1305:, members of both houses of parliament are barred from holding employment in government administration (with the exception of roles as members of the Council of Ministers and state secretaries), in the Chancellery of the Sejm, the Chancellery of the Senate and the Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland. Moreover, judges, public prosecutors, civil servants, soldiers in active military service, police officers and state security service officers may not hold a parliament mandate. Members of both houses of parliament are also barred from holding the office of president of the National Bank of Poland, the President of the Supreme Audit Office, the Ombudsman, the Ombudsman for Children and their deputies, a member of the Monetary Policy Council, a member of the National Broadcasting Council, or an ambassador.
1590:, the states possessed absolute discretion in regards to how delegates were chosen to serve, and it became common for state legislatures to appoint members from within their own ranks to Congress. At the time, this was a largely uncontroversial practise since it was widely assumed that the Congress would have relatively little to do (especially in peacetime) and that most of the consequential decision-making would take place at the state and local levels. A ban on dual mandates would therefore have been widely seen as unnecessary and unwelcome as it would have effectively barred Congressional delegates from what were perceived to be more important political posts, thus making election to the national Congress (already seen as a considerable burden due to the difficulties of eighteenth century travel) quite undesirable.
914:
723:
763:
1340:. More precisely, regional legislators can run for the seat, but if elected they must choose between the regional and national parliaments. Nevertheless, members of lower tiers of the Spanish decentralized structure, such as provincial councillors or members of local councils, including mayors, can and have held seats in the Congress of Deputies. The rule barring regional legislators does not apply to the upper house of the Cortes, the
1614:
great power. This created the potential for conflicts of interest and made it increasingly difficult to justify the holding of mandates at different levels of government to voters. In a closely related development, Congress began meeting more frequently than originally intended, which eventually made it impractical in most states for one person to serve simultaneously in the state and federal governments.
3436:, March 24, 2008. Accessed Sep 7, 2012. "Since Gov. Jon S. Corzine signed a ban on dual-office holding in September, the number of lawmakers who hold more than one office has actually increased -- from 17 to 19 -- according to a report by The Star-Ledger of Newark. This is because a grandfather clause allows any lawmaker holding two offices as of Feb. 1 to keep both."
1278:, based on Article VI, sections 13 and 14, and Article VII, section 13 of the constitution. As elections are synchronized, politicians run on just one position. In cases where a politician is elected or appointed to a new office while serving, the politician will have to vacate the prior office before taking office to the new one. An example includes
1690:. Also, it is not uncommon for sitting federal officials to contest election to state offices, although in these cases the office sought is usually one of the state's highest political posts, typically governor - one such recent example being the aforementioned Mike Pence who was a sitting U.S. Representative when he was first elected governor.
1112:
is prohibited from being an MP or holding any other office. To be inaugurated, the
President's resignation is required. For mayors, governors or members of municipality councils it is unclear if they can hold other offices simultaneously with their current one. One example of a politician being an MP
678:
In 2008, 85% of members of parliament held multiple posts
Following the June 2012 legislative elections, it was still the case that 75% of all National Assembly members (438 deputies out of 577) held a double mandate (often as mayor of a mid- to large-size city) and 33 have four mandates. Currently,
1727:
proposed legislation that would prohibit dual-office holding as part of changes to the state's ethics bill, stating that "dual government employment creates the potential for a conflict of interest because a legislator's duties to his or her constituents and his or her public employer are not always
1574:
prohibits members of the Senate or House from holding positions within the
Executive Branch (Art. I, Sec. 6, cl. 2), and limits the president to his salary as chief executive, saying he may not "receive... any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them" (Art. II, Sec. 1, cl. 7). However,
1221:
until 1993. County councillors were allowed to sit on a town council, and many did so. The 2003 Act provided that a candidate elected simultaneously to a forbidden combination of local councils has three days to choose which seat to take up, with the other or others then being considered vacant. The
861:
is a widespread practice and has grown much more prevalent in modern France. In 1946, 36 percent of deputies in the
National Assembly held an additional office. By 1956, this number had already increased to 42 percent and by 1970, 70 percent of deputies held an additional elected office; in 1988, 96
509:
A hotly debated law to prohibit all dual mandates, to take effect in 2017, was adopted in July 2013. Following the adoption of the law, former
President Sarkozy and other members of the opposition UMP party have declared that if elected in 2017, their party would revise or even revoke that law. Many
182:
supported a compulsory dual mandate, to ensure that the state's MEPs expressed the same views as the national legislature, and the government of
Denmark supported a compulsory dual mandate when the other eight member states supported an optional dual mandate. However, a 1976 European Parliament law
490:
in their home regions. Sometimes, officials hold as many as four positions. While officials may not be elected to more than one office at the same level (such as being both an MP and a senator), they may hold offices in any combination at the municipal, departmental, regional, national and
European
304:
In most circumstances, an elected official almost always resigns their first post when elected to another. Dual representation has occurred occasionally when the member was elected to a second office shortly before their other term of office was due to expire anyway and whereby the short time frame
1597:
that established the present U.S. constitution, attention was primarily given to designing a federal government with branches that would be able operate independently of each other and free of undesirable foreign influence, which resulted in the aforementioned prohibitions. Barring state and local
1790:
signed legislation in
September 2007 that banned the practice statewide, but those holding multiple offices as of February 1, 2008, including 19 state legislators, were grandfathered into the system and allowed to retain their positions. As of January 2024, only three of the nineteen (listed in
1613:
convened in 1789, Congress met infrequently and some states endeavored to accommodate dual mandates by holding their legislative sessions at times that would not conflict with
Congressional sessions. Eventually, as the federal government grew in importance, Congress came to be seen as a source of
273:
As in neighboring France, the culture of dual mandates is very strong in
Belgium and that country currently has one of the highest percentage of dual mandate holders (MPs, aldermen, municipal councilors) in the world. During the 2003–2009 period, 87.3% of members of the Walloon (French-speaking)
1677:
in 2000. Dukakis remained Governor of Massachusetts following his defeat in the presidential election while Clinton and Bush, once elected president, promptly resigned their respective Arkansas and Texas governorships. Elsewhere, serving state officials often seek federal office, one prominent
822:
a valuable method of tapping funds to develop their home cities and regions. It also can give opportunities to curry favor with other important officials, with opportunities at each level. Salaries for positions can be combined (to a point) as well. For politicians with national ambitions,
510:
Socialist Party MPs and senators have also expressed their unease with the law imposed by President Hollande and might welcome a review of the law. In the meantime, the ubiquitous 'député-maire' (MP and mayor) and 'sénateur-maire' are still familiar figures of the French political scene.
