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of dreaming was endorsed significantly more than theories of dreaming that attribute dream content to memory consolidation, problem solving, or random brain activity. This belief appears to lead people to attribute more importance to dream content than to similar thought content that occurs while they are awake. In one study in the paper, Americans were more likely to report that they would miss their flight if they dreamt of their plane crashing than if they thought of their plane crashing the night before flying (while awake), and that they would be as likely to miss their flight if they dreamt of their plane crashing the night before their flight as if there was an actual plane crash on the route they intended to take. Not all dream content was considered equally important. Participants in their studies were more likely to perceive dreams to be meaningful when the content of dreams was in accordance with their beliefs and desires while awake. People were more likely to view a positive dream about a friend to be meaningful than a positive dream about someone they disliked, for example, and were more likely to view a negative dream about a person they disliked as meaningful than a negative dream about a person they liked.
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explored for their personal significance to the patient, instead of having the dream conform to some predetermined idea. This prevents dream analysis from devolving into a theoretical and dogmatic exercise that is far removed from the patient's own psychological state. In the service of this idea, he stressed the importance of "sticking to the image"—exploring in depth a client's association with a particular image. This may be contrasted with Freud's free associating which he believed was a deviation from the salience of the image. He describes for example the image "deal table." One would expect the dreamer to have some associations with this image, and the professed lack of any perceived significance or familiarity whatsoever should make one suspicious. Jung would ask a patient to imagine the image as vividly as possible and to explain it to him as if he had no idea as to what a "deal table" was. Jung stressed the importance of context in dream analysis.
1408:, and others manifested themselves in dreams, as dream symbols or figures. Such figures could take the form of an old man, a young maiden, or a giant spider as the case may be. Each represents an unconscious attitude that is largely hidden to the conscious mind. Although an integral part of the dreamer's psyche, these manifestations were largely autonomous and were perceived by the dreamer to be external personages. Acquaintance with the archetypes as manifested by these symbols serve to increase one's awareness of unconscious attitudes, integrating seemingly disparate parts of the psyche and contributing to the process of holistic self-understanding he considered paramount.
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1240:, Freud would discuss dreams which do not appear to be wish-fulfillment). According to Freud, the instigation of a dream is often to be found in the events of the day preceding the dream, which he called the "day residue." In very young children, this can be easily seen, as they dream quite straightforwardly of the fulfillment of wishes that were aroused in them the previous day (the "dream day"). In adults the situation is more complicated since, in Freud's analysis, the dreams of adults have been subjected to distortion, with the dream's so-called "
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1377:. Jung believed the psyche to be a self-regulating organism in which conscious attitudes were likely to be compensated for unconsciously (within the dream) by their opposites. And so the role of dreams is to lead a person to wholeness through what Jung calls "a dialogue between ego and the self". The self aspires to tell the ego what it does not know, but it should. This dialogue involves fresh memories, existing obstacles, and future solutions.
526:: "Once Chuang Chou dreamed that he was a butterfly. He fluttered about happily, quite pleased with the state that he was in, and knew nothing about Chuang Chou. Presently he awoke and found that he was very much Chuang Chou again. Now, did Chou dream that he was a butterfly or was the butterfly now dreaming that he was Chou?" This raises the question of reality monitoring in dreams, a topic of intense interest in modern cognitive neuroscience.
378:). Although Artemidorus believed that dreams can predict the future, he presaged many contemporary approaches to dreams. He thought that the meaning of a dream image could involve puns and could be understood by decoding the image into its component words. For example, Alexander, while waging war against the Tyrians, dreamt that a satyr was dancing on his shield. Artemidorus reports that this dream was interpreted as follows: satyr =
54:
1264:'s defence mechanisms. In waking life, he asserted, these "resistances" prevented the repressed wishes of the unconscious from entering consciousness, and though these wishes were to some extent able to emerge due to the lowered vigilance of the sleep state, the resistances were still strong enough to force them to take on a disguised or distorted form. Freud's view was that dreams are
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tendencies. Thus, a sword may symbolize a penis, as may a snake. In the final approach, the dream interpreter asks, "Why this symbol and not another?" Thus, a sword representing a penis is hard, sharp, inanimate, and destructive. A snake representing a penis is alive, dangerous, perhaps poisonous, and slimy. The final approach will tell additional things about the dreamer's attitudes.
1495:. Hall studied the dreams of males and females ages two through twenty-six. He found that young boys frequently dreamed of aggression towards their fathers and older male siblings, while girls dreamed of hostility towards their mothers and older female siblings. These dreams often involved themes of conflict and competition for the affection of the opposite-sex parent, providing
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aspect of the dreamer. Jung argued that the subjective approach is much more difficult for the dreamer to accept, but that in most good dream-work, the dreamer will come to recognize that the dream characters can represent an unacknowledged aspect of the dreamer. Thus, if the dreamer is being chased by a crazed killer, the dreamer may come eventually to recognize his own
251:. Dreams were also sometimes seen as a means of seeing into other worlds and it was thought that the soul, or some part of it, moved out of the body of the sleeping person and actually visited the places and persons the dreamer saw in his or her sleep. In Tablet VII of the epic, Enkidu recounts to Gilgamesh a dream in which he saw the gods
1283:", a dream he himself had. In the dream a former patient of his, Irma, complains of pains and Freud's colleague gives her an unsterile injection. Freud provides pages of associations to the elements in his dream, using it to demonstrate his technique of decoding the latent dream thoughts from the manifest content of the dream.
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causal factors behind it may be elicited. Dreams were not to serve as lie detectors, with which to reveal the insincerity behind conscious thought processes. Dreams, like the unconscious, had their own language. As representations of the unconscious, dream images have their own primacy and mechanics.
