1705:
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lies at the heart of
Dignaga's system of logic. For it should be clear that very few of our judgments in ordinary life pass the standards set by the three characteristics of legitimate' evidence. Taken in its strictest interpretation, none of the judgments of any but a fully omniscient being passes. And, since there is no evidence that there exist any fully omniscient beings, the best available working hypothesis is that no one's thinking is immune from errors that require revision in the face of newly discovered realities.
1794:(arranging, structuring). This cognitive process is already different from sensation, which is a simple cognition based only on the immediately present. Thus pratyakṣa is only awareness of particular sense data such as a patch of green color and the sensation of hardness, never awareness of a macroscopic object such an apple which is always a higher level synthesis. For Dignāga, sensation is also inerrant, it cannot "stray" because it is the most basic and simple phenomenon of experience or as he puts it:
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1939:). For example, the word "cow" simply means that the object is not a non-cow. As such, a word cannot denote anything real, whether it be an individual (vyakti), a universal (jati), or any other thing. The apprehension of an object by means of the exclusion of other objects is nothing but an inference.
1859:
The inferential sign must be a property of the subject of the inference. That is, there exists in the subject of inference a property, which is different from the inferable property and which is furthermore evident to the person drawing the inference; this second property may serve as an inferential
1895:
Dignāga considered the interpretation of conventional and symbolic signs such as the words and sentences of human language to be no more than special or conventional instances of the general principles of inference or anumana. He takes up several issues relating to language and its relationship to
2391:
Dignāga also influenced non-Buddhist
Sanskrit thinkers. According to Lawrence J. McCrea, and Parimal G. Patil, Dignāga set in motion an "epistemic turn" in Indian philosophy. After Dignāga, most Indian philosophers were now expected to defend their views by using a fully developed epistemological
1882:
to counter dogmatism and prejudice. As a weapon in the battle against prejudice that rages in every mind that seeks wisdom--in minds of the vast majority of people who do not seek wisdom, prejudice simply takes full control without a contest-there is nothing as powerful as the kind of reason that
1748:
Sensation and reasoning are the only two means of acquiring knowledge, because two attributes are knowable; there is no knowable object other than the peculiar and the general attribute. I shall show that sensation has the peculiar attribute as its subject matter, while reasoning has the general
2338:
Dignāga founded a tradition of
Buddhist epistemology and reasoning, and this school is sometimes called the "School of Dignāga" or "The school of Dinnāga and Dharmakīrti" (due to the strong influence of Dharmakīrti as well). In Tibetan it is often called "those who follow reasoning" (Tibetan:
2035:
This work exists in two
Tibetan translations. The Sanskrit text was initially thought to be lost by modern scholars, but then a manuscript of the commentary by Jinendrabuddhi was discovered. Modern scholars are currently working to extract and reconstruct the Sanskrit text of the
1952:
and the
Tibetan and Chinese translations which do survive show signs of having been done by translators who were not completely certain of the meaning of the work. This difficulty has also led scholars to read Dignaga through the lens of later authors such as
2347:'pramāṇavāda', often translated as "the Epistemological School." Many of the figures in these were commentators on the works of Dinnāga and Dharmakīrti, but some of them also wrote original works and developed the tradition in new directions.
1785:
According to Dignāga our mind always takes raw sense data or particulars and interprets them or groups them together in more complex ways, compares them to past experiences, gives them names to classify them based on general attributes
1622:, his philosophical school brought about an Indian "epistemological turn" and became the "standard formulation of Buddhist logic and epistemology in India and Tibet." Dignāga's thought influenced later Buddhist philosophers like
1817:(inference or reasoning) for Dignāga is a type of cognition which is only aware of general attributes, and is constructed out of simpler sensations. Inference can also be communicated through linguistic conventions.