1693:
Also typically permitted is for one person to seek multiple offices at the same level of government in the same election, although attempting to simultaneously seek multiple offices in the same branch of government (e.g. a sitting U.S. Representative seeking re-election to the House
274:
Parliament held dual mandates, followed by 86.5% in the Flemish (Dutch-speaking) Parliament, 82.0% in the Chamber of Representatives (the Federal lower house) and 68.9% in the Senate. During that same period, 76.5% of all European Parliament MPs from Belgium held dual mandates.
1344:: in fact, regional legislatures are entitled to appoint a varying number of members from their ranks to the Senate, according to the population of the region. Currently, the Autonomous Communities appoint 56 Senators, the other 208 being directly elected in
1629:, only for municipal offices. Unlike many other attempts at the state level intended to place additional restrictions besides those in the U.S. Constitution regarding who can represent them in Congress, most of which have been ruled unconstitutional by the
1510:, UK law does not prohibit a member of the House of Commons or the House of Lords from being simultaneously a mayor or council leader. They are also not allowed to serve as a councillor for a constituent council if elected as a directly elected mayor. Thus
849:
There are several reasons for this phenomenon, and one of them is that France has a long tradition of centralization, compared to countries such as Germany, Italy, and Spain. Local governments have fewer powers and resources than those possessed by the
710:
For example, an elected official cannot be mayor and president of the Regional Council. However, all other local mandates are cumulative. A mayor can also be a general councillor and a president of a Regional Council can also be deputy-mayor of a city.
738:
A member of the French government cannot be a member of any assembly. However, the member of government may retain any local mandate they hold. A cabinet minister can exercise a maximum of two local mandates in addition to their government function.
440:(1928–32, 1938–40) was also simultaneously MLA for a total of 2 /1/2 years during his mandates as mayor. However that type of dual mandate had virtually ceased when laws adopted in 1978 and 1980 prohibited MNAs from holding any local mandate.
1129:, who serve concurrently as members of one of the territory's eighteen district councils. Before the abolition of the two municipal councils in the territory in 1999, it was common for politicians to serve concurrently at all three levels.
118:
legislatures, one usually cannot simultaneously be a member of both houses. The holder of one office who wins election or appointment to another where a dual mandate is prohibited must either resign the former office or refuse the new one.
174:
on overwork resulting from his dual mandate). Others claimed that members with a dual mandate enhanced communication between national and European assemblies. There was a particular interest in the dual mandate question in Denmark:
1698:
election to the U.S. Senate) is severely frowned on and prohibited in many states (the constitutionality of these prohibitions is uncertain). Recent examples include the 2000, 2008, and 2012 presidential elections where Senators
237:
in regional New South Wales. He continued to attend council meetings after his appointment as prime minister. However, he was defeated in his bid for re-election in 1947, receiving 220 votes on a turnout of less than 900 voters.
264:
in 2012 to propose a new law, dubbed in the media as the "Get Clover bill", which banned this dual mandate. The proposed law was adopted and in September 2012 Moore resigned her state seat soon after she was reelected as mayor.
486:(1958–present). It consists of simultaneously holding two or more elective offices at different levels of government — local, regional, national and European — as mayors, MPs, senators, Members of the European Parliament, and
2050:"Council Decision of 25 June 2002 and 23 September 2002 amending the Act concerning the election of the representatives of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage, annexed to Decision 76/787/ECSC, EEC, Euratom"
1752:
in 1992 that would ban the practice. At the time that the legislation first passed, there were some twenty elected officials who served in the New Jersey Legislature and another elected office, including Assemblyman
73:
Political and legal approaches toward dual mandate-holding vary widely. In some countries, dual mandates are a well-established part of the political culture; in others they may be prohibited by law. For example, in
1648:
Unlike many federations, U.S. states do not generally restrict state or federal officials from seeking office at another level of government without resigning their existing offices first. For example, in the four
1376:. This, with regard to the United Kingdom, therefore applied to the House of Commons and the House of Lords, as the constituent bodies forming that member state's legislature. As it is impossible to disclaim a
2239:
Gert-Jan Put and Ine Vanlangenakker, "The extent of multiple office-holding in Belgium (2003-2009). An exploration of the underlying reasons." PhD Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (2010), pp. 10–11.
1633:, state-originated bans on dual mandates are constitutional because their prohibitions technically restrict who is allowed to serve at the state and/or local level (i.e. they typically place some sort of
1711:
respectively sought re-election and election to the vice presidency - only Biden was successfully elected vice president, but all three were re-elected to the offices in which they were the incumbents.
854:
of Germany, or Autonomous Communities of Spain. The local mandates in France are less important than in other countries, and therefore politicians have more time to devote to a parliamentary mandate.
1380:, it was ruled that peers (who sit as members of the House of Lords) had to take a "leave of absence" from the Lords in order to be an MEP; this was also the procedure for when a peer is the UK's
1686:
in 2004 - Obama quickly resigned from the Illinois Senate after being elected to the U.S. Senate despite not being legally required to do so, and served as a U.S. senator until 2008 when he was
166:, the dual mandate was discussed. Some advocated banning it, arguing that MEPs who were national MPs were often absent from one assembly in order to attend the other (indeed, the early death of
1483:
or Welsh Parliament) as from the Assembly election in 2016. As of 2019, it remains possible for members of the Scottish Parliament to be members of the UK Parliament, indeed the leader of the
1262:(MLA) at the same time. Consequently, an MP may be appointed to the State Cabinet through appointment as a nominated MLA while an MLA may be appointed as Minister or Deputy Minister in the
2282:
2525:
506:
Several laws to limit the practice have been introduced in recent decades. By far the most coveted local mandate is that of mayor, traditionally a highly prestigious function in France.
