
6784:
6719:
6666:
6655:International Journal of Modern Physics E
6580:
6569:International Journal of Modern Physics E
6480:
6478:
6239:
6016:
5962:Bulletin of the American Physical Society
5552:
5153:
5071:
4971:
4948:
4780:
4762:
4359:
4349:
3943:
3834:
3832:
3814:
3757:
3684:
3644:
3642:
2943:
2782:, dubnium should belong to group 5, with
6169:
5955:
5866:
5854:
5830:. Oxford University Press. p. 386.
5723:StÀdtler, Ingrid; Niemann, Hans (1971).
5636:"Discovery of the Transfermium elements"
5254:
5128:"A beachhead on the island of stability"
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3444: hours for Db, but the statistical
2895:
2844:
2805:
2707:
2139:
2033:
1860:
8402:
7065:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
6801:from the original on December 19, 2016.
6535:
6061:from the original on September 22, 2017
5980:from the original on September 22, 2017
5844:from the original on February 27, 2018.
5672:from the original on September 20, 2016
5501:
5045:
4471:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
2912:Computational chemistry is simplest in
2853:s orbitals, the destabilization of the
2773:
2675:, and that the acceptance of the names
1889:of lighter nuclei. Two nuclei can only
8585:
8456:
8285:
7990:
7139:
6541:
6475:
6329:
6079:
5937:from the original on November 25, 2013
5749:from the original on December 23, 2022
5592:from the original on December 31, 2017
5420:from the original on November 25, 2013
5302:"ĐĐșĐ°ĐČĐŸĐ»ŃŃŃĐ°ĐŒ" [Eka-tungsten].
5048:"Chemistry of the superheavy elements"
4905:
4830:
4815:
4654:
4231:
4008:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
3974:
3829:
3690:
3639:
2801:
2448:; they soon changed their proposal to
2040:Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions
1989:
8510:
8474:
8465:
8375:
8357:
8348:
7283:
7226:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
7196:
6985:from the original on January 31, 2017
6909:from the original on October 18, 2016
6880:from the original on August 17, 2017.
6427:from the original on December 6, 2022
6342:from the original on October 31, 2022
6311:from the original on October 31, 2022
5813:. Suomalaisten Kemistien Seura. 1971.
5567:
5561:
5534:
5366:
5354:
5223:
5192:
5102:
4929:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
4711:
4669:
4444:
4258:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3576:
2517:Gesellschaft fĂŒr Schwerionenforschung
2389:
1668:
1665:
1623:
1620:
1602:
1599:
1569:
1566:
1515:
1512:
1472:
1467:
8519:
8447:
8420:
8393:
8053:
8035:
8008:
7839:
7830:
7044:from the original on April 28, 2019.
6284:
6175:
5999:Ăhrström, L.; Holden, N. E. (2016).
5787:. Royal Society of Chemistry. 1972.
5516:from the original on October 9, 2017
5475:Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry
4643:Zagrebaev, Karpov & Greiner 2013
4451:Czech Technical University in Prague
3669:
3537:
3435:The current experimental value is 16
3426:that decays via spontaneous fission.
2904:) and overlap population (OP) in MCl
2161:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
1785:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
1363:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
8528:
8501:
8492:
8339:
8321:
8312:
8303:
8089:
7999:
7972:
7920:
7866:
7848:
7812:
7792:
7731:
7668:
7569:
7551:
7540:
7459:
6266:from the original on April 21, 2021
6211:Hoffman, Ghiorso & Seaborg 2000
6157:from the original on August 3, 2017
6107:Hoffman, Ghiorso & Seaborg 2000
5704:from the original on March 25, 2018
4631:Hoffman, Ghiorso & Seaborg 2000
4619:Hoffman, Ghiorso & Seaborg 2000
4401:Loveland, W. D.; Morrissey, D. J.;
4127:"The identification of element 108"
4004:"Discovery of Elements 113 and 115"
13:
8483:
8384:
8267:
8249:
8224:
8215:
8188:
8161:
8116:
8098:
8026:
8017:
7911:
7783:
7749:
7659:
7641:
7632:
7612:
7587:
7309:
6622:Exciting Interdisciplinary Physics
6451:Exciting Interdisciplinary Physics
6001:"The Three-letter Element Symbols"
4125:; Folger, H.; et al. (1984).
3732:
3599:
2849:Relativistic stabilization of the
14:
8624:
8438:
8429:
8411:
8366:
8276:
8206:
8179:
8152:
8134:
8125:
8107:
8080:
8062:
8044:
7954:
7884:
7857:
7821:
7767:
7758:
7740:
7722:
7650:
7621:
7560:
7506:
7488:
7450:
7423:
6088:from the original on July 1, 2016
4806:, pp. 030001-129â030001-138.
4234:"ĐĄĐČĐ”ŃŃ
ŃŃжДлŃĐ” ŃагО ĐČ ĐœĐ”ĐžĐ·ĐČĐ”ŃŃĐœĐŸĐ”"
2991:were extracted from concentrated
1850:Superheavy element § Introduction
8330:
8294:
8258:
8143:
8071:
7981:
7963:
7893:
7875:
7803:
7704:
7695:
7686:
7531:
7434:
7048:
6997:
6964:
6921:
6884:
6805:
6752:
6699:
6646:
6613:
6560:
6364:@BerkeleyLab (January 8, 2014).
6256:"Periodic Table of the Elements"
6119:Loss, R. D.; Corish, J. (2012).
3977:"Explainer: superheavy elements"
3461:
3451:
2647:was later used for element 114.
2636:for element 102 was replaced by
2601:(Jl) after the French physicist
2547:
2540:
2407:
2398:
2071:(element 100). The earlier
1933:
1848:This section is an excerpt from
1711:
1710:
1248:3rd: 2378 kJ/mol
1245:2nd: 1547 kJ/mol
106:
59:
8233:
7938:
7929:
7596:
7578:
7497:
7479:
7104:
6393:The European Physical Journal H
6380:
6357:
6323:
6278:
6248:
6216:
6204:
6112:
6073:
5992:
5949:
5848:
5801:
5775:
5733:
5716:
5684:
5541:Chemical & Engineering News
5528:
5495:
5466:
5231:Chemical & Engineering News
5186:
5119:
5096:
5039:
4972:Moller, P.; Nix, J. R. (1994).
4965:
4857:The European Physical Journal A
4848:
4738:
4465:
4376:
4315:
4280:
4252:
4071:
4026:
3996:
3968:
3791:
3583:Springer Science+Business Media
3429:
3416:
3387:
3374:
3361:
3351:
3341:
3324:
3310:
3301:
3216:
3193:
3156:
2440:, a founder of the theories of
1972:IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party
1842:
1242:1st: 665 kJ/mol
8197:
8170:
7713:
7677:
7515:
7470:
7257:10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001
6891:Wills, S.; Berger, L. (2011).
6845:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.172501
6786:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502
4950:10.1088/1742-6596/337/1/012005
4047:10.1002/9781119951438.eibc2632
3936:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.172501
3508:
3493:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3480:
3170:if its atomic number is high;
2521:Society for Heavy Ion Research
2464:(Ha) after the German chemist
1943:Australian National University
1857:Synthesis of superheavy nuclei
1:
7902:
7144:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
7133:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001
5574:Chemical and Engineering News
4725:Université libre de Bruxelles
4683:Université libre de Bruxelles
4405:(2005). "Nuclear Reactions".
3800:Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry
3474:
2908:, where M = V, Nb, Ta, and Db
2548:
2452:(Ns) to avoid confusion with
2190: > 0.05 s)
2108:
7034:10.1051/epjconf/201613107007
5692:"Dubnium | chemical element"
5105:Biomodal spontaneous fission
5006:Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2004).
