Diplomatic immunity

1872:. Al Sharaf was a Kuwaiti Financial Attaché assigned to handle the finances of Kuwait Health Office in Washington, D.C. She was charged by the government as she had violated 18 U.S.C § 1956 for conspiring to launder money. Al Sharaf filed a motion to dismiss the case on the basis of lack of subject matter jurisdiction because as per the 22 U.S.C § 254d her actions were immune under the diplomatic immunity that she had. Since it was a criminal case, the prosecution presented evidence beyond a reasonable doubt to prove that Al Sharaf had engaged in commercial activity and her actions were different from her official functions as a representative of Kuwait, thereby, as per the VCDR art. 31(c) her diplomatic immunity was subject to waiver. The court ruled in prosecution's favor and stated that since the defendant had engaged in commercial activity which was different from her official functions, her diplomatic immunity was subject to waiver and hence the defendant's motion to dismiss the case on the basis of lack of subject matter jurisdiction was denied. 1266:, in the United States, which killed a 16-year-old girl. Makharadze's claim of diplomatic immunity created a national outrage in the United States, particularly given Makharadze's previous record of driving offenses: In April 1996, Makharadze had been charged with speeding in Virginia, and four months later, he was detained by District of Columbia police on suspicion of drunk driving. In both prior cases, charges were dismissed based on his immunity. On the basis of the media coverage, Georgia revoked Makharadze's immunity, and he was ultimately sentenced to seven years in prison after pleading guilty to one count of involuntary manslaughter and four counts of aggravated assault. 935:, the Supreme Court of India said it would be unacceptable to argue diplomatic immunity after voluntarily submitting to the court's jurisdiction. The Italian envoy had invoked Article 32 of the Constitution of India when filing an affidavit to the Supreme Court taking responsibility for the return of the two Italian marines to India after casting their votes in the March 2012 general elections in Italy. The Indian Supreme Court opined that the Italian ambassador had waived his diplomatic immunity and could be charged for contempt. The two marines were being tried in India for the murder of two Indian fishermen off the coast of Kerala (see the 254: 946:, The Netherlands, after neighbours called the police. Borodin was alleged to have been drunk and violent towards his children, aged two and four. Police were in the area because Borodin's wife had lost control over her car while also intoxicated, and had rammed four parked cars near the diplomats' house. Russia immediately demanded an apology from the Dutch government for violating Borodin's diplomatic immunity. The row came at a time of tension between Russia and the Netherlands, after the Russian security services captured a 2266: 136: 145: 1303:

Russian Foreign Ministry fired him and charged him with involuntary manslaughter, and Russian and Canadian authorities cooperated in the investigation, the case caused a political storm in Canada. Many accused the Foreign Ministry of incompetence after it emerged that Knyazev had twice been previously investigated for drunk driving. The Canadian Foreign Minister had fought unsuccessfully to have Knyazev tried in Ottawa. In 2002, Knyazev was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter in Russia.

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detectors at entry points to al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem. One carpenter, a teenager of Palestinian origin reportedly tried to stab the Israeli security agent with his screwdriver, and the Israeli security agent shot and killed the Jordanian carpenter, and also shot the property landlord as well, a doctor, who happened to be there at the time. Israel refused to allow Jordanian authorities to question the agent, claiming diplomatic immunity under the Vienna convention.

2238: 2252: 6101: 975:, had invoked diplomatic immunity when faced with charges of burglary and assault with intent to rape after allegedly following a 21-year-old woman to her home. He returned to Malaysia in May 2014 with his family while the case was still in hearing. The New Zealand foreign ministry was criticized for allowing the defendant to leave the country, which was blamed on miscommunication between the foreign ministries of the two countries, as Prime Minister 663: 462: 34: 6113: 542:

Western Europe and were closely tied to the prerogatives of nobility. Thus, an emissary to the Ottoman Empire could expect to be arrested and imprisoned upon the outbreak of hostilities between his state and the empire. The French Revolution also disrupted this system, as the revolutionary state and Napoleon imprisoned numerous diplomats who were accused of working against France. More recently, the

810:; they are expected to obey regulations governing their behaviour and suffer severe disciplinary action if they flout local laws. In many nations, a professional diplomat's career may be compromised if they (or members of their family) disobey the local authorities or cause serious embarrassment, and such cases are, at any rate, a violation of the spirit of the Vienna Conventions. 890:

arrest warrant was issued, Mr. Shimokoji could not be arrested due to his diplomatic immunity. However, his statement to the police was widely reported in both the local and Japanese press. The subsequent public uproar prompted the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs to waive Mr. Shimokoji's immunity. Though he pleaded guilty in Canadian court, he was given an

757:, and others. De facto recognition of some form of immunity may be conveyed by states accepting officials traveling on such documents, or there may exist bilateral agreements to govern such cases (as in, for example, the case of military personnel conducting or observing exercises on the territory of the receiving country). 1134:

among them, were booked for wrongful confinement and gang rape. Saudi Ambassador Saud Mohammed Alsati commented, "This is completely false. We would not like to comment any further since the case is under investigation by the Indian police." Ten days after the diplomat was accused, it was confirmed that he had left India.

1237:, the decision of some diplomatic missions not to furnish payment has proved controversial. In London, embassies have amassed approximately £58 million in unpaid charges as of 2012, with the American embassy comprising approximately £6 million and the Russian, German and Japanese missions around £2 million each. 1589:

In June 2017, in Berlin, Germany a Saudi driver killed a cyclist by opening the door of his Porsche directly into the cyclist's path without checking to see if the road was clear. Anger arose when the Saudi claimed diplomatic immunity. Police said that under normal circumstances the driver would face

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was subsequently issued for his arrest and possible extradition notwithstanding the fact that Romania had not waived his diplomatic immunity and had commenced criminal proceedings against him in Romania. The Singapore government argued that by reason of Article 39(2) of the Vienna Convention, Ionescu

1402:

that killed a 30-year-old man and seriously injured two others. He left Singapore for Romania three days after the accident. The Romanian foreign ministry suspended Ionescu from his post. A coroner's inquiry in Singapore, which included testimony by the Romanian embassy driver, concluded that Ionescu

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to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, but they are minor. A number of countries limit the diplomatic immunity of persons who are citizens of the receiving country. As nations keep faith to their treaties with differing zeal, other rules may also apply, though in most cases this summary is

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et seq.) follows the principles introduced by the Vienna Conventions. The United States tends to be generous when granting diplomatic immunity to visiting diplomats, because a large number of US diplomats work in host countries less protective of individual rights. If the United States were to punish

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was a status of hostilities not between individual states but between their sovereigns, as well as the officers and officials of European governments, and armies often changed employers. Truces and ceasefires were commonplace, as was the fraternization between officers of opposing armies. If officers

330:

threw them down a well for the purpose of suggesting they would find both earth and water at the bottom, these often being mentioned by the messenger as a threat of siege. However, even for Herodotus, this maltreatment of envoys is a crime. He recounts a story of divine vengeance befalling Sparta for

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about nonpayment of parking tickets because of diplomatic status. In 2001, the city had more than 200,000 outstanding parking tickets from diplomats, totaling more than $ 21.3 million, of which only $ 160,682 had been collected; a decade later, the total cost of unpaid parking tickets was over $ 17

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was detained, hand-cuffed, strip searched, DNA swabbed, and held in a federal holding cell in New York, relating to allegations of non-payment of US minimum wage and for fraudulently lying about the wages to be paid on a visa application for her domestic worker. India registered a strong protest and

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In 1987, the Human Resources Administration of New York City placed 9-year-old Terrence Karamba in a foster home after his elementary school teachers noticed suspicious scars and injuries. He and his 7-year-old sister, who was also placed in city custody, told officials the wounds had been inflicted

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As a result of their title, diplomats are exempt from being prosecuted by the state in open court when they are suspected to be guilty of a crime. Not only are these agents free from the criminal jurisdiction of the state, they are also immune from administrative and civil jurisdiction. This applies

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and were only restricted to a city away from the theatre of war. Almost always, they were given leave to carry their personal sidearms. Even during the French Revolutionary Wars, British scientists visited the French Academy. In such an atmosphere, it was easy to accept that some persons were immune

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for items for their personal use. In some countries, this has led to charges that diplomatic agents are profiting personally from resale of "tax free" goods. The receiving state may choose to impose restrictions on what may reasonably constitute personal use (for example, only a certain quantity of

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shot and killed two Pakistani civilians, while a third man was struck and killed by a US consulate car responding to the shooting. According to Davis, they were about to rob him and he acted in self-defense. When detained by police, Davis claimed to be a consultant at the US consulate in Lahore. He

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In 1999, a Bangladeshi woman, Shamela Begum, claimed she had been enslaved by a senior Bahraini envoy to the United Nations and his wife. Begum charged that the couple took her passport, struck her, and paid her just $ 800 for ten months of service—during which she was only twice allowed out of the

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woman. Being an attached agency to the Panamanian embassy in Manila, the AMP office was classified as a diplomatic entity, its officers possessing the same privileges conferred to the embassy's diplomats. Shcks was later released from detention because Shcks "enjoys protection under the 1961 Vienna

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for UN officials) and apply in other countries as well (with the exceptions of immunities for United Nations officials, which can vary widely across countries based on the "Host Country Agreement" signed between the UN and the host country, whereby additional immunities beyond those granted by the