432:
However, dual mandates within a province remained legal. From 1867 to 1985, 305 mayors were also members of the Quebec legislative assembly (MLA). The two best-known cases were those of
301:
makes members of provincial or territorial legislatures ineligible to be candidates to the House of Commons. At the provincial level, the situation varies from one province to another.
2257:
1418:
noted that "double jobbing" was "unusually ingrained in the political culture" of Northern Ireland, where 16 of 18 MPs were Stormont MLAs, compared to one Scottish MP being an MSP (
2553:
2506:
823:
retaining a position in a local town can give them a down-to-earth aura that can appeal to voters. These advantages have made politicians very wary of reducing the practice of the
207:
simultaneously. A member of a state parliament seeking federal office must resign before seeking election to the Federal Parliament. It is possible but unusual to be a member of a
2214:
2095:
Sir Peter's own election agent has stated categorically that he died from pressure and overwork caused by his dual mandate as an MP at Westminster and a member in Strasbourg.
2823:
The Local Government Bill 2000 proposed to abolish the dual mandate but the Act dropped the idea, only for it to be re-introduced — with a handy €12,800 sweetener — in 2003.
1308:
On a statutory level, members of both houses of parliament are also barred from being members of councils of local government on all levels, or from holding the position of
1206:
3267:
1496:
3238:
675:
of a regional/general council. They cannot hold a third office unless they are the mayor, deputy mayor or municipal councillor of a city of less than 3,500 inhabitants.
429:; it was abolished in Ontario in 1872, in Manitoba in 1873, and in 1873 the federal parliament passed a law against it; Quebec passed its own law abolishing it in 1874.
1104:, by tradition, become members of the government, and appointing technocrats to ministerial offices is unusual. As a result, the executive branch, and particularly the
3744:
1575:
the Constitution places no restrictions that would prevent state or local office holders from simultaneously holding office in any branch of the federal government.
285:
In Canada dual mandates are rare and are frequently barred by legislation at the federal, provincial, or territorial level. At the federal level, section 39 of the
418:, who ran for both federal and provincial seats in 1867. Brown lost both elections, and soon thereafter began campaigning for the prohibition of double mandates.
3447:
152:
1777:. These officials protested the proposed ban as interfering with the will of voters to elect officials as they see fit. A newspaper called former State senator
1141:
452:
to hold a mandate as a member of their local municipal council as well. 79 percent of MPs elected to parliament in 2011 were also municipal council members.
3022:
1441:
549:
200:
2990:
2413:
277:
More than one-fifth of all Belgian MPs were mayor at the same time with, by far, by the highest proportion (40%) to be found in the Walloon Parliament.
3601:
1935:
399:
48:
is the practice in which elected officials serve in more than one elected or other public position simultaneously. This practice is sometimes known as
3404:
1557:
simultaneously held a council seat and a seat in Parliament between his election to Parliament in 1997 and his defeat in the local elections in 2014.
2776:
2438:
of Lille, one of France's largest cities, without anyone objecting. France has had legions of députés-maires, sénateurs-maires and ministres-maires.
2358:
1530:
on being elected mayor in 2008, but became an MP again in 2015, a year prior to the end of his second term as mayor (he did not seek a third term).
2278:
1298:, dual mandate is mostly limited to combining the role of a member of parliament with positions of minister or vice-minister (state secretary).
3639:
2861:
1550:
3360:
1598:
officials from federal office was not seriously debated. If it had been, it would likely have been fiercely opposed especially by the nascent
3500:
2913:
2609:
1415:
818:
The rationales for holding multiple offices are varied. Holding a seat in the Senate, National Assembly, or European Parliament gives local
3220:
2568:
2249:
2586:
2540:
1184:
2669:
3739:
3296:
2218:
704:
672:
3087:
2109:"An analysis of the European Parliament's electoral arrangement(s). A uniform procedure for the elections to the European Parliament?"
967:
1594:
1434:
3473:
1973:
1687:
1670:
1658:
1654:
1259:
318:
1582:, which in the eighteenth century tolerated several different forms of dual mandate. Following the establishment of the original
1515:
1453:
1449:
1426:
985:(Prime Minister from 1997 to 2002) imposed on his government ministers an unwritten rule of having no local office. For example,
3580:
1392:
1302:
1283:
3383:
1411:
1325:
1068:, and was defeated in his National Assembly constituency (a third cumulative mandate) by 50.9% to 49.1% of the votes by the
1539:
1457:
1169:
1165:
637:
2991:"Decision and Act concerning the election of the representatives of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage"
1834:
1781:
the "king of double dipping" because he was collecting salaries from as many as four public jobs he held simultaneously.
1527:
838:
was a member from 1839 to 1851. In 1849 he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and at the same time he was elected
714:
Exceptions are the same as those for parliamentarians (Cities of less than 3,500 inhabitants and the intercommunalities)
659:
595:
2279:"Dual Elected Office Prohibition Act Bill M 201 -- 1995 Legislative Session: 4th Session, 35th Parliament First Reading"
928:
should have resigned from one of the following mandates before April 21, 2010 (one month after the Regional elections):
436:
who was simultaneously mayor of Quebec City (1894-1906), MLA and Premier of Quebec (1900-1905). Longtime Montreal Mayor
3632:
1618:
1492:
1488:
1373:
636:" is at the same level a municipal council and a general council, because Paris has a special status, municipality and
415:
260:. The issue of Moore holding both positions had brought the issue to the forefront in Australia and led the premier of
132:
2966:
1617:
In time, the vast majority of states banned dual state and federal mandates. Today, the practice is forbidden by many
3734:
3729:
3724:
3332:
3031:
2695:
2490:
2457:
2370:
2341:
2314:
1554:
1361:
1357:
886:
805:
163:
140:
2145:
913:
78:, federal office holders are often not permitted to hold state office. In most states, membership of an independent
1639:
prohibition barring federal officials from simultaneously serving at the state and/or local levels, resulting in a
1243:
1223:
1038:
839:
699:
609:
A member from one of the above assemblies cannot combine its mandate with more than one of the following mandates:
591:
545:
487:
2718:
749:
Currently, over two-thirds of the members of the French government are engaged in one or two more local mandates.
