Iron ore - Knowledge

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phosphorus, the harder the iron becomes and the more it can be hardened by hammering. Modern steel makers can increase hardness by as much as 30%, without sacrificing shock resistance by maintaining phosphorus levels between 0.07 and 0.12%. It also increases the depth of hardening due to quenching, but at the same time also decreases the solubility of carbon in iron at high temperatures. This would decrease its usefulness in making blister steel (cementation), where the speed and amount of carbon absorption is the overriding consideration.

2003:(Al) are present in many ores including iron ore, sand, and some limestones. The former can be removed by washing the ore prior to smelting. Until the introduction of brick-lined furnaces, the amount of aluminium contamination was small enough that it did not have an effect on either the iron or slag. However, when brick began to be used for hearths and the interior of blast furnaces, the amount of aluminium contamination increased dramatically. This was due to the erosion of the furnace lining by the liquid slag. 449: 48: 1054: 1437: 1457: 888: 232: 1908:

blast furnace more efficient. Others are added because they make the iron more fluid, harder, or give it some other desirable quality. The choice of ore, fuel, and flux determines how the slag behaves and the operational characteristics of the iron produced. Ideally, iron ore contains only iron and oxygen. In reality, this is rarely the case. Typically, iron ore contains a host of elements which are often unwanted in modern steel.

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is achieved at a concentration of 10.2%. For foundry work Turner felt the ideal iron had 0.2–0.55% phosphorus. The resulting iron filled molds with fewer voids and also shrank less. In the 19th century some producers of decorative cast iron used iron with up to 5% phosphorus. The extreme fluidity allowed them to make very complex and delicate castings, but they could not be weight-bearing, as they had no strength.

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to shock at room temperature. A nail that shatters when hit with a hammer or a carriage wheel that breaks when it hit a rock would not sell well. High enough concentrations of phosphorus render any iron unusable. The effects of cold shortness are magnified by temperature. Thus, a piece of iron that is perfectly serviceable in summer might become extremely brittle in winter. There is some evidence that during the

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tons; 7,700,000 short tons) was exported, and 43,100,000 t (42,400,000 long tons; 47,500,000 short tons) of iron ore was exported at a value of $ 4.6 billion. Of the iron ore exported, 38.5% of the volume was iron ore pellets with a value of $ 2.3 billion, and 61.5% was iron ore concentrates with a value of $ 2.3 billion. 46% of Canada's iron ore comes from the

1928:) is almost always present in iron ore. Most of it is slagged off during the smelting process. At temperatures above 1,300 °C (2,370 °F), some will be reduced and form an alloy with the iron. The hotter the furnace, the more silicon will be present in the iron. It is not uncommon to find up to 1.5% Si in European cast iron from the 16th to 18th centuries. 2030:

steel cracks, the exposed surface immediately oxidizes. This layer of oxide prevents the mending of the crack by welding. Large cracks cause the iron or steel to break up. Smaller cracks can cause the object to fail during use. The degree of hot shortness is in direct proportion to the amount of sulfur present. Today, iron with over 0.03% sulfur is avoided.

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technique is usually associated with puddling in the 19th century, and may not have been understood earlier. For instance, Isaac Zane, owner of Marlboro Iron Works, did not appear to know about it in 1772. Given Zane's reputation for keeping abreast of the latest developments, the technique was probably unknown to the ironmasters of

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Hot short iron can be worked, but it must be worked at low temperatures. Working at lower temperatures requires more physical effort from the smith or forgeman. The metal must be struck more often and harder to achieve the same result. A mildly sulfur-contaminated bar can be worked, but it requires a

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Aluminium is difficult to reduce. As a result, aluminium contamination of the iron is not a problem. However, it does increase the viscosity of the slag. This will have a number of adverse effects on furnace operation. The thicker slag will slow the descent of the charge, prolonging the process. High

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Careful control of phosphorus can be of great benefit in casting operations. Phosphorus depresses the liquidus, allowing the iron to remain molten for longer and increasing fluidity. The addition of 1% can double the distance molten iron will flow. The maximum effect, about 500 °C (932 °F),

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The addition of phosphorus has a downside. At concentrations higher than 0.2%, iron becomes increasingly cold short, or brittle at low temperatures. Cold short is especially important for bar iron. Although bar iron is usually worked hot, its uses often require it to be tough, bendable, and resistant

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and Michigan, which combined accounted for 93% of the usable iron ore produced in the United States in 2014. Seven of the nine operational open pit mines in the United States are located in Minnesota as well as two of the three tailings reclamation operations. The other two active open pit mines were

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According to the U.S. Geological Survey's 2021 Report on iron ore, Ukraine is estimated to have produced 62,000,000 t (61,000,000 long tons; 68,000,000 short tons) of iron ore in 2020, placing it as the seventh largest global center of iron ore production, behind Australia, Brazil, China, India,

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in 2019, which halted the production at the two involved mines, production has increased steadily since 2021, when Brazil produced 431,000,000 t (424,000,000 long tons; 475,000,000 short tons). In 2022 it increased to 435,000,000 t (428,000,000 long tons; 480,000,000 short tons) and in 2023

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In cast iron, sulfur promotes the formation of white iron. As little as 0.5% can counteract the effects of slow cooling and a high silicon content. White cast iron is more brittle, but also harder. It is generally avoided, because it is difficult to work, except in China where high-sulfur cast iron,

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According to the U.S. Geological Survey's 2021 Report on iron ore, India is estimated to produce 59,000,000 t (58,000,000 long tons; 65,000,000 short tons) of iron ore in 2020, placing it as the seventh-largest global center of iron ore production, behind Australia, Brazil, China, Russia, South

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began handling negotiations for the importer side. The Chinese government replaced Baosteel with China Iron and Steel Association as lead negotiator in 2009. Traditionally, the first deal reached between these the major producers and the major importers sets a benchmark to be followed by the rest of

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China is currently the largest consumer of iron ore, which translates to be the world's largest steel producing country. It is also the largest importer, buying 52% of the seaborne trade in iron ore in 2004. China is followed by Japan and Korea, which consume a significant amount of raw iron ore and

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There are a number of remedies for sulfur contamination. The first, and the one most used in historic and prehistoric operations, is avoidance. Coal was not used in Europe (unlike China) as a fuel for smelting because it contains sulfur and therefore causes hot short iron. If an ore resulted in hot

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There are two remedies for high-phosphorus iron. The oldest, easiest, and cheapest, is avoidance. If the iron that the ore produced was cold short, one would search for a new source of iron ore. The second method involves oxidizing the phosphorus during the fining process by adding iron oxide. This

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The typical grade of iron at which a magnetite-bearing banded iron formation becomes economic is roughly 25% iron, which can generally yield a 33% to 40% recovery of magnetite by weight, to produce a concentrate grading in excess of 64% iron by weight. The typical magnetite iron ore concentrate has

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allowed the removal of bulk amounts of the element from cast iron in the 1870s, it was a major development because most of the iron ores mined in continental Europe at the time were phosphorous. However, removing all the contaminant by fluxing or smelting is complicated, and so desirable iron ores

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operations are dominated by the countries listed in the table aside. The major constraint to economics for iron ore deposits is not necessarily the grade or size of the deposits, because it is not particularly hard to geologically prove enough tonnage of the rocks exist. The main constraint is the