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citizen residing in Islamabad, who suffered multiple fractures and required surgery. The Kohsar police impounded Kibuta's UN vehicle on the scene, and a blood test confirmed that he had an elevated blood alcohol level. Charges for reckless and drunken driving were filed against Kibuta, who enjoyed

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diplomat in India. They were allegedly confined there and abused physically and sexually by the diplomat and his family and friends. The women were rescued in a police raid planned after the police received a letter from the Nepal embassy regarding their plight. Several persons, the Saudi diplomat

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Diplomatic immunity from local employment and labor law has precipitated incidents in which diplomatic staff have been accused of abusing local workers, who are often hired for positions requiring local knowledge (such as an administrative assistant, press/PR officer) or for general labor. In such

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During the evolution of international justice, many wars were considered rebellions or unlawful by one or more combatant sides. In such cases, the servants of the "criminal" sovereign were often considered accomplices and their persons violated. In other circumstances, harbingers of inconsiderable

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In July 2013, Joshua Walde, an American diplomat in Nairobi, Kenya, crashed into a mini-bus, killing one man and seriously injuring eight others, who were left with no financial assistance to pay for hospital bills. United States embassy officials took the diplomat and his family out of Kenya the

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In 2001, a Russian diplomat, Andrei Knyazev, hit and killed a woman while driving drunk in Ottawa. Knyazev refused to take a breathalyzer at the scene of the crash, citing diplomatic immunity. Russia refused Canadian requests to waive his immunity, and Knyazev was expelled from Canada. Though the

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of a city hospital with two black eyes and a bruised neck. She told doctors that her husband had beaten her. When local police questioned her husband, Mr. Shimokoji said, "Yes, I punched her out and she deserved it", and described the incident as "a cultural thing and not a big deal". Although an

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called it a "terrible accident" and mentioned that the woman was "driving on the wrong side of the road, and that can happen". The US government has not waived the diplomatic immunity afforded to Sacoolas and has stated she would not return to the UK, despite calls by the UK government to do so.

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In 2003 in Finland, a Filipina maid escaped from an embassy of an unidentified Asian country, and reported being held in conditions approaching slavery: she was forced to work from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m., 7 days a week, and the ambassador's children were permitted to hit her. On grounds of diplomatic

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The Vienna Convention is explicit that "without prejudice to their privileges and immunities, it is the duty of all persons enjoying such privileges and immunities to respect the laws and regulations of the receiving State." Nevertheless, on some occasions, protected diplomats have violated laws

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In one case, for example, officials from Zaire stopped paying rent to their private landlord and ran up $ 400,000 in debt. When the landlord sued, the US State Department defended the Zaireans on the basis of diplomatic immunity, and a circuit court agreed. When the landlord finally cut off the

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handlers wrongly categorized the call, there was a 43-minute wait for an ambulance, resulting in a two-hour delay arriving at a trauma center, where Harry Dunn later died. Sacoolas was breathalyzed at the accident site. The following day, police interviewed Sacoolas at her home, learning the US

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In July 2017, in Jordan, two Jordanian carpenters were invited to repair furniture at an Israeli diplomatic security agent's residence near the Israeli embassy. It is believed that the Jordanians and Israeli security agent quarreled over the ongoing tensions regarding the installations of metal

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Formally, diplomatic immunity may be limited to officials accredited to a host country, or traveling to or from their host country. In practice, many countries may effectively recognize diplomatic immunity for those traveling on diplomatic passports, with admittance to the country constituting

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Modern diplomatic immunity evolved parallel to the development of modern diplomacy. In the 17th century, European diplomats realized that protection from prosecution was essential to doing their jobs, and a set of rules evolved guaranteeing the rights of diplomats. These were still confined to

1960:

caught up with him. He initially denied taking the devices, but after being confronted with security video, Quintero claimed it was purely accidental, gave the devices back, claimed diplomatic immunity and left New Orleans with the Mexican delegation. He was eventually fired for the incident.

1751:. Creditors cannot sue missions individually to collect money they owe. Landlords and creditors have found that the only thing they can do is contact a city agency to see if they can try to get some money back. They cannot enter the offices or apartments of diplomats to evict them because the 820:). Diplomatic agents are not, however, exempt from the jurisdiction of their home state, and hence prosecution may be undertaken by the sending state. For minor violations of the law, the sending state may impose administrative procedures specific to the foreign service or diplomatic mission. 591:

In modern times, diplomatic immunity continues to provide a means, albeit imperfect, to safeguard diplomatic personnel from any animosity that might arise between nations. As one article put it: "So why do we agree to a system in which we're dependent on a foreign country's whim before we can

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Historically, large debts run up by diplomats has caused many problems. Some financial institutions do not extend credit to diplomats because they have no legal means of ensuring the money be repaid. Local citizens and businesses are often at a disadvantage when filing civil claims against a

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of South Sudan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs claimed diplomatic immunity and was released from jail in New York City after raping a woman twice inside her apartment building. He subsequently returned to South Sudan, where he was suspended from his duties and is to be investigated.

798:(a political organisation opposing the Iranian regime). While Assadi was entitled to diplomatic immunity where applicable, it was deemed that he was not protected when he was arrested as he was on holiday (in Germany) outside the country where he was posted and hence protected. 1497:

following day. The United States government was concerned about the impact the accident could have on bilateral relations with Kenya. Walde gave a statement to police, but was not detained due to his diplomatic immunity. Kenyan police say the case remains under investigation.

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have granted some degree of special status to foreign envoys and messengers. It is designed to facilitate relations between states by allowing their respective representatives to conduct their duties freely and safely, even during periods of political tension and

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to clarify if he had diplomatic immunity. They stated he did not. However, his face was not shown on camera, and no officer witnessed the crime, so the state of California has not yet pressed charges. He has since fled the country. The investigation is ongoing.

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Other categories of government officials that may travel frequently to other countries may not have diplomatic passports or diplomatic immunity, such as members of the military, high-ranking government officials, ministers, and others. For the US military,

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couple's New York apartment. The envoy and his wife claimed diplomatic immunity, and Begum later reached a civil settlement with her employers. By some estimates, "hundreds of women have been exploited by their diplomat employers over the past 20 years."

1920:, in which his diplomatic immunity protected him from arrest. At the same time, he remained involved in plans to restore Huerta to power, and arranged for the arming and financing of a planned invasion of Mexico. Papen's covert operations were known to 1746:

The bulk of diplomatic debt lies in the rental of office space and living quarters. Individual debts can range from a few thousand dollars to $ 1 million in back rent. A group of diplomats and the office space in which they work are referred to as a

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expressed his view that "the man should have faced the charges in New Zealand". Malaysia eventually agreed to send the diplomat back to assist in investigations and he was eventually tried and sentenced to nine months' home detention in New Zealand.

732:, generally limited to their official duties. Diplomatic technical and administrative staff also have more limited immunity under the Vienna Convention; for this reason, some countries may accredit a member of technical or administrative staff as an 554:

For the upper class of the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, diplomatic immunity was an easy concept to understand. The first embassies were not permanent establishments but actual visits by high-ranking representatives, often close relatives of the

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by the prefect of the city, after one of the Franks had murdered a merchant. After Emperor Maurice heard about this, he ordered for several Carthaginians to be arrested and sent to Childebert for judgment on account of what happened to his envoys.

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was killed by Saudi officials inside the Saudi embassy in Turkey. The Turkish police were not allowed to enter the premises days after this death. Furthermore, a Saudi government vehicle with diplomatic license plates was spotted entering a park.

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were well known for insisting on the rights of diplomats, and would often take terrifying vengeance against any state that violated these rights; at times razing entire cities in retaliation for the execution of their ambassadors. The Mongols

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reasserted the rights of diplomats; they have been largely respected since then, as the European model has spread throughout the world. Currently, diplomatic relations, including diplomatic immunity, are governed internationally by the 1961

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acknowledged there was a moral and legal obligation to take at least a partial responsibility in family disputes. Fathers working as diplomats who refused to fulfill their family-related financial duties were increasing in numbers in the

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is universally considered a violation of diplomatic immunity. Although the hostage takers did not officially represent the state, host countries are obligated to protect diplomatic property and personnel. On the other hand, during

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The United Nations system (including its agencies, which comprise the most recognizable international bodies such as the World Bank and many others) has a relatively standardized form of limited immunities for staff traveling on

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asks the home country to waive immunity of the alleged offender so that the complaint can be moved to the courts. If immunity is not waived, prosecution cannot be undertaken. However, the State Department still has the right to

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In November 2006 in New York City, Fred Matwanga, Kenyan diplomat to the UN, was taken into police custody by officers responding to reports that he had assaulted his son; he was released after asserting diplomatic immunity.

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In April 2021, two Pakistani diplomats in South Korea were caught shoplifting in Seoul. The Pakistani diplomats were caught stealing $ 1.70 chocolate and a $ 10 hat. The case was closed owing to their diplomatic immunity.

3768: 628:. In many such cases, the diplomat's visas are revoked, and they and their family may be barred from returning to the United States. Crimes committed by members of a diplomat's family can also result in dismissal. 1176:

Diplomatic missions have their own regulations, but many require their staff to pay any fines due for parking violations. A 2006 economic study found that there was a significant correlation between home-country

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and New York City have taken to impounding such cars rather than fining their owners. Diplomats' status does not guarantee the release of impounded cars. Diplomats' cars may not be searched or entered in the US.

