355:, saying that they would be subject to “inhuman and degrading treatment” should they be forced to return to Italy due to their “systemic deficiencies” in asylum management. They claimed that when taken in conjunction with Article 3, their rights under Article 13 of the Convention, which gives right to an effective remedy, are violated because the Swiss government did not take into account their situation as a family. In 2013, over 14,000 asylum application had been made to Italy for only 9,630 places. Since the Swiss Court did not have to ensure safe reception of the eight person family unit under the Dublin Regulation, the court found that there was plausible reason for the family to fear for their treatment in Italy. Additionally, the court believed that the presence of children, a “particularly underprivileged and vulnerable” demographic, meant that the governments should be even more careful in ensuring safe reception across borders. Their complaint under Article 13 was found to be manifestly ill-founded. The Grand Chamber concluded in a 14-3 decision that Switzerland must ensure safe asylum before deportation.
945:"Regulation (EU) of the European Parliament and of the Council on asylum and migration management, amending Regulations (EU) 2021/1147 and (EU) 2021/1060 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 Regulation (EU) of the European Parliament and of the Council on the establishment of 'Eurodac' for the comparison of biometric data in order to effectively apply Regulations (EU) …/… and (EU) …/… of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Directive 2001/55/EC and to identify illegally staying third-country nationals and stateless persons and on requests for the comparison with Eurodac data by Member States' law enforcement authorities and Europol for law enforcement purposes, amending Regulations (EU) 2018/1240 and (EU) 2019/818 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EU) No 603/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council Regulation (EU) of the European Parliament and of the Council addressing situations of crisis and force majeure in the field of migration and asylum and amending Regulation (EU) 2021/1147 notification from Denmark"
380:, Hungary considered itself overburdened with asylum applications after receiving 60,000 "illegal immigrants" that year and announced to no longer receive back applicants who had crossed the borders to other EU countries and were detained there, as they should according to the Dublin regulation, due to unspecified "technical reasons", thus practically withdrawing from that Dublin regulation. On 24 August 2015, Germany therefore decided to make use of the "sovereignty clause" to process Syrian asylum applications for which it would not be responsible under the criteria of the Regulation. On 2 September 2015, the Czech Republic also decided to offer Syrian refugees who had already applied for asylum in other EU countries and who had reached the country to either have their application processed in the Czech Republic (i. e. get asylum there) or to continue their journey elsewhere.
362:, making it subject to the laws outlined in the Dublin Regulation. The Dublin Regulation, however, still upholds some aspects of EU Law. Since Switzerland also signed into the Council of Europe, they are beholden to the judgements of the ECHR. Therefore, the ECHR had to apply laws from the EU to a country that is not a part of the EU. In the dissenting opinion from the chamber judges, they write that it is outside of the scope of Swiss responsibilities to protect against potential future unsafe treatment, and they insist on instead putting any future burden on Italy. Their unclear assignment of blame exposes some discrepancies in the Convention of Human Rights as well as the Dublin Regulation.
269:
mandatory for member states, but the form of solidarity is at the discretion of the member states themselves. Per relocation, member states can instead make a financial contribution of €20.000. The updated rules on solidarity combine mandatory solidarity to assist member states dealing with a significant migrant influx with adaptable options for contributions. These contributions from member states may include relocating individuals, financial support, or, upon agreement with the recipient state, alternative measures of solidarity (such as supplying border personnel or aiding in establishing reception facilities).
433:
395:, expert witness Kay Hailbronner, asked about a future European asylum system, described the current state of the Dublin Regulation as dysfunctional. Hailbronner concluded, that once the EU has been reached, travelling to the desired destination, where the chances for being granted full refugee status are best and better living conditions are expected, was common practice. Sanctions for such travel were practically non-existent. Even if already deported, a return to the desired nation could be organized.
33:
419:
726:"Protocol between the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accession of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Community and the Swiss Confederation concerning the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the State responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in a Member State or in Switzerland"
403:- migrants who arrive in Europe are usually not registered by the country they first reach and are just waved through to Germany. And with no prior registration, they cannot be returned. Of the 128,000 migrants, caught by German police near the borders in 2023, only 7.9% had been registered before by another European County and the fingerprints of the rest could not be found in the
651:"Agreement between the European Community and the Kingdom of Denmark on the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the state responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in Denmark or any other Member State of the European Union and "Eurodac" for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention"
801:"REGULATION (EU) No. 604/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 26 June 2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person (recast)"
751:"Protocol between the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Community and the Swiss Confederation concerning the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the State responsible for examining a request for asylum in a Member State or in Switzerland"
294:
transfers, the separation of families and the denial of an effective opportunity to appeal against transfers. The Dublin system also increases pressures on the external border regions of the EU, where the majority of asylum seekers enter EU and where states are often least able to offer asylum seekers support and protection.
