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istoriografiná diskursà. Ben-drais bruoþais þydø þudymo politika 1941–1944 m. bei lietuviø daly-vavimas joje buvo aiðkinamas ir vertinamas pagal teorinæ 'dviejøgenocidø' schemà: 1. Þydai aktyviai dalyvavo komunistiniame ju-dëjime; 2. Jie laukë Raudonosios armijos atëjimo, vadinasi – ir Lie-tuvos okupacijos; 3. Þydai aktyviai dalyvavo lietuviø represijose irdirbo NKVD struktûrose.Tokie 'argumentai', kaip mano tokio poþiûrio ðalininkai, turë-jo paaiðkinti spontaniðkà lietuviø kerðto proverþá prieð þydus pir-mosiomis karo dienomis, bandyti pateisinti kolaboravimà su na-ciais okupacijos metais. Savo 'istoriografinæ gynybà' jie bandëpagrásti dviem argumentais: lietuviai prisidëjo likviduojant tik þy-dus komunistus, o masines þydø þudynes organizavo vokieèiø na-cistai ir jose dalyvavo tik lietuviø visuomenës 'padugnës'.Dabartiniai lietuviø istorikai argumentuotai, faktø kalba pa-neigë mità, kad þydai sudarë daugumà Lietuvos komunistø vietinë-se valdþios ir represinëse struktûrose. Pavyzdþiui, Lietuvos istorikaifaktais árodë, kad 'dviejø genocidø' teorija yra klaidinga, o 1940 m.spalio mën. Lietuvos komunistø partijoje 68,49 proc. buvo lietuviø,16,24 – þydø, 11,97 – rusø. NKVD struktûrose 1941 m. birþelio mën.pradþioje 52,2 proc. sudarë rusai, 31,2 proc. – lietuviai, 16,6 proc. –þydai, Lietuvos komjaunimo organizacijoje þydai sudarë 23,8 proc.
459:'mnemonic warriors' employ the 'Holocaust template' and the concept of genocide in tendentious ways to justify radical policies and externalize the culpability for their international isolation and worsening social and economic circumstances domestically." In this sense, "the 'double genocide' paradigm ... focuses on 'our own' national suffering under – allegedly 'equally' evil – Nazism and Communism". Radonić posits that this theory and charges of Communist genocide come from "a stable of anti-communist émigré lexicon since the 1950s and more recently revisionist politicians and scholars" as well as the "comparative trivialization" of the Holocaust that "results from tossing postwar killings of suspected Axis collaborators and opponents of Tito's regime into the same conceptual framework as the Nazi murder of six million of Jews", describing this as "an effort to demonize communism more broadly as an ideology akin to Nazism".
239:
Communism." According to Katz, the double genocide theory is "a relatively recent initiative (though rooted in older apologetics regarding the
Holocaust) that seeks to create a moral equivalence between Soviet atrocities committed against the Baltic region and the Holocaust in European history." Katz further writes that "the debate has garnered political traction/currency since the Baltic states joined the European Union in 2004. Since joining the EU, the Baltic states have attempted to downplay their nations' massive collaboration with the Nazis and to enlist the West in revising history in the direction of Double Genocide thinking." Katz recommends that "states in the region honor the victims of Communism and expose the evils of Communism as unique issues, 'without the equals-sign'."
485:. In 2008, two elderly Jewish women were investigated for their partisan activities. Arad cited those prosecutions as flowing from the double genocide theory, whose concept is described as follows: "In order to justify the participation of Lithuanians in the mass murder of Jews, there was a perceived need to invent Jews who similarly killed Lithuanians." In response to the investigations, Katz described this as a form of Holocaust obfuscation, another term for the double genocide theory, that "involves a series of false moral equivalences: Jews were disloyal citizens of pre-war Lithuania, helped the Soviet occupiers in 1940, and were therefore partly to blame for their fate. And the genocide that really matters was the one that Lithuanian people suffered at Soviet hands after 1944."
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vadinasi ir, Lietuvos okupacijos; 3) žydai dalyvavo komunistų represijose ir dirbo represinėse struktūrose. Tokie argumentai, kaip mano autoriai, turėtų paaiškinti 'spontanišką' lietuviųlceršto proveržį pirmosiomis karo dienomis. Reikia pripažinti, kad ši, nors dar ir reanimuojama koncepcija, neturi didelės įtakos lietuvių istoriografijoje. Bet ji gaji istorinėje publicistikoje, teigiant, kad 1940 m. žydai suvaidino pragaištingą vaidmenį ir susikompromitavo kaip
Lietuvos piliečiai bei neteko vietos gyventojų pasitikėjimo. Argumentuota faktų kalba buvo įrodyta, kad didžioji žydų dalis nepritarė bolševikinei santvarkai Lietuvoje arba netrukus ja nusivylė. Faktais buvo įrodyta, kad 1941 m. birželio 14 d. trėmimai palietė nemažai Lietuvos žydų.
730:'theory' took the argument even further than merely asserting that there were two equally tragic developments in Lithuania. They argued that some Lithuanian Jews supported the occupying Soviet forces, and those Lithuanians who were participating in the Holocaust, were retaliating for the losses experienced during the first Soviet occupation. In other words, some Jews were participating in the 'Soviet genocide' against the Lithuanians. Needless to say, this 'theory' is flawed on many different levels. However, it did reflect a relatively popular way of thinking in the mid- and late 1990s.
163:." In this context, some basic postulates of the double genocide theory were developed. Lithuanian nationalists, backed by the state, falsely asserted that various nationalist collaborators were anti-Soviet heroes, that Jewish victims were merely collateral damage in the fog of war, and any documentation that counters this is Soviet propaganda. However, the historical record shows that Lithuanian Jews were targeted for extermination - based on their ethnicity - by both the Nazis and local nationalist forces, with
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past, and East
European and ultranationalists today, who downplay Nazi crimes and up-play Communist crimes in order to promote a common European memory that merges Nazism and Stalinism into a 'double-genocide' theory that prioritises East European suffering over Jewish suffering, obfuscates the distinction between perpetrators and victims, and provides relief from the bitter legacy of East Europeans' collaboration in the Nazi genocide."