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To these might be added "secondary elaboration"—the outcome of the dreamer's natural tendency to make some sort of "sense" or "story" out of the various elements of the manifest content as recollected. Freud stressed that it was not merely futile but actually misleading to attempt to explain one part
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found that most people believe that "their dreams reveal meaningful hidden truths." In one study they found that 74% of
Indians, 65% of South Koreans and 56% of Americans believed their dream content provided them with meaningful insight into their unconscious beliefs and desires. This Freudian view
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visions. Just as the psyche has a diurnal side which we experience as conscious life, it has an unconscious nocturnal side which we apprehend as dreamlike fantasy. Jung would argue that just as we do not doubt the importance of our conscious experience, then we ought not to second guess the value of
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Although Jung acknowledged the universality of archetypal symbols, he contrasted this with the concept of a sign—images having a one-to-one connotation with their meaning. His approach was to recognize the dynamism and fluidity that existed between symbols and their ascribed meaning. Symbols must be
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of what will happen to the person who experiences each dream, apparently based on previous cases. Some list different possible outcomes, based on occasions in which people experienced similar dreams with different results. Dream scenarios mentioned include a variety of daily work events, journeys to
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believed Freud's notion of dreams as representations of unfulfilled wishes to be limited. Jung argued that Freud's procedure of collecting associations to a dream would bring insights into the dreamer's mental complex—a person's associations to anything will reveal the mental complexes, as Jung had
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and then embraces it like a wife. Ninsun interprets the dream to mean that someone powerful will soon appear. Gilgamesh will struggle with him and try to overpower him, but he will not succeed. Eventually, they will become close friends and accomplish great things. She concludes, "That you embraced
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Jung proposed two basic approaches to analyzing dream material: the objective and the subjective. In the objective approach, every person in the dream refers to the person they are: mother is mother, girlfriend is girlfriend, etc. In the subjective approach, every person in the dream represents an
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in the United States, India, and South Korea, according to one study conducted in those countries. People appear to believe dreams are particularly meaningful: they assign more meaning to dreams than to similar waking thoughts. For example, people report they would be more likely to cancel a trip
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and others helped bring dream interpretation into the mainstream by publishing books on do-it-yourself dream interpretation and forming groups to share and analyze dreams. Faraday focused on the application of dreams to situations occurring in one's life. For instance, some dreams are warnings of
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according to the psychoanalytic rule of procedure. From this material you arrive at the latent dream-thoughts, just as you arrived at the patient's hidden complexes from his associations to his symptoms and memories... The true meaning of the dream, which has now replaced the manifest content, is
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process. Hall argued that a dream was simply a thought or sequence of thoughts that occurred during sleep, and that dream images are visual representations of personal conceptions. For example, if one dreams of being attacked by friends, this may be a manifestation of fear of friendship; a more
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Ibn
Shaheen states: "Interpretations change their foundations according to the different conditions of the seer (of the vision), so seeing handcuffs during sleep is disliked but if a righteous person sees them it can mean stopping the hands from evil". Ibn Sirin said about a man who saw himself
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Freud listed the distorting operations that he claimed were applied to repressed wishes in forming the dream as recollected: it is because of these distortions (the so-called "dream-work") that the manifest content of the dream differs so greatly from the latent dream thought reached through
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Jung cautioned against blindly ascribing meaning to dream symbols without a clear understanding of the client's personal situation. He described two approaches to dream symbols: the causal approach and the final approach. In the causal approach, the symbol is reduced to certain fundamental
1487:. Additionally, he noted that there were no significant differences in the form or content of the dream of being attacked between men and women, suggesting that the dream likely has the same meaning for both genders. Hall's work in dream research also provided evidence to support one of
522:(ĺ¤˘ĺŤ é€¸ć—¨) compiled in the 16th century by Chen Shiyuan (particularly the "Inner Chapters" of that opus). Chinese thinkers also raised profound ideas about dream interpretation, such as the question of how we know we are dreaming and how we know we are awake. It is written in the
1563:. The cortex then synthesizes a dream in reaction to these signals in order to try to make sense of why the brain is sending them. Although the hypothesis downplays the role that emotional factors play in determining dreams, it does not state that dreams are meaningless.
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Freud famously described psychoanalytic dream-interpretation as "the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind". However, he expressed regret and dissatisfaction at the way his ideas on the subject were misrepresented or simply not understood:
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further explored the relationship between images produced in dreams and the dreamer's waking life. Their books identified patterns in dreaming, and ways of analyzing dreams to explore life changes, with particular emphasis on moving toward healing and wholeness.
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they had planned that involved a plane flight if they dreamt of their plane crashing the night before than if the
Department of Homeland Security issued a federal warning. However, people do not attribute equal importance to all dreams. People appear to use
1483:, but rather represented the dreamer's perception of themselves as weak, passive, and helpless in the face of danger. In support of his argument, Hall pointed out that women have this dream more frequently than men, yet women do not typically experience
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something about to happen—e.g. a dream of failing an examination, if one is a student, may be a literal warning of unpreparedness. Outside of such context, it could relate to failing some other kind of test. Or it could even have a "
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In Freud's original formulation, the latent dream-thought was described as having been subject to an intra-psychic force referred to as "the censor"; in the terminology of his later years, however, discussion was in terms of the
1252:. The dream's real significance is thus concealed: dreamers are no more capable of recognizing the actual meaning of their dreams than hysterics are able to understand the connection and significance of their neurotic symptoms.