4309:10.1016/0029-5582(59)90211-1
3889:10.1103/PhysRevC.106.L031301
3808:10.1007/978-1-4419-0720-2_19
3680:(3rd ed.). p. 631.
2456:. Another proposed name was
2286:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
2103:
1789:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
1376:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
7:
6630:10.1007/978-3-319-00047-3_6
6514:10.1088/1674-1137/36/12/001
6459:10.1007/978-3-319-00047-3_6
4411:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4351:10.1051/epjconf/20158600061
3853:10.1103/PhysRevC.106.064306
2891:
2697:
2421:and German nuclear chemist
1950:The resulting merger is an
10:
8629:
7801:
7630:
7549:
7468:
7432:
7334:
7142:Concepts of modern physics
6738:10.1103/PhysRevC.97.064602
6413:10.1140/epjh/e2012-20046-7
6338:. Cal Alumni Association.
6228:Pure and Applied Chemistry
6128:Pure and Applied Chemistry
6040:Pure and Applied Chemistry
5908:Pure and Applied Chemistry
5875:] (in German). Urania.
5643:Pure and Applied Chemistry
5448:Pure and Applied Chemistry
5391:Pure and Applied Chemistry
5331:Royal Society of Chemistry
4877:10.1140/epja/i2017-12348-8
4782:10.1103/physrevc.87.024320
4485:Pure and Applied Chemistry
4097:10.1103/PhysRevC.79.024608
3663:10.1103/PhysRevB.83.172101
3633:10.1103/PhysRevB.84.113104
3319:time-of-flight measurement
2816:electromagnetic attraction
2701:
2470:element naming controversy
2135:
1847:
1804:in 1997 after the town of
1759:synthetic chemical element
470:
338:
278:
218:
193:
22:
15:
8544:
8244:
7949:
7778:
7607:
7526:
7445:
7418:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7329:
7324:
7317:
7174:; Seaborg, G. T. (2000).
6685:10.1142/S0218301310016521
6599:10.1142/S0218301310014662
5586:10.1021/cen-v081n036.p182
5554:10.1021/cen-v072n044.p002
5026:10.1088/2058-7058/17/7/31
4983:University of North Texas
4552:10.1524/ract.1987.42.2.57
3802:. Springer. p. 877.
3699:. Structure and Bonding.
3691:Fricke, Burkhard (1975).
3033:have led to formation of
2417:Danish nuclear physicist
2284:In April 1970, a team at
1932:
1927:
1865:A graphic depiction of a
1709:
1705:
1662:
1617:
1596:
1563:
1509:
1464:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1385:
1368:
1349:
1344:
1334:
1310:
1300:
1295:
1282:
1271:empirical: 139
1265:
1257:(all but first estimated)
1233:
1213:
1208:
1187:
1166:
1161:
1153:
1139:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1081:
1058:
173:
165:
156:
51:
46:
6950:10.1088/1402-4896/aa53c1
6330:Buhler, Brendan (2014).
6140:10.1351/PAC-REC-11-12-03
5255:Robinson, A. E. (2019).
5203:10.1063/PT.6.1.20181113a
4935:(1): 012005-1â012005-6.
4923:Oganessian, Yu. (2012).
4534:; Keller, O. L. (1987).
4407:Modern Nuclear Chemistry
4134:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Physik A
3785:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae
3149:
2871:azimuthal quantum number
2494:systematic element names
2157:discovery of element 105
2155:The first report of the
1997:surface-barrier detector
1808:, the site of the JINR.
6825:Physical Review Letters
6765:Physical Review Letters
6241:10.1351/pac199769122471
6234:(12): 2471â2474. 1997.
6052:10.1351/pac199466122419
6046:(12): 2419â2421. 1994.
6005:Chemistry International
5920:10.1351/pac199365081815
5697:Encyclopedia Britannica
5655:10.1351/pac199365081757
5537:"The Transfermium Wars"
5502:Hoffman, D. C. (1996).
5460:10.1351/pac199769122471
5403:10.1351/pac199365081815
4498:10.1351/pac199163060879
4419:10.1002/0471768626.ch10
3916:Physical Review Letters
3527:Oxford University Press
3166:, an element is called
2500:, from the Latin roots
1895:electrostatic repulsion
1157:2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2
25:node.js § Releases
7077:10.1002/anie.202102808
7013:EPJ Web of Conferences
5073:10.1098/rsta.2014.0191
4200:Bloomberg Businessweek
3744:Royal Chemical Society
3676:Kratz; Lieser (2013).
3585:. pp. 1652â1752.
2980:methyl isobutyl ketone
2944:Experimental chemistry
2909:
2867:spinâorbit interaction
2865:Another effect is the
2862:
2811:
2713:
2152:
2051:
1874:
1833:electron configuration
1141:Electron configuration
5956:Robinson, A. (2017).
5867:Hoffmann, K. (1979).
5855:Hoffmann, K. (1987).
5568:Zvara, I. J. (2003).
5103:Hulet, E. K. (1989).
5008:"Superheavy elements"
4845:, p. 030001-125.
4039:John Wiley & Sons
4014:on September 11, 2015
3533:on December 18, 2019.
3523:UK English Dictionary
2950:thermochromatographic
2899:
2848:
2809:
2735:rapid neutron capture
2711:
2603:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
2377:hafnium tetrachloride
2373:niobium pentachloride
2143:
2067:(element 90) to
2059:(element 92) to
2037:
1864:
1776:, dubnium-268, has a
1374:independently by the
6285:Wilk, P. A. (2001).
6018:10.1515/ci-2016-0204
5310:] (in Russian).
5046:SchÀdel, M. (2015).
3446:law of large numbers
2969:of dubnium on glass
2796:relativistic effects
2774:Predicted properties
2730:neutronâproton ratio
2567:class=notpageimage|
1974:(JWP) states that a
1837:relativistic effects
1815:in the 6d series of
1201:21.6 g/cm
7249:2013JPhCS.420a2001Z
7140:Beiser, A. (2003).
7125:2017ChPhC..41c0001A
7071:(33): 17871â17874.
7025:2016EPJWC.13107007N
6942:2017PhyS...92b3003O
6837:2014PhRvL.112q2501K
6777:2010PhRvL.104n2502O
6730:2018PhRvC..97f4602W
6677:2010IJMPE..19.2063B
6591:2010IJMPE..19..131M
6542:Emsley, J. (2011).
6506:2012ChPhC..36....1A
6405:2012EPJH...37..237A
6336:alumni.berkeley.edu
6080:Yarris, L. (1994).
5974:2017APS..APRB10003R
5810:Suomen kemistilehti
5146:2015PhT....68h..32O
5113:1989nufi.rept...16H
5064:2015RSPTA.37340191S
4941:2012JPhCS.337a2005O
4869:2017EPJA...53..158A
4773:2013PhRvC..87b4320S
4598:Scientific American
4384:"Nuclear Reactions"
4342:2015EPJWC..8600061W
4301:1959NucPh..10..226K
4232:Ivanov, D. (2019).
4193:(August 28, 2019).
4146:1984ZPhyA.317..235M
4079:Oganessian, Yu. Ts.
3975:KrÀmer, K. (2016).
3928:2014PhRvL.112q2501K
3625:2011PhRvB..84k3104O
3103:and tantalum forms
3080:with tracers and a
3027:diisobutyl carbinol
2914:gas-phase chemistry
2886:body-centered cubic
2802:Atomic and physical
2716:Dubnium, having an
2704:Isotopes of dubnium
2508:and the Greek root
2266:spontaneous fission
2085:island of stability
2081:nuclear shell model
2025:spontaneous fission
1990:Decay and detection
1819:, placing it under
1387:Isotopes of dubnium
1318:body-centered cubic
1235:Ionization energies
1162:Physical properties
1154:Electrons per shell
43:
8608:Synthetic elements
6213:, pp. 369â399
6190:10.1007/BF02838724
6109:, pp. 389â394
5535:Karol, P. (1994).