3333: 4123: 1118:, which falls outside the scope of a diplomat's official functions, and therefore diplomatic immunity does not apply. An appeals court ruled that Al-Awadi did not have diplomatic immunity in that situation. 1666:, where she pleaded guilty to causing death by careless driving on 20 October 2022. She was handed an eight-month jail term, suspended for 12 months, and was also disqualified from driving for 12 months. 972: 4494: 1887:

to the German ambassador in the United States. Starting in September 1914, Papen abused his diplomatic immunity as German military attaché, violating US laws to start organising plans for incursions into

814:(including those that would be violations at home as well) of the host country, and that country has been essentially limited to informing the diplomat's nation that the diplomat is no longer welcome ( 559:, or by the sovereign in person. As permanent representations evolved, usually on a treaty basis between two powers, they were frequently staffed by relatives of the sovereign or high-ranking nobles. 3124: 1812:: several men who had left their wives and children were still claiming UN dependency, travel, and education allowances for their families, though they are no longer supporting those families. 1831:

There is an obligation for the receiving state not to "discriminate as between states"; in other words, any such fees should be payable by all accredited diplomats equally. This may allow the

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Diplomats are exempt from most taxes, but not from "charges levied for specific services rendered". In certain cases, whether a payment is or is not considered a tax may be disputed, such as

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Diplomats and officials involved in drug smuggling have benefited from diplomatic immunity. For example, a Venezuelan general wanted in the United States on drugs charges was arrested in

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can be used for work related travels only. Many countries provide non-diplomatic official passports to such personnel, and there may be different classes of such travel documents such as

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prosecute a criminal inside our own borders? The practical answer is: because we depend on other countries to honor our own diplomats' immunity just as scrupulously as we honor theirs."

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Any events that are associated with individual stationary property in the land of the given receiving State – with the exception of whether or not he is directed to do so for a plan.

4988: 2460:"Abuse of Diplomatic Privileges and the Balance between Immunities and the Duty to Respect the Local Laws and Regulations under the Vienna Conventions: The Recent Indian Experience" 1979: 728:; diplomatic immunity is often granted to the highest-ranking officials of these agencies. Consular officials (that do not have concurrent diplomatic accreditation) formally have a 761:

acceptance of the diplomatic status. However, this is not universal, and diplomats have been prosecuted and jailed for crimes committed outside the country they are accredited to.

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situations, the employees are in a legal limbo where the laws of neither the host country nor the diplomat's country are enforceable. Diplomats have ignored local laws concerning

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The following chart outlines the immunities afforded to foreign diplomatic personnel residing in the United States. In general, these rules follow the Vienna Convention (or the

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investigation and possible prosecution on suspicion of negligent manslaughter, but prosecutors said they had no choice but to close the case because he had diplomatic immunity.

4105: 5046: 1007: 3835: 1924:, which shared its information with the US government. As a result, for complicity in the planning of acts of sabotage on 28 December 1915, Captain von Papen was declared 1864: 1460: 3495: 3322: 3018: 2948: 182:

of another country. It allows diplomats safe passage and freedom of travel in a host country and affords almost total protection from local lawsuits and prosecution.

3285: 1650:, U.S. Ambassador to the UK, expressed "profound sadness" at the death of Harry Dunn and the US Embassy also offered their sympathies and condolences. U.S. President 2888: 1869: 4127: 3952: 931:

from leaving India for breaching an undertaking given to the apex court. Despite Italian and European Union protests regarding the restrictions as contrary to the

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Any activity by a diplomat, in the receiving State, that is related to any professional or commercial operations beyond the scope of his directed responsibilities.

236:). However, many countries refuse to waive immunity as a matter of course, and diplomats have no authority to waive their own immunity (except perhaps in cases of 4520: 4498: 2669: 222:

Contrary to popular belief, diplomats are not entirely immune from the jurisdiction of their host country. Like most foreign persons, they may still be declared

3303: 1068:, food, and communication with the outside world, abused them physically and emotionally, and invaded their privacy. Reported incidents include the following: 3621: 2313:

Reasonable constraints, however, may be applied in emergency circumstances involving self-defense, public safety, or the prevention of serious criminal acts.

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utilities, the officials fled without paying their back rent. The landlords reportedly later reached an "amicable agreement" with the Zairean government.

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by their father, Floyd Karamba, an administrative attaché at the Zimbabwean Mission to the UN. No charges were filed, as Karamba had diplomatic immunity.

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that the U.S. State Department revoke the special DPL plates for diplomats who ignore parking summonses; the State Department denied Giuliani's request.

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basis, leading to varying and sometimes conflicting standards of protection. Modern practices of diplomatic immunity have largely conformed to the 1961

3094: 4468: 3720: 1767:). This has led creditors who are owed money by diplomats to become more cautious about their renters and to change their rental or payment policies. 3407: 3162: 928: 897:

In 2002, a Colombian diplomat in the United Kingdom was prosecuted for manslaughter once diplomatic immunity was waived by the Colombian government.

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Sacoolas was scheduled to appear in UK court via video link charged with causing the death of Mr Dunn by dangerous driving. A hearing took place in

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was formally arrested and remanded into custody. Further investigations revealed that he was working with the CIA as a contractor in Pakistan. The

904:

In 2011, Turkish president Erdogan and his team started fighting with UN officials at the United Nations Headquarters. The then secretary general,

2796: 2540: 1437:, to which Pakistan is a signatory. On 16 March 2011, Davis was released after the families of the two killed men were paid $ 2.4 million in 3555: 2695: 1064:, maximum working hours, vacation and holidays, and in some cases have imprisoned employees in their homes, deprived them of their earned wages, 619:

in other countries could receive harsher treatment. If a person with immunity is alleged to have committed a crime or faces a civil lawsuit, the

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caused a vehicle collision with another vehicle, while under the influence of alcohol. Kibuta, who was driving in the opposing lane, injured a

772:

Any events with regards to a diplomat serving as another role from another State, including heir, inheritor of a will, executor, administrator.

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to Russia, was involved in a car accident that left a young man, Alexander Kashin, disabled. Kent was not prosecuted in a US court. Under the

915:, Erick Shcks Bairnals, a technical officer of the Panama Maritime Authority's regional office in Manila, was accused of raping a 19-year-old 228:

and expelled. A foreign official's home country may waive immunity, typically in the event that they are involved in some manner in a serious

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only to be released after the Venezuelan government protested his diplomatic immunity and threatened sanctions if Aruba did not release him.

968: 4335: 3440: 4979: 4922: 3813: 3476: 4617: 4219: 3143: 6144: 1917: 2749: 219:, which formally codified the legal and political status of diplomats, and has been ratified by the vast majority of sovereign states. 4743: 4069: 2388:

If the international organisation is located in the country of the staff member's nationality, exemption only extends to official acts.

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has not become involved with family disputes and has refused to garnish the wages of diplomats who owe money for child support, citing

1608:, the wife of an American government employee working in the United Kingdom, was a suspect in a traffic incident involving 19-year-old 3690: 4849: 4109: 1434: 1399: 932: 585: 216: 4183: 2844: 2745:

List of Party States, Declarations and Reservations to Chapter III of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 18 April 1961

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compound and refused to cooperate with the local police investigation, claiming his diplomatic immunity. He stayed in his post as

1168:, because of the numerous diplomats that used to speed through the highway under diplomatic immunity. Certain cities, for example 240:). Alternatively, the home country may prosecute the individual on its own accord or through the insistence of the host country. 98: 2906:

Zabyelina, Yuliya (2016). "Respectable and Professional? A Review of Financial and Economic Misconduct in Diplomatic Relations".

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As diplomats by definition enter the country under safe conduct, violating them is normally viewed as a great breach of honor.

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Sacoolas told police she had no immediate plans to leave the country. However, on 13 October US authorities notified the UK's

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involving two residents out of which one was killed and the other survived. Murder charges were laid under Section 320 of the

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This table presents general rules. Particularly in the cases indicated, the employees of certain foreign countries may enjoy

3577: 684: 483: 77: 51: 22: 2567:. Book VII, Ch. 133-134. (pp. 558–559 in the cited version.) Transl. Rawlinson, G. Wordsworth. Ware, Herefordshire. 1996. 428:

was typically a year. Envoys with this right of passage were given immunity of person and property. They were exempt from

5407: 4528: 2934: 381: 3959: 5347: 4697: 2962: 1760: 607: 2673: 1363:

Jean Touchette was arrested after it was reported that he spat at a traffic police officer on duty in the middle of a

5357: 5314: 5099: 4766: 3257: 2607: 2572: 1733: 1218: 710: 620: 509: 117: 84: 692: 491: 6057: 5488: 3458: 1828:. It was reported in 2006 that the UAE embassy had agreed to pay their own accumulated charges of nearly £100,000. 1752: 1629: 1640:

of plans to send Sacoolas home, unless serious objections were raised: on 16 October, the UK's Foreign Secretary,

6086: 4472: 4368: 1964:

In 2021, it was reported that the UAE Embassy in Canberra was building non-compliant fences and installing CCTV.