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reacted to the awareness of repressed wishes that were too powerful and insufficiently disguised. Traumatic dreams (where the dream merely repeats the traumatic experience) were eventually admitted as exceptions to the theory.
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Faraday noted that "one finding has emerged pretty firmly from modern research, namely that the majority of dreams seem in some way to reflect things that have preoccupied our minds during the previous day or two."
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Jung believed that material repressed by the conscious mind, postulated by Freud to comprise the unconscious, was similar to his own concept of the shadow, which in itself is only a small part of the unconscious.
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or religious lens. It is based on the belief that dreams can offer insights into one's spiritual journey, inner self, and connection to the divine. This approach to dream analysis often draws upon symbolism,
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shown experimentally—but not necessarily closer to the meaning of the dream. Jung was convinced that the scope of dream interpretation was larger, reflecting the richness and complexity of the entire
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when interpreting their dreams. They are more likely to view dreams confirming their waking beliefs and desires to be more meaningful than dreams that contradict their waking beliefs and desires.
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You entirely disregard the apparent connections between the elements in the manifest dream and collect the ideas that occur to you in connection with each separate element of the dream by
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speakers, it may suggest that the dreamer must recognize that there is "more than one way to skin a cat," or in other words, more than one way to do something. He was also critical of
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have left evidence of dream interpretation dating back to at least 3100 BC in
Mesopotamia. Throughout Mesopotamian history, dreams were always held to be extremely important for
382:("Tyre will be thine"), predicting that Alexander would be triumphant. Freud acknowledged this example of Artemidorus when he proposed that dreams be interpreted like a rebus.
1320:– a dream object's emotional significance is separated from its real object or content and attached to an entirely different one that does not raise the censor's suspicions.
242:. In one of these dreams, Gilgamesh sees an axe fall from the sky. The people gather around it in admiration and worship. Gilgamesh throws the axe in front of his mother
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that are associated with wakefulness. According to this hypothesis, neurons fire periodically during sleep in the lower brain levels and thus send random signals to the
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Technically, Jung recommended stripping the dream of its details and presenting the gist of the dream to the dreamer. This was an adaptation of a procedure described by
1314:– one dream object stands for several associations and ideas; thus "dreams are brief, meagre and laconic in comparison with the range and wealth of the dream-thoughts."
418:, a book on dreams. The work is divided into 25 sections on dream interpretation, from the etiquette of interpreting dreams to the interpretation of reciting certain
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Jung believed that dreams may contain ineluctable truths, philosophical pronouncements, illusions, wild fantasies, memories, plans, irrational experiences, and even
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Haque, Amber (December 2004). "Psychology from
Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists".
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giving a sermon from the mimbar: "He will achieve authority and if he is not from the people who have any kind of authority it means that he will be crucified".
430:(Muslim scholar) who could guide in the interpretation of dreams with a proper understanding of the cultural context and other such causes and interpretations.
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him like a wife means he will never forsake you. Thus your dream is solved." Later in the epic, Enkidu dreams about the heroes' encounter with the giant
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and
Assyrians divided dreams into "good," which were sent by the gods, and "bad," sent by demons. A surviving collection of dream omens entitled
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was the result of failures in the dream-work: rather than contradicting the "wish-fulfillment" theory, such phenomena demonstrated how the
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depicting dreams and their interpretations are evident. Dreams have been held in considerable importance through history by most cultures.
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of the manifest content with reference to another part, as if the manifest dream somehow constituted some unified or coherent conception.
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therapists extended the subjective approach, claiming that even the inanimate objects in a dream can represent aspects of the dreamer.
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complicated example, which requires a cultural metaphor, is that a cat within a dream symbolizes a need to use one's intuition. For
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George, A. trans. (2003) The
Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
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The assertion that all dreams require a sexual interpretation, against which critics rage so incessantly, occurs nowhere in my
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Artemidorus (1990) The
Interpretation of Dreams: Oneirocritica. White, R., trans., Torrance, CA: Original Books, 2nd Edition.
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Aziz, Robert (1999). "Synchronicity and the
Transformation of the Ethical in Jungian Psychology". In Becker, Carl (ed.).
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Morewedge, Carey K.; Norton, Michael I. (2009). "When dreaming is believing: The (motivated) interpretation of dreams".
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Oppenheim, A. (1956) The interpretation of dreams in the ancient Near East with a translation of an
Assyrian dreambook.
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Jung stressed that the dream was not merely a devious puzzle invented by the unconscious to be deciphered, so that the
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458:, in which he was the first to distinguish between dream interpretation and the nature and causes of dreams. In
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wishes," they succeed in representing wishes as fulfilled which might otherwise disturb and waken the sleeper.
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Blechner, M (2005). "Elusive illusions: Reality judgment and reality assignment in dreams and waking life".
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of dream interpretation, particularly Freud's notion that the dream of being attacked represented a fear of
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which proposes that dreams are simply the side effects of the neural activity in the brain that produces
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wrote a short tract upon the interpretation of dreams. Dream interpretation became an important part of
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627 BC) had a dream during a desperate military situation in which his divine patron, the goddess
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Freud suggests that the true meaning of a dream must be "weeded out" from the dream as recalled:
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498:(1377) states that "confused dreams" are "pictures of the imagination that are stored inside by
352:, where sick people were sent to be cured. It was believed that cures would be effected through
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1423:, who recommended thinking of the dream as a newspaper article and writing a headline for it.
151:, whose message could be interpreted by people with these associated spiritual powers. In the
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Spiritual dream interpretation is a practice that involves understanding dreams through a
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in one's dream. He writes that it is important for a layperson to seek assistance from an
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2295:"Lecture Notes: Freud's Conception of the Psyche (Unconscious) and His Theory of Dreams"
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What does it mean to be human? Life, Death, Personhood and the Transhumanist Movement
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2180:. Strachey, James. New York: Basic Books A Member of the Perseus Books Group.