5224:Howes, L. (2019).
5058:(2037): 20140191.
4908:, p. 432â433.
4712:Pauli, N. (2019).
4670:Pauli, N. (2019).
4413:pp. 249â297.
4259:Hinde, D. (2017).
4154:10.1007/BF01421260
3709:10.1007/BFb0116498
3086:ammonium hydroxide
2910:
2863:
2812:
2739:transfer reactions
2722:superheavy element
2714:
2390:Naming controversy
2153:
2052:
2048:quadrupole magnets
2046:in the former and
1899:strong interaction
1875:
1361:, Russia, site of
1301:Natural occurrence
1065:
1050:
35:
8603:Transition metals
8598:Chemical elements
8580:
8579:
8573:
8572:
8539:
8538:
7215:978-3-319-75813-8
7189:978-1-78-326244-1
7151:978-0-07-244848-1
7113:Chinese Physics C
6708:Physical Review C
6661:(10): 2063â2075.
6639:978-3-319-00046-6
6553:978-0-19-960563-7
6500:(12): 1157â1286.
6494:Chinese Physics C
6468:978-3-319-00046-6
5865:Translation from
5837:978-0-19-938335-1
5488:978-0-7506-7463-8
5454:(12): 2471â2474.
5357:, pp. 38â39.
5155:10.1063/PT.3.2880
4751:Physical Review C
4714:"Nuclear fission"
4540:Radiochimica Acta
4428:978-0-471-76862-3
4084:Physical Review C
4056:978-1-119-95143-8
4041:. pp. 1â16.
3877:Physical Review C
3841:Physical Review C
3773:Chinese Physics C
3718:978-3-540-07109-9
3651:Physical Review B
3613:Physical Review B
3592:978-1-4020-3555-5
3496:. Merriam-Webster
3369:must be preserved
3334:is caused by the
2993:hydrochloric acid
2976:hydrofluoric acid
2918:molecular orbital
2778:According to the
2692:Radiochimica Acta
2130:Transfermium Wars
2073:liquid drop model
1948:
1947:
1817:transition metals
1752:
1751:
1717:Category: Dubnium
1701:
1700:
1312:Crystal structure
1288:149 pm
1209:Atomic properties
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1048:
1038:
1037:
764:Mercury (element)
8620:
8549:
8548:
8535:
8533:
8526:
8524:
8517:
8515:
8508:
8506:
8499:
8497:
8490:
8488:
8481:
8479:
8472:
8470:
8463:
8461:
8454:
8452:
8445:
8443:
8436:
8434:
8427:
8425:
8418:
8416:
8409:
8407:
8400:
8398:
8391:
8389:
8382:
8380:
8373:
8371:
8364:
8362:
8355:
8353:
8346:
8344:
8337:
8335:
8328:
8326:
8319:
8317:
8310:
8308:
8301:
8299:
8292:
8290:
8283:
8281:
8274:
8272:
8265:
8263:
8256:
8254:
8240:
8238:
8231:
8229:
8222:
8220:
8213:
8211:
8204:
8202:
8195:
8193:
8186:
8184:
8177:
8175:
8168:
8166:
8159:
8157:
8150:
8148:
8141:
8139:
8132:
8130:
8123:
8121:
8114:
8112:
8105:
8103:
8096:
8094:
8087:
8085:
8078:
8076:
8069:
8067:
8060:
8058:
8051:
8049:
8042:
8040:
8033:
8031:
8024:
8022:
8015:
8013:
8006:
8004:
7997:
7995:
7988:
7986:
7979:
7977:
7970:
7968:
7961:
7959:
7945:
7943:
7936:
7934:
7927:
7925:
7918:
7916:
7909:
7907:
7900:
7898:
7891:
7889:
7882:
7880:
7873:
7871:
7864:
7862:
7855:
7853:
7846:
7844:
7837:
7835:
7828:
7826:
7819:
7817:
7810:
7808:
7799:
7797:
7790:
7788:
7774:
7772:
7765:
7763:
7756:
7754:
7747:
7745:
7738:
7736:
7729:
7727:
7720:
7718:
7711:
7709:
7702:
7700:
7693:
7691:
7684:
7682:
7675:
7673:
7666:
7664:
7657:
7655:
7648:
7646:
7639:
7637:
7628:
7626:
7619:
7617:
7603:
7601:
7594:
7592:
7585:
7583:
7576:
7574:
7567:
7565:
7558:
7556:
7547:
7545:
7538:
7536:
7522:
7520:
7513:
7511:
7504:
7502:
7495:
7493:
7486:
7484:
7477:
7475:
7466:
7464:
7457:
7455:
7441:
7439:
7430:
7428:
7320:
7304:
7297:
7290:
7281:
7280:
7276:
7242:
7219:
7193:
7180:World Scientific
7163:
7136:
7099:
7098:
7088:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7036:
7010:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6984:
6977:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6908:
6897:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6856:
6822:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6788:
6756:
6750:
6749:
6723:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6670:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6584:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6531:on July 6, 2016.
6530:
6524:. Archived from
6491:
6482:
6473:
6472:
6446:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6347:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6282:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6220:
6214:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6156:
6134:(7): 1669â1672.
6125:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6060:
6037:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6020:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5936:
5914:(8): 1815â1824.
5905:
5892:
5877:
5876:
5864:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5766:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5671:
5640:
5632:Greenwood, N. N.
5627:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5515:
5508:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5445:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5419:
5397:(8): 1815â1824.
5388:
5379:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5252:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5157:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5075:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5003:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4980:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4952:
4920:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4852:
4846:
4843:Audi et al. 2017
4840:
4834:
4828:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4804:Audi et al. 2017
4801:
4795:
4794:
4784:
4766:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4718:
4709:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4676:
4667:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4585:
4572:
4571:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4481:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4442:
4433:
4432:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4388:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4363:
4353:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4266:The Conversation
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4229:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4170:
4164:. Archived from
4131:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4010:. Archived from
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3947:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3868:
3857:
3856:
3836:
3827:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3770:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3646:
3637:
3636:
3608:
3597:
3596:
3581:(3rd ed.).