509:, describing it as "the example of living conditions of Goli Otok prisoners", and not correcting it after the misrepresentation was exposed. After an outcry from Holocaust historians, a small note was taped underneath the display caption that read: "Prisoners' bunk-beds in the Dachau camp." According to Subotić, this form of revisionism "has become so mainstream and state sponsored that in 2018 Croatian president
654:, argued that the region was subject to 'double genocide'—the one perpetrated by the Soviets, and the Holocaust committed by Nazi Germany. Supporters of this theory, which became very popular in the mid-1990s, claimed that Lithuanian Jews actively participated in the repression of the local population, and therefore the collaboration with the Nazis and participation in the Holocaust were merely acts of revenge.
440:'s crimes and the "double genocide thesis", an intellectual paradigm summed up as such: "1) any move towards redistribution and away from a completely free market is seen as communist; 2) anything communist inevitably leads to class murder; and 3) class murder is the moral equivalent of the Holocaust." By linking all leftist and socialist ideals to the excesses of
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174:" that were allegedly over-represented in the ranks of the NKVD and communist party cadres. Berenis says that this theory is incorrect on the merits. Many Jews did not support the Soviets - a disproportionate number of Jews were victims of Soviet deportations. Further, in October 1940, 68.49 percent of members of the
159:, a political scientist specializing in national memory, said that "the way in which Jewish victims are portrayed there shows that this reference to the Holocaust is merely perfunctory." In Lithuania's state Jewish museum's main building, a plaque asserts that "The first killings of Jews have been performed
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Lietuvių istoriografijoje didelę įtaką turi 'dviejų genocidų' teorija, kuri, galima sakyti, yra vyraujanti. Šia prasme 'dviejų genocidų' arba 'dvigubos simetrijos' teorijos istoriniai argumentai yra tokie: 1) žydai aktyviai dalyvavo komunistiniame judėjime; 2) žydai laukė Raudonosios
Armijos atėjimo,
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as prominent examples, are "as politically tricky today as it was then. As it seems to reduce the responsibility of the Nazis and their collaborators, supporters and claqueurs, it is welcomed in rightist circles of various types: German conservatives in the 1980s, who wanted to 'normalise' the German
195:
commented: "There is hardly any country in the vast region from
Estonia in the north to Kazakhstan in the south in which either the authorities or the opposition have not seriously considered the idea of officially recognising past sufferings as genocides, often finding creative ways to reconcile the
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Holocaust Memory and
Antisemitism in Lithuania: Holocaust Memory and Antisemitism in Lithuania. Proceedings / International conference “Antisemitism in Europe Today: the Phenomena, the Conflicts” 8–9 November 2013 Organized by the Jewish Museum Berlin, the Foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility and
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Lietuviai taip pat linkę save suvokti vien kaip dviejų totalitarinių režimų, t. y. nacių Vokietijos ir Sovietų Sąjungos, auką ir vis dar vengia atidžiau įvertinti savo vaidmenį karo metų įvykiuose bei pripažinti lietuvių padarytus nusikaltimus. Panašiai kaip J. Haslingeris
Austrijoje, Tomas Venclova
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Toks vertinimas susilaukë arðios reakcijos lietuviø emigracijo-je JAV. Tarnavæ lietuviø savisaugos batalionuose, policijoje ar savi-valdoje, jie turëjo savo 1941–1944 m. aiðkinimo schemà. Lietuvai at-gavus nepriklausomybæ ir pradëjus diskutuoti ðiais klausimais,iðeiviø vertinimas persikëlë á vietiná
379:." Shafir states that the use of the term supports the "competitive martyrdom component of Double Genocide". Political scientist George Voicu writes that Leon Volovici has "rightfully condemned the abusive use of this concept as an attempt to 'usurp' and undermine a symbol specific to the history of
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169:
Lithuanian
Historian Vytautas Berenis commented that the double genocide theory has considerable influence in Lithuanian historiography and journalism. Berenis states that Lithuanian nationalists excuse their country's collaboration by asserting that collaborators were merely retaliating against
729:
According to this 'theory,' there were two major genocides in
Lithuania, the Soviet one (consisting of deportations and repressions) and the Holocaust. Both were extremely tragic events, and, according to some defenders of memory, they should be even viewed as equal. Yet some proponents of this
278:
and deflecting the full blame from the major culprit of World War II. Katz commented that "Snyder flirts with the very wrong moral equivalence between Hitler and Stalin", to which Snyder responded: "I coincide with Zuroff and Katz on the centrality of the
Holocaust, but we must not overlook how
238:
describes double genocide theory as a form of Holocaust revisionism, whose debate is prompted by a "movement in Europe that believes the crimes—morally, ethically—of Nazism and Communism are absolutely equal, and that those of us who don't think they're absolutely equal, are perhaps soft on
692:
Its latest iteration centers on east-central Europe—and especially in Lithuania—in the form of the 'double-genocide thesis' which posits that the Soviet and Nazi regimes committed genocides of equal gravity against the Baltic, Slavic and Jewish inhabitants of what Timothy Snyder calls the
492:
put on the highly-publicized exhibition "In the Name of the People – Political Repression in Serbia 1944–1953", which according to Subotić "promised to display new historical documents and evidence of communist crimes, ranging from assassinations, kidnappings and detentions in camps to
642:
In the Baltic States—Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia—many people view the communist era, and especially the 1940s, as the period of Soviet genocide against the local population. Furthermore, some Baltic intellectuals and political figures, such as the prominent Lithuanian writer
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Lemée, Carole (April 2018). "Histoire-mémoire d'espaces yiddish litvaks après la Shoah: Entre mondes assassinés et vivants en Lituanie" [History-Memory of Litvak Yiddish Spaces after the Holocaust: Between Worlds of Life and Worlds of assassination].
513:
called for the creation of an international commission to determine the truth about the camp between 1941 and 1945, 'but also after' – indicating that the narrative that Jasenovac was a communist camp after the war was now accepted at the pinnacle of power."
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collectivisation, political trials and repression" but actually showed "random and completely decontextualised photographs of 'victims of communism', which included innocent people but also many proven fascist collaborators, members of the
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Lietuvoje kritikuoja tautiečiams būdingą bet kokios kaltės neigimą ir vis dar gają 'dviejų genocidų' teoriją. Kritiškas požiūris išdėstomas viename garsiausių jo esė 'Žydai ir lietuviai' (1975) ir plėtojamas vėlesnėse publikacijose.