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Joseph Interprets Pharaoh's Dream (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot)
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trans., R. Hull. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974, pp. 23–66.
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dreaming of faceless judges unfurling scrolls listing charges and punishments
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within the confines of the temple. Dreams were also considered prophetic or
278:(reigned 883–859 BC) built a temple to Mamu, possibly the god of dreams, at
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and to which the ability to think is applied, after (man) has retired from
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Johnson, M.; Kahan, T.; Raye, C. (1984). "Dreams and reality monitoring".
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Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary
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Although not dismissing Freud's model of dream interpretation wholesale,
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2645:"Strangers in dreams: an empirical confirmation of the Oedipus complex1"
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of Daldis, who lived in the 2nd century AD, wrote a comprehensive text
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298:, appeared to him and promised that she would lead him to victory. The
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2446:"Jung's Dream Theory and Modern Neuroscience: From Fallacies to Facts"
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Core Images of the Self: A Symbolic Approach to Healing and Wholeness
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1605:, and metaphors found in various spiritual traditions and teachings.
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Most people currently appear to interpret dream content according to
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developed a theory of dreams in which dreaming is considered to be a
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as the result of a dream in which he was told to do so. The standard
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434:(Alkindus) (801–873) also wrote a treatise on dream interpretation:
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contains numerous accounts of the prophetic power of dreams. First,
82:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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1719:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 71–72, 89–90.
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1355:... and is in obvious contradiction to other views expressed in it.
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A standard traditional Chinese book on dream-interpretation is the
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2841:"How to interpret biblical dreams | Biblical dream interpretation"
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The Practice of Psychotherapy. The Practical Use of Dream-analysis
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condemn him to death. He also has a dream in which he visits the
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41:"Dream analysis" redirects here. For the book by Carl Jung, see
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Jungian Dream Interpretation: A Handbook of Theory and Practice
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The Syndetic Paradigm: The Untrodden Path Beyond Freud and Jung
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recognized three kinds of dreams: false, pathogenic, and true.
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317:, and encounters with human individuals, animals, and deities.
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have offered theories about the meaning and purpose of dreams.
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Synchronicity: Multiple Perspectives on Meaningful Coincidence
2374:, vol. 2. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 3–99.
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A paper in 2009 by Carey Morewedge and Michael Norton in the
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1479:. Hall argued that this dream did not necessarily stem from
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Jung, C.G. (1948) General aspects of dream psychology. In:
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Jung, C.G. (1902) The associations of normal subjects. In:
1766:(pp. 341–350). London, England: Cambridge University Press.
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Freud considered that the experience of anxiety dreams and
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Sechrist, Elsie with foreword by Cayce, Hugh Lynn (1974).
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also described a similar process of "dream distillation."
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In the 17th century, the English physician and writer Sir
1821:(pp. 23–52). London, England: Cambridge University Press.
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Symbolism – a symbol replaces an action, person, or idea.
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Visualization – a thought is translated to visual images.
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these distortions that the latent content is approached.
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Aziz, Robert (2008). "Foreword". In Storm, Lance (ed.).
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The Rise of Experimental Biology: An Illustrated History
2905:(10 ed.). The State University of New York Press.
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Divinatorische Texte I : ... oneiromantische Omina
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Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts on the Theory of Dreams
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Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts on the Theory of Dreams
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and Mesopotamian kings paid close attention to them.
193:) contains numerous examples of dream interpretation.
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C.G. Jung's Psychology of Religion and Synchronicity
2530:(The Language of the Dream). Wiesbaden: J.F. Berman
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Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,
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1268:which ensure that sleep is not interrupted: as "a
238:himself has two dreams foretelling the arrival of
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2606:"The Significance of the Dream of Being Attacked"
1851:
1849:
1817:. In G.E. Von Grunebaum & R. Caillos (Eds.),
1762:in G. E. Von Grunebaum & R. Caillois (Eds.),
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1591:
3535:
2361:Freud, S. (1900) op.cit., (1919 edition), p. 397
2035:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1566:
452:Book of Opinions of the people of the Ideal City
3119:– Full text of Sigmund Freud's revisitation of
2803:
2209:Matalon, Nadav (2011). "The Riddle Of Dreams".
1815:Logical and Philosophical Problems of the Dream
1244:" being a heavily disguised derivative of the "
976:The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis
3117:Dream Psychology: Psychoanalysis for Beginners
2399:
1846:
1547:and colleagues developed what they called the
3141:
1677:
1203:
2806:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2763:
2489:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 173.
1585:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
139:In many ancient societies, such as those of
2272:"Remembering and Understanding your Dreams"
2038:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
1754:
1752:
1230:argued that all dream content is disguised
308:records various dream scenarios as well as
3148:
3134:
2947:. The State University of New York Press.
2717:Clift, Jean Dalby; Clift, Wallace (1988).
2716:
2697:Clift, Jean Dalby; Clift, Wallace (1984).
2696:
2580:
2552:
2429:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1738:
1736:
1714:
1210:
1196:
1118:International Psychoanalytical Association
3416:Thought recording and reproduction device
3155:
2838:
2757:
1901:
1888:
1875:
1862:
1539:
1506:
213:, the king of the Sumerian city-state of
98:Learn how and when to remove this message
36:Interpretation of dreams (disambiguation)
3066:A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis
2681:
2070:
2023:Lofty Principles of Dream Interpretation
2009:Lofty Principles of Dream Interpretation
1995:Lofty Principles of Dream Interpretation
1981:Lofty Principles of Dream Interpretation
1749:
1279:One of Freud's early dream analyses is "
520:Lofty Principles of Dream Interpretation
319:
175:
109:
2541:The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry.