399:
by
Germany (48 844), France (48 321), each representing close to one-third of the total number of outgoing requests recorded in 2019. They were followed by Belgium (11 882) and the Netherlands (9 267). These four Member States together sent more than four-fifths (83%) of all outgoing requests in 2019.
1454:
Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a
402:
In
September 2024, with some 242,000 migrants obligated to leave the country, the German government announced the reintroduction of border controls to its European neighbors in an attempt to turn back new arrivals. Nathan Giwerzew described the Dublin III regulation in that context as "dysfunctional"
398:
In 2019, the
European Union (EU) Member States sent out 142 494 outgoing requests to transfer the responsibility to examine an asylum application and effectively implemented 23 737 outgoing transfers to other Member States. The largest numbers of outgoing requests using the Dublin procedure were sent
297:
After ECRE, the UNHCR and other non-governmental organisations openly criticised Greece's asylum system, including the lack of protection and care for unaccompanied children, several countries suspended transfers of asylum seekers to Greece under the Dublin II regulation. Norway announced in
February
264:
on 8 June 2023. The Pact was adopted by the
European Council on 14 May 2024 and will come into force in two years, from 2026. The revised Regulation applies to all EU member states except those with opt-outs from the AFSJ policy area: Denmark and Ireland. Denmark subsequently notified the EU that
588:
European
Commission staff working document accompanying the communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions - Policy plan on asylum : an integrated approach to protection across the EU - Impact
289:
transferred under Dublin were not always able to access an asylum procedure. This put people at risk of being returned to persecution. The claim has been made on a number of occasions both by the ECRE and the UNHCR that the Dublin regulation impedes the legal rights and personal welfare of asylum
229:
proposed amendments to the Dublin
Regulation, creating an opportunity for reform of the Dublin System. The Dublin III Regulation (No. 604/2013) was approved in June 2013, replacing the Dublin II Regulation, and applies to all member states except Denmark. It came into force on 19 July 2013. It is
268:
Key to the Asylum and
Migration Management Regulation is the institution of a new solidarity mechanism between the member states. Solidarity can take the form of relocation of migrants, financial contributions, deployment of personnel or measures focusing on capacity building. Solidarity will be
117:
One of the principal aims of the Dublin
Regulation is to prevent an applicant from submitting applications in multiple Member States. Another aim is to reduce the number of "orbiting" asylum seekers, who are shuttled from member state to member state. The country in which the asylum seeker first
113:
Regulation, which establishes a Europe-wide fingerprinting database for unauthorised entrants to the EU, the Dublin Regulation forms the Dublin System. The Dublin Regulation aims to "determine rapidly the Member State responsible " and provides for the transfer of an asylum seeker to that Member
293:
Application of this regulation can seriously delay the presentation of claims, and can result in claims never being heard. Causes of concern include the use of detention to enforce transfers of asylum seekers from the state where they apply to the state deemed responsible, also known as Dublin
205:. An agreement with Denmark on extending the application of the Regulation to Denmark came into force in 2006. A separate protocol also extended the Iceland-Norway agreement to Denmark in 2006. The provisions of the Regulation were also extended by a treaty to non-member states
676:"Protocol to the Agreement between the European Community, the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway, concerning the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the State responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in a Member State or in Iceland or Norway"
322:
by applying the EU's own law on asylum seekers and were given fines of €6,000 and €30,000, respectively. Recently, voices have been heard calling for the imposition of tougher sanctions, should similar cases of trying to follow EU asylum laws occur in the future.
626:"Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the State responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in a Member State or in Iceland or Norway"
298:
2008 it would stop transferring any asylum seeker back to Greece under the Dublin II regulation. In September, it backtracked and announced that transfers to Greece would be based on individual assessments. In April 2008 Finland announced a similar move.