263:
commented: "It seems to me that he is simply equating Nazi genocide with the mass murders carried out in the Soviet Union under Stalin. ... There is nothing wrong with comparing. It's the equation that I find highly troubling."
188:("Jews and Lithuanians") and subsequent publications. According to Venclova, the theory obscures the role of Lithuanians in crimes against humanity committed in Lithuania by assigning all guilt to non-Lithuanian actors.
3642:
405:, efforts to institutionalize the "double genocide thesis", or the moral equivalence between the Nazi Holocaust (race murder) and the victims of communism (class murder), in particular the push at the beginning of the
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227:. Historian Alexander Karn writes that the idea of double genocide "hinge upon the erasure of Lithuanian participation in the Holocaust". Ethnologist Carole Lemée sees it as a symptom of persistent
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1114:... in trivializing the Holocaust by framing this process as a study of totally 'equal' totalitarian regimes, or, as it has been called for short by critics, 'red equals brown.'
4064:
1888:
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705:
Budrytė, Dovilė (2018). "Memory, War, and Mnemonical In/Security: A Comparison of Lithuania and Ukraine". In Budrytė, Dovilė; Buhari-Gulmez, Didem; Resende, Erica (eds.).
129:, awarded posthumous honors to Nazi collaborators, and devoted public resources to historical committees that prioritized their nations' suffering under Soviet occupation
3741:
436:, including literacy, education, women's rights, and social security is usually silenced, and any discourse on the subject of communism is focused almost exclusively on
444:, Ghodsee posits that the elites hope to discredit and marginalize all political ideologies that could "threaten the primacy of private property and free markets".
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starting in September 2010, Zuroff accused Snyder of providing a scholarly basis for "the historically-inaccurate 'double genocide' theories" by emphasizing the
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3736:
3313:
1889:"Holocaust Revisionism and Obfuscation: The Notion of 'Double-Genocide' and the Lithuanian Government's Instrumentalisation of Timothy Snyder's 'Bloodlands'"
1439:
Hackmann, Jörg (March 2009). "From National Victims to Transnational Bystanders? The Changing Commemoration of World War II in Central and Eastern Europe".
3874:
4382:
2088:
Radonić, Ljiljana (November 2018). "From 'Double Genocide' to 'the New Jews': Holocaust, Genocide and Mass Violence in Post-Communist Memorial Museums".
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discusses how "the 'memory wars' in the course of the post-Communist re-narration of history since 1989 and the current authoritarian backlash" and how
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Budryté, Dovilé (2004). "'We Call it Genocide': Soviet Deportations and Repression in the Memory of Lithuanians". In Frey, Robert Seitz (ed.).
259:(2010) drew scholarly criticism for being seen as suggesting a moral equivalence between Soviet mass murders and the Nazi Holocaust. Historian
213:
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were ethnic Lithuanians, while 16.24 percent were Jews - but nearly all the victims of nationalist atrocities were Jews. Poet and dissident
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states in an attempt to erase fascist crimes and local participation to the Holocaust, and use their imagery to represent real or imagined
255:
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writes that usage of this term "allows the reality it describes to immediately attain, in the Western mind, a status equal to that of the
2172:
2019:
1052:
1010:
1098:
666:
Moses, Anthony Dirk (May 2012). "The Canadian Museum for Human Rights: The 'Uniqueness of the Holocaust' and the Question of Genocide".
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616:
Finkel, Evgeny (January 2010). "In Search of Lost Genocide: Historical Policy and International Politics in Post-1989 Eastern Europe".
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Shafir, Michael (December 2018). "The Nature of Postcommunist Antisemitism in East Central Europe: Ideology's Backdoor Return".
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Voicu, George (2018). "Postcommunist Romania's Leading Public Intellectuals and the Holocaust". In Florian, Alexandru (ed.).
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283:." Katz says that Snyder's historical reassessment of the Nazi–Soviet pact coincides with Baltic ultranationalist agendas.
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505:, which was displayed in the section devoted to a Communist-era camp for political prisoners on the Adriatic island of
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for commemoration of the latter in Europe, can be seen as the response by economic and political elites to fears of a
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1533:"Ideology, Memory and Religion in Post-Communist East Central Europe: A Comparative Study Focused on Post-Holocaust"
1076:"Ideology, Memory and Religion in Post-Communist East Central Europe: A Comparative Study Focused on Post-Holocaust"
848:"From "Double Genocide" to "the New Jews": Holocaust, Genocide and Mass Violence in Post-Communist Memorial Museums"
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151:. Until 2011, the Holocaust was mentioned only once in the entire museum, compared to the two rooms devoted to the
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Huterer, Andrea; Venclova, Tomas (January 2011). "Ich ersticke: Litauen auf nationalistischen Irrwegen".
1202:"Holocaust Revisionism, Ultranationalism, and the Nazi/Soviet 'Double Genocide' Debate in Eastern Europe"
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Katz, Dovid (November 2016). "Is Eastern European 'Double Genocide' Revisionism Reaching Museums?".
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Kühne, Thomas (May 2012). "Great Men and Large Numbers: Undertheorising a History of Mass Killing".
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Rozett, Robert (July 2019). "Distorting the Holocaust and Whitewashing History: Toward a Typology".
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Katz, Dovid (December 2017). "The Extraordinary Recent History of Holocaust Studies in Lithuania".
1614:"A Tale of 'Two Totalitarianisms': The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism"
543:
224:
130:
106:
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Blutinger, Jeffrey (Fall 2010). "An Inconvenient Past: Post-Communist Holocaust Memorialization".
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Voicu, George (2015). "Post-Communist Romania's Leading Public Intellectuals and the Holocaust".
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According to American ethnographer and Professor of Russian and East European Studies at the
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Holocaust Memory and Antisemitism in Lithuania: Reversed Memories of the Second World War
1034:"Lietuvos istorijos ir istorinės atminties tematizavimas naujausioje austrų literatūroje"
414:
197:
143:(now the Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights) was opened in 1992, memorializing the
40:
31:
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Crisis and Change in Post-Cold War Global Politics: Ukraine in a Comparative Perspective
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Der rote Holocaust und die Deutschen: die Debatte um das "Schwarzbuch des Kommunismus"
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212:, the double genocide theory is at worst Holocaust obfuscation. Political scientist
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Berenis, Vytautas (2006). "Istorinė tradicija ir moderniosios istorijos iššūkiai".