2208:
1733:
332:, priests acted as dream interpreters.
132:is the process of assigning meaning to
14:
3536:
2269:
2144:
2105:
1760:Mantic Dreams in the Ancient Near East
1715:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992).
450:, which appeared as chapter 24 of his
339:
171:
3129:
3062:
3051:
3040:
3023:Dreams, Illusion, and Other Realities
2862:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2736:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2387:New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2315:
2250:Classics in the History of Psychology
2175:
1908:
1895:
1882:
1869:
556:; literally "dream-interpretation").
313:different locations, family matters,
221:2144–2124 BC), rebuilt the temple of
3073:
2961:
2940:
2919:
2898:
2743:. The Crossroad Publishing Company.
2723:. The Crossroad Publishing Company.
2703:. The Crossroad Publishing Company.
2642:
2603:
2443:
2292:
1920:
1914:
1809:
1807:
1112:Psychoanalytic Training and Research
902:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
542:at the end of the 19th century with
416:Muntakhab al-Kalam fi Tabir al-Ahlam
47:
3381:Psychoanalytic dream interpretation
2700:Symbols of Transformation in Dreams
1744:Magic, Supernaturalism and Religion
1661:Psychoanalytic dream interpretation
1123:World Association of Psychoanalysis
24:
2892:
2790:
2661:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1963.tb01303.x
2622:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1955.tb01182.x
2475:
2322:The American Journal of Psychology
2147:"Latent dream-content (pp. 31ff.)"
611:Psychosocial development (Erikson)
402:consist of three parts, and early
25:
3570:
3110:
2923:Asian and Jungian Views of Ethics
2768:Psychology: Themes and Variations
2243:
2155:. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge.
1804:
1128:List of schools of psychoanalysis
3408:Cognitive neuroscience of dreams
2839:Mwangangi, Joshua (2022-02-04).
2270:Wilson, Cynthia (3 April 2012).
1779:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1177:
1104:British Psychoanalytical Society
956:Civilization and Its Discontents
588:
529:
348:constructed temples they called
52:
3421:Activation-synthesis hypothesis
3026:. University of Chicago Press.
2990:The Science and Art of Dreaming
2832:
2690:
2675:
2636:
2597:
2574:
2546:
2533:
2520:
2511:
2462:
2437:
2377:
2364:
2355:
2309:
2286:
2263:
2237:
2202:
2169:
2145:Nagera, Humberto, ed. (2014) .
2138:
2106:Nagera, Humberto, ed. (2014) .
2099:
2064:
2029:
2015:
2001:
1987:
1973:
1942:
1630:Dreams in analytical psychology
1549:activation-synthesis hypothesis
410:(654–728) was renowned for his
2865:Journal of Religion and Health
2856:
2583:"A Cognitive Theory of Dreams"
2246:"The Interpretation of Dreams"
2108:"Manifest content (pp. 52ff.)"
2085:10.1080/15294145.2005.10773477
1837:
1824:
1791:
1782:
1769:
1637:(Dreams Interpreted and Drawn)
1592:Spiritual dream interpretation
1110:Columbia University Center for
1099:British Psychoanalytic Council
996:The Sublime Object of Ideology
966:The Mass Psychology of Fascism
385:
121:cartoon of political activist
27:Assigning of meaning to dreams
13:
1:
2772:. Cengage Learning. pp.
2385:The Psychology of C. G. Jung.
2372:Collected Works of C. G. Jung
1857:The Interpretation of Dreams.
1819:The Dream and Human Societies
1764:The Dream and Human Societies
1671:
1567:Present-day popular attitudes
1295:always clearly intelligible.
1237:Beyond the Pleasure Principle
936:Beyond the Pleasure Principle
926:Psychology of the Unconscious
559:
291:
218:
3121:The Interpretation of Dreams
3055:The Interpretation of Dreams
2444:Lone, Zauraiz (2018-09-26).
2223:10.1080/09515089.2011.556605
2178:The interpretation of dreams
1834:. Harrassowitz Verlag, 2007.
1224:The Interpretation of Dreams
892:The Interpretation of Dreams
549:The Interpretation of Dreams
376:The Interpretation of Dreams
364:of particular significance.
32:Dream Interpretation (album)
7:
3047:. W.W. Norton. p. 334.
2293:Gray, R. (9 January 2012).
2050:10.1037/0096-3445.113.3.329
1608:
392:medieval Islamic psychology
78:the claims made and adding
10:
3575:
2737:Clift, Jean Dalby (1992).
2720:The Hero Journey in Dreams
2318:"Freud's theory of Dreams"
2297:. University of Washington
1961:Princeton University Press
1499:for Freud's theory of the
913:Three Essays on the Theory
476:aspects, mental capacity,
286:. The later Assyrian king
166:
40:
29:
3499:
3467:
3434:
3406:
3371:
3329:
3320:
3283:
3235:
3217:
3174:
3167:
3096:Dreams, Your Magic Mirror
3018:Doniger O'Flaherty, Wendy
2877:10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z
2517:Jung, C.G. (1948) op.cit.
1307:The operations included:
1091:Boston Graduate School of
3522:Interpretation of Dreams
3303:Rapid eye movement sleep
2604:Hall, Calvin S. (1955).
2211:Philosophical Psychology
1758:Oppenheim, L.A. (1966).