1637: 1573: 995:, invoked diplomatic immunity on 15 August after assault charges were laid against her by a South African model. 551:, diplomatic immunity was upheld and the embassies of the belligerents were evacuated through neutral countries. 4597: 4443: 4416: 4391: 1283: 66: 3625: 1327:. The Romanian government requested the American government to lift his immunity, which it refused to do. In a 1099: 864: 688: 527: 487: 55: 2819: 1896:

against canals, bridges and railroads. In October 1914, Papen became involved with what was later dubbed "the

1476:

On 14 February 2013, a vehicle bearing diplomatic plates registered to the US Embassy got into an accident in

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who exchanged diplomats with the Ethiopians and the Byzantines. This diplomatic exchange continued during the

5380: 5375: 5047:"Harry Dunn: Anne Sacoolas due to appear in UK court by video link charged with causing death of 19-year-old" 4800: 3927: 3036: 2763: 2445: 1659: 725: 445: 265: 4671: 4558: 3998: 3769:"U.S. Appeals Court Affirms Kuwait Immunity, Rejects Ex-Diplomat Immunity, in Abuse of Domestic Worker Case" 3724: 3648:"American Civil Liberties Union: ACLU Charges Kuwait Government and Diplomats With Abusing Domestic Workers" 3102: 2995: 859:

until Libya admitted "general responsibility" in 1999. The incident became a major factor in Prime Minister

5370: 3496:"African Diplomat Charles Dickens Imene Oliha Claims Diplomatic Immunity, Flees Country After Rape Charges" 3203: 1957: 1787:, has become so widespread that it prompted discussion at the 1995 UN Fourth World Conference on Women, in 1425: 198:. Moreover, such protections are generally understood to be reciprocal and therefore mutually beneficial. 4201: 3980: 2350:

Note that consular residences are sometimes located within the official consular premises. In such cases,

1323:

serving his embassy, ran a red traffic signal, collided with a taxi, and killed popular Romanian musician

831:

law violations, money laundering, tax evasion, making terrorist threats, slavery, child solicitation, and

765:

for most scenarios; however, there are some exceptions when the diplomatic immunity is subject to waiver.

5645: 1897: 1613: 523: 4649: 4087: 1290:, diplomatic immunity does not apply to civil actions relating to vehicular accidents, but in 2006, the 6139: 6116: 6074: 1949: 1408:

was no longer protected by diplomatic immunity. Ionescu was eventually sentenced to six years in jail.

1320: 1182: 642: 3902:"Canberra Times letters to the editor: Welcome response to diplomatic privilege being abused on roads" 3647: 3349:"Diplomatic Crisis With Jordan: Embassy Guard Who Killed Assailant Prevented From Returning to Israel" 3376:"Israel and Jordan in diplomatic standoff after Israeli security agent kills two at embassy in Amman" 3296: 3198: 1549: 1040: 844: 424:

was readily granted to any emissary bearing a letter or another sealed document. The duration of the

3876: 3746: 894:. Nonetheless, he was recalled to Japan where he was reassigned to office duty and had his pay cut. 6064: 5709: 5450: 4738: 4392:"I was sent 'flying' : Traffic video shows car swerving and hitting him; teen landed 10m away" 3278: 3154: 2511: 1715: 1711: 852: 673: 472: 253: 5072: 5028: 3521: 2626:

Fadl, El; Abou, Khaled; Hopley, Russell (2009). "Diplomatic Immunity". In John L. Esposito (ed.).

1294:

ruled that, since he was using his vehicle for consular purposes, Kent could not be sued civilly.

5817: 5528: 5512: 5467: 5400: 1344: 871: 677: 476: 404: 186: 91: 44: 5581: 5501: 5353: 4960: 4904: 4626: 2372:

A small number of senior officers are entitled to be treated identically to "diplomatic agents".

1391: 342:. The oath of the envoy, "This stain will be washed away with blood!", was fulfilled during the 5912: 4223: 3262: 1340: 1227: 992: 964: 924: 399:

sent and received envoys and strictly forbade harming them. This practice was continued by the

3672: 1126:

initiated a review of privileges afforded to American consular officials in India as a result.

5549: 2789:"Saudi diplomat's lawyer ordered to pay costs for 'frivolous' application to Court of Appeal" 1707: 1036: 201:

As a longstanding and nearly universal concept, diplomatic immunity has long been considered

4625: 3836:"Saudi diplomat booked for gangrape, police free woman, daughter from his Gurgaon residence" 3794: 1129:

In 2015, two Nepalese women were rescued from the fifth floor of the Gurgaon residence of a

571:

to the laws. After all, they were still bound by strict requirements of honour and customs.

161:(right) from India, both conferring varying levels of diplomatic immunity upon their bearers 5998: 5882: 5872: 5767: 5681: 4495:"Romania Keeps Singapore Updated on Steps Taken in Criminal Case of Fmr Envoy Ionescu – FM" 3698: 1921: 1485: 1178: 1148:

A particular problem is the difficulty in enforcing ordinary laws, such as prohibitions on

1039:

of London for selling tax-free tobacco from the Gambian embassy in the United Kingdom. The

891: 886: 856: 806:

In reality, most diplomats are representatives of nations with a tradition of professional

5586: 4141: 4043:"New York Times urges US Embassy to pay congestion charge | Greater London Authority" 794:

on June 10, 2018, accused of being involved in an attempted bombing at a gathering of the

8: 5933: 5877: 5847: 5822: 5812: 5787: 5757: 5638: 5462: 3928:"Diplomatic and Consular Immunity: Guidance for Law Enforcement and Judicial Authorities" 3328: 3072: 3050: 1609: 1599: 1577: 1430: 957: 543: 307:

pointed out that messengers or diplomats should not be killed, as per ancient practices.

154: 5603: 5598: 5141: 5115: 1884: 1185:) and unpaid parking fines: six countries had in excess of 100 violations per diplomat: 6104: 6031: 5993: 5988: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5943: 5907: 5802: 5777: 5772: 5716: 5633: 5613: 5393: 5354:

Diplomatic and Consular Immunity: Guidance for Law Enforcement and Judicial Authorities

4580:

U.S. Embassy Calls for Release of American Diplomat – U.S. Embassy, Islamabad, Pakistan

3622:"ACLU: Abused Domestic Workers of Diplomats Seek Justice From International Commission" 2446:

Diplomatic and Consular Immunity: Guidance for Law Enforcement and Judicial Authorities

2414: 1796: 1748: 1444: 1234: 1122: 1115: 580: 319: 5608: 4281: 1956:

press meeting room. Quintero made it all the way to the airport before members of the

1851:

per day). When enacted, such restrictions are generally quite generous so as to avoid

1488:

against the driver of the vehicle who is a diplomat according to Pakistani officials.

6036: 6004: 5938: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5842: 5832: 5827: 5792: 5782: 5736: 5721: 5544: 5343: 5282: 5240: 5095: 4261: 3415: 2633: 2603: 2568: 2544: 2481: 2289: 1926: 1825: 1755:

says that "the property in the United States of a foreign state shall be immune from

1553: 1533: 1447:). Judges then acquitted him on all charges and Davis immediately departed Pakistan. 1372: 1255: 1111: 951: 936: 860: 816: 750: 746: 729: 637: 625: 365: 316: 224: 171: 158: 5273:"Mexican Embassy: Official Fired After Getting Caught With White House BlackBerries" 641:

a reasonably accurate approximation. The Convention does not cover the personnel of

6069: 5953: 5887: 5807: 5797: 5752: 5731: 5704: 5696: 5277: 4824:"Owner of Beverly Hills LaFerrari Does Not Have Diplomatic Immunity, Flees Country" 4579: 4363: 3226: 2915: 2721: 2471: 1909: 1832: 1756: 1617: 1376: 1263: 754: 400: 349: 4875:"Anger in Berlin after Saudi driver who killed cyclist claims diplomatic immunity" 4328:"The Canadian High Commission Regrets The Incident Involving One of Its Officials" 4024: 1942: 1764: 885:, Canada, Kazuko Shimokoji, wife of the Japanese Consul-General, showed up at the 611: 6052: 5983: 5857: 5661: 5507: 4923:"Harry Dunn 'left to die in ditch' after 999 handlers 'wrongly categorised' call" 4586: 2869: 2652: 2627: 2534: 2341:

levels of privileges and immunities on the basis of special bilateral agreements.