3574:
3535:
3534:
3529:. Archived from
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3484:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3433:
3427:
3420:
3414:
3399:Stockholm County
3391:
3385:
3378:
3372:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:weak interaction
3328:
3322:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3249:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3230:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3197:
3191:
3160:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3023:hydrogen bromide
3020:
3019:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3008:
2927:Calculations of
2860:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2586:(IUPAC) and the
2551:
2550:
2544:
2442:atomic structure
2411:
2402:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2275:
2273:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2245:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2205:
2192:alpha activities
1976:chemical element
1956:compound nucleus
1937:
1936:
1925:
1924:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1714:
1713:
1692:
1689:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1653:
1641:
1631:
1626:
1610:
1605:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1556:
1553:
1539:
1536:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1502:
1499:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1450:
1418:
1417:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1381:
1340:53850-35-4
1329:
1296:Other properties
1225:(parenthesized:
1224:
1215:Oxidation states
1198:
1177:
1176:
1132:
1093:
1092:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
807:
800:
793:
786:
779:
772:
765:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
695:
688:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
581:
574:
567:
560:
553:
546:
539:
532:
525:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
483:
476:
465:
458:
449:
442:
435:
428:
421:
414:
407:
400:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
351:
344:
335:
328:
319:
312:
305:
298:
291:
284:
275:
268:
259:
252:
245:
238:
231:
224:
215:
208:
199:
190:
184:
183:
179:
178:
175:
174:
145:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
98:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
44:
42:
34:
8628:
8627:
8623:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8618:
8617:
8583:
8582:
8581:
8576:
8575:
8574:
8540:
8531:
8529:
8522:
8520:
8513:
8511:
8504:
8502:
8495:
8493:
8486:
8484:
8477:
8475:
8468:
8466:
8459:
8457:
8450:
8448:
8441:
8439:
8432:
8430:
8423:
8421:
8414:
8412:
8405:
8403:
8396:
8394:
8387:
8385:
8378:
8376:
8369:
8367:
8360:
8358:
8351:
8349:
8342:
8340:
8333:
8331:
8324:
8322:
8315:
8313:
8306:
8304:
8297:
8295:
8288:
8286:
8279:
8277:
8270:
8268:
8261:
8259:
8252:
8250:
8236:
8234:
8227:
8225:
8218:
8216:
8209:
8207:
8200:
8198:
8191:
8189:
8182:
8180:
8173:
8171:
8164:
8162:
8155:
8153:
8146:
8144:
8137:
8135:
8128:
8126:
8119:
8117:
8110:
8108:
8101:
8099:
8092:
8090:
8083:
8081:
8074:
8072:
8065:
8063:
8056:
8054:
8047:
8045:
8038:
8036:
8029:
8027:
8020:
8018:
8011:
8009:
8002:
8000:
7993:
7991:
7984:
7982:
7975:
7973:
7966:
7964:
7957:
7955:
7941:
7939:
7932:
7930:
7923:
7921:
7914:
7912:
7905:
7903:
7896:
7894:
7887:
7885:
7878:
7876:
7869:
7867:
7860:
7858:
7851:
7849:
7842:
7840:
7833:
7831:
7824:
7822:
7815:
7813:
7806:
7804:
7795:
7793:
7786:
7784:
7770:
7768:
7761:
7759:
7752:
7750:
7743:
7741:
7734:
7732:
7725:
7723:
7716:
7714:
7707:
7705:
7698:
7696:
7689:
7687:
7680:
7678:
7671:
7669:
7662:
7660:
7653:
7651:
7644:
7642:
7635:
7633:
7624:
7622:
7615:
7613:
7599:
7597:
7590:
7588:
7581:
7579:
7572:
7570:
7563:
7561:
7554:
7552:
7543:
7541:
7534:
7532:
7518:
7516:
7509:
7507:
7500:
7498:
7491:
7489:
7482:
7480:
7473:
7471:
7462:
7460:
7453:
7451:
7437:
7435:
7426:
7424:
7313:
7308:
7216:
7190:
7152:
7107:
7102:
7060:
7053:
7049:
7041:
7008:
7002:
6998:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6975:
6969:
6965:
6930:Physica Scripta
6926:
6922:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6895:
6889:
6885:
6877:
6820:
6810:
6806:
6757:
6753:
6704:
6700:
6651:
6647:
6640:
6618:
6614:
6565:
6561:
6554:
6540:
6536:
6528:
6489:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6447:
6440:
6430:
6428:
6385:
6381:
6362:
6358:
6345:
6343:
6328:
6324:
6314:
6312:
6283:
6279:
6269:
6267:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6209:
6205:
6174:
6170:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6123:
6117:
6113:
6105:
6101:
6091:
6089:
6078:
6074:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6026:
5997:
5993:
5983:
5981:
5954:
5950:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5903:
5893:
5880:
5853:
5849:
5838:
5822:
5818:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5760:
5759:
5752:
5750:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5721:
5717:
5707:
5705:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5638:
5630:Barber, R. C.;
5628:
5605:
5595:
5593:
5566:
5562:
5533:
5529:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5481:. p. 416.
5471:
5467:
5443:
5437:
5433:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5386:
5380:
5373:
5365:
5361:
5353:
5346:
5336:
5334:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5301:
5300:Reprinted from
5293:
5291:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5267:
5265:
5253:
5246:
5236:
5234:
5222:
5218:
5191:
5187:
5124:
5120:
5101:
5097:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5028:
5004:
4997:
4987:
4985:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4921:
4912:
4904:
4900:
4853:
4849:
4841:
4837:
4829:
4822:
4814:
4810:
4802:
4798:
4757:(2): 024320â1.
4743:
4739:
4729:
4727:
4716:
4710:
4697:
4687:
4685:
4674:
4668:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4641:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4589:Chemistry World
4586:
4575:
4528:
4521:
4479:
4470:
4466:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4320:
4316:
4289:Nuclear Physics
4285:
4281:
4271:
4269:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4241:
4230:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4191:Subramanian, S.
4188:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4171:on June 7, 2015
4168:
4129:
4116:
4112:
4076:
4072:
4057:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3982:Chemistry World
3973:
3969:
3908:
3904:
3869:
3860:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3815:
3796:
3792:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3746:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3689:
3685:
3674:
3670:
3647:
3640:
3609:
3600:
3593:
3575:
3538:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3452:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3421:
3417:
3392:
3388:
3379:
3375:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3194:
3164:nuclear physics
3161:
3157:
3152:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2997:moles per liter
2946:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2876:
2854:
2836:
2825:
2804:
2776:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2706:
2700:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2576:European Russia
2569:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2490:Yuri Oganessian
2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2392:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2298:californium-249
2271:
2269:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2189:
2179:with a beam of
2138:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2077:fission barrier
2029:energy barriers
1992:
1934:
1928:External videos
1859:
1853:
1845:
1744:
1719:
1690:
1687:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1651:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1608:
1603:
1585:
1575:
1570:
1554:
1549:
1537:
1534:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1500:
1495:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1448:
1441:
1434:abundance
1407:
1389:
1379:
1330:
1284:Covalent radius
1261:
1220:
1192:
1170:
1086:
1082:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
947:
940:
933:
926:
919:
912:
905:
898:
891:
884:
877:
870:
863:
856:
849:
842:
835:
828:
821:
814:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
770:
763:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
686:
679:
672:
665:
658:
651:
644:
637:
630:
623:
616:
609:
602:
595:
588:
579:
572:
565:
558:
551:
544:
537:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
481:
474:
463:
456:
447:
440:
433:
426:
419:
412:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
356:
349:
342:
333:
326:
317:
310:
303:
296:
289:
282:
273:
266:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:
222:
213:
206:
197:
188:
166:Dubnium in the
152:
143:
139:
109:
105:
96:
92:
62:
58:
40:
36:
33:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
8626:
8616:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8578:
8577:
8571:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8537:
8536:
8527:
8518:
8509:
8500:
8491:
8482:
8473:
8464:
8455:
8446:
8437:
8428:
8419:
8410:
8401:
8392:
8383:
8374:
8365:
8356:
8347:
8338:
8329:
8320:
8311:
8302:
8293:
8284:
8275:
8266:
8257:
8248:
8242:
8241:
8232:
8223:
8214:
8205:
8196:
8187:
8178:
8169:
8160:
8151:
8142:
8133:
8124:
8115:
8106:
8097:
8088:
8079:
8070:
8061:
8052:
8043:
8034:
8025:
8016:
8007:
7998:
7989:
7980:
7971:
7962:
7953:
7947:
7946:
7937:
7928:
7919:
7910:
7901:
7892:
7883:
7874:
7865:
7856:
7847:
7838:
7829:
7820:
7811:
7802:
7800:
7791:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7766:
7757:
7748:
7739:
7730:
7721:
7712:
7703:
7694:
7685:
7676:
7667:
7658:
7649:
7640:
7631:
7629:
7620:
7611:
7605:
7604:
7595:
7586:
7577:
7568:
7559:
7550:
7548:
7539:
7530:
7524:
7523:
7514:
7505:
7496:
7487:
7478:
7469:
7467:
7458:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7433:
7431:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7311:Periodic table
7307:
7306:
7299:
7292:
7284:
7278:
7277:
7220:
7214:
7194:
7188:
7168:Hoffman, D. C.