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will be discharged. Statistics show that there are 130 million tons of iron ore tailings discharged every year. If, for example, the mine tailings contain an average of approximately 11% iron, there would be approximately 1.41 million tons of iron wasted annually. These tailings are also

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Mining iron ore is a high-volume, low-margin business, as the value of iron is significantly lower than base metals. It is highly capital intensive, and requires significant investment in infrastructure such as rail in order to transport the ore from the mine to a freight ship. For these reasons,

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Hot short iron is brittle when hot. This was a serious problem as most iron used during the 17th and 18th centuries was bar or wrought iron. Wrought iron is shaped by repeated blows with a hammer while hot. A piece of hot short iron will crack if worked with a hammer. When a piece of hot iron or

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The inclusion of even small amounts of some elements can have profound effects on the behavioral characteristics of a batch of iron or the operation of a smelter. These effects can be both good and bad, some catastrophically bad. Some chemicals are deliberately added, such as flux, which makes a

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In 2017, Canadian iron ore mines produced 49,000,000 t (48,000,000 long tons; 54,000,000 short tons) of iron ore in concentrate pellets and 13.6 million tons of crude steel. Of the 13,600,000 t (13,400,000 long tons; 15,000,000 short tons) of steel 7,000,000 t (6,900,000 long

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Iron Ore Index (MBIOI) which uses daily price data from a broad spectrum of industry participants and independent Chinese steel consultancy and data provider Shanghai Steelhome's widespread contact base of steel producers and iron ore traders across China. The futures contract has seen monthly

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The seaborne trade in iron ore—that is, iron ore to be shipped to other countries—was 849,000,000 t (836,000,000 long tons; 936,000,000 short tons) in 2004. Australia and Brazil dominate the seaborne trade, with 72% of the market. BHP, Rio and Vale control 66% of this market between them.

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Generally, most magnetite banded iron formation deposits must be ground to between 32 and 45 μm (0.0013 and 0.0018 in) in order to produce a low-silica magnetite concentrate. Magnetite concentrate grades are generally in excess of 70% iron by weight and usually are low in phosphorus,

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of the magnetite, the grade of the iron within the banded iron formation host rock, and the contaminant elements which exist within the magnetite concentrate. The size and strip ratio of most magnetite resources is irrelevant, as a banded iron formation can be hundreds of meters thick, extend

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The strength and hardness of iron increases with the concentration of phosphorus. 0.05% phosphorus in wrought iron makes it as hard as medium-carbon steel. High-phosphorus iron can also be hardened by cold hammering. The hardening effect is true for any concentration of phosphorus. The more

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societies has been mined from predominantly hematite deposits with grades of around 70% Fe. These deposits are commonly referred to as "direct shipping ores" or "natural ores". Increasing iron ore demand, coupled with the depletion of high-grade hematite ores in the United States, led after

1605:) expect it to be gone within 30–50 years and 56 years, respectively. These 2010 estimates require ongoing review to take into account shifting demand for lower-grade iron ore and improving mining and recovery techniques (allowing deeper mining below the groundwater table). 2026:. Sulfur dissolves readily in both liquid and solid iron at the temperatures present in iron smelting. The effects of even small amounts of sulfur are immediate and serious. They were one of the first worked out by iron makers. Sulfur causes iron to be red or hot short. 831:

materials like pavement and filler and building materials such as cement, low-grade glass, and wall materials. While tailings are a relatively low-grade ore, they are also inexpensive to collect, as they do not have to be mined. Because of this, companies such as

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and three being reclamation operations. There were also ten pelletizing plants, nine concentration plants, two direct-reduced iron (DRI) plants, and one iron nugget plant that were operating in 2014. In the United States the majority of iron ore mining is in the

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The two main methods of recycling iron from iron ore tailings are magnetizing roasting and direct reduction. Magnetizing roasting uses temperatures between 700 and 900 °C (1,292 and 1,652 °F) for a time of under 1 hour to produce an iron concentrate

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Li, Chao; Sun, Henghu; Bai, Jing; Li, Longtu (15 February 2010). "Innovative methodology for comprehensive utilization of iron ore tailings: Part 1. The recovery of iron from iron ore tailings using magnetic separation after magnetizing roasting".

2128:, but the operator must know how much sulfur is in the iron because at least five times as much manganese must be added to neutralize it. Some historic irons display manganese levels, but most are well below the level needed to neutralize sulfur. 2123:

The importance attached to low-sulfur iron is demonstrated by the consistently higher prices paid for the iron of Sweden, Russia, and Spain from the 16th to 18th centuries. Today sulfur is no longer a problem. The modern remedy is the addition of

773:. These ores form a niche market, with specialty smelters used to recover the iron, titanium, and vanadium. These ores are beneficiated essentially similarly to banded iron formation ores, but usually are more easily upgraded via 2383:

Troll, Valentin R.; Weis, Franz A.; Jonsson, Erik; Andersson, Ulf B.; Majidi, Seyed Afshin; Högdahl, Karin; Harris, Chris; Millet, Marc-Alban; Chinnasamy, Sakthi Saravanan; Kooijman, Ellen; Nilsson, Katarina P. (12 April 2019).

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determine the grind size to which the rock must be comminuted to enable efficient magnetic separation to provide a high-purity magnetite concentrate. This determines the energy inputs required to run a milling operation.

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reported that silicon also reduces shrinkage and the formation of blowholes, lowering the number of bad castings. However, too much silicon present in the iron leads to increased brittleness and moderate hardness.

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Iron is the world's most commonly used metal—steel, of which iron ore is the key ingredient, represents almost 95% of all metal used per year. It is used primarily in structures, ships, automobiles, and machinery.

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Williams, David E.; Kilburn, Matt R.; Cliff, John; Waterhouse, Geoffrey I.N. (2010). "Composition changes around sulphide inclusions in stainless steels, and implications for the initiation of pitting corrosion".

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The major effect of silicon is to promote the formation of grey iron. Grey iron is less brittle and easier to finish than white iron. It is preferred for casting purposes for this reason. British metallurgist

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process to remove the oxygen. Oxygen-iron bonds are strong, and to remove the iron from the oxygen, a stronger elemental bond must be presented to attach to the oxygen. Carbon is used because the strength of a

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There are a number of solutions to a high-aluminium slag. The first is avoidance; do not use ore or a lime source with a high aluminium content. Increasing the ratio of lime flux will decrease the viscosity.

1085:, and the world. The recent drop in world ore grade is due to significant consumption of low-grade Chinese ores. American ore, on the other hand, is typically upgraded between 61% and 64% before being sold. 859:

because it is harder to separate as it is less magnetic. Direct reduction uses hotter temperatures of over 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) and longer times of 2–5 hours. Direct reduction is used to produce

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are the principal Indian producers of iron ore. World consumption of iron ore grows 10% per year on average with the main consumers being China, Japan, Korea, the United States, and the European Union.