2284: 2257: 1880: 1557: 1404: 1088: 1044: 999: 779: 531: 377: 291:, where messengers and diplomats were given immunity from capital punishment. In 269: 190: 5010: 2919: 2265: 1624:. Dunn was riding his motorcycle when it was reported that a woman emerged from 5978: 5948: 5837: 5686: 3860: 3840: 3348: 1821: 1809: 1804: 1792: 1628:

driving on the wrong side of the road, resulting in a head-on collision. After

1395: 1214: 1149: 535: 232:

unrelated to their diplomatic role (as opposed to, for example, allegations of

175: 3856:"Gurgaon rape case: Accused of rape, Saudi diplomat gets away to Saudi Arabia" 2722:"diplomatic immunity: West's Encyclopedia of American Law (Full Article) from" 2476: 2459: 534:, a Russian resident in London, was subjected to verbal and physical abuse by 322:

demanded "earth and water" (i.e., symbols of submission) of Greek cities, the

6133: 5862: 5852: 5561: 5556: 5310: 5029:"Harry Dunn crash: Donald Trump notes say US suspect 'will not return to UK'" 4613: 4609: 4598:

http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/02/04/pakistan.us.shooting.index.html

3419: 2485: 1868:

is a criminal case which was filed by the government on March 5, 2015 in the

1800: 1784: 1647: 1625: 1605: 1565: 1368: 1360: 1328: 1223: 1210: 867: 828: 807: 357: 279:

The concept of diplomatic immunity can be found in ancient Indian epics like

202: 135: 5142:"United States v. Al Sharaf, 183 F. Supp. 3d 45 | Casetext Search + Citator" 4980:"US diplomat's wife claims immunity and leaves UK after fatal road accident" 4701: 3180: 1160:, Germany was nicknamed the "Diplomatenrennbahn" (Diplomat's Raceway), when 645:, whose privileges are decided upon on a case-by-case basis, usually in the 4767:"'Hit and run' Lebanese ambassador to Korea, when the police followed him." 2271: 1901: 1651: 1641: 1332: 1165: 1153: 1130: 1103: 1081: 1061: 988: 548: 436: 416: 389: 385: 335: 206: 179: 144: 5385: 4773: 1675:

diplomat, especially in cases of unpaid rent, alimony, and child support.

1043:

told the court that much of this was sold from the embassy without paying

185:

Diplomatic immunity is one of the oldest and most widespread practices in

16:

Form of legal immunity and a policy held between governments and tribunals

6081: 5928: 5762: 2870:"France bomb plot: Iran diplomat Assadollah Assadi sentenced to 20 years" 1953: 1938: 1913: 1852: 1839: 1779:

The issue of abusing diplomatic immunity in family relations, especially

1561: 1514: 1510: 1364: 1275: 1048: 912: 905: 556: 343: 287: 273: 5170:. Vol. 2. New York; London: D. Appleton & Co. pp. 258–261. 4850:"Does driver in Beverly Hills high-speed race have diplomatic immunity?" 3181:"India-Italy marines row: 'No legal immunity' for envoy Daniele Mancini" 2251: 567: 6010: 5483: 5340:

International privileges and immunities: A case for a universal statute

3603: 3304:"Malaysian official on sex charge uses diplomatic immunity to leave NZ" 2243: 1946: 1931: 1905: 1835:

to negotiate as a group with the authorities of the receiving country.

1663: 1529: 1206: 1085: 947: 414:

called for hospitality to be shown towards anyone who has been granted

304: 174:

by which certain foreign government officials are recognized as having

5572: 5297:"A tall fence, cameras, cars everywhere, embassy neighbours speak out" 4935: 733: 526:

first guaranteed diplomatic immunity to foreign ambassadors under the

6026: 5691: 5416: 3477:"UN diplomat dodges NYC rape rap thanks to diplomatic immunity: cops" 3286:"Malaysia to send diplomat back to New Zealand wanted on sex charges" 2889:"Belgian court sentences Iranian diplomat to 20 years over bomb plot" 1848: 1477: 1464: 1456: 1324: 1312: 1169: 943: 916: 882: 824: 361: 312: 237: 233: 2237: 1644:, went to present objections, a day after the family was sent back. 1433:

declared him a diplomat and repeatedly requested immunity under the

662: 461: 33: 5726: 5420: 4286: 4246:"USEU: U.S. Military Law Expert Explains Verdict in Romanian Death" 4126:. New Mexico daily Lobo, From AP. 16 September 2002. Archived from 3795:"India's foreign minister: Drop charges against diplomat - CNN.com" 3747:"American Civil Liberties Union: Swarna v. Al-Awadi – Amicus Brief" 3231: 3166: 2600:

Why we fight: the origins, nature, and management of human conflict

1893: 1481: 1421: 1356: 1336: 1202: 1084:

was criticised for claiming immunity from labor laws relating to a

1065: 976: 596: 429: 396: 369: 281: 2696:"Holy See waives diplomatic immunity for accused nuncio to France" 2602:(2nd ed.). Lanham: University Press of America. p. 239. 2159:

Diplomatic-level staff of missions to international organizations

2099:

No, for official acts. Testimony may not be compelled in any case.

3323:"Malaysian envoy gets nine-months detention for indecent assault" 2748:, United Nations Treaty Collection, 16 April 2011, archived from 2629:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Creeds-Intercession

1843: 1788: 1780: 1621: 1525: 1522: 1506: 1388: 1316: 1157: 942:

In October 2013, Russian diplomat Dmitri Borodin was arrested in

791: 787: 440: 339: 300: 257: 3953:

Cultures of Corruption: Evidence from Diplomatic Parking tickets

588:, which has been ratified by almost every country in the world. 5867: 5493: 3814:"Focus on Saudi Diplomat After Women Allege Gang-Rape, Torture" 3441:"South Africa grants Grace Mugabe diplomatic immunity – report" 1973: 1889: 1417: 1279: 1259: 1186: 1092: 848: 832: 646: 600: 411: 353: 327: 323: 296: 261: 211: 5073:"Harry Dunn: Justice for family three years after crash death" 5011:"Boris Johnson responds to Harry Dunn diplomatic immunity row" 1568:. He owns the cars and a drag racing team, and is a member of 4947: 4441: 4389: 3522:"Two Pakistan Embassy employees caught allegedly shoplifting" 1930:

and recalled to Germany. Upon his return, he was awarded the

1569: 1537: 1518: 1439: 1198: 1190: 1029: 229: 4222:. Vivid – Romania through international eyes. Archived from 4184:"Former Russian diplomat guilty of involuntary manslaughter" 4170:"Former Russian diplomat guilty of involuntary manslaughter" 3958:(Report). USC FBE Applied Economics Workshop. Archived from 3552:"Netherlands Says Venezuelan Detained in Aruba Has Immunity" 1662:

on the 18th January 2022. She appeared by video-link at the

1461:

United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan

1379:

over the incident, and the junior envoy was later recalled.

606:

In the United States, the Diplomatic Relations Act of 1978 (

3691:"Skandaali Suomessa: Suurlähettiläs piti naista orjatöissä" 3144:"Scuffle at the United Nations Ends in an Apology to Turks" 1194: 1161: 786:

diplomat, was arrested while returning to his residence in

783: 4938::-US-diplomat’s-wife-identified-in-Harry-Dunn-fatal-crash. 4608: 4202:"Russia Says Diplomat Will Be Tried in Drunk-Driving Case" 4070:"Georgian Diplomat Pleads Guilty in Death of Teenage Girl" 1459:, Pakistan, Patrick Kibuta, an electrical engineer in the 4359:"Former Romanian diplomat "could be criminally involved"" 4142:"FindLaw's United States Ninth Circuit case and opinions" 4106:"Immunity shelters former US Consul from Russian invalid" 3673:"The Untouchables: Is Diplomatic Immunity Going Too Far?" 3019:"Court Won't Bar Return of Boy in Abuse Case to Zimbabwe" 2818:

Office of Legal Affairs, United Nations (18 April 1961).

2354:

the official office space is protected from police entry.

2205:

Support staff of missions to international organizations

1870:

United States District Court for the District of Columbia

1035:

In December 2014, Gambian diplomats were found guilty by

562: 195: 3347:

Ravid, Barak; Khoury, Jack; Cohen, Gili (24 July 2017).

3227:"Dutch take legal action over Greenpeace ship in Russia" 3163:"Panama diplomat in alleged rape case has full immunity" 2935:"Can't Touch This: How far does diplomatic immunity go?" 1593: 2817: 2448:. U.S. Department of State, Office of Foreign Missions. 1995:

Residence may be entered subject to ordinary procedures

1521:. Right after the accident, he drove directly into the 1245: 5371:

New York City Mayor's Office for International Affairs

4698:"US diplomat faces murder charges for mowing down man" 3667: 3665: 2415:"diplomatic immunity | international law | Britannica" 1916:. In February 1915, Papen also covertly organised the 1240: 631: 5311:"Legal Aspects of Diplomatic Immunity and Privileges" 5201: 5189: 4088:"Ex-Diplomat Gets 7 Years for Death of Teen in Crash" 3408:"Two killed in shooting at Israeli embassy in Jordan" 3258:"Govt wanted sex case diplomat to face charges - Key" 1883:

entered the diplomatic service in December 1913 as a

1543: 855:

during a protest. The incident caused a breakdown in

5381:

Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR), 1963

3624:. Commondreams.org. 15 November 2007. Archived from 3314: 2233: 1799:. However, in September 1995, the incumbent head of 1450: 1292:

United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit

1091:

at the residence of the South African ambassador in

338:

envoy was urinated on as he was leaving the city of

4025:"Diplomats 'owe £58m in London congestion charges'" 3662: 3578:"U.S. Plans Sanctions on Some Venezuelan Officials" 574: 58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4978: 4905:"Crash victim mum appeals for US suspect's return" 4734:"US Diplomat Kills Man in Car Crash, Leaves Kenya" 4650:"UN official booked for accident | Provinces" 4108:. Vladivostok News. 17 August 2006. Archived from 3999:"Diplomats owe $ 17 mln in New York parking fines" 3974: 3972: 3723:. Irishtimes.com. 11 November 2009. Archived from 3459:"Turkish police enter Saudi consulate in Istanbul" 3374: 3321: 956:, that was protesting against oil drilling in the 4618:"Hushed Deal Frees C.I.A. Contractor in Pakistan" 3125:"Queens: Custody Battle Over Diplomat's Children" 1912:to the latter for a planned uprising against the 1500: 1114:is a commercial activity engaged in for personal 6131: 5183:The Intelligence War in Latin America, 1914–1922 4266:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4067: 3405: 3346: 2932: 1471: 615:a visiting diplomat without sufficient grounds, 595:During the 18 April 1961 Vienna Convention, the 5376:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 4961:"Crash death parents 'let down' by governments" 4731: 3978: 3969: 2908:International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 2845:"Diplomatic immunity – significance and limits" 2090:Yes, if for a felony and pursuant to a warrant. 1382: 971:from Malaysia, aged in his 30s and employed at 823:Violation of the law by diplomats has included 4442:Elena Chong & Teh Joo Lin (1 April 2010). 4390:Teh Joo Lin & Elena Chong (5 March 2010). 4248:. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009 4045:. London.gov.uk. 31 March 2006. Archived from 2625: 2621: 2619: 2451: 2217:No, for official acts. Yes, in all other cases 2194:No, for official acts. Yes, in all other cases 2145:No, for official acts. Yes, in all other cases 2122:No, for official acts. Yes, in all other cases 1411: 1350: 851:in 1984, by a person shooting from inside the 838: 5401: 3951:Fisman, Ray; Miguel, Edward (28 April 2006). 3494:Houghtaling, Ellie Quinlan (25 August 2022). 2963:"1984: Libyan embassy shots kill policewoman" 2504:"Is Diplomatic Immunity a 'License to Kill?'" 2497: 2495: 2038:Member of administrative and technical staff 1696:The examples and perspective in this article 1306: 1054: 566:were taken prisoner, they usually gave their 376:The arrest and ill-treatment of the envoy of 311:demands were killed as a declaration of war. 205:; however, it was traditionally granted on a 5089: 3950: 1774: 1552:tried to claim diplomatic immunity when his 1403:was solely responsible for the accident. An 1375:, Robert Orr, was summoned by the Tanzanian 1269: 5415: 5092:West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Vol. 3 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4164: 4162: 3604:"Gambian Diplomats Guilty of Tobacco Fraud" 3493: 3366: 3252: 3250: 3219: 3191: 3141: 2820:"Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations" 2764:"Valid passport - the key to summer travel" 2616: 2457: 1491: 1367:in the Banana district on the outskirts of 1297: 908:, soon ran over and apologised to Erdogan. 874:from American bases in the United Kingdom. 691:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 490:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 446:invaded and destroyed the Khwarezmid Empire 432:, as long as they did not engage in trade. 5408: 5394: 5219: 5090:Lehman, Jeffrey; Phelps, Shirelle (2005). 4794: 4764: 4124:"Russia student in diplomatic controversy" 3406:Beaumont, Peter; agencies (24 July 2017). 2949:"Diplomat Flees U.S. to Avoid Sex Charges" 2532: 2492: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2280:International Organizations Immunities Act 1584: 4551:"No diplomatic immunity for Ionescu: MFA" 2905: 2670:"Raymond Davis and the Vienna Convention" 2597: 2475: 1983:New York Convention may be established). 1945:Rafael Quintero Curiel was seen stealing 1875: 1734:Learn how and when to remove this message 1435:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 933:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 711:Learn how and when to remove this message 586:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 510:Learn how and when to remove this message 448:after their ambassadors were mistreated. 248: 217:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 118:Learn how and when to remove this message 5253: 5165: 4716: 4159: 3247: 2880: 2464:The Chinese Journal of Global Governance 1505:In September 2013, Jad Saeed al-Hassan, 1217:Headquarters, regularly protests to the 973:Malaysia's High Commission in Wellington 252: 5185:. Jefferson: McFarland. pp. 33–34. 4799:. JoongAng Ilbo English. Archived from 3519: 3372: 3142:MacFarquhar, Neil (26 September 2011). 2688: 2646: 2501: 2375: 2357: 2344: 2316: 2302: 1967: 1387:On 15 December 2009, in Singapore, the 1319:, Christopher Van Goethem, an American 599:was granted diplomatic immunity to its 6132: 5234: 5224:. New York: Random House. p. 584. 5207: 5195: 5180: 2886: 1918:Vanceboro international bridge bombing 1564:through a residential neighborhood in 796:National Council of Resistance of Iran 5593:Conseiller chargé des investissements 5389: 5220:Pomar, Norman; Allen, Thomas (1997). 5094:(2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. 4821: 4356: 4094:. Associated Press. 20 December 1997. 3336:from the original on 12 January 2022. 3160: 3016: 2220:No, for official acts. Otherwise, yes 2197:No, for official acts. Otherwise, yes 2148:No, for official acts. Otherwise, yes 2125:No, for official acts. Otherwise, yes 2102:No, for official acts. Otherwise, yes 1594:American driver in the United Kingdom 1143: 1138: 950:vessel sailing under the Dutch flag, 6112: 5239:. New York: MJF Books. p. 164. 5237:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 4991:from the original on 12 January 2022 4885:from the original on 12 January 2022 4847: 4521:"Ex-envoy not protected by immunity" 3874: 3532:from the original on 22 October 2021 3387:from the original on 12 January 2022 3037:"Wife-beating diplomat ordered home" 2987: 2941: 2502:Longley, Robert (2 September 2019). 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2409: 2407: 2405: 1682: 1443:(a form of monetary compensation or 1246:Georgian driver in the United States 1077:immunity, no charges could be filed. 689:adding citations to reliable sources 656: 488:adding citations to reliable sources 455: 451: 56:adding citations to reliable sources 27: 23:Diplomatic immunity (disambiguation) 4936:https://www.heavy.com.Anne-Sacoolas 4672:"Leading News Resource of Pakistan" 4068:MICHAEL JANOFSKY (9 October 1997). 3554:. WSJ. 27 July 2014. Archived from 3073:"Murder family win Blair's support" 1858: 1241:Vehicular assault and drunk driving 998:In 2018, Saudi American journalist 652: 632:Exceptions to the Vienna Convention 382:Kulasekhara dynasty (Second Cheras) 13: 6145:Diplomatic immunity and protection 5332: 5168:The United States in the World War 5116:"Embassy to pay congestion charge" 4797:"Lebanese Envoy Dies in Car Crash" 4417:"Romanian Embassy responds to MFA" 4334:. 13 December 2011. Archived from 4310:"Tanzania irked by spitting envoy" 4282:"Canada recalls spitting diplomat" 3981:"NYC's Diplomatic Take on Tickets" 3199:"Borodin was gevaar voor kinderen" 3101:. 14 November 2006. Archived from 3095:"'Abusive' Kenyan diplomat probed" 3051:"Colombia waives immunity on pair" 2887:Boffey, Daniel (4 February 2021). 2672:. Jinnah Institute. Archived from 1669: 1544:Qatari driver in the United States 1400:drunk-driving hit-and-run accident 1121:In 2013, Indian consular official 801: 14: 6156: 5364: 5358:United States Department of State 5315:United States Department of State 4848:Dahl, Julia (17 September 2015). 4822:Lloyd, Alex (17 September 2015). 4732:Jason Straziuso (2 August 2013). 4357:Leong, Wee Keat (10 March 2010). 3017:Uhlig, Mark A. (1 January 1988). 2432: 2402: 2182:International organization staff 2024:Yes (although not obliged to pay) 1815: 1451:United Nations driver in Pakistan 1219:United States Department of State 315:records that when heralds of the 6111: 6100: 6099: 5303: 5289: 5265: 5228: 5213: 5174: 5159: 5134: 5108: 5083: 5065: 5039: 5021: 5003: 4971: 4953: 4941: 4929: 4915: 4897: 4867: 4841: 4815: 4788: 4765:joins News (26 September 2013). 3811: 2991:Statement on US bombing of Libya 2264: 2250: 2236: 1753:Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1687: 661: 575:Modern era and Vienna convention 460: 143: 134: 32: 6087:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy 4758: 4690: 4664: 4642: 4602: 4591: 4573: 4557:. 16 April 2010. Archived from 4543: 4527:. 15 April 2010. Archived from 4513: 4487: 4461: 4435: 4409: 4383: 4350: 4320: 4302: 4274: 4238: 4212: 4194: 4176: 4134: 4116: 4098: 4080: 4061: 4035: 4017: 3991: 3979:JOHN J. GOLDMAN (3 July 2001). 3944: 3920: 3894: 3868: 3848: 3828: 3805: 3787: 3761: 3739: 3713: 3683: 3640: 3614: 3596: 3570: 3544: 3513: 3487: 3469: 3451: 3433: 3399: 3340: 3173: 3135: 3117: 3087: 3065: 3043: 3029: 3010: 2981: 2955: 2933:Christopher Beam (April 2010). 2926: 2899: 2862: 2842: 2836: 2811: 2781: 2756: 2736: 2714: 2662: 1638:Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1574:Beverly Hills Police Department 1532:until his death due to another 43:needs additional citations for 4220:"People in the News, May 2005" 3520:Hyo-jin, Lee (25 April 2021). 3161:Singh, Amoulin (11 May 2012). 2591: 2578: 2557: 2526: 1900:", by covertly arranging with 1501:Lebanese driver in South Korea 1100:American Civil Liberties Union 927:restricted Italian ambassador 865:President of the United States 326:threw them into a pit and the 172:principle of international law 1: 3373:Sanchez, Raf (24 July 2017). 2849:German Federal Foreign Office 2533:Aravamudan, Krishnan (2014). 2395: 1660:Westminster Magistrates Court 1633:claimed diplomatic immunity. 