7164:
7150:
7137:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7100:
7058:
7047:
6996:
6963:
6920:
6883:
6831:(17): 172501.
6804:
6771:(14): 142502.
6751:
6698:
6645:
6638:
6612:
6575:(1): 131â140.
6559:
6552:
6534:
6474:
6467:
6438:
6399:(2): 237â309.
6379:
6372:) – via
6356:
6322:
6297:10.2172/785268
6277:
6247:
6215:
6203:
6168:
6111:
6099:
6072:
6024:
5991:
5968:(1): B10.003.
5948:
5897:Seaborg, G. T.
5878:
5847:
5836:
5816:
5800:
5793:
5784:Radiochemistry
5774:
5732:
5715:
5683:
5603:
5560:
5527:
5494:
5487:
5465:
5431:
5371:
5359:
5344:
5317:
5275:
5244:
5216:
5185:
5118:
5095:
5038:
4995:
4964:
4910:
4898:
4847:
4835:
4833:, p. 433.
4820:
4818:, p. 439.
4808:
4796:
4737:
4695:
4659:
4657:, p. 432.
4647:
4635:
4633:, p. 335.
4623:
4621:, p. 334.
4611:
4573:
4532:Hoffman, D. C.
4519:
4473:Wapstra, A. H.
4464:
4434:
4427:
4403:Seaborg, G. T.
4389:. pp. 7â8
4375:
4314:
4279:
4251:
4213:
4182:
4140:(2): 235â236.
4123:Armbruster, P.
4119:MĂŒnzenberg, G.
4110:
4070:
4055:
4025:
3995:
3967:
3922:(17): 172501.
3902:
3883:(3): L031301.
3858:
3828:
3813:
3790:
3756:
3731:
3717:
3683:
3668:
3657:(17): 172101.
3638:
3598:
3591:
3536:
3507:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3460:
3450:
3439:
3428:
3424:nuclear isomer
3415:
3386:
3373:
3360:
3350:
3340:
3323:
3309:
3300:
3293:
3284:
3274:
3265:
3255:
3246:
3236:
3227:
3215:
3208:
3192:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3109:
3097:
3063:
3051:
3039:
3016:
3005:
2978:solution into
2957:than niobium.
2945:
2942:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2890:
2874:
2834:
2823:
2803:
2800:
2775:
2772:
2702:Main article:
2699:
2696:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2478:Albert Ghiorso
2446:quantum theory
2416:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2375:, rather than
2365:
2364:
2359:
2351:
2341:
2332:
2322:
2313:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2243:
2230:
2221:
2211:
2202:
2187:
2159:came from the
2137:
2134:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2094:kinetic energy
2050:in the latter.
2016:binding energy
1991:
1988:
1946:
1945:
1930:
1929:
1908:speed of light
1879:atomic nucleus
1867:nuclear fusion
1858:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1421:Main isotopes
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1149:] 5f 6d 7s
1143:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1056:
1055:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
810:
809:
802:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
711:
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
584:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
469:
467:
460:
452:
451:
444:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
367:
360:
353:
346:
339:
337:
330:
322:
321:
314:
307:
300:
293:
286:
279:
277:
270:
262:
261:
254:
247:
240:
233:
226:
219:
217:
210:
202:
201:
194:
192:
182:
171:
170:
168:periodic table
163:
162:
160:
154:
153:
151:
150:
103:
55:
53:
49:
48:
38:
37:Dubnium,
31:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8625:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8590:
8588:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8543:
8534:
8525:
8516:
8507:
8498:
8489:
8480:
8471:
8462:
8453:
8444:
8435:
8426:
8417:
8408:
8399:
8390:
8381:
8372:
8363:
8354:
8345:
8336:
8327:
8318:
8309:
8300:
8291:
8282:
8273:
8264:
8255:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8230:
8221:
8212:
8203:
8194:
8185:
8176:
8167:
8158:
8149:
8140:
8131:
8122:
8113:
8104:
8095:
8086:
8077:
8068:
8059:
8050:
8041:
8032:
8023:
8014:
8005:
7996:
7987:
7978:
7969:
7960:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7935:
7926:
7917:
7908:
7899:
7890:
7881:
7872:
7863:
7854:
7845:
7836:
7827:
7818:
7809:
7798:
7789:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7764:
7755:
7746:
7737:
7728:
7719:
7710:
7701:
7692:
7683:
7674:
7665:
7656:
7647:
7638:
7627:
7618:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7593:
7584:
7575:
7566:
7557:
7546:
7537:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7512:
7503:
7494:
7485:
7476:
7465:
7456:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7429:
7421:
7417:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7321:
7316:
7312:
7305:
7300:
7298:
7293:
7291:
7286:
7285:
7282:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7233:(1): 012001.
7232:
7228:
7227:
7221:
7217:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7147:
7143:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7119:(3): 030001.
7118:
7114:
7109:
7108:
7096:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7051:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7007:
7000:
6981:
6974:
6967:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6936:(2): 023003.
6935:
6931:
6924:
6905:
6901:
6894:
6887:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6819:
6817:
6808:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6755:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6714:(6): 064602.
6713:
6709:
6702:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6649:
6641:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6616:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6563:
6555:
6549:
6545:
6538:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6488:
6481:
6479:
6470:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6445:
6443:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6383:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6326:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6289:
6281:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6251:
6242:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6219:
6212:
6207:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6172:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6108:
6103:
6087:
6083:
6076:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6034:
6028:
6019:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5995:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5952:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5898:
5895:Ghiorso, A.;
5891:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5874:
5870:
5862:
5858:
5851:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5820:
5812:
5811:
5804:
5796:
5794:9780851862545
5790:
5786:
5785:
5778:
5770:
5764:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5736:
5728:
5727:
5719:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5687:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5564:
5555:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5531:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5490:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5469:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5376:
5369:, p. 40.
5368:
5363:
5356:
5351:
5349:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5264:
5263:
5262:Distillations
5258:
5251:
5249:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5220:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5195:Physics Today
5189:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5133:Physics Today
5129:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5013:Physics World
5009:
5002:
5000:
4984:
4977:
4976:
4968:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4907:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4839:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4817:
4812:
4805:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4684:
4680:
4673:
4672:"Alpha decay"
4666:
4664:
4656:
4651:
4644:
4639:
4632:
4627:
4620:
4615:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4530:Hyde, E. K.;
4526:
4524:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4439:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4399:Published as
4385:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4283:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4255:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4091:(2): 024608.
4090:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3971:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3833:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3779:(3): 030001.