2933:
Diṅnāga's Ālambanaparīkṣā and Vṛtti. Restored with the commentary of
Dharmapāla into Sanskrit from the Tibetan and Chinese versions and edited with English translations and notes with extracts from Vinītadeva's
1878:. Dignāga's epistemology, argues Hayes, is a way to express and practice the traditional Buddhist injunction to not become attached to views and opinions. According to Hayes, for Dignāga, the role of logic is:
1993:), examined perception, language and inferential reasoning. It presents perception as a bare cognition, devoid of conceptualization and sees language as useful fictions created through a process of exclusion (
1753:
Perception is a non-conceptual knowing of particulars which is bound by causality, while inference is reasonable, linguistic and conceptual. This conservative epistemic theory was in contrast to the
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Sensation is devoid of structure. That cognition in which there is no structure is sensation. What kind of thing is this so-called structure? Attaching a name, a universal and so forth.
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1961:
opponents. Because of this tendency in scholarship, ideas which are actually innovations of
Dharmakirti and later authors have often been associated with Dignaga by scholars such as
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Pratyakṣa is a kind of awareness that acquires information about particulars, and is immediately present to one of the senses. This is the topic of the first chapter of the
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Dignāga, On
Perception: Being the Pratyakṣapariccheda of Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya from the Sanskrit Fragments and the Tibetan Versions, Translated and Annotated,
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2377:(725–788). These thinkers attempted to adopt the logical and epistemological insights of Dinnāga and Dharmakīrti to defend the tenets of the Madhyamaka school.
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Lawrence J. McCrea, and
Parimal G. Patil. Buddhist Philosophy of Language in India: Jnanasrimitra on Exclusion. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. p 5.
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Zheng Wei-hong; Dignāga and
Dharmakīrti: Two Summits of Indian Buddhist Logic. Research Institute of Chinese Classics; Fudan University; Shanghai, China
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As noted by Hayes, the difficulty in studying the highly terse works of Dignāga is considerable, because none of them have survived in the original
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The inferential sign must be known to occur in at least one locus, other than the subject of inference, in which the inferable property occurs.
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A Hindu critique of Buddhist epistemology: Kumārila on perception: the "Determinatin of perception" chapter of Kumārila Bhaṭṭa's Ślokavārttika
1668:"some familiarity with Dinnaga's arguments and conclusions is indispensable for anyone who wishes to understand the historical development of
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1798:"it is impossible too for the object of awareness itself to be errant, for errancy is only the content of misinterpretation by the mind."
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Dignāga, On Perception, being the Pratyakṣapariccheda of Dignāga's Pramāṇasamuccaya from the Sanskrit fragments and the Tibetan Versions
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which was rejected by most Buddhist philosophers. Influenced by the work of these thinkers as well as by Buddhist philosophers of the
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1828:) which led one to an inference about states of affairs; such as how smoke can lead one to infer that there is a fire. This topic of
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The Buddhist Philosophy of Universal Flux, an Exposition of the Philosophy of Critical Realism as expounded by the School of Dignāga
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Tillemans, Tom, "Dharmakīrti", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <
2786:, “Lives,” ed. Jonathan Silk (in chief), Richard Bowring, Vincent Eltschinger and Michael Radich. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 179-185
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is mostly phenomenalist and is not dependent on the existence of an external world. It is also inexpressible and private.
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Richard Hayes interprets these criteria as overly strict and this is because he sees Dignāga's system as one of rational
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1911:) had discussed issues of epistemology and language respectively, but their theories generally accepted the concept of
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Eli Franco (2006). A New Era in the Study of Buddhist Philosophy, 34(3), 221–227. doi:10.1007/s10781-005-5019-3
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According to Richard Hayes, in Dignāga's system, to obtain knowledge that a property (the "inferable property",
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2096:), considered his first work on formal logic. It may be regarded as a bridge between the older doctrine of
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Vidhabhusana, Satis Chandra (1907). History of the Mediaeval School of Indian Logic. Calcutta University.
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For Dignāga, perception is pre-verbal, pre-conceptual and unstructured sense data. In chapter two of the
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2729:. RoutledgeCurzon Hindu studies series. London ; New York: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 15–17.