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is the primary ingredient of chemically stripping oxygen from iron. Thus, the iron and carbon smelting must be kept in an oxygen-deficient (reducing) state to promote the burning of carbon to produce

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DSO deposits are typically rarer than the magnetite-bearing BIF or other rocks which form its main source, or protolith rock, but are considerably cheaper to mine and process as they require less

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The origin of iron can be ultimately traced to its formation through nuclear fusion in stars, and most of the iron is thought to have originated in dying stars that are large enough to explode as

2113:), though a common iron mineral, has not been used as an ore for the production of iron metal. Natural weathering was also used in Sweden. The same process, at geological speed, results in the 3150: 864:(Fe) to be used for steel-making. Direct reduction requires more energy, as the temperatures are higher and the time is longer and it requires more reducing agent than magnetizing roasting. 1616:

is the second-largest producer of iron ore after Australia, accounting for 16% of the world's iron ore production. After a somewhat sluggish production volume 2010-2020, partly due to the

2042:, pp. 200), good foundry iron should have less than 0.15% sulfur. In the rest of the world, a high-sulfur cast iron can be used for making castings, but will make poor wrought iron. 2561:"Geological, Geographical and Legal Considerations for the Conservation of Unique Iron Oxide and Sulphur Flows at El Laco and Lastarria Volcanic Complexes, Central Andes, Northern Chile" 352:

minerals, and smelting pure iron from these minerals would require a prohibitive amount of energy. Therefore, all sources of iron used by human industry exploit comparatively rarer iron

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due to the higher iron content. However, DSO ores can contain significantly higher concentrations of penalty elements, typically being higher in phosphorus, water content (especially

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The mine production estimates for China are estimated from the National Bureau of Statistics China's crude ore statistics, rather than usable ore as reported for the other countries.

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the ore to the point where the crystallized magnetite and quartz are fine enough that the quartz is left behind when the resultant powder is passed under a magnetic separator.

1952:, increased fluidity, and cold shortness. Depending on the use intended for the iron, these effects are either good or bad. Bog ore often has a high phosphorus content. 3778:

Newman, R. C.; Isaacs, H. S.; Alman, B. (1982). "Effects of sulfur compounds on the pitting behavior of type 304 stainless steel in near-neutral chloride solutions".

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Sirkeci, A. A.; Gül, A.; Bulut, G.; Arslan, F.; Onal, G.; Yuce, A. E. (April 2006). "Recovery of Co, Ni, and Cu from the tailings of Divrigi Iron Ore Concentrator".

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anion due to its double negative electrical charge, it promotes pit growth. Indeed, the positive electrical charges born by Fe cations released in solution by Fe

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Stewart, J.; Williams, D.E. (1992). "The initiation of pitting corrosion on austenitic stainless steel: on the role and importance of sulphide inclusions".

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which dominate both spot and contract markets. Until 2006, prices were determined in annual benchmark negotiations between the main iron ore producers (

848:) to be used for iron smelting. For magnetizing roasting, it is important to have a reducing atmosphere to prevent oxidization and the formation of 3154: 660:, Australia, and Asia. Most large hematite iron ore deposits are sourced from altered banded iron formations and (rarely) igneous accumulations. 403:

Iron ore mining methods vary by the type of ore being mined. There are four main types of iron ore deposits worked currently, depending on the

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is generally considered to be a deleterious contaminant because it makes steel brittle, even at concentrations of as little as 0.6%. When the

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is estimated to have accounted for 2% of the world's iron ore output. In the United States there are twelve iron ore mines, with nine being

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gangue, hematite beneficiation usually involves a combination of beneficiation techniques. One method relies on passing the finely-crushed

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forecasted in 2021 that Brazil's annual production will reach 592,000,000 t (583,000,000 long tons; 653,000,000 short tons) by 2030.

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position of the iron ore relative to market, the cost of rail infrastructure to get it to market, and the energy cost required to do so.

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Jonsson, Erik; Troll, Valentin R.; Högdahl, Karin; Harris, Chris; Weis, Franz; Nilsson, Katarina P.; Skelton, Alasdair (10 April 2013).

1426:. In 2006, China produced 588,000,000 t (579,000,000 long tons; 648,000,000 short tons) of iron ore, with an annual growth of 38%. 2702:

Das, S.K.; Kumar, Sanjay; Ramachandrarao, P. (December 2000). "Exploitation of iron ore tailing for the development of ceramic tiles".

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Stephens, F. M.; Langston, Benny; Richardson, A. C. (1 June 1953). "The Reduction-Oxidation Process For the Treatment of Taconites".

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Goldstein, J.I.; Scott, E.R.D.; Chabot, N.L. (2009). "Iron meteorites: Crystallization, thermal history, parent bodies, and origin".

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Iron is the most abundant element on earth but not in the crust. The extent of the accessible iron ore reserves is not known, though

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produced 57,500,000 t (56,600,000 long tons; 63,400,000 short tons) of iron ore with an estimated value of $ 5.1 billion.

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Ores containing very high quantities of hematite or magnetite, typically greater than about 60% iron, are known as natural ore or

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to improve the concentration of the ore and remove impurities. The results, high-quality fine ore powders, are known as fines.

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Ramanaidou, E. R. and Wells, M. A. (2014). 13.13 "Sedimentary Hosted Iron Ores". In: Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K. Eds.,

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Over the last 40 years, iron ore prices have been decided in closed-door negotiations between the small handful of miners and

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Uwadiale, G. G. O. O.; Whewell, R. J. (1 October 1988). "Effect of temperature on magnetizing reduction of agbaja iron ore".

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aluminium will also make it more difficult to tap off the liquid slag. At the extreme, this could lead to a frozen furnace.

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The mining involves moving tremendous amounts of ore and waste. The waste comes in two forms: non-ore bedrock in the mine (

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Gzogyan, T. N.; Gubin, S. L.; Gzogyan, S. R.; Mel’nikova, N. D. (1 November 2005). "Iron losses in processing tailings".

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looked for another ore. When mineral coal was first used in European blast furnaces in 1709 (or perhaps earlier), it was

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suggested in 2006 that iron ore could run out within 64 years (that is, by 2070), based on 2% growth in demand per year.

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Mining of banded iron formations involves coarse crushing and screening, followed by rough crushing and fine grinding to

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and vary in color from dark grey, bright yellow, or deep purple to rusty red. The iron is usually found in the form of

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is greater than that of the iron-oxygen bond at high temperatures. Thus, the iron ore must be powdered and mixed with

1306:" ore derived by mechanical erosion of primary banded-iron formations and accumulated in alluvial channels such as at 3523:"Mining the Future 2030: A Plan for Growth in the Newfoundland and Labrador Mining Industry | McCarthy Tétrault" 3006: 1730:; however, the last iron ore mine in Utah shut down in 2014 and the last iron ore mine in Alabama shut down in 1975. 935: 552:

or interburden locally known as mullock), and unwanted minerals, which are an intrinsic part of the ore rock itself (

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H.T. Shen, B. Zhou, et al. "Roasting-magnetic separation and direct reduction of a refractory oolitic-hematite ore"

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India's iron ore production in 2023 was 285,000,000 metric tonnes and was the fourth largest producer in the world.

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anions as intermediate species, and because the thiosulfate anion has a higher equivalent electromobility than the

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which increases its density. When the density of the slurry is properly calibrated, the hematite will sink and the

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10 short tons) of raw ore annually. The world's largest producer of iron ore is the Brazilian mining corporation

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crystals and form masses of magnetite suitable for economic concentration. A few iron ore deposits, notably in

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quoted Christopher LaFemina, mining analyst at Barclays Capital, saying that iron ore is "more integral to the

3346: 3129: 3977: 2268: 1490: 3029: 2078:), which either escapes into the atmosphere or can be washed out. In warm climates, it is possible to leave 1987: 1933: 469: 3372: 1334:. Other types of ore are coming to the fore recently, such as oxidised ferruginous hardcaps, for instance 743:

Other sources of magnetite iron ore include metamorphic accumulations of massive magnetite ore such as at

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as a source of iron ore. Prior to the industrial revolution, most iron was obtained from widely-available

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is approximately 844,000,000 t (831,000,000 long tons; 930,000,000 short tons) per year and rising.