3778:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3643:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3594:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3464:
3454:
3447:
3432:
3425:
3419:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3383:
3382:Georgy Flerov
3377:
3370:
3364:
3354:
3344:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3304:
3219:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3188:superactinide
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3128:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3030:
3028:
3024:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2898:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2720:of 105, is a
2719:
2718:atomic number
2710:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:rutherfordium
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:rutherfordium
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2582:In 1985, the
2577:
2573:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2515:In 1981, the
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:Georgy Flerov
2483:
2482:Glenn Seaborg
2479:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2401:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2267:
2259:
2238:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:Moscow Oblast
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2044:dipole magnet
2041:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:excited state
1944:
1940:
1939:Visualization
1931:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1916:cross section
1911:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1877:A superheavy
1872:
1868:
1863:
1851:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:atomic number
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1745: |
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1459:product
1457:
1455:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:Moscow Oblast
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1267:Atomic radius
1264:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1119:period 7
1117:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1084:Atomic number
1080:
1069:
1061:
1060:rutherfordium
1057:
1044:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
992:
987:
985:
980:
978:
973:
971:
966:
964:
959:
957:
952:
950:
945:
943:
938:
936:
934:Rutherfordium
931:
929:
924:
922:
917:
915:
910:
908:
903:
901:
896:
894:
889:
887:
882:
880:
875:
873:
868:
866:
861:
859:
854:
852:
847:
845:
840:
838:
833:
831:
826:
824:
819:
817:
812:
811:
808:
803:
801:
796:
794:
789:
787:
782:
780:
775:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
754:
752:
747:
745:
740:
738:
733:
731:
726:
724:
719:
717:
712:
710:
705:
703:
698:
696:
691:
689:
684:
682:
677:
675:
670:
668:
663:
661:
656:
654:
649:
647:
642:
640:
635:
633:
628:
626:
621:
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
600:
598:
593:
591:
586:
585:
582:
577:
575:
570:
568:
563:
561:
556:
554:
549:
547:
542:
540:
535:
533:
528:
526:
521:
519:
514:
512:
507:
505:
500:
498:
493:
491:
486:
484:
479:
477:
472:
468:
466:
461:
459:
454:
453:
450:
445:
443:
438:
436:
431:
429:
424:
422:
417:
415:
410:
408:
403:
401:
396:
394:
389:
387:
382:
380:
375:
373:
368:
366:
361:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
340:
336:
331:
329:
324:
323:
320:
315:
313:
308:
306:
301:
299:
294:
292:
287:
285:
280:
276:
271:
269:
264:
263:
260:
255:
253:
248:
246:
241:
239:
234:
232:
227:
225:
220:
216:
211:
209:
204:
203:
200:
195:
191:
186:
185:
181:
180:
177:
176:
172:
169:
164:
161:
159:
155:
148:
147:
136:
104:
101:
100:
89:
57:
56:
54:
52:Pronunciation
50:
45:
30:
26:
19:
8413:
7230:
7224:
7201:
7175:
7141:
7116:
7112:
7105:Bibliography
7068:
7064:
7050:
7016:
7012:
6999:
6987:. Retrieved
6966:
6933:
6929:
6923:
6911:. Retrieved
6899:
6886:
6828:
6824:
6815:
6807:
6768:
6764:
6754:
6711:
6707:
6701:
6658:
6654:
6648:
6621:
6615:
6572:
6568:
6562:
6543:
6537:
6526:the original
6497:
6493:
6450:
6429:. Retrieved
6396:
6392:
6382:
6359:
6351:
6344:. Retrieved
6335:
6325:
6313:. Retrieved
6287:
6280:
6268:. Retrieved
6259:
6250:
6231:
6227:
6218:
6206:
6184:(3): 53â61.
6181:
6177:
6171:
6159:. Retrieved
6131:
6127:
6114:
6102:
6092:September 7,
6090:. Retrieved
6075:
6065:September 7,
6063:. Retrieved
6043:
6039:
6027:
6008:
6004:
5994:
5982:. Retrieved
5965:
5961:
5951:
5941:September 7,
5939:. Retrieved
5911:
5907:
5872:
5868:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5826:
5819:
5809:
5803:
5783:
5777:
5753:September 8,
5751:. Retrieved
5741:
5735:
5725:
5718:
5706:. Retrieved
5695:
5686:
5676:September 7,
5674:. Retrieved
5646:
5642:
5594:. Retrieved
5577:
5573:
5563:
5544:
5540:
5530:
5518:. Retrieved
5497:
5474:
5468:
5451:
5447:
5434:
5424:September 7,
5422:. Retrieved
5394:
5390:
5362:
5335:. Retrieved
5329:
5320:
5307:
5303:
5292:. Retrieved
5290:(in Russian)
5287:
5278:
5268:February 22,
5266:. Retrieved
5260:
5235:. Retrieved
5229:
5219:
5194:
5188:
5140:(8): 32â38.
5137:
5131:
5121:
5104:
5098:
5055:
5051:
5041:
5031:February 16,
5029:. Retrieved
5020:(7): 25â29.
5017:
5011:
4988:February 16,
4986:. Retrieved
4974:
4967:
4932:
4928:
4901:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4838:
4811:
4799:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4730:February 16,
4728:. Retrieved
4720:
4688:February 16,
4686:. Retrieved
4678:
4650:
4645:, p. 3.
4638:
4626:
4614:
4602:. Retrieved
4596:
4546:(2): 67â68.
4543:
4539:
4489:
4483:
4467:
4446:
4406:
4391:. Retrieved
4378:
4333:
4327:
4317:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4270:. Retrieved
4264:
4254:
4242:. Retrieved
4240:(in Russian)
4237:
4204:. Retrieved
4198:
4185:
4173:. Retrieved
4166:the original
4137:
4133:
4113:
4088:
4082:
4073:
4034:
4028:
4016:. Retrieved
4012:the original
3998:
3986:. Retrieved
3980:
3970:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3880:
3876:
3844:
3840:
3799:
3793:
3776:
3772:
3759:
3747:. Retrieved
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3700:
3696:
3686:
3677:
3671:
3654:
3650:
3616:
3612:
3578:
3531:the original
3519:
3510:
3498:. Retrieved
3491:
3482:
3463:
3453:
3431:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3389:
3376:
3363:
3353:
3343:
3326:
3312:
3303:
3218:
3195:
3158:
3129:
3090:
3071:
3031:
2989:protactinium
2985:
2959:
2947:
2937:Complexation
2926:
2911:
2883:
2879:
2864:
2856:
2850:
2832:
2813:
2780:periodic law
2777:
2743:
2726:
2715:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2659:
2654:(Db), after
2651:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2581:
2570:Location of
2555:
2533:nielsbohrium
2532:
2520:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2498:unnilpentium
2497:
2474:
2461:
2457:
2450:nielsbohrium
2449:
2433:
2430:
2381:
2369:
2366:
2283:
2277:
2263:
2257:
2236:
2184:
2173:Soviet Union
2154:
2112:
2090:
2053:
2005:
1993:
1949:
1912:
1876:
1843:Introduction
1810:
1801:
1782:
1765:
1754:
1753:
1443:
1380: (1970)
1321:
1289:
1276:
1256:
1226:
1221:
1219:(+3), (+4),
1202:
1181:
1107:group 5
1088:
976:Darmstadtium
939:
843:Protactinium
617:Praseodymium
29:
7172:Ghiorso, A.
6913:October 12,
6854:1885/148814
6431:December 6,
6346:December 6,
6315:December 6,
6270:December 6,
5984:October 14,
5649:(8): 1757.
5580:(36): 182.
5547:(22): 2â3.
5520:October 10,
5237:January 27,
4906:Beiser 2003
4831:Beiser 2003
4816:Beiser 2003
4655:Beiser 2003
4604:January 27,
4393:January 27,
4361:1885/148847
4295:: 226â234.
4272:January 30,
4244:February 2,
4206:January 18,
4175:October 20,
3945:1885/148814
3074:element 115
2971:cover slips
2963:nitric acid
2669:californium
2302:nitrogen-15
2148:, 105, and
2126:element 102
2122:mendelevium
2021:alpha decay
1903:accelerated
1571:11 min
1322:(predicted)
1320:(bcc)
1290:(estimated)
1277:(estimated)
1203:(predicted)
1193:(near
1182:(predicted)
1018:Livermorium
990:Copernicium
983:Roentgenium
913:Mendelevium
899:Einsteinium
892:Californium
158:Mass number
8587:Categories
6989:October 9,
6721:1802.03091
5596:October 9,
5367:Kragh 2018
5355:Kragh 2018
5294:January 7,
4863:(7): 158.
4492:(6): 883.
3847:(064306).
3749:October 9,
3724:October 4,
3703:: 89â144.