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367:, this term is not popular among scholars in Germany or internationally. Historian
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The Red Holocaust and the Germans: The Debates on the "Black Book of Communism"
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Amending the Past: Europe's Holocaust Commissions and the Right to History
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Holocaust Public Memory in Postcommunist Romania, Studies in Antisemitism
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2274:"'Holocaust Obfuscation' as Specific Term enters the Diplomatic Lexicon"
2210:
1936:
1457:
A coining of communism as 'red Holocaust,' as had been suggested by the
1385:
1179:
4467:
4437:
4340:
3766:
3547:
3480:
3102:
2988:
2905:
2636:
2575:
2002:
Leggewie, Claus (2013). "Totalitarian Experience and European Memory".
1759:"Prosecution and persecution – Lithuania must stop blaming the victims"
429:
426:
313:
235:
2073:
501:." Another example is the well-known photograph of prisoners from the
324:
268:
refers to the book as "the equivalency canard". In a public debate in
4253:
International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust
3721:
3374:
3025:
2900:
2895:
2783:
895:"Is Eastern European 'Double Genocide' Revisionism Reaching Museums?"
506:
441:
136:
74:
4039:
2999:
2915:
2768:
2727:
105:. Scholars have criticized the double genocide theory as a form of
46:
4222:
The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism
2221:"The Birth of the Memory of Communism: Memorial Museums in Europe"
1827:
The Genocidal Temptation: Auschwitz, Hiroshima, Rwanda, and Beyond
410:
242:
102:
2055:"Criminalizing Communism: Transnational Mnemopolitics in Europe"
1099:"The Prague Declaration, Holocaust Obfuscation and Antisemitism"
131:
over the suffering of their nation's Jews under Nazi occupation.
3020:
2976:
2798:
2733:
2372:
2292:
479:, was labelled an "NKVD storm trooper" by Lithuanian newspaper
98:
4049:
776:
A Dialogue on the Ethics and Politics of Transcultural Memory
1588:"How Holocaust Memory was Hijacked in Post-Communist States"
182:
criticized the concept of double genocide in his 1975 essay
4069:
413:
resurgence in the face of devastated economies and extreme
145:
victims of crimes against humanity during Soviet occupation
66:
16:
Theory accusing the Soviets of genocide during World War II
4065:
Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung
1693:
Future” and the Center for Research on Antisemitism Berlin
1561:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 41–71.
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
165:
local nationalists taking a leading role in the genocide.
709:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 155–177.
81:
in 1991, particularly with regard to discussions about
2186:"Lithuanian Genocide Heritage as Discursive Formation"
1186:
940:
Wyman, David S.; Rosenzveig, Charles H. (1996-09-24).
432:. She says that any discussion of the achievements by
1848:. Studies in Antisemitism. Indiana University Press.
2138:
Our People: Discovering Lithuania's Hidden Holocaust
1500:
Goslan, Richard Joseph; Rousso, Henry, eds. (2004).
45:'Double genocide approach') claims that two
4383:
Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime
1733:"Defaming Jews and distorting history in Lithuania"
325:
Memory politics and the Holocaust in Eastern Europe
3945:On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians
3643:Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil
2253:Ben-Mosche, Danny; Katz, Dovid (20 January 2012).
1662:The Holocaust/Genocide Template in Eastern Europe
1537:Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies
1503:Stalinism and Nazism: History and Memory Compared
1221:
1219:
1200:Liedy, Amy Shannon; Ruble, Blair (7 March 2011).
1080:Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies
449:The Holocaust/Genocide Template in Eastern Europe
93:as retaliatory by accusing Jews of complicity in
4498:
3073:Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP)
1846:Holocaust Public Memory in Postcommunist Romania
1434:
1432:
773:Moses, A. Dirk; Rothberg, Michael (2014-04-01),
183:
2626:The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews
2135:
1914:
1688:"Reversed Memories of the Second World War War"
1654:
1652:
1650:
1581:
1579:
939:
4105:Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt
2252:
1526:
1524:
1216:
4045:Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War
3347:
2308:
2030:
1429:
1031:
772:
611:
609:
3083:Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)
2031:Malinauskaite, Gintare (8–9 November 2013).
2004:Belgrade Journal of Media and Communications
1647:
1576:
1499:
256:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
121:, many post-Soviet states, particularly the
61:that were equivalent in scale and nature to
1521:
497:, right-wing militias, and the Axis-allied
352:" for all "peacetime state killings" under
4177:A History of the Palestinian People (2017)
3361:
3354:
3340:
2594:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death
2315:
2301:
1472:
1199:
606:
85:. A more extreme version of the theory is
4142:Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by
3817:
2236:
2209:
2116:
1787:
1685:
1506:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1415:] (in German). Munich: Piper Verlag.
1225:
1132:. University of Wisconsin Press. p.
969:"Holokaustas ir lietuviu istorine samone"
3521:
2136:Vanagaitė, Rūta; Zuroff, Efraim (2020).
2001:
1438:
1306:"The fatal fact of the Nazi-Soviet pact"
73:. The theory first gained popularity in
3918:There was no such thing as Palestinians
2218:
2087:
2052:
1843:
1824:
1658:
1611:
1585:
1103:Wissenschaft und Publizistik Als Kritik
996:
966:
845:
704:
387:, the Holocaust memory was hijacked in
4499:
3616:Denial of state terrorism in Argentina
1705:
1530:
1406:
1303:
1277:
1251:
1073:
741:
615:
577:
3449:Atrocities against Indigenous peoples
3335:
2296:
2183:
2154:
1886:
1796:(1). Purdue University Press: 73–94.
1695:. Jüdisches Museum Berlin. p. 5.
1554:
1355:
1332:"Why red is not brown in the Baltics"
1280:"A dangerous Nazi-Soviet equivalence"
1156:
812:
665:
65:, in which approximately six million
3496:U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes
1972:
1943:
1586:Subotić, Jelena (18 November 2019).