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This move follows a switch to index-based quarterly pricing by the world's three largest iron ore miners—

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volumes over 1,500,000 t (1,500,000 long tons; 1,700,000 short tons) after eight months of trading.

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Muwanguzi, Abraham J. B.; Karasev, Andrey V.; Byaruhanga, Joseph K.; Jönsson, Pär G. (3 December 2012).

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the very wealthy may have had a high-phosphorus sword for summer and a low-phosphorus sword for winter.

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10 short tons). Another estimate places Australia's reserves of iron ore at 52,000,000,000 t (5.1

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China's Vulnerability Paradox: How the World's Largest Consumer Transformed Global Commodity Markets

2453:"Characterization of Chemical Composition and Microstructure of Natural Iron Ore from Muko Deposits" 1053: 2180: 2168: 1681: 898: 3406: 3083: 2167:

zone inside the pit must be quickly compensated / neutralized by negative charges brought by the

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have started reclamation projects where they use iron ore tailings as a source of metallic iron.

242: 3497: 3293: 2386:"Global Fe–O isotope correlation reveals magmatic origin of Kiruna-type apatite-iron-oxide ores" 2179:. The higher the anion electrokinetic migration rate, the higher the rate of pitting corrosion. 2098:, which are water-soluble and leached out. However, historically (at least), iron sulfide (iron 2038:

some as high as 0.57%, made with coal and coke, was used to make bells and chimes. According to

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minerals and capable of producing a high-grade concentrate with very low levels of impurities.

833: 744: 572:, which is chemically inert. This material is stored in large, regulated water settling ponds. 3455: 2996: 2067: 1633: 1311: 1303: 476: 443: 3829:"Viscosity Measurement of Molten Slag- Properties of Slag at Elevated Temperature (Part 1)" 3744: 3700: 3189: 2848: 2797: 2746: 2711: 2660: 2572: 2505: 2397: 2344: 1949: 1617: 1542: 1531: 810:

For every one ton of iron ore concentrate produced, approximately 2.5–3.0 tons of iron ore

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Rostoker, William; Bronson, Bennet; Dvorak, James (1984). "The Cast-Iron Bells of China".

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and iron atoms bonded together into molecules. To convert it to metallic iron, it must be

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containing more than 15% iron composed predominantly of thinly-bedded iron minerals and

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deposits have been worked in the past as high-grade iron ore deposits requiring little

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is thought to consist mainly of iron, but this is inaccessible from the surface. Some

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Government of Western Australia - Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety

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10 short tons), of which Western Australia accounts for 28,000,000,000 t (2.8

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Lewis S. Dean, Minerals in the economy of Alabama 2007Archived 2015-09-24 at the

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within pisolites). Export-grade DSO ores are generally in the 62–64% Fe range.

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The grain size of the magnetite and its degree of commingling with the silica

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accumulations of magnetite in streams leading from these volcanic formations.

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Frey, Perry A.; Reed, George H. (21 September 2012). "The Ubiquity of Iron".

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of ions inside the pit can be the rate-limiting step in the pit growth rate.

2091: 1768: 1744: 1710: 1693: 1176: 1074: 949: 828: 729: 687: 664: 657: 617: 581: 561: 528: 448: 333: 185: 3202: 3051: 3030:"Iron Ore - Monthly Price - Commodity Prices - Price Charts, Data, and News" 2175:

processes occurring in a capillary pit are the same as those encountered in

3221: 2944:"Global iron ore production data; Clarification of reporting from the USGS" 2637: 2545: 2437: 2321: 1977: 1948:(P) has four major effects on iron: increased hardness and strength, lower 1748: 1569:

10 short tons), or 30% of the world's estimated 170,000,000,000 t (1.7

1374: 1156: 1082: 1031: 725: 690: 672: 516: 496: 392:

to the development of lower-grade iron ore sources, principally the use of

389: 189: 64: 3992: 2905:

The "Limits to Growth" and 'Finite' Mineral Resources, p. 5, Gavin M. Mudd

2469: 2452: 1513:—in early 2010, breaking a 40-year tradition of benchmark annual pricing. 781:. The typical titanomagnetite concentrate grades 57% Fe, 12% Ti, and 0.5% 2369:

Harry Klemic, Harold L. James, and G. Donald Eberlein, (1973) "Iron," in

2152: 2051: 1961: 1795: 1467: 1398: 1339: 1264:

iron ore production is concentrated in the hands of a few major players.

995: 492: 465: 3908: 2860: 2809: 2047: 1983: 1945: 1706: 1625:

to 440,000,000 t (430,000,000 long tons; 490,000,000 short tons).

1594: 1414: 1216: 755: 706: 653: 594: 557: 549: 520: 404: 256: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 221: 93: 3791: 2518: 2305: 539:) are the principal iron mineral. Banded iron formations are known as 2200: 2160: 2125: 2087: 2055: 2023: 2000: 1714: 1677: 1550: 1479: 1410: 1386: 1382: 1370: 1299: 1106: 1066: 1027: 972: 752: 737: 694: 637: 609: 602: 532: 524: 419: 393: 349: 209: 97: 3900: 3660: 1291:

Ltd, has helped bring Australia's production to first in the world.

1131:

375,000,000 t (369,000,000 long tons; 413,000,000 short tons)*

887: 231: 3323: 2192: 2156: 2147:. Under oxidizing conditions and in the presence of moisture, when 2117: 2083: 1973: 1782: 1772: 1719: 1673: 1672:

Russia, and South Africa. Producers of iron ore in Ukraine include

1483: 1436: 1358: 1335: 1229:

132,000,000 t (130,000,000 long tons; 146,000,000 short tons)

1141:

156,000,000 t (154,000,000 long tons; 172,000,000 short tons)

1121:

397,000,000 t (391,000,000 long tons; 438,000,000 short tons)

1111:

817,000,000 t (804,000,000 long tons; 901,000,000 short tons)

1019: 1015: 976: 811: 770: 766: 748: 733: 714: 702: 668: 649: 613: 565: 541: 536: 508: 504: 461: 412: 397: 368: 364: 357: 345: 337: 193: 167: 155: 147: 122: 36: 3276:

Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2021–22

1456: 1151:

101,000,000 t (99,000,000 long tons; 111,000,000 short tons)

761:

Another, minor, source of iron ores are magmatic accumulations in

732:. There are several granite-associated deposits of this nature in 636:, and there is a nascent and large magnetite iron ore industry in 628:. Magnetite-bearing banded iron formation is mined extensively in 2450: 2148: 2095: 1756: 1727: 1586: 1166: 1011: 774: 683: 456: 372: 78: 3650: 3648: 3560: 3558: 3556: 1221:

21,000,000 t (21,000,000 long tons; 23,000,000 short tons)

1211:

25,000,000 t (25,000,000 long tons; 28,000,000 short tons)

1201:

27,000,000 t (27,000,000 long tons; 30,000,000 short tons)

1191:

46,000,000 t (45,000,000 long tons; 51,000,000 short tons)

1181:

46,000,000 t (45,000,000 long tons; 51,000,000 short tons)

1171:

67,000,000 t (66,000,000 long tons; 74,000,000 short tons)

1161:

73,000,000 t (72,000,000 long tons; 80,000,000 short tons)

2114: 2099: 2079: 2019: 1778: 1613: 1406: 1390: 1256: 1255:

Iron-rich rocks are common worldwide, but ore-grade commercial

1206: 1186: 1146: 1116: 1078: 1070: 1058: 980: 824: 820: 816: 648:

Direct-shipping iron ore (DSO) deposits (typically composed of

629: 625: 621: 598: 569: 553: 488: 484: 40: 3733: 3570: 200:—98% of the mined iron ore is used to make steel. In 2011 the 3645: 3553: 2736: 2164: 1602: 1346: 1136: 1126: 1062: 721: 698: 353: 329: 197: 82: 52: 32: 3623: 3621: 1002:

aluminium, titanium, and silica and demand a premium price.