3475:References
3332:beta decay
3138:> TaOCl
3078:aqua regia
2933:hydrolysis
2681:seaborgium
2630:lawrencium
2626:seaborgium
2619:seaborgium
2438:Niels Bohr
2419:Niels Bohr
2384:collimator
2346:â 105 + 4
2294:California
2288:(LBL), in
2274:0.5 s
2163:(JINR) in
2109:Background
1954:âtermed a
1747:references
1604:1.4 h
1336:CAS Number
1227:prediction
1068:seaborgium
1025:Tennessine
969:Meitnerium
948:Seaborgium
927:Lawrencium
666:Dysprosium
652:Gadolinium
631:Promethium
503:Technetium
496:Molybdenum
297:Phosphorus
7265:1742-6588
7240:1207.5700
7198:Kragh, H.
7019:: 07007.
6958:125713877
6668:1006.4738
6607:117956340
6582:0804.3869
6522:123457161
6421:123446987
6198:121862853
6178:Resonance
6161:April 21,
5763:cite book
5708:March 25,
5663:195819585
5570:"Dubnium"
5211:239775403
5180:119531411
5164:0031-9228
5082:1364-503X
4959:1742-6596
4893:125849923
4885:1434-6001
4791:0556-2813
4764:1208.1215
4560:2193-3405
4506:1365-3075
4370:2100-014X
4336:: 00061.
4238:nplus1.ru
4162:123288075
4105:0556-2813
4065:127060181
4018:March 15,
3988:March 15,
3897:252628992
3740:"Dubnium"
3516:"dubnium"
3500:March 24,
3488:"dubnium"
3411:joliotium
3395:Stockholm
3348:form one.
3200:2.5
3082:lanthanum
2837:orbitals
2673:americium
2665:berkelium
2644:flerovium
2638:flerovium
2599:joliotium
2525:Darmstadt
2466:Otto Hahn
2423:Otto Hahn
2118:neptunium
2104:Discovery
1984:electrons
1968:gamma ray
1778:half-life
1761:; it has
1625:16 h
1517:27 s
1474:34 s
1439:half-life
1370:Discovery
1305:synthetic
1032:Oganesson
1011:Moscovium
1004:Flerovium
885:Berkelium
871:Americium
864:Plutonium
857:Neptunium
694:Ytterbium
624:Neodymium
603:Lanthanum
566:Tellurium
524:Palladium
510:Ruthenium
482:Zirconium
464:Strontium
420:Germanium
371:Manganese
327:Potassium
283:Aluminium
274:Magnesium
214:Beryllium
7273:55434734
7206:Springer
7200:(2018).
7160:48965418
7095:33978998
7039:Archived
6980:Archived
6904:Archived
6875:Archived
6863:24836239
6799:Archived
6795:20481935
6746:67767157
6693:55807186
6425:Archived
6340:Archived
6309:Archived
6264:Archived
6152:Archived
6148:96830750
6086:Archived
6056:Archived
5978:Archived
5932:Archived
5928:95069384
5842:Archived
5747:Archived
5702:Archived
5667:Archived
5590:Archived
5511:Archived
5479:Elsevier
5415:Archived
5411:95069384
5337:March 1,
5090:25666065
4591:(2016).
4568:99193729
4514:95737691
4475:(1991).
4459:28796927
3954:24836239
3407:nobelium
2967:sorption
2929:solution
2922:covalent
2892:Chemical
2820:orbitals
2792:tantalum
2784:vanadium
2698:Isotopes
2634:nobelium
2607:nobelium
2290:Berkeley
2235:â 105 +
2061:nobelium
2008:nucleons
1964:neutrons
1829:tantalum
1821:vanadium
1796:and the
1670:1 h
1171:at
997:Nihonium
920:Nobelium
829:Actinium
815:Francium
799:Astatine
792:Polonium
771:Thallium
750:Platinum
722:Tungsten
715:Tantalum
701:Lutetium
645:Europium
638:Samarium
559:Antimony
457:Rubidium
434:Selenium
364:Chromium
357:Vanadium
350:Titanium
343:Scandium
311:Chlorine
251:Fluorine
237:Nitrogen
189:Hydrogen
8593:Dubnium
8568:p-block
8563:d-block
8558:f-block
8553:s-block
7245:Bibcode
7121:Bibcode
7086:8456785
7021:Bibcode
6938:Bibcode
6900:Science
6871:5949620
6833:Bibcode
6773:Bibcode
6726:Bibcode
6673:Bibcode
6587:Bibcode
6502:Bibcode
6401:Bibcode
6374:Twitter
6260:lbl.gov
5970:Bibcode
5314:. 1977.
5172:1337838
5142:Bibcode
5109:Bibcode
5060:Bibcode
4937:Bibcode
4865:Bibcode
4769:Bibcode
4453:: 4â8.
4338:Bibcode
4297:Bibcode
4142:Bibcode
3962:5949620
3924:Bibcode
3621:Bibcode
3142:â„ DbOCl
2955:hafnium
2788:niobium
2688:hahnium
2660:dubnium
2652:dubnium
2615:hahnium
2574:within
2462:hahnium
2458:dubnium
2434:bohrium
2260:= 4, 5)
2136:Reports
2114:Uranium
2069:fermium
2065:thorium
2057:uranium
2012:protons
1980:decayed
1960:fission
1871:neutron
1825:niobium
1813:group 5
1802:dubnium
1774:isotope
1755:Dubnium
1345:History
1255:)
1189:Density
1134:d-block
1064:dubnium
962:Hassium
955:Bohrium
941:Dubnium
906:Fermium
850:Uranium
836:Thorium
785:Bismuth
743:Iridium
729:Rhenium
708:Hafnium
687:Thulium
673:Holmium
659:Terbium
589:Caesium
538:Cadmium
517:Rhodium
489:Niobium
475:Yttrium
448:Krypton
441:Bromine
427:Arsenic
413:Gallium
334:Calcium
290:Silicon
207:Lithium
146:-nee-Ém
99:-nee-Ém
47:Dubnium
18:Hafnium
7271:
7263:
7212:
7186:
7158:
7148:
7093:
7083:
6956:
6869:
6861:
6793:
6744:
6691:
6636:
6605:
6550:
6520:
6465:
6419:
6305:785268
6303:
6196:
6146:
5926:
5834:
5791:
5661:
5485:
5409:
5288:n-t.ru
5209:
5178:
5170:
5162:
5088:
5080:
4957:
4891:
4883:
4789:
4566:
4558:
4512:
4504:
4457:
4425:
4368:
4160:
4103:
4063:
4053:
3960:
3952:
3895:
3715:
3619:(11).
3589:
3521:Lexico
3403:Sweden
2839:shield
2822:(and p
2790:, and
2671:, and
2519:(GSI;
2001:energy
1920:tunnel
1897:. The
1827:, and
1763:symbol
1715:
1666:synth
1621:synth
1600:synth
1567:synth
1513:synth
1353:after
1350:Naming
1275:
1191:
1180:solid
1131:
1114:Period
878:Curium
822:Radium
736:Osmium
680:Erbium
610:Cerium
596:Barium
573:Iodine
545:Indium
531:Silver
399:Copper
392:Nickel
385:Cobalt
304:Sulfur
267:Sodium
244:Oxygen
230:Carbon
198:Helium
7269:S2CID
7235:arXiv
7042:(PDF)
7009:(PDF)
6983:(PDF)
6976:(PDF)
6954:S2CID
6907:(PDF)
6896:(PDF)
6878:(PDF)
6867:S2CID
6821:(PDF)
6742:S2CID
6716:arXiv
6689:S2CID
6663:arXiv
6603:S2CID
6577:arXiv
6529:(PDF)
6518:S2CID
6490:(PDF)
6417:S2CID
6370:Tweet
6194:S2CID
6155:(PDF)
6144:S2CID
6124:(PDF)
6059:(PDF)
6036:(PDF)
6011:(2).