1329:
1278:Zuroff, Efraim (29 September 2010).
1125:
1096:
892:
580:Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism
383:." According to political scientist
125:, built memorials to victims of the
4100:United Daughters of the Confederacy
2612:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
1706:Lazare, Daniel (9 September 2014).
246:and the Holocaust uniqueness debate
97:, especially in Lithuania, eastern
13:
4075:Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum
3093:Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)
1459:Munich Institut fur Zeitgeschichte
1304:Snyder, Timothy (5 October 2010).
534:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
338:Munich Institut für Zeitgeschichte
49:of equal severity occurred during
14:
4538:
4189:The Hoax of the Twentieth Century
3934:Allegations of genocide in Donbas
3826:Destruction of Armenian heritage
3733:Destruction of cultural heritage
3690:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
2246:
2062:International Political Sociology
1330:Katz, Dovid (30 September 2010).
1097:Heni, Clemens (26 October 2009).
943:The World Reacts to the Holocaust
744:Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs
698:
425:as the result of the excesses of
334:Institute of Contemporary History
4481:
4480:
2647:White genocide conspiracy theory
2322:
2117:Rosenfeld, Alvin Hirsch (2013).
1844:Florian, Alexandru, ed. (2018).
1479:. London: Routledge. p. 3.
1453:10.1111/j.1467-8675.2009.00526.x
1226:Beckerman, Gal (13 March 2011).
846:Radonić, Ljiljana (2018-10-02).
462:
316:, citing books such as Snyder's
200:... and the historical record."
69:were systematically murdered by
4085:Institute for Historical Review
4080:Institute for Armenian Research
3903:Denial of the 7 October attacks
3804:Shakespeare authorship question
3513:Denial of the 7 October attacks
2891:Institute for Historical Review
2811:General Order No. 11 (US, 1862)
2541:International Jewish conspiracy
2438:
2219:Zombory, Máté (November 2017).
1975:Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust
1946:Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust
1829:. University Press of America.
1781:
1751:
1725:
1699:
1679:
1641:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
1633:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
1605:
1548:
1531:Shafir, Michael (Summer 2016).
1493:
1466:
1400:
1349:
1323:
1297:
1271:
1245:
1150:
1119:
1090:
1074:Shafir, Michael (Summer 2016).
1067:
1025:
990:
960:
946:. JHU Press. pp. 325–353.
933:
899:Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust
198:legal definition of the concept
161:in the context of the war chaos
21:Double genocide theory (Rwanda)
3809:Territorial losses of Thailand
2157:Holocaust. Studii şi cercetări
1612:Ghodsee, Kristen (Fall 2014).
1252:Zuroff, Efraim (11 May 2011).
886:
839:
806:
779:, De Gruyter, pp. 29–38,
766:
735:
659:
571:
89:and vindicates the actions of
1:
4196:I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle
4015:Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth
3631:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
3464:Genocide of Serbs during WWII
3402:school textbook controversies
3088:Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC)
2816:Racial policy of Nazi Germany
2794:Beilis trial (Russian Empire)
2764:Pogroms in the Russian Empire
2238:10.1080/00905992.2017.1339680
2184:Wight, A. Craig (July 2016).
2102:10.1080/14623528.2018.1522831
2053:Mälksoo, Maria (March 2014).
1987:10.1080/23256249.2017.1395530
1958:10.1080/23256249.2016.1242043
1358:Contemporary European History
1001:(in Lithuanian) (13): 10–28.
911:10.1080/23256249.2016.1242043
864:10.1080/14623528.2018.1522831
752:10.1080/23739770.2019.1638076
564:
554:The Seventy Years Declaration
539:Genocide recognition politics
503:Buchenwald concentration camp
191:In 2010, political scientist
57:committed atrocities against
4349:Lehideux and Isorni v France
4236:Report about Case Srebrenica
4210:Journal of Historical Review
3712:Censorship of Great Zimbabwe
3068:Anti-Defamation League (ADL)
2774:1968 Polish political crisis
2202:10.1016/j.annals.2016.04.002
2140:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2121:. Indiana University Press.
2090:Journal of Genocide Research
1887:Hoxha, Ani (December 2015).
1228:"Exploring the 'Bloodlands'"
1043:(in Lithuanian) (56): 9–33.
1032:Eidukevičienė, Rūta (2011).
852:Journal of Genocide Research
813:Brook, Daniel (2015-07-26).
680:10.1080/14623528.2012.677762
668:Journal of Genocide Research
471:, who was a prisoner in the
451:(2020), political scientist
342:Soviet and Communist studies
7:
4527:Historiography of Lithuania
4512:Anti-communism in Lithuania
4151:Did Six Million Really Die?
3784:Like sheep to the slaughter
2838:Night of the Murdered Poets
1473:Rosefielde, Steven (2010).
715:10.1007/978-3-319-78589-9_7
517:
490:Historical Museum of Serbia
369:Alexandra Laignel-Lavastine
306:Holocaust uniqueness debate
203:
10:
4543:
4522:The Holocaust in Lithuania
4357:Irving v Penguin Books Ltd
4274:J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing
4095:Turkish Historical Society
3626:Ferdinand Marcos apologism
2833:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign
2804:Anti-Zionist League (Iraq)
2779:Jewish Anti-Zionist League
2744:Antisemitic laws, policies
2600:On the Jews and Their Lies
2190:Annals of Tourism Research
1659:Radonić, Ljiljana (2020).
967:Berenis, Vytautas (2000).
407:2007–2008 financial crisis
400:University of Pennsylvania
393:crimes of Communist states
176:Lithuanian Communist Party
149:the Holocaust in Lithuania
141:Museum of Genocide Victims
112:
83:the Holocaust in Lithuania
18:
4476:
4418:Historical misconceptions
4400:
4375:
4332:
4299:
4292:
4261:
4245:
4113:
4027:
3997:
3971:
3926:
3895:
3862:
3672:
3594:
3426:
3369:
3111:
3056:
2937:
2871:
2742:
2660:
2513:
2460:
2330:
1370:10.1017/S0960777312000070
630:10.1080/13600820903432027
395:as memory appropriation.