1746:. New York: Random House
1527:In the 1980s and 1990s,
1353:Interpretation of Dreams
606:Psychosexual development
564:
513:
115:Tom Paine's Nightly Pest
3069:. Boni & Liveright.
3063:Freud, Sigmund (1920).
3052:Freud, Sigmund (1900).
3041:Freud, Sigmund (1966).
2528:Die Sprache des Traumes
2485:Doyle, D. John (2018).
2176:Freud, Sigmund (2010).
1921:Lutz, Peter L. (2002),
1830:Nils P. Heessel :
1801:46(3): 179–373. p. 247.
1573:Freudian psychoanalysis
1450:
1447:our unconscious lives.
1359:
468:extended the theory of
454:. It was a treatise on
30:For similar terms, see
2649:Journal of Personality
2610:Journal of Personality
2539:Sullivan, H.S. (1953)
2316:Jones, Ernest (1910).
2011:, "Inner Chapters 6–9"
1983:, "Inner Chapters 1–4"
1957:The Muqaddimah, trans.
1955:, N.J. Dawood (1967),
1777:The Epic of Gilgamesh.
1540:Neurobiological theory
1507:Faraday, Clift, et al.
1357:
1300:analysis—and it is by
1297:
448:On the Cause of Dreams
325:
194:
126:
3559:Analytical psychology
3044:Introductory Lectures
2941:Aziz, Robert (2007).
2899:Aziz, Robert (1990).
2764:Wayne Weiten (2011).
2643:Hall, Calvin (1963).
1859:New York: Avon, 1980.
1813:Caillois, R. (1966).
1742:Seligman, K. (1948),
1473:psychoanalytic theory
1349:
1288:
1246:latent dream-thoughts
1184:Psychology portal
1163:Psychoanalytic theory
461:The Canon of Medicine
323:
179:
155:, various schools of
113:
3386:Embodied imagination
3373:Dream interpretation
3080:. Inner City Books.
3074:Hall, James (1983).
2073:Neuro-Psychoanalysis
2025:, "Inner Chapter 10"
1775:Thompson, R. (1930)
1425:Harry Stack Sullivan
1373:, both personal and
1260:and the work of the
1148:Child psychoanalysis
636:Id, ego and superego
574:a series of articles
446:(872–951) wrote the
130:Dream interpretation
3554:Freudian psychology
2966:. Pari Publishing.
2585:. dreamresearch.net
2450:World of Psychology
1997:, "Inner Chapter 5"
1578:motivated reasoning
1392:Jung believed that
671:Countertransference
436:On Sleep and Dreams
340:Classical Antiquity
172:Early civilizations
149:divine intervention
3265:Nightmare disorder
2526:Stekel, W. (1911)
2406:The Essential Jung
2383:Jacobi, J. (1973)
2118:Abingdon-on-Thames
1485:castration anxiety
1481:castration anxiety
1013:Schools of thought
946:The Ego and the Id
326:
195:
127:
63:possibly contains
3531:
3530:
3495:
3494:
3316:
3315:
2973:978-88-95604-02-2
2954:978-0-7914-6982-8
2783:978-0-495-81310-1
2543:New York: Norton.
1855:Freud, S. (1900)
1497:empirical support
1248:" present in the
1220:
1219:
704:Important figures
631:Psychic apparatus
358:incubating dreams
231:Epic of Gilgamesh
191:Tablet V pictured
186:Epic of Gilgamesh
108:
107:
100:
65:original research
16:(Redirected from
3566:
3454:Dream incubation
3396:Dream dictionary
3327:
3326:
3172:
3171:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3098:. Warner Books.
3091:
3070:
3059:
3048:
3037:
2997:
2986:Lockheart, Julia
2977:
2958:
2937:
2916:
2888:
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2847:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2818:10.1037/a0013264
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2679:
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2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2581:Calvin S. Hall.
2578:
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2256:
2244:Freud, Sigmund.
2241:
2235:
2234:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2162:978-1-31767048-3
2142:
2136:
2135:
2131:978-1-31767047-6
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1780:
1773:
1767:
1756:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1712:
1656:Personality test
1615:Dream dictionary
1553:beta brain waves
1533:Jean Dalby Clift
1292:free association
1281:Irma's injection
1242:manifest content
1232:wish-fulfillment
1212:
1205:
1198:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1153:Depth psychology
1055:Object relations
1001:
991:
981:
971:
961:
951:
941:
931:
920:
907:
897:
592:
569:
568:
554:Die Traumdeutung
546:'s seminal work
484:, movements and
310:prognostications
293:
276:Ashurnasirpal II
220:
103:
96:
92:
89:
83:
80:inline citations
56:
55:
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3469:Sleep induction
3463:
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3322:
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3279:
3231:
3227:Pre-lucid dream
3213:
3209:Dream character
3199:False awakening
3194:Recurring dream
3163:
3154:
3113:
3088:
3034:
2974:
2955:
2934:
2913:
2895:
2893:Further reading
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2751:
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2598:
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2560:. p. 147.
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1953:Franz Rosenthal
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1678:
1674:
1666:Recurring dream
1611:
1594:
1569:
1542:
1509:
1501:Oedipus Complex
1493:Oedipus Complex
1489:Sigmund Freud's
1470:Sigmund Freud's
1453:
1362:
1216:
1178:
1176:
1169:
1168:
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1142:
1134:
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1111:
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1074:
1070:Self psychology
1045:Intersubjective
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885:
884:Important works
877:
876:
875:
761:Freud (Sigmund)
705:
697:
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567:
562:
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412:Ta'bir al-Ru'ya
404:Muslim scholars
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3426:Sleep medicine
3423:
3418:
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3403:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3391:Guided imagery
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3323:interpretation
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3111:External links
3109:
3108:
3107:
3092:
3086:
3071:
3060:
3049:
3038:
3032:
3014:
3011:978-0367479947
3003:978-0367479961
2982:Blagrove, Mark
2978:
2972:
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2891:
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2889:
2871:(4): 357–377.