347:, but both countries applied for a transfer of control to the Italian authorities under the sovereignty clause in Article 3 of the Dublin Regulation, which allows countries to outsource application examinations. Tarakhel then went to talk to the
534:"COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No. 343/2003 of 18 February 2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national"
383:
States such as Hungary, Slovakia and Poland also officially stated their opposition to any possible revision or enlargement of the Dublin Regulation, specifically referring to the eventual introduction of new mandatory or permanent quotas for
1445:
Council Regulation (EC) No. 343/2003 of 18 February 2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country
335:(ECHR) found that the Dublin Regulation had the potential to undermine individual rights and safeties of refugees. Golajan and Maryam Tarakhel fled Iran to Italy with their six children. After leaving Italy’s reception center in
701:"Agreement between the European Community and the Swiss Confederation concerning the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the State responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in a Member State or in Switzerland"
913:"Regulation (EU) 2024/1351 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 May 2024 on asylum and migration management, amending Regulations (EU) 2021/1147 and (EU) 2021/1060 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 604/2013"
253:
1184:
461:
290:
seekers, including the right to a fair examination of their asylum claim and, where recognised, to effective protection, and leads to uneven distribution of asylum claims among Member States.
2220:
1255:
Press Release: Sending Afghan family of asylum seekers back to Italy under the “Dublin” Regulation without individual guarantees concerning their care would be in violation of the Convention
601:"Convention determining the State responsible for examining applications for asylum lodged in one of the Member States of the European Communities (Deposited with the Government of Ireland)"
237:
upheld the Dublin Regulation, declaring that it still stands despite the high influx of 2015, giving EU member states the right to transfer migrants to the first country of entry to the EU.
230:
based on the same principle as the previous two, i. e., that the first Member State where finger prints are stored or an asylum claim is lodged is responsible for a person's asylum claim.
351:
to request Swiss asylum, but the office concluded that under the Dublin Regulation, Italy was responsible for deciding their case. The Tarakhel family appealed under Article 3 of the
1410:
889:
1467:
314:
1485:
348:
1770:
1268:
1994:
1294:
969:
900:
1254:
1422:
1461:
832:
2070:
2065:
1517:
118:
applies for asylum is responsible for either accepting or rejecting the claim, and the seeker may not restart the process in another jurisdiction.
121:
As part of the third phase of CEAS, the Dublin III Regulation is to be replaced by the Asylum and Migration Management Regulation (AMMR) in 2024.
1472:
2215:
1231:
1156:
890:
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/06/08/migration-policy-council-reaches-agreement-on-key-asylum-and-migration-laws/
2097:
854:
91:
567:
1537:
750:
725:
700:
675:
650:
625:
600:
1775:
1007:
1752:
779:
981:
2049:
1650:
1644:
197:
The Dublin II Regulation was adopted in 2003, replacing the Dublin Convention in all EU member states except Denmark, which has an
1368:
2009:
278:
244:
took effect at the end of the Brexit transition period on 31 December 2020, at which point the Regulation ceased to apply to it.
189:, non-member states, concluded an agreement with the EC in 2001 to apply the provisions of the Convention in their territories.
1704:
1080:
917:
805:
538:
1482:
1758:
1510:
202:
17:
970:
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/05/14/the-council-adopts-the-eu-s-pact-on-migration-and-asylum/
901:
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/05/14/the-council-adopts-the-eu-s-pact-on-migration-and-asylum/
2195:
1887:
2210:
2200:
2124:
1746:
1734:
1728:
1272:
352:
319:
2004:
1298:
1209:
456:
79:
1923:
2080:
1953:
1740:
1656:
1638:
1563:
1503:
2044:
1462:
Logics of Decision-making on Community Asylum Policy: A Case Study of the Evolvement of the Dublin II Regulation
944:
1948:
507:
476:
332:
309:
198:
840:
2034:
1979:
1710:
1615:
948:
754:
729:
704:
679:
654:
629:
604:
302:
257:
106:
1395:
2174:
2019:
2014:
1833:
1698:
1686:
1668:
1662:
1526:
1437:
1037:"UNHCR's Comments on the European Commission's Proposal for a recast of the Dublin and Eurodac Regulations"
2162:
2024:
1320:
912:
75:
775:
587:
2169:
2075:
1999:
1958:
1452:
1449:, repealed by Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013
1443:
533:
800:
256:(AMMR), as part of the third phase of the Common European Asylum System. The Justice and Home Affairs
1578:
234:
1153:
869:
285:
the current system fails in providing fair, efficient and effective protection. Around 2008, those
1963:
1938:
1411:
Nathan Giwerzew:"Nancy Faeser führt Kontrollen an allen deutschen Grenzen ein – wird das reichen?"