580:

The key parameters for magnetite ore being economic are the

3052:"Global price of Iron Ore | FRED | St. Louis Fed" 1723: 1629: 1196: 633: 340:. Although iron is the fourth-most abundant element in the 85: 2995:

Qazi, Shabir Ahmad; Qazi, Navaid Shabir (1 January 2008).

2838: 2373:, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 820, p.298-299. 1090:

Usable iron ore production in million metric tons for 2015

452:

Banded iron rock, estimated at being 2.1 billion years old

3895:(4). The Society for the History of Technology: 750–767. 3618: 3594: 3319:"Mine production of iron ore in Brazil from 2010 to 2023" 2491: 2382: 1510: 1471: 1394: 1284: 1023: 89: 51:

Stockpiles of iron ore pellets like this one are used in

3606: 3108:"SMX to list world's first index based iron ore futures" 2998:

Natural Resource Conservation and Environment Management

705:

flows containing significant accumulations of magnetite

3928:(2nd ed.). Charles Griffin & Company, Limited. 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 1831:

Carbon monoxide (CO) is the principal reduction agent.

63:

An illustration of iron ore being unloaded at docks in

2701: 2558: 2171:

migration of anions in the capillary pit. Some of the

407:

and geology of the ore deposits. These are magnetite,

3886: 3833:

Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

3666: 3529: 2650: 1585:

10 short tons). The current production rate from the

1521: 1302:, iron ore is won from three main sources: pisolite " 3672: 3541: 2961: 2334: 632:

as of 2019, which exports significant quantities to

344:, composing about 5%, the vast majority is bound in 3727: 3684: 3633: 3178:"Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury" 2653:

Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review

1991:must generally be low in phosphorus to begin with. 1482:) and Japanese importers. In 2006, Chinese company 1267:

World production averages 2,000,000,000 t (2.0

652:) are currently exploited on all continents except 434:1,000 km (620 mi) in diameter or larger. 3582: 3347:"Iron ore production in Brazil and major projects" 2552: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2082:ore out in the rain. The combined action of rain, 1632:of 2% between 2023 and 2027, and industry analyst 1628:The Brazilian production is expected to rise by a 948:Lower-grade sources of iron ore generally require 678: 643: 3880:Pre-Industrial Iron: Its Technology and Ethnology 3777: 2935: 2894:Gaudin, A.M, Principles of Mineral Dressing, 1937 2559:Guijón, R.; Henríquez, F.; Naranjo, J.A. (2011). 709:. Chilean magnetite iron ore deposits within the 383:. Historically, much of the iron ore utilized by 196:, which is one of the main raw materials to make 4002: 3945:History of the Iron Ore Trade on the Great Lakes 3771: 3877: 3810: 3690: 3654: 3576: 3564: 3182:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2787: 2257: 2235:"Iron Ore – Hematite, Magnetite & Taconite" 491:). Banded iron formations occur exclusively in 464:pellets with reddish surface oxidation used in 3169: 2070:and washing. Roasting oxidizes sulfur to form 1445: China import/inbound iron ore spot price 1345:The total recoverable reserves of iron ore in 3857:(Second Edition). Oxford: Elsevier. 313–355. 3496:Canada, Natural Resources (23 January 2018). 2941: 2915: 1057:Evolution of the extracted iron ore grade in 1041: 499:. Banded iron formations may contain iron in 3175: 495:rocks, and are commonly weakly-to-intensely 472:(diameter: 24 mm ) shown for scale 3878:Rostoker, William; Bronson, Bennet (1990). 1310:; and the dominant metasomatically altered 916:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 671:sedimentary accumulations), and aluminium ( 608:As of 2019, magnetite iron ore is mined in 568:. Taconite tailings are mostly the mineral 184:, and can be fed directly into iron-making 3868: 3826: 3627: 3612: 3424:"List of countries by iron ore production" 3130:"ICE Futures Singapore - Futures Exchange" 3082:. New York, NY, United States of America: 2614: 328:Metallic iron is virtually unknown on the 3844: 3211: 3201: 2535: 2517: 2468: 2427: 2409: 1038:fragments will float and can be removed. 936:Learn how and when to remove this message 560:, and the gangue is separated during the 437: 316:Learn how and when to remove this message 208:than any other commodity, except perhaps 3993:World's Largest Iron Ore Producers, 2023 2994: 2909: 2291: 1455: 1435: 1052: 1048:list of countries by iron ore production 455: 447: 332:'s surface except as iron-nickel alloys 58: 46: 31: 3989:'s National Minerals Information Center 3291: 2269:Iron ore pricing emerges from stone age 2206:Environmental impact of iron ore mining 1798:, to be burnt in the smelting process. 1751:, with secondary sources including the 1516: 878:Environmental impact of iron ore mining 14: 4003: 3923: 3817: 3678: 3639: 3600: 3588: 3547: 3535: 3495: 3077: 3073: 3071: 3069: 2135:(MnS) can also be the cause of severe 2039: 1824:Air blast and charcoal (coke): 2 C + O 979:, and hence easily separated from the 3827:Kato, Makoto; Minowa, Susumu (1969). 3822:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 3491: 3489: 3456:"USGS Minerals Information: Iron Ore" 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3401: 3399: 3239:. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 109. 3234: 3228: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 1349:are about 9,602,000,000 t (9.450 556:). The mullock is mined and piled in 3958:Pioneers of the Cleveland Iron Trade 3839:. Tokyo: Nihon Tekko Kyokai: 31–38. 914:adding citations to reliable sources 881: 815:high in other useful metals such as 527:), but in those mined as iron ores, 430:are thought to have originated from 254:adding citations to reliable sources 225: 3983:Iron Ore Statistics and Information 3871:Principles of Extractive Metallurgy 3667:Rostoker, Bronson & Dvorak 1984 3066: 2066:Sulfur can be removed from ores by 1279:, followed by Australian companies 1046:For a more comprehensive list, see 336:and very rare forms of deep mantle 88:can be economically extracted. The 24: 3882:. Archeomaterials Monograph No. 1. 3863:10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01115-3 3846:10.2355/isijinternational1966.9.31 3486: 3441: 3396: 3176:Morgan, J. W.; Anders, E. (1980). 2918:"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017" 2599: 1522:Available world iron ore resources 1429: 952:, using techniques like crushing, 27:Ore rich in iron or the element Fe 25: 4027: 3934: 3483:, Alabama Geological Survey, 2008 3292:Pincock, Stephen (14 July 2010). 2034:great deal more time and effort. 1902: 1549:" of iron currently amount to 24 1287:. A further Australian supplier, 958:gravity or heavy media separation 693:were sometimes used to segregate 575: 3373:"Global Iron Ore Mining Outlook" 2054:. Only with the introduction of 1698:Iron mining in the United States 1687: 886: 805: 656:, with the largest intensity in 230: 3515: 3473: 3416: 3407:"USGS Report on Iron Ore, 2021" 3365: 3339: 3311: 3285: 3268: 3243: 3143: 3122: 3100: 3044: 3022: 2988: 2897: 2888: 2875: 2832: 2781: 2730: 2695: 2644: 2371:United States Mineral Resources 2061: 1870:Stage Three: FeO + CO → Fe + CO 1661: 1553:, or 24,000,000,000 t (2.4 1547:economic demonstrated resources 1545:calculates that the country's " 1462:25 October 2010 - 4 August 2022 1361:and 3,408,000,000 t (3.354 769:-bearing magnetite, often with 679:Magmatic magnetite ore deposits 644:Direct-shipping (hematite) ores 241:needs additional citations for 2618:Journal of Hazardous Materials 2485: 2444: 2376: 2363: 2328: 2285: 2227: 2218: 1888:Lime acting as flux: CaO + SiO 1308:Pannawonica, Western Australia 13: 1: 3995:, analysis from James F. King 3978:Federal Reserve Economic Data 2724:10.1016/S0956-053X(00)00034-9 2630:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.018 2239:Mineral Information Institute 2058:from 1829 was raw coal used. 1940: 1713:. These iron ranges occur in 1491:Singapore Mercantile Exchange 867: 585:hundreds of kilometers along 39:, the main iron ore found in 3811:General and cited references 3757:10.1016/j.corsci.2010.07.021 3713:10.1016/0010-938X(92)90074-D 2790:Metallurgical Transactions B 2357:10.1016/j.chemer.2009.01.002 2211: 1994: 1537: 967: 7: 3974:International Monetary Fund 3873:. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 3869:Rosenqvist, Terkel (1983). 3655:Rostoker & Bronson 1990 3577:Rostoker & Bronson 1990 3565:Rostoker & Bronson 1990 2186: 1762: 1451: Global iron ore price 1005: 827:, and they can be used for 363:Prehistoric societies used 10: 4032: 3950:Cleveland State University 3818:Gordon, Robert B. (1996). 2411:10.1038/s41467-019-09244-4 2224:Ramanaidou and Wells, 2014 1911: 1766: 1741:Iron Ore Company of Canada 1666: 1440:Iron ore prices (monthly) 1237:2,280,000,000 t (2.24 1045: 1042:Production and consumption 871: 765:which contain a typically 564:process and is removed as 441: 375:, for example, during the 219: 215: 3018:– via Google Books. 2759:10.1007/s10913-006-0022-y 2739:Journal of Mining Science 2673:10.1080/08827500600563343 2585:10.1007/s12371-011-0045-x 2177:capillary electrophoresis 2014: 1878:Limestone calcining: CaCO 1733: 1656: 1608: 1314:-related ores such as at 1026:over a slurry containing 3970:Global price of Iron Ore 3855:Treatise on Geochemistry 3078:Massot, Pascale (2024). 2949:. U.S. Geological Survey 2923:. U.S. Geological Survey 2181:Electrokinetic transport 1988:Gilchrist–Thomas process 1682:ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih 1644: 1639: 960:, screening, and silica 751:, formed by shearing of 411:, massive hematite, and 3924:Turner, Thomas (1900). 3820:American Iron 1607–1900 3203:10.1073/pnas.77.12.6973 3084:Oxford University Press 1622:Brumadinho dam disaster 1460:Iron ore prices (daily) 1338:iron ore deposits near 1083:Soviet Union and Russia 1030:or other agent such as 1018:relative to associated 3987:U.S. Geological Survey 3926:The Metallurgy of Iron 3889:Technology and Culture 3613:Kato & Minowa 1969 3235:Brown, Lester (2006). 2885:, 28 (2008), pp. 30-43 2457:ISRN Materials Science 2151:oxidizes, it produces 2139:problems in low-grade 1692:In 2014, mines in the 1463: 1453: 1342:in Western Australia. 1289:Fortescue Metals Group 1086: 545:within North America. 477:Banded iron formations 473: 453: 438:Banded iron formations 67: 56: 44: 3976:, made available via 3955:James Stephen Jeans, 3940:Historical documents 3054:. Fred.stlouisfed.org 2390:Nature Communications 2131:Sulfide inclusion as 1777:Iron ores consist of 1650:Africa, and Ukraine. 