373:extermination of the Jews
356:. According to historian
234:American Yiddish scholar
184:
36:Dvigubo genocido požiūris
4507:Holocaust historiography
3961:Denial of Crimean Tatars
3790:Myth of the golden exile
3078:Community Security Trust
2952:Black Death persecutions
2119:The End of the Holocaust
1686:Malinauskaite, Gintare.
1254:"The equivalency canard"
1126:Karn, Alexander (2015).
785:10.1515/9783110337617.29
544:Holocaust trivialization
511:Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović
475:and escaped to join the
279:Stalin enabled Hitler's
225:Holocaust trivialization
119:fall of the Soviet Union
107:Holocaust trivialization
79:fall of the Soviet Union
4365:Perinçek v. Switzerland
3795:Phantom time hypothesis
3389:Knowledge falsification
3284:Palestinian Territories
2789:Dreyfus Affair (France)
1708:"Timothy Snyder's Lies"
1545:Quote at pp. 64 and 74.
308:, the attempts to link
286:According to historian
276:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
4463:Genocide justification
4426:Accusation in a mirror
4413:Historical revisionism
4229:The Ottoman Lieutenant
3680:Allah as a lunar deity
3567:Double genocide theory
3363:Historical negationism
3098:Stephen Roth Institute
2746:and government actions
2685:Portuguese Inquisition
2662:Religious antisemitism
2536:Double genocide theory
2422:Secondary antisemitism
2358:Religious antisemitism
2255:"70 Years Declaration"
2040:. Jewish Museum Berlin
1810:10.5703/shofar.29.1.73
1621:History of the Present
1407:Möller, Horst (1999).
300:intellectuals such as
147:, but rarely mentions
53:: it alleges that the
35:
28:double genocide theory
4158:Falsifiers of History
4136:The Birth of a Nation
3887:Stab-in-the-back myth
3664:Operation Legacy (UK)
3531:Austria victim theory
3058:Organizations working
2618:Contemporary imprints
2547:The International Jew
2417:Rootless cosmopolitan
1802:10.1353/sho.2010.0093
1665:. London: Routledge.
1172:10.3917/ethn.182.0225
223:sees it as a form of
19:For another use, see
4284:Nation Europa Verlag
4060:FactCheckArmenia.com
3956:Censorship of images
3673:Other manifestations
3556:Italiani brava gente
3060:against antisemitism
3006:Martyrdom in Judaism
2872:Antisemitic websites
2784:Leo Frank trial (US)
2680:Catholic Inquisition
2652:Zionist antisemitism
2368:Antisemitism studies
2225:Nationalities Papers
1854:10.2307/j.ctt2050vp3
1160:Ethnologie française
893:Katz, Dovid (2016).
290:, going back to the
185:"Žydai ir lietuviai"
4448:Conspiracy theories
4432:Ash heap of history
3989:Sun Language Theory
3754:Myth of English aid
3036:Spanish Inquisition
2947:Rhineland massacres
2702:Rhineland massacres
2695:Spanish Inquisition
2427:Stereotypes of Jews
2412:Racial antisemitism
2363:Persecution of Jews
592:10.26613/jca/1.2.12
495:quisling government
467:In 2006, historian
415:social inequalities
4408:Historical fiction
4203:Jasenovac – istina
4129:A Verdade Sufocada
4035:Adelaide Institute
3939:All-Russian nation
3896:Israel / Palestine
3875:Myth of Langemarck
3854:Western Azerbaijan
3717:Christ myth theory
3685:Ancient astronauts
3595:Other whitewashing
3469:Croatian Knowledge
3459:Cambodian genocide
3255:Conservative Party
3016:Pale of Settlement
2526:Christian Identity
2500:Soviet mathematics
2405:Working definition
549:Prague Declaration
332:was coined by the
91:Nazi collaborators
4494:
4493:
4453:False attribution
4396:
4395:
4376:International law
4262:Publishing houses
4023:
4022:
4010:Irish slaves myth
3830:Cemetery in Julfa
3773:Khazar hypothesis
3728:Damnatio memoriae
3611:Czechoslovak myth
3590:
3589:
3503:Rohingya genocide
3444:Armenian genocide
3329:
3328:
2972:Ghettos in Europe
2885:The Daily Stormer
2690:Roman Inquisition
2553:Jewish Bolshevism
2280:. 9 February 2011
2278:Defending History
2259:Defending History
2147:978-1-5381-3303-3
2128:978-0-253-01197-8
2074:10.1111/ips.12041
1863:978-0-253-03274-4
1836:978-0-7618-2743-6
1672:978-1-000-71212-4
1568:978-0-253-03274-4
1513:978-0-803-29000-6
1486:978-0-415-77757-5
1422:978-3-492-04119-5
1143:978-0-299-30554-3
978:(in Lithuanian).
953:978-0-8018-4969-5
815:"Double Genocide"
794:978-3-11-033761-7
724:978-3-319-78589-9
645:Jonas Mikelinskas
346:Steven Rosefielde
172:Jewish communists
153:Soviet occupation
127:Soviet occupation
95:Soviet repression
59:Eastern Europeans
44:
4534:
4517:Holocaust denial
4484:
4483:
4297:
4296:
3883:
3843:
3815:
3814:
3762:
3651:
3621:Driftwood theory
3519:
3518:
3508:Rwandan genocide
3491:Nanjing Massacre
3486:Khojaly massacre
3454:Bosnian genocide
3356:
3349:
3342:
3333:
3332:
2853:Holocaust denial
2722:Host desecration
2531:Cultural Marxism
2461:Antisemitism and
2440:
2395:New antisemitism
2317:
2310:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2242:
2240:
2231:(6): 1028–1046.
2215:
2213:
2180:
2151:
2132:
2113:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2027:
1998:
1969:
1940:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1896:Teaching History
1893:
1883:
1840:
1821:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1765:. 21 August 2008
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1739:. 28 August 2008
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1656:
1645:
1644:
1618:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1528:
1519:
1518:Quote at p. 157.