1548:On 12 September 2015, Sheikh 1282:, Douglas Kent, the American 1222:million. In 1997, then-mayor 730:more limited form of immunity 649:founding such organizations. 6082:Twin towns and sister cities 3749:. Aclu.org. 16 February 2010 3721:"Use of diplomatic immunity" 2001:May be subpoenaed as witness 1998:May be issued traffic ticket 1958:United States Secret Service 1424:, American embassy employee 1383:Romanian driver in Singapore 1258:diplomat, caused a five-car 1023: 1006:In August 2022, UN diplomat 969:Mohammed Rizalman Bin Ismail 845:Yvonne Fletcher was murdered 420:(or right of safe passage). 7: 5360:Office of Foreign Missions. 3650:. Aclu.org. 17 January 2007 2920:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2015.07.001 2632:. Oxford University Press. 2539:. PartridgeIndia. pp. 2458:Subramanian, S. R. (2017). 2229: 2156:International organization 2110:Honorary consular officers 1992:May be arrested or detained 1710:, discuss the issue on the 1472:American driver in Pakistan 1412:American driver in Pakistan 1351:Canadian driver in Tanzania 1008:Charles Dickens Imene Oliha 883:Vancouver, British Columbia 872:US bombing of Libya in 1986 839:Offences against the person 643:international organizations 303:, Ravana's younger brother 189:; most civilizations since 10: 6161: 6075:Plenipotentiary Conference 5166:McMaster, John B. (1918). 4948:https://www.heavy.com.Anne 4795:joins News (30 May 2014). 4497:. Mediafax. Archived from 4172:. CBC News. 19 March 2002. 2588:. Pantianos Classics, 1916 1971: 1865:United States v. Al Sharaf 1838:Diplomats are exempt from 1597: 1307:American driver in Romania 1183:Transparency International 1055:Employer abuse and slavery 243: 20: 6095: 6045: 6019: 5921: 5745: 5674: 5654: 5626: 5570: 5537: 5521: 5476: 5443: 5434: 5427: 4652:. Dawn.Com. 13 April 2011 4332:canadainternational.gc.ca 3039:. CBC News. 4 March 1999. 2598:Churchman, David (2013). 2477:10.1163/23525207-12340027 2155: 2087:Career consular officers 2083: 2011: 1988: 1775:Alimony and child support 1759:, arrest and execution" ( 1550:Khalid bin Hamad Al Thani 1398:, was allegedly behind a 1270:American driver in Russia 1041:Crown Prosecution Service 739: 636:Some countries have made 579:In the 19th century, the 528:Diplomatic Privileges Act 6065:Parliamentary delegation 5944:Diplomatic accreditation 5710:African Diplomatic Corps 5451:Permanent representative 5235:Shirer, William (1990). 3875:Neil (1 December 2021). 2295: 1678: 1492:American driver in Kenya 1298:Russian driver in Canada 1233:In cities that impose a 1014: 5513:Deputy chief of mission 5468:Resident representative 5342:, Springer, July 1971, 4585:1 February 2011 at the 3582:The Wall Street Journal 2586:A History of the Franks 2007:Official family member 1898:Hindu–German Conspiracy 1585:Saudi driver in Germany 1355:On 9 December 2009, in 1345:making false statements 1311:On 3 December 2004, in 1274:On 27 October 1998, in 843:On-duty police officer 384:, which is now part of 299:ordered the killing of 187:international relations 5959:Diplomatic credentials 5260:Current Biography 1941 5181:Bisher, Jamie (2016). 4444:"Coroner blames envoy" 4031:. London. 5 July 2012. 3263:The New Zealand Herald 2536:Pure Gems of Ramayanam 1876:Espionage and sabotage 1572:'s ruling family. The 1560:were caught on camera 1341:obstruction of justice 1331:, he was acquitted of 1228:Clinton administration 993:First Lady of Zimbabwe 965:New Zealand government 925:Supreme Court of India 356:envoys sent from King 295:, when the demon king 276: 249:Prior to modern period 5550:Resident commissioner 5522:Bilateral-subnational 3187:. BBC. 18 March 2013. 1937:On 24 April 2008, in 1468:diplomatic immunity. 1455:On 10 April 2011, in 1339:but was convicted of 1037:Southwark Crown Court 911:In April 2012 in the 863:'s decision to allow 530:in 1709, after Count 256: 67:"Diplomatic immunity" 5682:Apostolic nunciature 5582:Agricultural attaché 3965:on 17 February 2016. 3881:BusinessWorld Online 3864:. 17 September 2015. 3844:. 11 September 2015. 3628:on 10 September 2011 2988:Thatcher, Margaret, 2700:Catholic News Agency 1968:In the United States 1922:British intelligence 1791:. Historically, the 1716:create a new article 1708:improve this article 1698:may not represent a 1513:, was involved in a 1486:Pakistani Penal Code 887:emergency department 881:In February 1999 in 857:diplomatic relations 685:improve this section 484:improve this section 395:The Islamic prophet 52:improve this article 21:For other uses, see 5974:Diplomatic immunity 5934:Consular assistance 5463:Ambassador-at-large 5338:David B. Michaels, 5299:. 22 February 2018. 4704:on 18 February 2013 4555:Singapore Law Watch 4316:. 15 December 2009. 4208:. 17 February 2001. 4005:. 24 September 2011 3801:. 20 December 2013. 3332:. 4 February 2016. 3131:. 14 November 2006. 3053:. 27 September 2002 2793:channelnewsasia.com 2752:on 27 December 2010 2133:Consular employees 1980:New York Convention 1902:Indian nationalists 1604:On 27 August 2019, 1600:Death of Harry Dunn 1578:US State Department 1431:US State Department 1426:Raymond Allen Davis 1416:In January 2011 in 1405:Interpol Red Notice 1164:was the capital of 1152:. For example, the 958:Prirazlomnoye field 923:In March 2013, the 601:foreign ambassadors 544:Iran hostage crisis 405:Arab–Byzantine wars 388:, led to the naval 266:mediating for peace 168:Diplomatic immunity 155:diplomatic passport 6032:Letter of credence 5994:Diplomatic uniform 5989:Diplomatic service 5969:Diplomatic illness 5964:Diplomatic history 5717:Diplomatic mission 5634:Diplomatic courier 5614:Trade commissioner 5477:Bilateral-national 5079:. 8 December 2022. 5053:. 14 December 2021 5035:. 10 October 2019. 4987:. 5 October 2019. 4925:. 6 November 2019. 4622:The New York Times 4561:on 20 January 2019 4423:. 23 February 2010 4290:. 14 December 2009 3908:. 21 November 2016 3906:The Canberra Times 3727:on 20 October 2012 3610:. 8 December 2014. 3465:. 15 October 2018. 3148:The New York Times 3129:The New York Times 3023:The New York Times 2876:. 4 February 2021. 2843:Amt, Auswärtiges. 2584:Gregory of Tours. 2514:on 14 October 2019 2419:www.britannica.com 1892:for a campaign of 1797:sovereign immunity 1749:diplomatic mission 1213:, which hosts the 1144:Parking violations 1139:Vehicular offences 1123:Devyani Khobragade 1108:Swarna v. Al-Awadi 963:In June 2014, the 892:absolute discharge 751:official passports 747:official passports 626:expel the diplomat 617:US representatives 581:Congress of Vienna 524:British Parliament 277: 6140:Rules of the road 6127: 6126: 6037:Letter of protest 6005:Persona non grata 5939:Consular immunity 5737:Exclusive mandate 5670: 5669: 5622: 5621: 5587:Chargé de mission 5538:Bilateral-insular 5502:Chargé d'affaires 5489:High commissioner 5246:978-1-56731-163-1 5017:. 7 October 2019. 4967:. 9 October 2019. 4911:. 5 October 2019. 4630:on 1 January 2022 4616:(16 March 2011). 4469:"Ionescu, Silviu" 4448:The Straits Times 4421:The Straits Times 4396:The Straits Times 4206:Los Angeles Times 4092:Los Angeles Times 3985:Los Angeles Times 3483:. 22 August 2022. 3447:. 19 August 2017. 2657:The Mongol Empire 2639:978-0-19-530513-5 2550:978-1-4828-3720-9 2290:Consular immunity 2227: 2226: 2015:Diplomatic agent 2004:May be prosecuted 1927:persona non grata 1826:congestion charge 1744: 1743: 1736: 1718:, as appropriate. 1554:Ferrari LaFerrari 1534:traffic collision 1392:chargé d'affaires 1373:High Commissioner 1288:Vienna Convention 1254:, a high-ranking 1252:Giorgi Makharadze 1250:In January 1997, 1235:congestion charge 1209:. In particular, 1112:human trafficking 937:Enrica Lexie case 861:Margaret Thatcher 817:persona non grata 755:service passports 726:UN laissez-passer 721: 720: 713: 520: 519: 512: 452:16th–19th century 225:persona non grata 159:official passport 128: 127: 120: 102: 6152: 6115: 6114: 6103: 6102: 5954:Diplomatic cable 5732:Protecting power 5705:Diplomatic corps 5646:Foreign minister 5639:King's Messenger 5604:Military attaché 5599:Cultural attaché 5441: 5440: 5432: 5431: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5387: 5386: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5281:. 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Archived from 4364:Channel NewsAsia 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4265: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4190:. 19 March 2002. 4180: 4174: 4173: 4166: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3976: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3957: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3932: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3771:. Archived from 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3701:on 27 March 2018 3697:. Archived from 3687: 3681: 3680: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3378: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3325: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3254: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3235:. 4 October 2013 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3207:. 8 October 2013 3195: 3189: 3188: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3014: 3008: 3006: 3005: 3003: 2994:, archived from 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2824: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2799:on 19 March 2018 2795:. 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Archived from 2499: 2490: 2489: 2479: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2411: 2389: 2386: 2373: 2370: 2355: 2348: 2342: 2335: 2314: 2311: 2274: 2269: 2268: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2177:Same as sponsor 2056:Same as sponsor 2033:Same as sponsor 1986: 1985: 1910:arms trafficking 1885:military attaché 1859:Money laundering 1833:diplomatic corps 1739: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1618:Northamptonshire 1377:Foreign Ministry 1264:Washington, D.C. 1226:proposed to the 1181:(as measured by 987:In August 2017, 790:on a highway in 716: 709: 705: 702: 696: 665: 657: 653:UN organisations 621:State Department 536:British bailiffs 515: 508: 504: 501: 495: 464: 456: 401:Rashidun caliphs 350:Gregory of Tours 147: 138: 123: 116: 112: 109: 103: 101: 60: 36: 28: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6091: 6053:Development aid 6041: 6015: 5984:Diplomatic rank 5917: 5741: 5722:High commission 5666: 5662:Diplomatic rank 5650: 5618: 5609:Science attaché 5566: 5533: 5517: 5508:Head of mission 5472: 5436: 5423: 5414: 5367: 5335: 5333:Further reading 5330: 5329: 5319: 5317: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5285:on 13 May 2013. 