5935:(PDF)
5924:S2CID
5904:(PDF)
5871:[
5859:[
5670:(PDF)
5659:S2CID
5639:(PDF)
5514:(PDF)
5507:(PDF)
5444:(PDF)
5418:(PDF)
5407:S2CID
5387:(PDF)
5312:Nauka
5306:[
5207:S2CID
5176:S2CID
4979:(PDF)
4889:S2CID
4759:arXiv
4717:(PDF)
4675:(PDF)
4564:S2CID
4510:S2CID
4480:(PDF)
4455:S2CID
4387:(PDF)
4169:(PDF)
4158:S2CID
4130:(PDF)
4061:S2CID
3958:S2CID
3893:S2CID
3769:(PDF)
3168:heavy
3150:Notes
3059:TaOCl
3035:DbOBr
3025:into
2953:like
2656:Dubna
2572:Dubna
2557:Dubna
2529:Hesse
2523:) in
2510:pent-
2454:boron
2300:with
2165:Dubna
1806:Dubna
1757:is a
1469:synth
1425:Decay
1355:Dubna
1168:Phase
1145:[
1126:Block
1102:Group
806:Radon
580:Xenon
318:Argon
223:Boron
7261:ISSN
7210:ISBN
7184:ISBN
7156:OCLC
7146:ISBN
7091:PMID
6991:2017
6915:2016
6859:PMID
6791:PMID
6634:ISBN
6548:ISBN
6463:ISBN
6433:2022
6348:2022
6317:2022
6301:OSTI
6272:2022
6163:2018
6094:2016
6067:2016
5986:2017
5943:2016
5832:ISBN
5789:ISBN
5769:link
5755:2022
5710:2018
5678:2016
5598:2017
5522:2017
5483:ISBN
5426:2016
5339:2020
5296:2020
5270:2020
5239:2020
5168:OSTI
5160:ISSN
5086:PMID
5078:ISSN
5033:2020
4990:2020
4955:ISSN
4881:ISSN
4787:ISSN
4732:2020
4690:2020
4606:2020
4556:ISSN
4502:ISSN
4423:ISBN
4395:2020
4366:ISSN
4274:2020
4246:2020
4208:2020
4177:2012
4101:ISSN
4051:ISBN
4020:2020
3990:2020
3950:PMID
3751:2017
3726:2013
3713:ISBN
3587:ISBN
3502:2018
3172:lead
3117:DbOF
3093:NbOF
3047:DbBr
3001:DbOX
2859:-1)d
2761:and
2737:and
2679:and
2613:and
2506:nil-
2504:and
2480:and
2444:and
2023:and
1891:fuse
1887:beam
1883:mass
1768:and
1739:edit
1732:talk
1725:view
1454:mode
1253:more
1195:r.t.
778:Lead
757:Gold
406:Zinc
378:Iron
258:Neon
97:DOOB
7253:doi
7231:420
7129:doi
7081:PMC
7073:doi
7029:doi
7017:131
6946:doi
6849:hdl
6841:doi
6829:112
6781:doi
6769:104
6734:doi
6681:doi
6626:doi
6595:doi
6510:doi
6455:doi
6409:doi
6293:doi
6236:doi
6186:doi
6136:doi
6048:doi
6013:doi
5916:doi
5651:doi
5582:doi
5549:doi
5456:doi
5399:doi
5199:doi
5150:doi
5068:doi
5056:373
5022:doi
4945:doi
4933:337
4873:doi
4777:doi
4548:doi
4494:doi
4415:doi
4356:hdl
4346:doi
4305:doi
4150:doi
4138:317
4093:doi
4043:doi
3940:hdl
3932:doi
3920:112
3885:doi
3881:106
3849:doi
3845:106
3804:doi
3781:doi
3705:doi
3659:doi
3629:doi
3209:-11
3184:112
3182:or
3180:100
3176:103
3162:In
3105:TaF
3011:or
2877:.)
2875:3/2
2835:1/2
2824:1/2
2502:un-
2270:2.2
2188:1/2
2150:106
2146:104
1691:83%
1678:17%
1663:Db
1618:Db
1597:Db
1564:Db
1559:Rf
1538:41%
1525:56%
1510:Db
1501:33%
1484:67%
1465:Db
1447:1/2
1174:STP
1096:105
552:Tin
144:DUB
39:105
8589::
8532:Og
8523:Ts
8514:Lv
8505:Mc
8496:Fl
8487:Nh
8478:Cn
8469:Rg
8460:Ds
8451:Mt
8442:Hs
8433:Bh
8424:Sg
8415:Db
8406:Rf
8397:Lr
8388:No
8379:Md
8370:Fm
8361:Es
8352:Cf
8343:Bk
8334:Cm
8325:Am
8316:Pu
8307:Np
8289:Pa
8280:Th
8271:Ac
8262:Ra
8253:Fr
8237:Rn
8228:At
8219:Po
8210:Bi
8201:Pb
8192:Tl
8183:Hg
8174:Au
8165:Pt
8156:Ir
8147:Os
8138:Re
8120:Ta
8111:Hf
8102:Lu
8093:Yb
8084:Tm
8075:Er
8066:Ho
8057:Dy
8048:Tb
8039:Gd
8030:Eu
8021:Sm
8012:Pm
8003:Nd
7994:Pr
7985:Ce
7976:La
7967:Ba
7958:Cs
7942:Xe
7924:Te
7915:Sb
7906:Sn
7897:In
7888:Cd
7879:Ag
7870:Pd
7861:Rh
7852:Ru
7843:Tc
7834:Mo
7825:Nb
7816:Zr
7796:Sr
7787:Rb
7771:Kr
7762:Br
7753:Se
7744:As
7735:Ge
7726:Ga
7717:Zn
7708:Cu
7699:Ni
7690:Co
7681:Fe
7672:Mn
7663:Cr
7645:Ti
7636:Sc
7625:Ca
7600:Ar
7591:Cl
7564:Si
7555:Al
7544:Mg
7535:Na
7519:Ne
7463:Be
7454:Li
7438:He
7413:18
7408:17
7403:16
7398:15
7393:14
7388:13
7383:12
7378:11
7373:10
7267:.
7259:.
7251:.
7243:.
7229:.
7208:.
7204:.
7182:.
7178:.
7170:;
7154:.
7127:.
7117:41
7115:.
7089:.
7079:.
7069:60
7067:.
7063:.
7037:.
7027:.
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6952:.
6944:.
6934:92
6932:.
6902:.
6898:.
6873:.
6865:.
6857:.
6847:.
6839:.
6827:.
6823:.
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6789:.
6779:.
6767:.
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6740:.
6732:.
6724:.
6712:97
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6687:.
6679:.
6671:.
6659:19
6657:.
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3440:â4
3401:,
3397:,
3279:+
3270:Al
3266:13
3260:â
3241:+
3232:Si
3228:14
3202:pb
2965:;
2830:.
2828:eV
2786:,
2767:Ca
2763:Ts
2759:Mc
2752:â4
2750:+6
2747:16
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2472:.
2327:+
2318:Cf
2314:98
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2226:Ne
2222:10
2216:+
2207:Am
2203:95
2181:Ne
2177:Am
2171:,
2167:,
2132:.
1823:,
1766:Db
1696:Lr
1682:â
1675:SF
1657:Lr
1645:Rf
1634:â
1630:SF
1613:â
1609:SF
1591:Rf
1580:â
1576:SF
1555:3%
1543:Lr
1529:â
1522:SF
1505:â
1497:SF
1489:Lr
1357:,
1273:pm
1222:+5
1147:Rn
1066:â
1062:â
1054:â
1049:Db
1043:Ta
70:uË
41:Db
8298:U
8246:7
8129:W
7951:6
7933:I
7807:Y
7780:5
7654:V
7616:K
7609:4
7582:S
7573:P
7528:3
7510:F
7501:O
7492:N
7483:C
7474:B
7447:2
7427:H
7420:1
7368:9
7363:8
7358:7
7353:6
7348:5
7343:4
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7331:2
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