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2831:
2812:(2): 249–264.
2789:
2782:
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2749:
2729:
2709:
2689:
2684:The Dream Game
2682:Faraday, Ann.
2674:
2655:(3): 336–345.
2635:
2616:(2): 168–180.
2596:
2573:
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2415:
2401:Storr, Anthony
2389:
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2328:(2): 283–308.
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2217:(4): 517–536.
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2044:(3): 329–344.
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1929:, p. 60,
1913:
1911:, p. 363)
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1898:, p. 361)
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1641:Lucid dreaming
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1607:
1593:
1590:
1568:
1565:
1541:
1538:
1511:In the 1970s,
1508:
1505:
1491:theories, the
1457:Calvin S. Hall
1452:
1449:
1421:Wilhelm Stekel
1361:
1358:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1321:
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1272:fulfilment of
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1158:Psychodynamics
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828:
823:
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798:
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783:
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773:
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748:
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723:
718:
713:
707:
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633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
602:
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:
585:
584:
582:Psychoanalysis
578:
577:
566:
563:
561:
558:
540:psychoanalysis
531:
528:
515:
512:
482:self-awareness
472:to encompass "
398:indicate that
387:
384:
346:ancient Greeks
341:
338:
173:
170:
168:
165:
106:
105:
60:
58:
51:
43:Dream Analysis
26:
18:Dream analysis
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3571:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3515:Oneirocritica
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:Ancient books
3498:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3459:Dream sharing
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3397:
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3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:Psychonautics
3352:
3350:
3349:Oneironautics
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:Spirit spouse
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Anxiety dream
3258:
3256:
3255:Night terrors
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
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3200:
3197:
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3177:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3105:
3104:0-446-31384-X
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3087:0-919123-12-0
3083:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3033:0-226-61855-2
3029:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:(Hardcover),
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2933:0-313-30452-1
2929:
2926:. Greenwood.
2925:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2912:0-7914-0166-9
2908:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2886:
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2874:
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2861:
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2842:
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2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2760:
2752:
2750:0-8245-1218-9
2746:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2730:0-8245-0889-0
2726:
2722:
2721:
2712:
2710:0-8245-0653-7
2706:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2678:
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2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2567:0-7100-1645-X
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2542:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2496:9783319949505
2492:
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2432:
2426:
2418:
2416:0-691-02455-3
2412:
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2240:
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2220:
2216:
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2205:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2187:9780465019779
2183:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1969:0-691-01754-9
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1936:0-89603-835-1
1932:
1928:
1924:
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1654:
1652:
1651:Oneironautics
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1625:Dream sharing
1623:
1621:
1620:Dream journal
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1589:
1586:
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1529:Wallace Clift
1525:
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1263:
1259:
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1238:
1233:
1229:
1228:Sigmund Freud
1225:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1199:
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1191:
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1040:Interpersonal
1038:
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629:
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626:Consciousness
624:
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619:
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557:
555:
551:
550:
545:
544:Sigmund Freud
541:
537:
536:Thomas Browne
530:Modern Europe
527:
525:
521:
511:
507:
506:perception."
505:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
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467:
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462:
457:
453:
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440:consciousness
437:
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425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
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397:
393:
383:
381:
377:
373:
372:
371:Oneirocritica
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
337:
335:
334:Hieroglyphics
331:
330:ancient Egypt
322:
318:
316:
311:
307:
306:
301:
297:
290:(reigned 668–
289:
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137:
135:
131:
124:
120:
119:James Gillray
116:
112:
102:
99:
91:
81:
77:
73:
67:
66:
61:This article
59:
50:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3372:
3275:Sleepdriving
3270:Sleepwalking
3250:Dreamcatcher
3189:Dream speech
3120:
3095:
3076:
3065:
3058:. Macmillan.
3054:
3043:
3022:
2989:
2963:
2943:
2922:
2901:
2868:
2864:
2844:. Retrieved
2834:
2809:
2805:
2767:
2759:
2739:
2719:
2699:
2692:
2686:. p. 3.
2683:
2677:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2576:
2557:
2548:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2522:
2513:
2486:
2469:
2464:
2453:. Retrieved
2449:
2439:
2409:. New York.