1918:
377:
371:
133:
on 15 June 1990, and first came into force on 1 September 1997 for the first twelve signatories (
95:
2152:
2039:
1989:
1984:
1897:
1803:
1600:
1595:
210:
1933:
1849:
1610:
1590:
1011:
424:
1764:
2205:
1943:
1872:
1605:
1343:"Refugee and Migrant crisis: Hungary refugees and migrants start walk to border – BBC News"
855:"EU court rejects 'open-door' policy and upholds right of member states to deport refugees"
178:
129:
The Dublin regime was originally established by the Dublin Convention, which was signed in
8:
2147:
1839:
1692:
1674:
1622:
1107:"Left to Survive: Systematic Failure to Protect Unaccompanied Migrant Children in Greece"
985:
481:
318:, judged on 21 January 2011 that both the Greek and the Belgian governments violated the
265:
it would apply the amendments, while Ireland has the option to opt-in to the regulation.
261:
226:
217:
on 1 April 2011. A protocol subsequently made this agreement also applicable to Denmark.
2157:
1928:
1892:
1722:
1716:
1477:
2029:
1845:
1585:
1568:
1036:
503:
1084:
2114:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1680:
1573:
1558:
1483:
Article about an alternative to the distribution system of the Dublin II Regulation
1196:
1008:"ECRE Comments on the European Commission Proposal to recast the Dublin Regulation"
1468:
European Council on Refugees and Exiles's (ECRE) position on the Dublin Regulation
2142:
2092:
2087:
1553:
1489:
1342:
1160:
496:
451:
446:
87:
83:
392:
1495:
162:
99:
1369:"Stellungnahme Zur Neuordnung des Gemeinsamen Europäischen Asylsystems (GEAS)"
1106:
982:"Sharing Responsibility for Refugee Protection in Europe: Dublin Reconsidered"
2189:
1877:
1855:
471:
438:
359:
214:
1882:
870:"Brexit: the end of the Dublin III Regulation in the UK (Research Briefing)"
1902:
1827:
1791:
391:
In April 2018 at a public meeting of the Interior-Committee of the German
358:
Switzerland is not a part of the European Union, but it did sign into the
177:. While the convention was only open to accession by member states of the
2131:
466:
344:
206:
150:
1797:
885:
883:
462:
List of international and European law on child protection and migration
1199:
in the case of M.S.S. v. BELGIUM AND GREECE, (Application no. 30696/09)
385:
146:
1478:
Factsheet on "Dublin" cases before the European Court of Human Rights
880:
365:
192:
220:
53: non-EU member states with an agreement to apply the provisions
32:
2119:
1399:
1132:
566:
Sabbati, Giulio; Poptcheva, Eva-Maria; Saliba, Susan (March 2015).
154:
2137:
2107:
404:
340:
286:
186:
174:
166:
138:
134:
110:
1172:
1058:
241:
182:
170:
142:
130:
776:"European Commission Proposal to recast the Dublin Regulation"
2221:
Terminated or expired founding treaties of the European Union
1133:"Finland halts migrant transfer to Greece after UN criticism"
282:
247:
158:
339:
without permission, the family applied for asylum in first
336:
301:
The regulation is also criticised by the Council of Europe
260:
reached an agreement on a negotiating position towards the
1175:
EU Observer (21 January 2011). Retrieved 24 February 2015.
1771:
List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea
1081:"ECRE calls for suspension of Dublin transfers to Greece"
82:
is responsible for the examination of an application for
326:
1269:"Defying EU, Hungary suspends rules on asylum seekers"
565:
1413:
NZZ.ch, 9 September 2024, retrieved 9 September 2024
1173:"Human rights court deals blow to EU asylum system,"
414:
1396:
Key figures on functioning of Dublin system in 2019
1230:
European Court of Human Rights (4 November 2014). "
1212:
EUtopia (11 July 2012). Retrieved 24 February 2015.