1459: 1439: 1312:banded iron formation 1056: 459: 451: 444:Banded iron formation 220:Further information: 62: 50: 35: 2979:Iron ore pricing war 2294:ACS Chemical Biology 2275:, October 26, 2009 1618:Mariana dam disaster 1601:) and Jonathon Law ( 1543:Geoscience Australia 1532:Worldwatch Institute 1517:Abundance by country 1353:10 long tons; 1.0584 1304:channel iron deposit 910:improve this section 415:ironstone deposits. 356:minerals, primarily 250:improve this article 92:are usually rich in 3966:Modern information 3749:2010Corro..52.3702W 3705:1992Corro..33..457S 3603:, pp. 202–204. 3525:. 19 November 2018. 3194:1980PNAS...77.6973M 3157:on 25 February 2021 3110:. 29 September 2010 2942:Tuck, Christopher. 2916:Tuck, Christopher. 2853:1953JOM.....5f.780S 2802:1988MTB....19..731U 2751:2005JMinS..41..583G 2716:2000WaMan..20..725D 2665:2006MPEMR..27..131S 2577:2011Geohe...3..299G 2510:2013NatSR...3E1644J 2470:10.5402/2012/174803 2402:2019NatCo..10.1712T 2349:2009ChEG...69..293G 1365:10 long tons; 3.757 1094: 601:, and less than 3% 377:American Revolution 182:direct shipping ore 18:Direct shipping ore 3294:"Iron Ore Country" 3001:. APH Publishing. 2985:, October 14, 2009 2861:10.1007/BF03397539 2810:10.1007/BF02650192 2498:Scientific Reports 2279:2011-03-22 at the 2197:Iron ore in Africa 1792:carbon-oxygen bond 1785:or sent through a 1464: 1454: 1424:metallurgical coal 1369:10 short tons) of 1357:10 short tons) of 1241:10 long tons; 2.51 1089: 1087: 874:Mineral processing 763:layered intrusions 701:, are formed from 474: 454: 188:. Iron ore is the 68: 57: 45: 3792:10.5006/1.3577348 3743:(11): 3702–3716. 3737:Corrosion Science 3693:Corrosion Science 3460:minerals.usgs.gov 3430:, 31 October 2023 3351:Mining Technology 3093:978-0-19-777140-2 2519:10.1038/srep01644 2306:10.1021/cb300323q 2137:pitting corrosion 2133:manganese sulfide 1999:Small amounts of 1864:+ CO → 3 FeO + CO 1591:Western Australia 1581:10 long tons; 3.1 1573:10 long tons; 1.9 1565:10 long tons; 5.7 1557:10 long tons; 2.6 1332:Western Australia 1271:10 long tons; 2.2 1249: 1248: 1093: 946: 945: 938: 713:have also formed 481:sedimentary rocks 348:or, more rarely, 326: 325: 318: 300: 16:(Redirected from 4023: 4016:Economic geology 3929: 3920: 3883: 3874: 3850: 3848: 3823: 3804: 3803: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3498:"Iron ore facts" 3493: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3452: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3403: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3384:. 26 August 2021 3377: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3215: 3205: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3153:. Archived from 3151:"mbironoreindex" 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3075: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2992: 2986: 2976: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2948: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2922: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2704:Waste Management 2699: 2693: 2692: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2612: 2597: 2596: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2539: 2521: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2472: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2431: 2413: 2380: 2374: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2300:(9): 1477–1481. 2289: 2283: 2266: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2245:on 17 April 2006 2241:. Archived from 2231: 2225: 2222: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2090:the sulfides to 1927: 1926: 1925: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1807: 1787:direct reduction 1620:in 2015 and the 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1450: 1444: 1368: 1364: 1356: 1352: 1320:Chichester Range 1274: 1270: 1244: 1240: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1036:silicate mineral 1010:Due to the high 941: 934: 930: 927: 921: 890: 882: 801: 800: 799: 791: 790: 321: 314: 310: 307: 301: 299: 258: 234: 226: 176: 165: 153: 145: 144: 143: 135: 134: 120: 119: 118: 110: 109: 21: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4001: 4000: 3937: 3932: 3901:10.2307/3104621 3813: 3808: 3807: 3776: 3772: 3732: 3728: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3628:Rosenqvist 1983 3626: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3502:www.nrcan.gc.ca 3494: 3487: 3481:Wayback Machine 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3454: 3453: 3442: 3433: 3431: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3381:Fitch Solutions 3375: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3327:. 19 April 2024 3317: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3233: 3229: 3188:(12): 6973–77. 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3076: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2993: 2989: 2983:Financial Times 2977: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2880: 2876: 2837: 2833: 2786: 2782: 2735: 2731: 2700: 2696: 2649: 2645: 2613: 2600: 2557: 2553: 2490: 2486: 2449: 2445: 2381: 2377: 2368: 2364: 2333: 2329: 2290: 2286: 2281:Wayback Machine 2273:Financial Times 2267: 2258: 2248: 2246: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2189: 2173:electrochemical 2141:stainless steel 2109: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2077: 2064: 2017: 1997: 1943: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1905: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1881: 1873: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1834:Stage One: 3 Fe 1827: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1802:Carbon monoxide 1775: 1767:Main articles: 1765: 1753:Mary River Mine 1736: 1690: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1647: 1642: 1634:Fitch Solutions 1611: 1599:RMIT University 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1540: 1524: 1519: 1461: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1432: 1430:Iron ore market 1366: 1362: 1354: 1350: 1324:Hamersley Range 1281:Rio Tinto Group 1272: 1268: 1245:10 short tons) 1242: 1238: 1226:Other countries 1051: 1044: 1008: 970: 962:froth flotation 942: 931: 925: 922: 907: 891: 880: 870: 857: 853: 847: 843: 808: 798: 795: 794: 793: 789: 786: 785: 784: 782: 720:Some magnetite 681: 646: 624:, and northern 593:less than 0.1% 578: 446: 440: 428:iron meteorites 409:titanomagnetite 381:Napoleonic Wars 334:from meteorites 322: 311: 305: 302: 259: 257: 247: 235: 224: 218: 202:Financial Times 175: 171: 163: 159: 151: 142: 139: 138: 137: 133: 130: 129: 128: 126: 117: 114: 113: 112: 108: 105: 104: 103: 101: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4029: 4019: 4018: 4013: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3990: 3980: 3972:data from the 3964: 3963: 3962: 3953: 3936: 3935:External links 3933: 3931: 3930: 3921: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3851: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3786:(5): 261–265. 3770: 3726: 3699:(3): 457–474. 3683: 3681:, pp. 77. 3671: 3669:, p. 760. 3659: 3644: 3632: 3630:, p. 311. 3617: 3605: 3593: 3581: 3579:, p. 194. 3569: 3552: 3540: 3538:, p. 287. 3528: 3514: 3485: 3472: 3440: 3415: 3395: 3364: 3338: 3310: 3284: 3267: 3242: 3227: 3168: 3142: 3121: 3099: 3092: 3065: 3043: 3021: 3007: 2987: 2960: 2934: 2908: 2896: 2887: 2883:Min. Met. Eng. 2874: 2847:(6): 780–785. 2831: 2796:(5): 731–735. 2780: 2745:(6): 583–587. 2729: 2710:(8): 725–729. 2694: 2659:(2): 131–141. 2643: 2624:(1–3): 71–77. 2598: 2551: 2484: 2443: 2375: 2362: 2343:(4): 293–325. 2327: 2284: 2256: 2226: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2188: 2185: 2169:electrokinetic 2145:AISI 304 steel 2107: 2075: 2072:sulfur dioxide 2063: 2060: 2016: 2013: 1996: 1993: 1942: 1939: 1922: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1903:Trace elements 1901: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1825: 1814: 1764: 1761: 1735: 1732: 1702:open pit mines 1689: 1686: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1610: 1607: 1539: 1536: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1495:Metal Bulletin 1487:the industry. 1447: 1441: 1431: 1428: 1403:Andhra Pradesh 1379:Madhya Pradesh 1247: 1246: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1043: 1040: 1007: 1004: 969: 966: 944: 943: 894: 892: 885: 869: 866: 855: 851: 845: 841: 807: 804: 796: 787: 711:Atacama Desert 680: 677: 645: 642: 577: 576:Magnetite ores 574: 442:Main article: 439: 436: 385:industrialized 324: 323: 238: 236: 229: 217: 214: 206:global economy 186:blast furnaces 173: 166:, 55% Fe), or 161: 140: 131: 115: 106: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4028: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4006: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3815: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3675: 3668: 3663: 3657:, p. 21. 3656: 3651: 3649: 3641: 3636: 3629: 3624: 3622: 3615:, p. 37. 3614: 3609: 3602: 3597: 3590: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3567:, p. 22. 