2405:
2384:
2379:
2371:
2366:
2357:
2345:. Retrieved
2325:
2321:
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2249:
2239:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2177:
2171:
2151:
2140:
2112:
2101:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2022:
2017:
2008:
2003:
1994:
1989:
1980:
1975:
1956:
1944:
1927:Humana Press
1922:
1916:
1903:
1890:
1877:
1864:
1856:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1798:
1793:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1743:
1716:
1595:
1584:
1582:
1570:
1545:Allan Hobson
1543:
1526:
1522:
1510:
1454:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1396:such as the
1391:
1379:
1363:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1333:
1329:
1318:Displacement
1312:Condensation
1306:
1301:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1254:
1235:
1223:
1221:
994:
986:Anti-Oedipus
984:
974:
964:
954:
944:
934:
924:
915:of Sexuality
911:
900:
890:
756:Freud (Anna)
666:Transference
651:Introjection
641:Ego defenses
621:Preconscious
553:
547:
533:
519:
517:
508:
493:
470:temperaments
459:
451:
447:
435:
415:
411:
389:
379:
375:
369:
354:divine grace
350:Asclepieions
343:
327:
305:Iškar Zaqīqu
303:
288:Ashurbanipal
269:
229:
197:The ancient
196:
190:
184:
180:The ancient
161:neurobiology
138:
129:
128:
123:Thomas Paine
114:
94:
85:
62:
3449:Dream diary
3344:Dream guide
3331:Oneiromancy
3321:Therapy and
3308:Hypnopompia
3219:Lucid dream
3204:Interobject
3013:(Paperback)
2857:Works cited
1949:Ibn Khaldun
1646:Oneiromancy
1513:Ann Faraday
1371:unconscious
1266:compromises
1250:unconscious
616:Unconscious
490:Ibn Khaldun
480:attitudes,
386:Middle Ages
366:Artemidorus
300:Babylonians
280:Imgur-Enlil
203:Mesopotamia
88:August 2022
3544:Divination
3538:Categories
3363:Dream yoga
3359:Yoga nidra
3293:Hypnagogia
3161:oneirology
2846:2024-02-26
2554:Jung, Carl
2505:1050448349
2455:2019-04-30
2079:: 95–101.
1959:, p. 338,
1909:Haque 2004
1896:Haque 2004
1883:Haque 2004
1870:Haque 2004
1726:0714117056
1672:References
1603:archetypes
1477:castration
1444:telepathic
1394:archetypes
1385:impulses.
1375:collective
1336:nightmares
1234:(later in
1065:Relational
676:Resistance
646:Projection
560:Psychology
524:Chuang-tzu
500:perception
495:Muqaddimah
394:, certain
265:Underworld
207:divination
157:psychology
153:modern era
72:improve it
3508:On Dreams
3487:Oneirogen
3444:Dream art
3436:Dreamwork
3298:PGO waves
3237:Nightmare
3168:Phenomena
2994:Routledge
2630:0022-3506
2589:7 October
2425:cite book
2347:19 August
2274:. Womenio
2255:19 August
2231:144246389
2196:434126117
2122:Routledge
2093:145533839
1598:spiritual
1557:REM sleep
1461:cognitive
1455:In 1953,
1383:homicidal
1366:Carl Jung
1302:reversing
1274:repressed
1270:disguised
1258:super-ego
866:Winnicott
846:Spielrein
826:Laplanche
746:Fairbairn
686:Dreamwork
474:emotional
444:Al-Farabi
442:studies,
408:Ibn Sirin
236:Gilgamesh
217:(reigned
199:Sumerians
76:verifying
3482:Hypnosis
3020:(1986).
2988:(2023).
2885:38740431
2826:19159131
2669:14051965
2556:(1934).
2403:(1983).
1635:DreamsID
1609:See also
1141:See also
1083:Training
1060:Reichian
1035:Lacanian
1020:Adlerian
861:Sullivan
856:Strachey
811:Kristeva
786:Jacobson
781:Irigaray
771:Guattari
751:Ferenczi
736:Chodorow
691:Cathexis
599:Concepts
572:Part of
466:Avicenna
432:Al-Kindi
380:sa tyros
315:sex acts
272:Assyrian
227:Akkadian
223:Ningirsu
182:Akkadian
3477:Lullaby
3245:Epiales
3184:Oneiros
2470:Dreams.
2342:1413004
2058:6237167
1555:during
1466:English
1387:Gestalt
1050:Marxist
1030:Jungian
741:Erikson
711:Abraham
422:of the
396:hadiths
282:, near
261:Shamash
249:Humbaba
167:History
70:Please
3157:Dreams
3102:
3084:
3030:
3009:
3001:
2970:
2951:
2930:
2909:
2883:
2824:
2780:
2776:–167.
2747:
2727:
2707:
2667:
2628:
2564:
2503:
2493:
2413:
2340:
2301:28 May
2278:28 May
2229:
2194:
2184:
2159:
2128:
2091:
2056:
1967:
1933:
1723:
1561:cortex
1406:shadow
1404:, the
1400:, the
1398:animus
1000:(1989)
990:(1972)
980:(1964)
970:(1933)
960:(1930)
950:(1923)
940:(1920)
930:(1912)
919:(1905)
906:(1901)
896:(1899)
851:Stekel
831:Mahler
776:Horney
731:Breuer
721:Balint
681:Denial
656:Libido
486:dreams
456:dreams
424:Qur'an
420:Surahs
400:dreams
296:Ishtar
259:, and
244:Ninsun
240:Enkidu
215:Lagash
145:Greece
134:dreams
3549:Dream
3285:Sleep
3176:Dream
2881:S2CID
2338:JSTOR
2227:S2CID
2089:S2CID
1518:punny
1402:anima
871:Žižek
841:Reich
821:Laing
816:Lacan
806:Klein
801:Kohut
791:Jones
766:Fromm
716:Adler
661:Drive
565:Freud
514:China
504:sense
478:moral
438:. In
362:omens
284:Kalhu
274:king
257:Enlil
211:Gudea
141:Egypt
3159:and
3100:ISBN
3082:ISBN
3028:ISBN
3007:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2968:ISBN
2949:ISBN
2928:ISBN
2907:ISBN
2822:PMID
2778:ISBN
2745:ISBN
2725:ISBN
2705:ISBN
2665:PMID
2626:ISSN
2591:2010
2562:ISBN
2501:OCLC
2491:ISBN
2431:link
2411:ISBN
2349:2023
2303:2012
2280:2012
2257:2023
2192:OCLC
2182:ISBN
2157:ISBN
2126:ISBN
2054:PMID
1965:ISBN
1931:ISBN
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