847:
2071:European Union response to the 2015 migrant crisis
498:Right to Seek Refugee Status in the European Union
495:
366:Dublin Regulation and the European refugees crisis
252:The Dublin III Regulation is to be replaced by an
193:Incorporation of the Dublin framework under EU law
27:European Union (EU) law regarding political asylum
2066:Migration and asylum policy of the European Union
1995:2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany
1440:, repealed by Council Regulation (EC) No 343/2003
1425:SZ, 6 September 2024, retrieved 9 September 2024.
1154:The ‘Dublin Regulation’ undermines refugee rights
242:United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union
221:Second phase of the Common European Asylum System
2187:
1525:
1295:"Germany: Halt on Dublin procedures for Syrians"
1464:University of Oslo: ARENA Working Paper 03/2006
1391:
1389:
1210:"A Vision of a Fair Asylum System for Europe,"
279:European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE)
105:The Dublin Regulation forms a key part of the
2098:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
1511:
1252:European Court of Human Rights (2014-11-04),
1538:Timeline of the 2015 European migrant crisis
1386:
1776:List of migrant vehicle incidents in Europe
1197:ECHR Grand chamber judgement 21 Januar 2011
1518:
1504:
1059:"Greece under fire over refugee treatment"
528:
526:
254:Asylum and Migration Management Regulation
248:Asylum and Migration Management Regulation
1753:2023 Canary Islands migrant boat disaster
1473:Fact sheet from the Irish Refugee Council
905:
780:Publications Office of the European Union
1651:2011 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck
1645:2009 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck
493:
201:from implementing regulations under the
62:(Regulation No. 604/2013; sometimes the
31:
2010:2016 Hungarian migrant quota referendum
523:
14:
2188:
1705:November 2016 Libya migrant shipwrecks
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
918:Official Journal of the European Union
806:Official Journal of the European Union
539:Official Journal of the European Union
209:on 1 March 2008, which on 5 June 2005
2216:Right of asylum in the European Union
2050:2021–present Belarus–EU border crisis
1828:Operation Poseidon Rapid Intervention
1759:2023 Cape Verde migrant boat disaster
1499:
1248:
1246:
1244:
867:
837:Cecilia Wikstrom - EU-Parlamentariker
568:"Asylum in the EU: Facts and Figures"
494:Da Lomba, Sylvia (26 February 2004).
203:area of freedom, security and justice
1888:Lampedusa immigrant reception center
857:. The Daily Telegraph. 26 July 2017.
327:The case of Tarakhel vs. Switzerland
2125:European Border Surveillance System
1747:2023 Messenia migrant boat disaster
1735:2023 Tunisia migrant boat disasters
1729:2023 Calabria migrant boat disaster
1215:
876:. Parliament of the United Kingdom.
868:Gower, Melanie (21 December 2020).
378:European refugee and migrant crisis
353:European Convention on Human Rights
320:European Convention on Human Rights
36:States applying Dublin instruments
24:
2005:Fatal stabbing of Alexandra Mezher
1438:Text of the 1990 Dublin Convention
1241:
793:
487:
457:European Convention on Nationality
25:
2232:
1431:
2081:European Union Agency for Asylum
1741:2023 Libya migrant boats sinking
1639:May 2007 Malta migrant shipwreck
1423:"Zurückweisungen in großem Stil"
1321:"Change in Czech refugee policy"
431:
417:
331:A Grand Chamber judgment in the
76:Regulation of the European Union
1492:(Katapult-Magazine, 2015-04-07)
1458:, the current Dublin regulation
1416:
1404:
1361:
1335:
1313:
1287:
1261:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1165:
1147:
1125:
1099:
1073:
1051:
1029:
1000:
974:
963:
937:
894:
861:
825:
768:
743:
376:Around 23 June 2015 during the
305:as undermining refugee rights.