3035:
1329:
1161:
772:
360:
3429:
2049:
1263:
668:, as these terms are elected by indirect universal suffrage, by municipal councils from among the councillors.
352:
345:
17:
1312:
or vice-voivode. They are also barred from running a business which makes use of public or communal property.
3816:
3811:
3625:
3527:
2997:
1998:
1899:
1858:
1838:
1452:(postponed from 2015 to 2016). In January 2022 the UK government planned to suspend the prohibition from the
1137:
31:
881:
between 1977 and 1995. During this same time, Chirac also served as a deputy in the National Assembly from
321:. The British Columbia legislature had debated a "Dual Elected Office Prohibition Act" which failed to pass
3401:
2556:
1610:
1535:
1227:
1210:
1077:
998:
962:'s candidates, he held the three of them for more than a year, plus his local mandate of president of the
1770:
1630:
1503:
1180:
1153:
1006:
933:
655:
620:
572:
388:
144:
38:
827:
with legislation despite other moves to end perceptions of favoritism and corruption among politicians.
3554:
1917:
1650:
1571:
1419:
333:
294:
179:
162:
Originally, MEPs were nominated by national parliamentarians from among their own membership. Prior to
2745:
2001:
that would forbid public officials from receiving a government pension while still serving in office.
1553:. Several MPs have also retained their council seats, most often until the expiration of their terms;
3698:
1908:
1602:, many of whose members were keen to ensure that state officials with a vested interest in defending
1461:
1404:
1192:
614:
2806:
2399:
1108:, has direct control of the legislative one. Although there are some limitations. For instance, the
963:
943:
664:
376:
3693:
3357:
2939:
2887:
2835:
1881:
1818:
1579:
1218:
1105:
1069:
890:
368:
246:
183:
preparing for the 1979 elections expressly permitted a dual mandate. In 1978 the German politician
2917:
746:, or president of a general, regional or intercommunal council or sit in one of these assemblies.
671:
For example, a member of the National Assembly has the right to be general/regional councillor or
433:
2554:
L'élection de Bertrand Petit, député du Pas-de-Calais, est annulée par le Conseil constitutionnel
2146:"Act concerning the election of the representatives of the Assembly by direct universal suffrage"
1982:
1926:
1507:
1230:; the county council's members are the district councillors for all districts within the county.
1026:
959:
874:
411:
136:
3217:
1117:, although it is important to note that traditionally MPs who were elected MEPs resigned first.
3662:
3413:
2482:
2475:
1848:
1828:
1784:
1741:
1587:
1484:
1309:
1255:
1214:
776:
599:
329:
286:
107:
87:
2331:
2304:
3770:
2683:
1872:
1774:
1599:
1381:
1176:
1046:
1022:
952:
894:
835:
834:(1870). But there are also many cases of "cumul" before this period, for example, the writer
831:
533:
483:
449:
224:
204:
1606:
would be allowed to also serve simultaneously at the federal level, especially in Congress.
3765:
3648:
2610:"L'engagement de la fin du cumul des mandats sera-t-il tenu ? | EXTRATERRITORIAL"
1758:
1721:
1683:
1583:
1469:
1333:
1321:
1018:
603:
337:
298:
257:
103:
63:
3448:"Sen. Sacco's retirement leaves New Jersey Legislature with just three dual officeholders"
787:
8:
3806:
3703:
3204:
2526:"Cumul des mandats : la droite reviendrait sur le texte en cas de retour au pouvoir"
1963:
1944:
1890:
1868:
1396:
1369:
1133:
1126:
1109:
1101:
986:
584:
520:
148:
128:
95:
70:
at the national or state legislature and retains both positions, this is a dual mandate.
3179:
3152:
3126:
3112:
3060:
1205:
The 2001 Act prohibited being a member of multiple county or city councils, or multiple
3388:
2944:
2916:. Department of the Environment, Community & Local Government. 2014. Archived from
2753:
2723:
2572:
2387:
1854:
1809:
1766:
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inclusive, three sitting state governors were nominated for the presidency. These were
1345:
380:
364:
167:
99:
2196:
2178:
1425:), and no Welsh MPs being AMs. The 2009 report recommended a ban with effect from the
1057:
3369:
2691:
2486:
2453:
2366:
2337:
2310:
2016:
1953:
1886:
1749:
1603:
1465:
1445:
1437:
654:
They may also hold a third office as a councillor, vice-president or president of an
644:
349:
249:
234:
2108:
2074:
Manning, Maurice (February 27, 1975). "The problems of dual parliamentary loyalty".
1479:
also applied a similar restriction on the then National Assembly for Wales (now the
1202:; the 2003 Act passed after a compensation package was agreed for those losing out.
722:
3760:
3708:
1931:
1895:
1400:
1337:
651:
Exceptions: They can hold a third office in a town of less than 3,500 inhabitants.
633:
578:
290:
208:
3314:
865:
Many of the most prominent politicians in France make use or have made use of the
731:
3775:
3408:
3364:
3224:
2587:"PASTICHE – Le cumul des mandats, une addiction qui se soigne | Big Browser"
1969:
1877:
1778:
1724:
1662:
1519:
1511:
1114:
1034:
471:
384:
261:
1157:
2793:
The councillor lobby which stymied Noel Dempsey's plans to end the dual mandate
2435:
2021:
1940:
1922:
1904:
1844:
1814:
1762:
1729:
1674:
1543:
1476:
1388:
on January 31, 2020, ending British representation in the European Parliament.
1365:
1341:
1042:
1014:
990:
948:
937:
870:
819:
743:
694:
626:
437:
403:
391:
322:
253:
220:
171:
156:
3024:
MPs' expenses and allowances; Supporting Parliament, safeguarding the taxpayer
1196:
1085:
1073:
1061:
973:
3800:
3785:
3688:
2477:
Sixty million Frenchmen can't be wrong: why we love France but not the French
1754:
1700:
1523:
1002:
982:
727:
426:
216:
83:
75:
3585:
2434:
At the time Pierre Mauroy was prime minister (1981–84), he kept his job as
2130:"Direct Elections to the European Assembly (European Assembly Elections)".