3566: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3550:, p. 57. 3549: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3524: 3518: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3490: 3482: 3476: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3408: 3402: 3400: 3383: 3382: 3374: 3368: 3353:. 5 July 2024 3352: 3348: 3342: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3314: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3277: 3271: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3238: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3131: 3125: 3109: 3103: 3095: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3053: 3047: 3031: 3025: 3010: 3008:9788131304044 3004: 3000: 2999: 2991: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2945: 2938: 2919: 2912: 2906: 2903:Graphic from 2900: 2891: 2884: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2571:(4): 99–315. 2570: 2566: 2562: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2379: 2372: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2092:sulfuric acid 2089: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2046:short metal, 2043: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1938: 1935: 1934:Thomas Turner 1929: 1909: 1898: 1887: 1877: 1869: 1856:Stage Two: Fe 1855: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1770: 1769:blast furnace 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745:Labrador City 1742: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1711:Lake Superior 1708: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694:United States 1688:United States 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1654: 1651: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1458: 1438: 1434: 1427: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1360: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328:Koolyanobbing 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1253: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1177:United States 1175: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075:United States 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1049: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1003: 999: 997: 992: 989: 984: 982: 978: 974: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 950:beneficiation 940: 937: 929: 919: 915: 911: 905: 904: 900: 895:This section 893: 889: 884: 883: 879: 875: 865: 863: 858: 837: 835: 830: 829:road-building 826: 822: 818: 813: 806:Mine tailings 803: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 754: 750: 746: 741: 739: 735: 731: 730:beneficiation 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 691:igneous rocks 689: 688:ultrapotassic 685: 676: 674: 670: 666: 665:beneficiation 661: 659: 658:South America 655: 651: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 618:United States 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 590: 588: 583: 582:crystallinity 573: 571: 567: 563: 562:beneficiation 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 543: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 497:metamorphosed 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 471: 467: 463: 458: 450: 445: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 416: 414: 410: 406: 401: 399: 395: 391: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 342:Earth's crust 339: 335: 331: 320: 317: 309: 298: 295: 291: 288: 284: 281: 277: 274: 270: 267: – 266: 262: 261:Find sources: 255: 251: 245: 244: 239:This section 237: 233: 228: 227: 223: 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 192:used to make 191: 187: 183: 178: 177:, 48.2% Fe). 169: 157: 154:, 62.9% Fe), 149: 146:, 69.9% Fe), 124: 121:, 72.4% Fe), 99: 95: 91: 87: 84: 80: 76: 72: 66: 61: 54: 49: 42: 38: 34: 30: 19: 3956: 3944: 3925: 3892: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3854: 3836: 3832: 3819: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3642:, p. 7. 3635: 3608: 3596: 3584: 3572: 3543: 3531: 3517: 3505:. Retrieved 3501: 3475: 3463:. Retrieved 3459: 3432:, retrieved 3427: 3418: 3386:. Retrieved 3379: 3367: 3355:. Retrieved 3350: 3341: 3329:. Retrieved 3322: 3313: 3301:. Retrieved 3297: 3287: 3270: 3258:. Retrieved 3254: 3245: 3236: 3230: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3159:. Retrieved 3155:the original 3145: 3133:. Retrieved 3124: 3112:. Retrieved 3102: 3079: 3056:. Retrieved 3046: 3034:. Retrieved 3032:. IndexMundi 3024: 3012:. Retrieved 2997: 2990: 2982: 2951:. Retrieved 2937: 2925:. Retrieved 2911: 2899: 2890: 2882: 2877: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2621: 2617: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2393: 2389: 2378: 2370: 2365: 2340: 2337:Geochemistry 2336: 2330: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2272: 2247:. Retrieved 2243:the original 2238: 2229: 2220: 2130: 2122: 2065: 2062:Ore roasting 2044: 2040:Turner (1900 2036: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1982: 1978:Pennsylvania 1970: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1944: 1930: 1915: 1906: 1800: 1776: 1749:Newfoundland 1737: 1691: 1670: 1662:South Africa 1652: 1648: 1627: 1612: 1541: 1528:Lester Brown 1525: 1500: 1489: 1472:BHP Billiton 1465: 1433: 1420: 1375:Chhattisgarh 1344: 1297: 1293: 1266: 1262: 1254: 1250: 1157:South Africa 1032:ferrosilicon 1009: 1000: 993: 985: 971: 947: 932: 926:October 2012 923: 908:Please help 896: 838: 809: 760: 745:Savage River 742: 726:hydrothermal 719: 682: 662: 647: 607: 591: 579: 547: 540: 517:minnesotaite 475: 470:U.S. quarter 424:Earth's core 417: 402: 390:World War II 362: 327: 312: 303: 293: 286: 279: 272: 260: 248:Please help 243:verification 240: 201: 190:raw material 179: 70: 69: 65:Toledo, Ohio 29: 3679:Turner 1900 3640:Gordon 1996 3601:Turner 1900 3589:Turner 1900 3548:Gordon 1996 3536:Turner 1900 3507:16 February 3465:16 February 3434:13 February 3303:28 November 3298:ABC Science 3135:12 November 3114:12 November 3014:12 November 2565:Geoheritage 2504:(1): 1644. 2463:: e174803. 2396:(1): 1712. 2153:thiosulfate 2086:, and heat 2048:ironmasters 1962:Middle Ages 1842:+ CO → 2 Fe 1718:located in 1707:iron ranges 1468:steelmakers 1399:Maharashtra 1340:Lake Argyle 1234:Total world 1101:Production 862:sponge iron 834:Magnetation 756:ultramafics 707:phenocrysts 558:waste dumps 493:Precambrian 479:(BIFs) are 466:steelmaking 160:FeO(OH)·n(H 94:iron oxides 81:from which 55:production. 4005:Categories 3251:"Iron Ore" 3237:Plan B 2.0 3161:20 October 1984:Phosphorus 1946:Phosphorus 1941:Phosphorus 1882:→ CaO + CO 1595:Gavin Mudd 1589:region of 1551:gigatonnes 1415:Tamil Nadu 1217:Kazakhstan 988:groundmass 872:See also: 868:Extraction 654:Antarctica 620:, eastern 595:phosphorus 550:overburden 521:greenalite 501:carbonates 460:Processed 420:supernovae 405:mineralogy 276:newspapers 265:"Iron ore" 222:iron cycle 4011:Iron ores 3985:from the 3917:112143315 3800:0010-9312 3780:Corrosion 3765:0010-938X 3721:0010-938X 3428:Knowledge 2953:21 August 2927:21 August 2869:1543-1851 2826:135733613 2818:1543-1916 2775:129896853 2767:1573-8736 2681:0882-7508 2593:129179725 2528:2045-2322 2420:2041-1723 2314:1554-8929 2212:Citations 2201:Ironstone 2161:oxidation 2126:manganese 2056:hot blast 2024:calcining 2001:aluminium 1995:Aluminium 1743:mine, in 1715:Minnesota 1678:Metinvest 1538:Australia 1507:Rio Tinto 1480:Vale S.A. 1476:Rio Tinto 1411:Rajasthan 1387:Jharkhand 1383:Karnataka 1371:magnetite 1300:Australia 1107:Australia 1067:Australia 1028:magnetite 996:comminute 973:Magnetite 968:Magnetite 897:does not 779:screening 753:ophiolite 738:Indonesia 695:magnetite 638:Australia 610:Minnesota 603:aluminium 533:magnetite 525:grunerite 513:silicates 432:asteroids 413:pisolitic 394:magnetite 350:carbonate 338:xenoliths 306:July 2021 98:magnetite 71:Iron ores 41:Brazilian 3324:Statista 3260:6 August 3222:16592930 3058:5 August 3036:5 August 2689:93632258 2638:19782467 2546:23571605 2479:56961299 2438:30979878 2322:22845493 2277:Archived 2193:Bog iron 2187:See also 2157:chloride 2143:such as 2118:limonite 2096:sulfates 2084:bacteria 2068:roasting 1974:Virginia 1916:Silica ( 1808:and not 1773:bloomery 1763:Smelting 1720:Michigan 1674:Ferrexpo 1484:Baosteel 1359:hematite 1336:laterite 1020:silicate 1016:hematite 1006:Hematite 977:magnetic 812:tailings 775:crushing 771:vanadium 767:titanium 749:Tasmania 734:Malaysia 715:alluvial 703:volcanic 669:pisolite 650:hematite 614:Michigan 566:tailings 542:taconite 537:hematite 509:ankerite 505:siderite 462:taconite 398:taconite 379:and the 369:goethite 365:laterite 358:hematite 346:silicate 194:pig iron 168:siderite 156:limonite 148:goethite 123:hematite 83:metallic 79:minerals 37:Hematite 3909:3104621 3745:Bibcode 3701:Bibcode 3388:12 July 3357:12 July 3331:12 July 3190:Bibcode 2849:Bibcode 2798:Bibcode 2747:Bibcode 2712:Bibcode 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