1517:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1353:
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1327:
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1292:
1290:
1275:
1269:
1268:
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1264:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1232:The Boston Globe
1223:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1197:
1184:
1183:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1041:Darbai ir dienos
1038:
1029:
1023:
1022:
994:
988:
987:
973:
964:
958:
957:
937:
931:
930:
890:
884:
883:
843:
837:
836:
834:
833:
810:
804:
803:
802:
801:
770:
764:
763:
739:
733:
732:
702:
696:
695:
663:
657:
656:
653:
613:
604:
603:
575:
529:Black Ribbon Day
499:Chetnik movement
477:Soviet partisans
458:
453:Ljiljana Radonić
434:Communist states
366:
354:Communist states
293:Historikerstreit
261:Richard J. Evans
222:
187:
186:
157:Ljiljana Radonić
39:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4472:
4458:Furtive fallacy
4422:
4392:
4371:
4328:
4288:
4257:
4241:
4216:Leuchter report
4122:A Town Betrayed
4109:
4019:
4005:1776 Commission
3993:
3979:Denial of Kurds
3967:
3922:
3891:
3877:
3858:
3837:
3813:
3756:
3668:
3645:
3596:
3586:
3517:
3436:
3431:
3428:Genocide denial
3422:
3410:Rationalization
3365:
3360:
3330:
3325:
3107:
3061:
3059:
3052:
2933:
2922:The Right Stuff
2879:Bible Believers
2867:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2656:
2632:Self-hating Jew
2509:
2490:Nation of Islam
2456:
2326:
2321:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2261:
2249:
2148:
2129:
2078:
2076:
2057:
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2041:
2037:
1905:
1903:
1891:
1864:
1837:
1784:
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1716:
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1700:
1684:
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1471:
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1405:
1401:
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1314:
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1302:
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1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1224:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1204:. Wilson Center
1198:
1187:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1124:
1120:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1091:
1072:
1068:
1036:
1030:
1026:
995:
991:
971:
965:
961:
954:
938:
934:
891:
887:
844:
840:
831:
829:
811:
807:
799:
797:
795:
771:
767:
740:
736:
725:
703:
699:
664:
660:
647:
614:
607:
576:
572:
567:
520:
465:
456:
403:Kristen Ghodsee
360:
348:referred to a "
327:
248:
216:
206:
155:. According to
115:
101:, and northern
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4540:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4443:Cherry picking
4440:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4388:Right to truth
4385:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4183:Hitler Diaries
4180:
4173:
4166:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3984:History Thesis
3981:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3872:
3870:Borussian myth
3866:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3849:Nizami Ganjavi
3846:
3845:
3844:
3832:
3823:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3799:New chronology
3792:
3787:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3636:Dunning School
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3600:
3598:
3597:of governments
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3576:
3574:Vichy syndrome
3571:
3570:
3569:
3562:Trivialization
3559:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3483:
3481:Katyn massacre
3478:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3437:and atrocities
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3417:Victim blaming
3413:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3392:
3385:
3382:Disinformation
3378:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3250:United Kingdom
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3168:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3011:Nuremberg Laws
3008:
3003:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2967:Jewish quarter
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2863:ZOG conspiracy
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2821:Final Solution
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2754:Ghetto benches
2750:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2677:
2675:Jewish deicide
2672:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2514:Related topics
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2270:
2248:
2247:External links
2245:
2244:
2243:
2216:
2181:
2163:(8): 281–306.
2152:
2146:
2133:
2127:
2114:
2096:(4): 510–529.
2085:
2050:
2028:
2010:(3): 101–106.
1999:
1981:(3): 285–295.
1970:
1952:(3): 191–220.
1941:
1912:
1884:
1862:
1841:
1835:
1822:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1750:
1724:
1698:
1678:
1671:
1646:
1627:(2): 115–142.
1604:
1592:Balkan Insight
1575:
1573:Quote at p. 46
1567:
1547:
1520:
1512:
1492:
1485:
1465:
1447:(1): 167–181.
1441:Constellations
1428:
1421:
1399:
1364:(2): 133–143.
1348:
1322:
1296:
1270:
1244:
1215:
1185:
1166:(2): 225–242.
1149:
1142:
1118:
1089:
1066:
1024:
989:
959:
952:
932:
905:(3): 191–220.
885:
858:(4): 510–529.
838:
805:
793:
765:
734:
723:
697:
674:(2): 215–238.
658:
618:Global Society
605:
569:
568:
566:
563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
524:Anti-communism
519:
516:
464:
461:
423:Western worlds
389:post-Communist
385:Jelena Subotić
326:
323:
251:Timothy Snyder
247:
241:
210:Michael Shafir
205:
202:
180:Tomas Venclova
114:
111:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4539:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4487:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:Organizations
4026:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:United States
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3952:Soviet Union
3951:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3913:Temple denial
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3841:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:Islamic State
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:Book burnings
3698:
3696:
3695:Antiquization
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Neo-Stalinism
3657:
3655:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:mass killings
3429:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3396:Pseudohistory
3393:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3304:United States
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:The Holocaust
2982:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Doctors' plot
2846:
2844:
2843:Slánský trial
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2826:The Holocaust
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2799:Farhud (Iraq)
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:Hep-Hep riots
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Martin Luther
2705:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:Weaponization
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:Philosemitism
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:Khazar theory
2563:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:Olympic Games
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2473:New Testament
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2075:
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1996:
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1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
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1951:
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1934:
1930:
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460:
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438:Joseph Stalin
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381:European Jews
378:
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358:Jörg Hackmann
355:
351:
350:Red Holocaust
347:
343:
340:) at Munich.