1994:
1949:
1913:
1745:
1679:
1666:
1422:
1377:
1251:
1247:
372:
242:
184:
115:
1430:
925:
917:
908:
86:
generally disqualifies a person from simultaneously holding office in the
3667:
1959:
1787:
1740:
Fulfilling a campaign pledge that he had made when first running for the
1626:
1468:, the plan was withdrawn. Donaldson won a seat at Stormont but nominated
1279:
1275:
1199:
742:
For example, the prime minister, a minister or secretary of state can be
496:
422:
306:
230:
176:
111:
91:
2682:
O'Connor, Tom; O'Halloran, Anthony; Pattison, Seamus (January 1, 2008).
1081:
3617:
2336:(second paperback ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 122.
1978:
1824:
1622:
1531:
1440:
resigning his Westminster seat in 2013. Stormont parties agreed to the
1188:
994:
537:
528:
310:
212:
3501:"Sarlo is unopposed in Wood-Ridge, where he's been mayor for 20 years"
2688:
Politics in a Changing Ireland 1960-2007: A Tribute to Seamus Pattison
1578:
Historically, the U.S. inherited many basic political traditions from
1191:
members by the Local Government (No. 2) Act 2003, an amendment to the
1089:
882:
3672:
3020:
1805:
1708:
1704:
1195:. Attempts to include it in the 2001 Act failed after a rebellion by
375:. Other prominent federal politicians with double mandates included
314:
233:, prime minister from 1945 to 1949, was a long-serving member of the
196:
79:
3153:"Double jobbing: Plan to bring back dual mandate withdrawn, PM says"
2507:"Non-cumul des mandats : le projet de loi adopté à l'Assemblée"
2309:(paperback ed.). McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 330.
1136:
members and District Concil's members to hold position with China's
1125:
In Hong Kong, dual mandate is common for members of the territory's
924:
According to French law against accumulation of electoral mandates,
902:
1641:
1239:
1065:
1050:
513:
500:
395:
2681:
1542:
soon after his election to the mayoralty. Numerous members of the
1226:
abolished town councils and instead subdivided most counties into
783:
1635:
1444:'s prohibiting MLAs holding seats in the Westminster Commons, or
1088:, Minister of Immigration and National Identity, is the mayor of
553:
541:
356:
67:
3474:"Sacco campaign wraps door-knocking effort days before election"
2306:
Ex Uno Plures: Federal-Provincial Relations in Canada, 1867-1896
2215:"The latest entertainment news for Australia's LGBTIQ community"
1549:
At a lower level, it is common for people to hold seats on both
1282:
who vacated his newly won congressional seat in order to become
1100:
The dual mandate is a common phenomenon in Greek politics. Some
3030:. House of Commons papers 2009. Vol. 7724. Chaired by Sir
2541:"Sarkozy prêt à supprimer la loi sur le non-cumul des mandats?"
2163:
Ellis, Walter (February 5, 1977). "Problem of Euro elections".
2010:
1480:
1385:
1295:
898:
843:
341:
2836:"§14. Prohibition on multiple membership of local authorities"
2746:"§2 Amendment of Principal Act — insertion of new section 13A"
1460:; when the other Stormont parties objected that this favoured
1030:
1010:
878:
59:
2777:"No political will to rock the cosy boat that is the Seanad"
2647:
2645:
2643:
1518:
until the dissolution of Parliament despite his election as
1160:
who also served as MEPs and for whom the opposition refused
1144:, with those positions appointed by the Chinese Government.
332:
in 1867, however, double mandates were common. In the first
131:(MEP) may not be a member of the national legislature of a
2152:. L 278: 5–11. October 8, 1976. 76/787/ECSC, EEC, Euratom.
1732:, called the actions "spite" on the part of the governor.
2640:
997:(while remaining a member of the city council) to become
567:
Parliamentary mandates are incompatible with each other:
187:
suggested that one third of MEPs should be national MPs.
3609:
3061:"Sinn Fein's Martin McGuinness resigns as Mid-Ulster MP"
1472:
to fill it, while he kept his Westminster seat instead.
3021:
Committee on Standards in Public Life (November 2009).
2250:"Parliamentary Progress - 35th Parliament, 4th Session"
1368:. However, it is now European law that a member of the
1025:
for the 2002–2007 term, with a few notable exceptions (
909:
An example: the accumulation of four electoral mandates
718:
The accumulation of mandates and governmental functions
495:
is controversial in France, being accused of fostering
3613:: Database of all dual mandates of Belgian politicians
3113:"Northern Ireland (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2014"
2868:. Dublin: Citizens Information Board. December 3, 2009
2807:"Local government needs independent 'fiscal autonomy'"
1246:, a Member of Parliament (MP), whether elected to the
223:
while sitting in Federal Parliament as the Member for
3402:
Little hope for change with the foxes still in charge
3127:"Dual mandates: MPs to be allowed to sit in Stormont"
1384:, which was in recent times usually the case. The UK
1164:
when they were abroad. This led to further elections
37:"Double dipping" redirects here. For other uses, see
3265:
3236:
2333:
The French-Canadian idea of Confederation, 1864-1900
2056:. L 283: 1–4. October 21, 2002. 2002/772/EC,Euratom.
1442:
Northern Ireland (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2014
690:
The following mandates are incompatible each other:
421:
The double mandate was prohibited from the start in
3180:"Little-Pengelly to take Donaldson's assembly seat"
2134:. 20th Century. XII.647 (Cmnd. 6399): 9. 1975–1976.
1645:prohibition on the reverse arrangement occurring).
1429:, which Northern Ireland parties vetoed. In 2012
958:But giving as a pretext a legal complaint from the
920:'s four mandates, between March 2010 and July 2011.
219:who maintained her position as a Councillor on the
27:
Serving in multiple public positions simultaneously
3333:"DUAL OFFICE HOLDING: RESTRICTIONS ON LEGISLATORS"
2888:"§6 Amendment of Local Elections Regulations 1995"
2690:. Institute of Public Administration. p. 49.
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2569:French Cabinet Position Not Enough? Then Try Mayor
2474:
2472:
2357:Marleau, Robert; Montpetit, Camille, eds. (2000).