86:, submitted by persons seeking
1949:North Macedonia border barrier
718:
693:
668:
643:
618:
593:
581:
559:
477:Transnational child protection
333:European Court of Human Rights
310:European Court of Human Rights
13:
1:
2035:Murder of Pamela Mastropietro
1980:Murder of Khaled Idris Bahray
1824:(EU Navfor Med, 2015–present)
1711:2018 Libya migrant shipwrecks
1616:African immigration to Europe
949:Council of the European Union
755:Council of the European Union
730:Council of the European Union
705:Council of the European Union
680:Council of the European Union
655:Council of the European Union
630:Council of the European Union
605:Council of the European Union
517:
303:Commissioner for Human Rights
107:Common European Asylum System
2175:Valletta Summit on Migration
2045:Murder of Desirée Mariottini
2020:2016 Chemnitz terrorism plot
2015:2016 Reutlingen knife attack
1954:Norway–Russia border barrier
1834:Migrant Offshore Aid Station
1699:2016 Egypt migrant shipwreck
1687:Burgenland corpses discovery
1669:2014 Libya migrant shipwreck
1663:2014 Malta migrant shipwreck
1527:2015 European migrant crisis
1135:. EU Observer. 21 April 2008
272:
173:, and on 1 January 1998 for
7:
2196:Right of asylum legislation
2163:Schengen Information System
2025:Murder of Maria Ladenburger
1061:. EU Observer. 3 April 2008
833:"The Dublin III Regulation"
410:
315:M.S.S. v Belgium and Greece
213:by 54.6% to ratify it, and
10:
2237:
2211:2003 in the European Union
2201:European Union regulations
2076:European Asylum Curriculum
2000:Murder of Ashley Ann Olsen
556:. repealed on 18 July 2013
369:
124:
109:(CEAS). Together with the
47: EU-Denmark agreement
2058:
1972:
1911:
1865:
1784:
1632:Migrant vehicle incidents
1631:
1546:
1533:
1374:(in German). bundestag.de
1271:. Reuters. Archived from
235:European Court of Justice
165:), on 1 October 1997 for
1964:Slovenian border barrier
1939:Hungarian border barrier
1924:Bulgarian border barrier
1737:(March & April 2023)
1547:Refugees and immigration
1159:12 November 2010 at the
874:House of Commons Library
546:(50/1). 25 February 2003
349:Federal Migration Office
225:On 3 December 2008, the
88:international protection
2170:Turkey's migrant crisis
1919:Austrian border barrier
1488:21 January 2017 at the
1232:Tarakhel vs Switzerland
1113:. HRW. 22 December 2008
372:European migrant crisis
96:Qualification Directive
41: Dublin regulation
2153:Migrants around Calais
2040:2018 Chemnitz protests
1990:2015 Corsican protests
1985:2015 Geldermalsen riot
1959:Poland–Belarus barrier
1898:Migrants around Calais
1804:Operation Mare Nostrum
1601:Immigration to Germany
1596:Immigration to Romania
1238:. Retrieved 2024-05-15
1083:. ECRE. Archived from
1010:. ECRE. Archived from
984:. ECRE. Archived from
813:(180/31). 29 June 2013
78:that determines which
55:
1934:Calais border barrier
1611:Immigration to Greece
1591:Immigration to Europe
425:European Union portal
64:Dublin III Regulation
35:
18:Dublin III Regulation
1944:Melilla border fence
1873:Basroch refugee camp
1606:Immigration to Italy
843:on 22 February 2014.
179:European Communities
68:Dublin II Regulation
2148:Illegal immigration
1840:Proactiva Open Arms
1785:Maritime operations
1693:Death of Alan Kurdi
1675:Blue Sky M incident
1657:Lampedusa shipwreck
1623:Migration diplomacy
1275:on 24 December 2015
1017:on 23 December 2015
575:European Parliament
482:Unaccompanied minor
262:European Parliament
227:European Commission
141:, France, Germany,
2158:Schengen Agreement
1929:Ceuta border fence
1893:Moria refugee camp
1830:(EU, 2015–present)
1818:(EU, 2018–present)
1806:(Italy, 2013–2014)
1792:Operation Poseidon
1765:Mühldorf van crash
1723:Sofia lorry deaths
1717:Essex lorry deaths
1349:. 4 September 2015
1301:on 8 November 2020
1185:ECHR Press Release
1111:Human Rights Watch
233:In July 2017, the
145:, Ireland, Italy,
56:
2183:
2182:
2103:Dublin Regulation
2030:2017 Turku attack
1846:Aquarius Dignitus
1586:Sudanese refugees
1579:Assyrian refugees
277:According to the
92:Geneva Convention
72:Dublin Convention
66:; previously the
60:Dublin Regulation
16:(Redirected from
2228:
2115:Economic migrant
2059:Related articles
1858:(NGO, 2016–2017)
1850:SOS Méditerranée
1842:(NGO, 2015–2018)
1836:(NGO, 2014–2017)
1822:Operation Sophia