339:
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330:Red Holocaust
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266:Efraim Zuroff
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4293:Legal status
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4269:Arndt Verlag
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4170:Folk og Land
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4114:Publications
4090:Nippon Kaigi
3943:
3908:Nakba denial
3797: /
3782:
3778:LGBT erasure
3765:
3742:Saudi Arabia
3726:
3652: /
3605:Cuba de ayer
3603:
3580:Sonderaktion
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3314:21st century
3294:South Africa
3260:Labour Party
3181:21st century
3124:Saudi Arabia
3048:Yellow badge
2998:
2994:Jewish quota
2921:
2883:
2858:Yellow badge
2726:
2670:Anti-Judaism
2624:
2610:
2598:
2574:
2570:Ku Klux Klan
2545:
2535:
2521:Anti-Zionism
2505:Universities
2468:Christianity
2378:Adolf Hitler
2324:Antisemitism
2282:. Retrieved
2277:
2262:. Retrieved
2258:
2228:
2224:
2211:10026.1/4673
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2033:
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2003:
1978:
1974:
1949:
1945:
1920:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1899:
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1845:
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1789:
1782:Bibliography
1767:. Retrieved
1762:
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1736:
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1711:
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1336:The Guardian
1335:
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1310:The Guardian
1309:
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1284:The Guardian
1283:
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1261:. Retrieved
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1231:
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1102:
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1040:
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979:
976:Politologija
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902:
898:
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855:
851:
841:
830:. Retrieved
818:
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661:
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621:
617:
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579:
573:
487:
480:
473:Vilna Ghetto
469:Yitzhak Arad
466:
448:
446:
417:in both the
397:
337:
329:
328:
317:
298:conservative
291:
288:Thomas Kühne
285:
271:The Guardian
269:
254:
249:
243:
233:
229:antisemitism
214:Clemens Heni
207:
190:
168:
134:
116:
71:Nazi Germany
55:Soviet Union
51:World War II
27:
25:
4301:Statute law
4246:Conferences
4055:Dalit Voice
3878: [
3838: [
3757: [
3646: [
3279:New Zealand
3031:Segregation
2939:Persecution
2911:Radio Islam
2717:Blood libel
2712:Blood curse
2485:Middle Ages
2331:Core topics
1208:14 November
648: [
377:Nazi regime
361: [
314:Nazi crimes
302:Ernst Nolte
217: [
87:antisemitic
4501:Categories
4468:Propaganda
4438:Censorship
4341:R v Zundel
3835:Nakhchivan
3819:Azerbaijan
3747:Gaza Strip
3548:Speer myth
3432:denial of
3156:Costa Rica
3119:Arab world
3103:Yad Vashem
3026:Refuseniks
2989:Jewish hat
2962:Expulsions
2929:Stormfront
2637:Xenophobia
2587:in English
2576:Mein Kampf
2558:Żydokomuna
2388:Propaganda
2284:28 January
2264:28 January
2079:28 January
2044:28 January
1906:28 January
1902:(4): 36–41
1880:1002302967
1769:28 January
1743:28 January
1341:28 January
1315:28 January
1289:28 January
1263:28 January
1237:28 January
1108:28 January
832:2023-06-15
800:2023-06-15
565:References
559:Żydokomuna
482:Respublika
430:capitalism
427:neoliberal
318:Bloodlands
244:Bloodlands
236:Dovid Katz
117:After the
77:after the
32:Lithuanian
3767:Izbrisani
3722:Dacianism
3538:Wehrmacht
3523:Holocaust
3476:Holodomor
3375:Denialism
3321:Venezuela
3136:Australia
3131:Argentina
3112:By region
3041:Expulsion
2901:Metapedia
2896:Jew Watch
2582:in Arabic
2348:Geography
2343:Economics
2196:: 60–78.
2169:2065-6602
2016:2334-6132
1995:165297779
1966:157910635
1929:0030-6428
1917:Osteuropa
1818:144954562
1394:143701601
1378:0960-7773
1049:1392-0588
1007:1822-2242
927:157910635
919:2325-6249
872:1462-3528
827:1091-2339
760:199137931
688:216139226
638:144068609
600:158144987
507:Goli Otok
442:Stalinism
137:Lithuania
75:Lithuania
47:genocides
4486:Category
4333:Case law
4164:Flatline
3289:Pakistan
3223:Imperial
3000:Judensau
2957:Boycotts
2916:Redwatch
2906:Podblanc
2769:May Laws
2728:Judensau
2432:Timeline
2400:Three Ds
2383:Americas
2110:80720034
1937:44936946
1737:Politico
1717:4 August
1597:3 August
1386:41485456
1180:44971741
880:80720034
746:: 1–14.
518:See also
344:scholar
304:and the
253:'s book
204:Analysis
4401:Related
4324:Germany
4314:Belgium
4309:Austria
4144:The Sun
3863:Germany
3309:History
3245:Ukraine
3213:Romania
3198:Hungary
3188:Germany
3171:Belgium
3166:Austria
3021:Pogroms
2353:History
2338:Canards
1712:Jacobin
1258:Haaretz
419:Eastern
411:leftist
375:by the
113:History
103:Romania
43:
4368:(2013)
4360:(2000)
4352:(1998)
4344:(1992)
4319:France
4040:ASİMKK
3972:Turkey
3927:Russia
3544:Rommel
3536:Clean
3299:Turkey
3274:Mexico
3240:Sweden
3228:Soviet
3218:Russia
3208:Norway
3193:Greece
3176:France
3161:Europe
3141:Canada
2977:Mellah
2924:(blog)
2734:Pogrom
2373:Nazism
2177:415363
2175:
2167:
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2108:
2024:149749
2022:
2014:
1993:
1964:
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281:crimes
139:, the
99:Poland
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3761:]
3654:Chile
3650:]
3269:Japan
3235:Spain
3203:Italy
3151:Chile
3146:China
2480:Islam
2437:19th
2173:CEEOL
2106:S2CID
2058:(PDF)
2038:(PDF)
2020:CEEOL
1991:S2CID
1962:S2CID
1933:JSTOR
1892:(PDF)
1868:JSTOR
1814:S2CID
1806:JSTOR
1637:JSTOR
1617:(PDF)
1411:[
1390:S2CID
1382:JSTOR
1176:JSTOR
1053:CEEOL
1037:(PDF)
1011:CEEOL
972:(PDF)
923:S2CID
876:S2CID
819:Slate
756:S2CID
684:S2CID
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634:S2CID
596:S2CID
365:]
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26:The "
4070:HIAG
3705:list
3582:1005
2450:21st
2445:20th
2286:2022
2266:2022
2165:ISSN
2142:ISBN
2123:ISBN
2081:2022
2046:2022
2012:ISSN
1925:ISSN
1908:2022
1876:OCLC
1858:ISBN
1831:ISBN
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1719:2021
1667:ISBN
1599:2021
1563:ISBN
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1291:2022
1265:2022
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488:The
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312:and
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41:lit.
2233:doi
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2198:doi
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2070:doi
1983:doi
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