1372:(MEP) may not be a member of the legislature of a
1152:The instability caused by the close result of the
1142:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
846:from 1849 to 1851 (councillor from 1842 to 1852).
523:cannot hold any other office during their tenure.
355:. There were also four members of Parliament from
3315:"Sadiq Khan wins Labour London mayoral selection"
3798:
2557:Décision n° 2022-5794/5796 AN du 2 décembre 2022
2452:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 240.
2356:
830:It has been common practice in France since the
734:senator-mayor of Beaucourt at a ceremony in 2014
514:Conditions regarding multiple mandates in France
62:of a town or city councillor becomes elected as
3430:"Double-dipping continues, increases after ban"
2624:
2302:
1625:, but as of January 2018 it was still legal in
1332:are barred from being elected to a seat in the
1258:. However, an MP may be elected as member of a
1254:, cannot hold membership in both houses of the
1064:, former Minister for Development was mayor of
687:They cannot have more than two local mandates.
2940:"Local Government Reform Act 2014, Section 19"
2414:"Eduskunnassa yhä enemmän kunnanvaltuutettuja"
2138:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
1013:in 2001. This rule was more or less upheld by
3633:
2672:"Le cumul des mandats électoraux" (in French)
2481:. Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks. p.
1728:consistent." Critics, such as Representative
893:between 1986 and 1988. Former Prime Minister
3384:"New Jersey Politicians Serve Public, Twice"
3268:"Part 1a of 6 – Can you stand for election?"
3239:"Part 1b of 6 – Can you stand for election?"
2862:"Membership of local authorities in Ireland"
2575:, January 13, 2008. Accessed March 26, 2012.
2329:
2281:. Legislative Assembly of British Columbia.
2197:"Prime Minister Defeated In Shire Elections"
2150:Official Journal of the European Communities
2054:Official Journal of the European Communities
1546:however hold positions in local government.
1266:due to having membership in the Parliament.
1156:was exacerbated by the number of government
1056:As of 2007, no such rule was stated for the
199:. It is not permitted to be a member of any
58:in France. Thus, if someone who is already
3392:, December 27, 1992. Accessed May 30, 2010.
3297:"Boris Johnson: simultaneous Mayor and MP?"
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2033:
1113:(1974-1989) and MEP (1984-1989) is that of
629:of a commune of more than 3,500 inhabitants
476:
317:city councillor after being elected to the
3640:
3626:
3589:, February 9, 2001. Accessed May 30, 2010.
3528:"Brian Stack is the Human Turnout Machine"
3425:
3423:
2473:Nadeau, Jean-Benoît; Julie Barlow (2003).
1796:Name, Party-County – Second Public Office:
786:. Please do not remove this message until
679:out of 348 senators, 152 are also mayors.
563:Multiple mandates at the legislative level
3605:: List of deputies and other offices held
3552:
3525:
3498:
3373:, August 31, 2008. Accessed May 30, 2010.
3177:
2524:Garat, Jean-Baptiste (January 19, 2014).
2359:"4. The House of Commons and Its Members"
2179:"Chifley For Westminster Via Abercrombie"
1416:the controversy surrounding MPs' expenses
1187:. The prohibition was extended to other
806:Learn how and when to remove this message
619:Member, vice-president or president of a
613:Member, vice-president or president of a
596:Pas-de-Calais's 8th Assembly constituency
3647:
3471:
3445:
3358:"Right thing to do -- or is it revenge?"
3337:National Conference of State Legislators
2719:"Local Government Act, 1991, Section 13"
2254:Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
2060:
912:
782:Relevant discussion may be found on the
752:
721:
406:. Another famous example is that of the
110:cannot simultaneously be members of the
3420:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2363:House of Commons Procedure and Practice
2073:
1791:bold) continue to hold a dual mandate.
1551:a district council and a county council
1053:mayorship upon joining the government.
544:, a role and title they share with the
14:
3799:
3581:"House tries to forbid double dipping"
3446:Biryukov, Nikita (December 29, 2023).
2804:
2774:
1284:Secretary of Public Works and Highways
305:would not merit the cost of a special
122:
3621:
2523:
2447:
2162:
1678:example being Illinois State Senator
1534:, elected as the Labour mayor in the
1412:Committee on Standards in Public Life
647:(Corse has a regional special status)
470:
344:who simultaneously held seats in the
3294:
3007:
2513:. July 5, 2013 – via Le Monde.
2106:
1609:For the first few decades after the
1458:2024 United Kingdom general election
1433:committed to end dual jobbing, with
756:
556:, to Andorra to act on their behalf.
3085:
1209:, or both a town and city council.
24:
3275:Guidance for candidates and agents
3246:Guidance for candidates and agents
2894:. Irish Statute Book. June 2, 2003
2217:. Gay News Network. Archived from
2013:, colloquial term for the practice
1362:members of the European Parliament
1358:2009 European Parliament elections
683:The accumulation of local mandates
598:was annulled because the winner's
164:the first direct elections in 1979
25:
3828:
3595:
3526:Wildstein, David (10 June 2019).
3499:Wildstein, David (14 June 2019).
3088:"Martin McGuinness resigns as MP"
2892:Local Government (No. 2) Act 2003
2750:Local Government (No. 2) Act 2003
2607:
2584:
2538:
2132:House of Commons Sessional Papers
1351:
1301:According to Art. 102-108 of the
887:Member of the European Parliament
705:President of the Regional Council
3553:Wildstein, David (5 June 2019).
3472:Biryukov, Nikita (12 May 2019).
3205:"Wales Act 2014 — UK Parliament"
3178:McCormack, Jayne (12 May 2022).
2775:Murphy, John A (July 14, 2002).
1560:
1502:In circumstances other than the
1410:The November 2009 report by the
1274:Dual mandates are banned in the
1224:Local Government Reform Act 2014
1183:were prohibited from serving as
1045:General Council); for instance,
897:served concurrently as mayor of
840:President of the General Council
761:
700:President of the General Council
488:President of the General Council
448:It is common for the MPs of the
336:, there were fifteen Members of
139:, which came into effect at the
3573:
3555:"Schaer, Calabrese win in 36th"
3546:
3519:
3492:
3465:
3439:
3395:
3376:
3350:
3325:
3307:
3288:
3259:
3230:
3211:
3197:
3171:
3145:
3119:
3105:
3079:
3053:
2983:
2967:"Mark Villar accepts DPWH post"
2959:
2932:
2906:
2880:
2854:
2828:
2805:Geaney, Louise (June 2, 2003).