1816:Operation Themis
1810:Operation Triton
1798:Operation Hermes
1701:(September 2016)
1695:(September 2015)
1681:Ezadeen incident
1671:(September 2014)
1665:(September 2014)
1559:Kurdish refugees
1520:
1513:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1455:stateless person
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1297:. Archived from
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1265:
1259:
1250:
1239:
1228:
1213:
1208:Harald Köpping,
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1087:on 24 March 2009
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
988:on 22 March 2012
978:
972:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
941:
935:
934:
932:
930:
909:
903:
898:
892:
887:
878:
877:
865:
859:
858:
851:
845:
844:
839:. Archived from
829:
823:
822:
820:
818:
797:
791:
790:
788:
786:
772:
766:
765:
763:
761:
747:
741:
740:
738:
736:
722:
716:
715:
713:
711:
697:
691:
690:
688:
686:
672:
666:
665:
663:
661:
647:
641:
640:
638:
636:
622:
616:
615:
613:
611:
597:
591:
585:
579:
578:
572:
563:
557:
555:
553:
551:
530:
513:
501:
441:
436:
435:
434:
427:
422:
421:
420:
52:
46:
40:
21:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2143:Fortress Europe
2093:Chain migration
2088:Asylum shopping
2054:
1968:
1912:Border barriers
1907:
1861:
1852:, 2015–present)
1812:(EU, 2014–2018)
1800:(EU, 2011–2013)
1794:(EU, 2006–2015)
1780:
1731:(February 2023)
1725:(February 2023)
1707:(November 2016)
1677:(December 2014)
1627:
1569:Libyan refugees
1564:Syrian refugees
1554:Afghan refugees
1542:
1529:
1524:
1490:Wayback Machine
1434:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1394:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1251:
1242:
1229:
1216:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1171:Valentina Pop,
1170:
1166:
1161:Wayback Machine
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
980:
979:
975:
968:
964:
954:
952:
943:
942:
938:
928:
926:
911:
910:
906:
899:
895:
888:
881:
866:
862:
853:
852:
848:
831:
830:
826:
816:
814:
799:
798:
794:
784:
782:
774:
773:
769:
759:
757:
749:
748:
744:
734:
732:
724:
723:
719:
709:
707:
699:
698:
694:
684:
682:
674:
673:
669:
659:
657:
649:
648:
644:
634:
632:
624:
623:
619:
609:
607:
599:
598:
594:
586:
582:
570:
564:
560:
549:
547:
532:
531:
524:
520:
510:
502:. Intersentia.
490:
488:Further reading
452:Child migration
447:Asylum shopping
437:
432:
430:
423:
418:
416:
413:
374:
368:
329:
275:
250:
223:
195:
131:Dublin, Ireland
127:
80:EU member state
54:
50:
48:
44:
42:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2234:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1973:Related events
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1767:(October 2023)
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1719:(October 2019)
1714:
1713:(January 2018)
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1683:(January 2015)
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1659:(October 2013)
1654:
1648:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1574:Iraqi refugees
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1433:
1432:External links
1430:
1428:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1385:
1360:
1334:
1312:
1286:
1260:
1240:
1214:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1164:
1146:
1124:
1098:
1072:
1050:
1028:
999:
973:
962:
951:. 13 June 2024
936:
904:
893:
879:
860:
846:
824:
792:
767:
742:
717:
692:
667:
642:
617:
592:
580:
558:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
508:
489:
486:
485:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
443:
442:
428:
412:
409:
370:Main article:
367:
364:
328:
325:
274:
271:
249:
246:
222:
219:
194:
191:
163:United Kingdom
126:
123:
100:European Union
49:
43:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2233:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Calais Jungle
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:Migrant camps
1864:
1857:
1856:Jugend Rettet
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1689:(August 2015)
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1370:
1364:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1323:. Prague Post
1322:
1316:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1134:
1128:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1060:
1054:
1038:
1032:
1013:
1009:
1003:
987:
983:
977:
971:
966:
950:
946:
940:
925:. 22 May 2024
924:
920:
919:
914:
908:
902:
897:
891:
886:
884:
875:
871:
864:
856:
850:
842:
838:
834:
828:
812:
808:
807:
802:
796:
781:
777:
771:
756:
752:
746:
731:
727:
721:
706:
702:
696:
681:
677:
671:
656:
652:
646:
631:
627:
621:
606:
602:
596:
590:
584:
576:
569:
562:
545:
541:
540:
535:
529:
527:
522:
511:
505:
500:
499:
492:
491:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
472:Schengen area
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
439:Europe portal
429:
426:
415:
408:
406:
400:
396:
394:
389:
387:
381:
379:
373:
363:
361:
360:Schengen Zone
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
324:
321:
317:
316:
311:
306:
304:
299:
295:
291:
288:
284:
280:
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
245:
243:
238:
236:
231:
228:
218:
216:
215:Liechtenstein
212:
208:
204:
200:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
103:
101:
98:, within the
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
34:
30:
19:
2130:
2102:
1903:Hotspot camp
1743:(April 2023)
1653:(April 2011)
1647:(March 2009)
1453:
1444:
1418:
1406:
1376:. Retrieved
1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1346:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1299:the original
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:the original
1263:
1253:
1235:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1167:
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1110:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:the original
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1012:the original
1002:
990:. Retrieved
986:the original
976:
965:
953:. Retrieved
939:
927:. Retrieved
922:
916:
907:
896:
873:
863:
849:
841:the original
836:
827:
815:. Retrieved
810:
804:
795:
783:. Retrieved
770:
758:. Retrieved
745:
733:. Retrieved
720:
708:. Retrieved
695:
683:. Retrieved
670:
658:. Retrieved
645:
633:. Retrieved
620:
608:. Retrieved
595:
583:
574:
561:
548:. Retrieved
543:
537:
497:
401:
397:
390:
382:
375:
357:
330:
313:
312:in the case
307:
300:
296:
292:
276:
267:
251:
239:
232:
224:
196:
128:
120:
116:
104:
71:
67:
63:
59:
57:
29:
2206:2003 in law
2132:Fire at Sea
1761:(July 2023)
1755:(June 2023)
1749:(June 2023)
1353:5 September
1187:on the case
467:Refugee law
345:Switzerland
207:Switzerland
151:Netherlands
2190:Categories
1883:La Linière
1641:(May 2007)
735:8 November
710:8 November
660:8 November
635:8 November
610:8 November
589:Assessment
518:References
509:9050953492
407:database.
388:measures.
386:solidarity
147:Luxembourg
90:under the
2127:(Eurosur)
1021:3 January
393:Bundestag
343:and then
273:Criticism
2120:Edlumino
1486:Archived
1446:national
1400:Eurostat
1378:20 April
1347:BBC News
1157:Archived
992:31 March
760:23 April
685:23 April
411:See also
287:refugees
281:and the
161:and the
155:Portugal
94:and the
2138:Frontex
2108:Eurodac
1327:9 March
1305:8 March
1279:9 March
1258:, HUDOC
1139:11 June
1117:11 June
1091:11 June
1065:11 June
1043:11 June
1039:. UNHCR
955:23 July
929:23 June
817:2 March
785:2 March
550:2 March
405:Eurodac
341:Austria
258:Council
199:opt-out
187:Iceland
175:Finland
167:Austria
139:Denmark
135:Belgium
125:History
114:State.
111:Eurodac
74:) is a
506:
183:Norway
171:Sweden
149:, the
143:Greece
84:asylum
51:
45:
39:
1848:(NGO
1372:(PDF)
1236:HUDOC
1015:(PDF)
571:(PDF)
283:UNHCR
211:voted
159:Spain
1380:2018
1355:2015
1329:2015
1307:2016
1281:2015
1141:2009
1119:2009
1093:2009
1067:2009
1045:2009
1023:2012
994:2008
957:2024
931:2024
819:2021
787:2021
762:2015
737:2014
712:2014
687:2015
662:2014
637:2014
612:2014
552:2021
504:ISBN
337:Bari
308:The
240:The
185:and
169:and
70:and
58:The
1234:".
102:.
2192::
1398:,
1388:^
1345:.
1243:^
1217:^
1109:.
947:.
921:.
915:.
882:^
872:.
835:.
809:.
803:.
778:.
753:.
728:.
703:.
678:.
653:.
628:.
603:.
573:.
542:.
536:.
525:^
181:,
157:,
153:,
137:,
1519:e
1512:t
1505:v
1382:.
1357:.
1331:.
1309:.
1283:.
1143:.
1121:.
1095:.
1069:.
1047:.
1025:.
996:.
959:.
933:.
923:L
821:.
811:L
789:.
764:.
739:.
714:.
689:.
664:.
639:.
614:.
577:.
554:.
544:L
512:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