5271: 5270: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5233: 5229: 5218: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5179: 5175: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5088: 5084: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5054: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4803:on 6 March 2019 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4776:on 6 March 2019 4763: 4759: 4749: 4747: 4730: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4678:. 13 April 2011 4670: 4669: 4665: 4655: 4653: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4592: 4587:Wayback Machine 4578: 4574: 4564: 4562: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4338:on 4 March 2016 4326: 4325: 4321: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4259: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4226:on 5 March 2016 4218: 4217: 4213: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4130:on 8 June 2008. 4122: 4121: 4117: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3977: 3970: 3962: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3873: 3869: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3810: 3806: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3775:on 20 July 2014 3767: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3677:Reader's Digest 3671: 3670: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3558:on 10 July 2015 3550: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3500:The Daily Beast 3492: 3488: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3345: 3341: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3290:The Independent 3284: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3256: 3255: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3185:BBC News: India 3179: 3178: 3174: 3159: 3155: 3140: 3136: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3105:on 5 March 2012 3093: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3015: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2986: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2969:. 17 April 1984 2961: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2931: 2927: 2904: 2900: 2885: 2881: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2676:on 26 July 2011 2668: 2667: 2663: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2624: 2617: 2610: 2596: 2592: 2583: 2579: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2500: 2493: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2413: 2412: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2376: 2371: 2358: 2349: 2345: 2336: 2317: 2312: 2303: 2298: 2285:Right of asylum 2270: 2263: 2258:Politics portal 2256: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2232: 1976: 1970: 1881:Franz von Papen 1878: 1861: 1818: 1777: 1740: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1705: 1692: 1688: 1681: 1672: 1670:Financial abuse 1602: 1596: 1587: 1558:Porsche 911 GT3 1546: 1503: 1494: 1474: 1453: 1414: 1385: 1353: 1309: 1300: 1272: 1248: 1243: 1146: 1141: 1089:domestic worker 1057: 1045:value-added tax 1026: 1017: 1000:Jamal Khashoggi 967:confirmed that 929:Daniele Mancini 841: 804: 802:Uses and abuses 780:Asadollah Asadi 742: 717: 706: 700: 697: 682: 666: 655: 634: 577: 532:Andrey Matveyev 516: 505: 499: 496: 481: 465: 454: 380:by the king of 378:Raja Raja Chola 368:were killed in 270:Kurukshetra War 260:, an avatar of 251: 246: 165: 164: 163: 162: 150: 149: 148: 140: 139: 124: 113: 107: 104: 61: 59: 49: 37: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6158: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6109: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6067: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5979:Diplomatic law 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5949:Diplomatic bag 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5702: 5694: 5689: 5687:Consular corps 5684: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5655:Classification 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5571:By portfolio ( 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5456:United Nations 5447: 5445: 5438: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5413: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5366: 5365:External links 5363: 5362: 5361: 5350: 5348:978-9024751266 5334: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5302: 5288: 5264: 5262:, pp. 651–653. 5252: 5245: 5227: 5212: 5200: 5188: 5173: 5158: 5133: 5122:. 6 April 2006 5107: 5100: 5082: 5064: 5038: 5020: 5002: 4970: 4952: 4940: 4928: 4914: 4896: 4866: 4840: 4814: 4787: 4757: 4715: 4689: 4663: 4641: 4601: 4590: 4572: 4542: 4512: 4486: 4460: 4434: 4408: 4382: 4349: 4319: 4301: 4273: 4237: 4211: 4193: 4175: 4158: 4133: 4115: 4112:on 5 May 2008. 4097: 4079: 4074:New York Times 4060: 4034: 4016: 3990: 3968: 3943: 3919: 3893: 3867: 3861:Indian Express 3847: 3841:Indian Express 3827: 3804: 3786: 3760: 3738: 3712: 3682: 3661: 3639: 3613: 3595: 3584:. 30 July 2014 3569: 3543: 3512: 3486: 3468: 3450: 3432: 3398: 3365: 3339: 3313: 3310:. 1 July 2014. 3295: 3292:. 3 July 2014. 3277: 3266:. 30 June 2014 3246: 3218: 3190: 3172: 3153: 3134: 3116: 3086: 3075:. 17 July 2002 3064: 3042: 3028: 3009: 2998:on 13 May 2012 2980: 2954: 2940: 2925: 2898: 2879: 2861: 2835: 2810: 2780: 2755: 2735: 2713: 2687: 2661: 2645: 2638: 2615: 2608: 2590: 2577: 2556: 2549: 2525: 2491: 2470:(2): 182–233. 2450: 2431: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2374: 2356: 2343: 2315: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2261: 2247: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 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Answers.com 2723: 2717: 2702:. 8 July 2019 2701: 2697: 2691: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2641: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2622: 2620: 2611: 2609:9780761861386 2605: 2601: 2594: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2573:1-85326-466-0 2570: 2566: 2560: 2552: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2529: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2498: 2496: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2401: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2353: 2347: 2340: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2301: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2248: 2245: 2239: 2234: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1952:units from a 1951: 1948: 1944: 1943:press attaché 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1801:Legal Affairs 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785:child support 1782: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1738: 1735: 1727: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1701: 1694: 1685: 1684: 1676: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1648:Woody Johnson 1645: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1626:RAF Croughton 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1606:Anne Sacoolas 1601: 1591: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566:Beverly Hills 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1498: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369:Dar es Salaam 1366: 1362: 1358: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329:court-martial 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1304: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1238: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1224:Rudy Giuliani 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211:New York City 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1132: 1131:Saudi Arabian 1128: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1098:In 2010, the 1097: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1062:minimum wages 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1021: 1012: 1009: 1004: 1001: 996: 994: 991:, the former 990: 985: 981: 978: 974: 970: 966: 961: 959: 955: 954: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 920:Convention." 918: 914: 909: 907: 902: 898: 895: 893: 888: 884: 879: 875: 873: 869: 868:Ronald Reagan 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 836: 834: 830: 829:child custody 827:, smuggling, 826: 821: 819: 818: 811: 809: 808:civil service 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 774: 771: 768: 767: 766: 762: 758: 756: 752: 748: 737: 735: 731: 727: 715: 712: 704: 694: 690: 686: 680: 679: 675: 670:This section 668: 664: 659: 658: 650: 648: 644: 639: 629: 627: 622: 618: 613: 609: 604: 602: 598: 593: 589: 587: 582: 572: 569: 564: 560: 558: 552: 550: 545: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 514: 511: 503: 493: 489: 485: 479: 478: 474: 469:This section 467: 463: 458: 457: 449: 447: 442: 438: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418: 413: 408: 406: 402: 398: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 374: 371: 367: 363: 359: 358:Childebert II 355: 351: 347: 345: 341: 337: 332: 329: 325: 321: 318: 314: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 289: 284: 283: 275: 271: 268:to avert the 267: 263: 259: 255: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 226: 220: 218: 214: 213: 208: 204: 203:customary law 199: 197: 192: 188: 183: 181: 177: 173: 169: 160: 156: 153:Example of a 146: 137: 122: 119: 111: 100: 97: 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 72: 69: – 68: 64: 63:Find sources: 57: 53: 47: 46: 41:This article 39: 35: 30: 29: 24: 19: 6117: 6105: 6046:Other topics 6003: 5973: 5913:Wolf warrior 5697: 5591: 5500: 5444:Multilateral 5339: 5318:. 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