2798:
2768:
2738:
2711:
2675:
2663:
2654:
2612:. Jeandumonteil.blog.lemonde.fr
2601:
2578:
2561:
2547:
2532:
2517:
2499:
2466:
2441:
2428:
2406:
2350:
2323:
2296:
2285:from the original on 2024-07-24
2271:
2260:from the original on 2024-07-24
2242:
2233:
2207:
1748:sponsored a bill passed by the
1391:There have been members of the
1360:, there were a small number of
361:Legislative Assembly of Ontario
114:and vice versa. In states with
3295:Hill, Dave (January 5, 2010).
2189:
2171:
2156:
2123:
2100:
2082:
1997:introduced legislation in the
1769:City Council; and Assemblyman
1538:, resigned his seat as MP for
1356:At the EU level, prior to the
1269:
482:) is a common practice in the
353:Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau
346:Legislative Assembly of Quebec
143:in most member states, at the
106:of government, members of the
13:
1:
2093:. April 21, 1977. p. 9.
2027:
1999:Ohio House of Representatives
1857:, D-Gloucester – Freeholder,
1735:
1364:who were also members of the
974:Recent and current status of
625:Councillor, deputy-mayor, or
328:In the first few years after
297:; similarly, s. 65(c) of the
32:Dual mandate (disambiguation)
3034:. p. 95. Archived from
2589:. Bigbrowser.blog.lemonde.fr
1907:, D-Middlesex – Councilman,
1611:First United States Congress
1526:resigned his seat as MP for
1448:in Dublin, with effect from
1120:
190:
7:
3363:September 12, 2008, at the
2004:
1808:, D-Camden – Councilwoman,
1715:
1651:U.S. presidential elections
1631:United States Supreme Court
1233:
934:National Assembly of France
788:conditions to do so are met
602:was already substitute for
573:National Assembly of France
548:. In practice, each send a
389:Premier of British Columbia
359:who also held seats in the
10:
3833:
3266:The Electoral Commission.
3237:The Electoral Commission.
2842:. Irish Statute Book. 2001
2670:"French Interior Ministry"
1962:, D-Passaic – Councilman,
1916:, D-Passaic – Freeholder,
1837:, R-Ocean – Committeeman,
1572:United States Constitution
1565:
1508:West Yorkshire mayoralties
1450:the next Stormont election
1395:also holding seats in the
1260:State Legislative Assembly
1238:Dual mandate is common in
1147:
1138:National People's Congress
1049:had to step down from the
1017:during the governments of
632:Councillor of Paris (The "
443:
363:, including the first two
268:
195:Dual mandates are rare in
36:
29:
3753:
3717:
3681:
3655:
2914:"Local Government Reform"
2840:Local Government Act 2001
2651:Nadeau and Barlow, pg. 56
2183:The Sydney Morning Herald
1943:, D-Hudson – Councilman,
1889:, D-Hudson – Councilman,
1765:, who also served on the
1405:Northern Ireland Assembly
1336:, the lower house of the
1289:
1193:Local Government Act 2001
1095:
1072:candidate. Additionally,
521:President of the Republic
455:
280:
235:Abercrombie Shire Council
215:. A recent example is Dr
135:. This dates from a 2002
3694:Civil service commission
3434:South Jersey Media Group
2303:Garth Stevenson (1993).
1934:, D-Gloucester – Mayor,
1880:, D-Essex – Freeholder,
1871:, D-Gloucester – Mayor,
1773:, who was also mayor of
1757:, who was also mayor of
1600:anti-Federalist movement
1315:
1219:Waterford County Council
978:in the French government
480:accumulation of mandates
369:John Sandfield Macdonald
309:. In 1996, for example,
293:from being elected as a
1988:
1981:, D-Middlesex – Mayor,
1427:2011 Stormont elections
942:Regional councillor of
660:agglomeration community
550:personal representative
526:However, Presidents do
394:, and two members from
227:between 2018 and 2019.
180:Danish Social Democrats
153:2009 European elections
141:2004 European elections
137:European Union decision
3414:New Jersey Jewish News
2528:– via Le Figaro.
2448:Gidea, Robert (2002).
2107:Ziccardi, Christiaan.
1785:Governor of New Jersey
1742:New Jersey Legislature
1588:Confederation Congress
1485:Scottish Conservatives
1454:2022 Assembly election
1330:Autonomous Communities
1215:Waterford City Council
1132:It is also normal for
1009:when elected Mayor of
1005:stepped down from the
964:communauté de communes
921:
735:
665:communauté de communes
472:[kymyldɛmɑ̃da]
377:George-Étienne Cartier
319:provincial legislature
287:Constitution Act, 1867
221:City of Sydney Council
145:2007 national election
3771:Judicial independence
3321:. September 11, 2015.
2866:Government in Ireland
2684:"A career politician"
2330:A. I. Silver (1997).
2221:on September 22, 2012
2201:The Charleville Times
1497:Highlands and Islands
1435:Deputy First Minister
1382:European Commissioner
1324:, legislators in the
1213:was a member of both
1154:1981 general election
1102:Members of Parliament
1047:Philippe Douste-Blazy
1023:Dominique de Villepin
953:Montereau-Fault-Yonne
916:
836:Alexis de Tocqueville
753:Purpose and frequency
725:
484:Fifth French Republic
256:without resigning as
205:Australian Parliament
3817:Separation of powers
3812:Public choice theory
3766:Separation of duties
3649:Separation of powers
3561:. Sea of Reeds Media
3534:. Sea of Reeds Media
3507:. Sea of Reeds Media
3480:. Sea of Reeds Media
3041:on December 14, 2010
2365:. House of Commons.
2089:"The Dual Mandate".
1952:, R-Bergen – Mayor,
1847:, D-Hudson – Mayor,
1827:, D-Bergen – Mayor,
1817:, D-Hudson – Mayor,
1759:Paterson, New Jersey
1722:Governor of Illinois
1684:United States Senate
1584:Continental Congress
1491:, is both an MP for
1470:Emma Little-Pengelly
1386:withdrew from the EU
1334:Congress of Deputies
1322:Spanish Constitution
1250:or appointed to the
1244:Federal Constitution
1019:Jean-Pierre Raffarin
299:Canada Elections Act
295:Member of Parliament
258:Lord Mayor of Sydney
104:parliamentary system
30:For other uses, see
3682:Additional branches
3218:Scottish Parliament
3067:. December 30, 2012
2920:on October 24, 2013
2203:. 12 December 1947.
1972:, R-Ocean – Mayor,
1936:Washington Township
1925:, D-Essex – Mayor,
1898:, R-Ocean – Mayor,
1707:and Representative
1682:'s election to the
1619:state constitutions
1495:and an MSP for the
1397:Scottish Parliament
1370:European Parliament
1326:regional assemblies
1303:Polish Constitution
1242:. According to the
1228:municipal districts
1134:Legislative Council
1127:Legislative Council
1078:Minister of Defense
999:Minister of Culture
987:Catherine Trautmann
775:of this section is
730:of Belfort and the
585:European Parliament
536:in the neighboring
532:hold the office of
149:Republic of Ireland
129:European Parliament
123:European Parliament
94:. In states with a
3452:New Jersey Monitor
3407:2011-05-17 at the
3389:The New York Times
3223:2021-03-12 at the
2945:Irish Statute Book
2781:Sunday Independent
2754:Irish Statute Book
2724:Irish Statute Book
2573:The New York Times
2567:Sciolino, Elaine,
1993:In February 2001,
1864:Assembly members:
1504:Greater Manchester
1264:Federal Government
1027:Jean-François Copé
1007:Ministry of Labour
966:des deux fleuves (
922:
905:in the mid-1980s.
736:
643:Councillor in the
640:at the same level)
450:Finnish Parliament
381:Christopher Dunkin
313:continued to be a
170:was blamed by his
168:Peter Michael Kirk
3794:
3793:
3370:Chicago Sun-Times
3159:. 21 January 2022
3133:. 14 January 2022
3032:Christopher Kelly
2811:Irish Independent
2450:France since 1945
2017:Resign-to-run law
1900:Plumsted Township
1887:Anthony Chiappone
1859:Gloucester County
1750:New Jersey Senate
1688:elected president
1466:Jeffrey Donaldson
1438:Martin McGuinness
1346:general elections
1185:local councillors
1177:cabinet ministers
1170:again in November
816:
815:
808:
645:Corsican Assembly
493:cumul des mandats
463:cumul des mandats
250:member for Sydney
55:cumul des mandats
16:(Redirected from
3824:
3761:Fusion of powers
3656:Typical branches
3642:
3635:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3590:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3559:New Jersey Globe
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3532:New Jersey Globe
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3505:New Jersey Globe
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3478:New Jersey Globe
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3443:
3437:
3427:
3418:
3399:
3393:
3382:Strum, Charles.
3380:
3374:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3228:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3029:
3018:
3005:
3004:
3003:on July 8, 2006.
3002:
2996:. Archived from
2995:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2638:
2635:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2582:
2576:
2565:
2559:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2480:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2445:
2439:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2187:
2186:
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1932:Paul D. Moriarty
1869:John Burzichelli
1761:; State Senator
1720:In August 2008,
1514:remained MP for
1401:Welsh Parliament
1393:House of Commons
1338:Cortes Generales
1181:junior ministers
1166:in February 1982
989:stepped down as
895:Pierre Bérégovoy
811:
804:
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634:Council of Paris
621:Regional Council
579:Senate of France
546:Bishop of Urgell
478:
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469:
348:, including the
334:House of Commons
209:local government
201:state parliament
127:A member of the
21:
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1991:
1970:Daniel Van Pelt
1855:Stephen Sweeney
1779:Wayne R. Bryant
1738:
1725:Rod Blagojevich
1718:
1663:Michael Dukakis
1653:contested from
1568:
1563:
1522:a year before.
1520:Mayor of London
1512:Ken Livingstone
1354:
1318:
1292:
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1115:Georgios Mavros
1098:
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1035:Nicolas Sarkozy
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615:General Council
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2019:
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1918:Passaic County
1911:
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1815:Nicholas Sacco
1812:
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1771:John E. Rooney
1737:
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1730:Susana Mendoza
1717:
1714:
1675:George W. Bush
1604:states' rights
1567:
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1477:Wales Act 2014
1420:First Minister
1366:House of Lords
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1106:Prime Minister
1097:
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1080:, is mayor of
1043:Hauts-de-Seine
1015:Jacques Chirac
1001:; conversely,
979:
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960:Front National
956:
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940:
938:Seine-et-Marne
932:Member of the
910:
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901:and deputy of
891:Prime Minister
889:, and even as
871:Jacques Chirac
832:Third Republic
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410:leader of the
404:Pierre Delorme
392:Amor de Cosmos
323:second reading
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172:election agent
157:United Kingdom
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76:federal states
50:double jobbing
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1536:2016 election
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862:percent did.
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732:Cédric Perrin
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592:2022 election
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40:
33:
19:
3781:Dual mandate
3780:
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3602:
3586:Toledo Blade
3584:
3575:
3565:November 18,
3563:. Retrieved
3558:
3548:
3538:November 18,
3536:. Retrieved
3531:
3521:
3511:November 18,
3509:. Retrieved
3504:
3494:
3484:November 18,
3482:. Retrieved
3477:
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3451:
3441:
3433:
3412:
3397:
3387:
3378:
3368:
3352:
3340:. Retrieved
3336:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3301:The Guardian
3300:
3290:
3278:. Retrieved
3274:
3261:
3249:. Retrieved
3245:
3232:
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3199:
3187:. Retrieved
3183:
3173:
3161:. Retrieved
3156:
3147:
3135:. Retrieved
3130:
3121:
3107:
3095:. Retrieved
3091:
3081:
3069:. Retrieved
3064:
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3036:the original
3023:
2998:the original
2985:
2974:. Retrieved
2971:Philstar.com
2970:
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2943:
2934:
2922:. Retrieved
2918:the original
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