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1646:) as valid instruments of knowledge and introduced the widely influential theory of "exclusion" (
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The Nyāyamukha of Dignāga, the oldest Buddhist Text on Logic after Chinese and Tibetan Materials
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http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195393521/obo-9780195393521-0085.xml
1923:), Dignāga developed his own Buddhist theory of language and meaning based on the concept of "
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Cluster of Excellence "Asia and Europe in a Global Context" of the University of Heidelberg,
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Buddhist epistemology holds that perception and inference are the means to correct knowledge.
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Mayilai. Seeni. Venkadasamy, Bouthamum Tamilum, pp.102, Paavai Publications, 2007,Chennai
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which holds that there are only two 'instruments of knowledge' or 'valid cognitions' (
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pp. 6-11 HOS, Harvard Oriental Series 47. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
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school as his spiritual preceptor, before being expelled and becoming a student of
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Contemplating Reality: A Practitioner's Guide to the View in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism
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and very little is known of his early years, except that he took Nagadatta of the
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1583:) was an Indian Buddhist philosopher and logician. He is credited as one of the
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Arnold, Dan. The Philosophical Works and Influence of Dignāga and Dharmakīrti,
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2216:(Summary of the Perfection of Wisdom, Derge 3809) - a summary of the Mahayana
2080:, the objects of perception, are not real and that consciousness alone is real.
1908:
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2889:, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 29 (2), 211–254
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2921:(Vienna, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1991), pp. 129–146
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Recognizing Reality: Dharmakirti’s Philosophy and its Tibetan Interpretations
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2002:
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were also widely influential among later Indian philosophers. According to
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Derge no. 1150), it has also been ascribed to a different author: Mātṛceṭa
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a word indicates an object merely through the exclusion of other objects (
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school who rejected Hindu theories of universals in favor of nominalism (
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A central issue which concerned Dignāga was the interpretation of signs (
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On Dignāga's theory of the object of cognition as presented in PS (V) 1
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There are also several works said to be by Dignaga that are now lost:
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Buddhist logico-epistemology § The Dignāga-Dharmakīrti tradition
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2896:(Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Süd- und Ostasiens 2:83–164, 1959)
2265:, Derge no. 4074) - a work on yoga from the perspective of mind-only
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He also wrote other works of a more religious or scriptural nature:
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2271:(Derge no. 3844 and 3848) it has been wrongly ascribed to Āryadeva;
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The work of this tradition also went on to influence the Buddhist
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A History of Indian Logic – Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools
2945:(Materialien zur Kunde des Buddhismus, 15 Heft, Heidelberg, 1930)
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His other surviving works on reasoning and epistemology include:
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and their Indian and Tibetan interpreters as well as their Hindu
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http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/dharmakiirti/
2134:*Sāmānyalakṣaṇaparīkṣā (Examination of General Characteristics),
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while the topic of the third chapter is about demonstration (
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1599:. Dignāga's work laid the groundwork for the development of
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Dignāga's tradition of logic and epistemology continued in
1965:
and S. Mookerjee, even though these thinkers often differ.
1927:" (exclusion). Hattori Masaaki explains the doctrine thus:
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2050:, responds to Dignāga's criticism of Mimamsa Sutra 1.1.4.
43:
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The work has six chapters. Chapter one is on perception (
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2116:*Hetvābhāsamukha (Introduction to Fallacious Reasoning)
620:
2294:
Vādavidhānaṭīkā - Commentary on Vasubandhu's Vādavidhi
2343:); in modern literature it is sometimes known by the
1870:
other loci in which the inferable property is absent.
1757:
school who accepted other means of knowledge such as
2724:
2598:
2596:
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which is a concept related to the Western notion of
1907:
school and also Hindu Sanskrit grammarians (such as
1866:The inferential sign must not be known to occur in
2903:(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968)
2610:
2608:
1855:). For this to occur, the following must be true:
1851:) it must be derived through an inferential sign (
2919:Studies in the Buddhist Epistemological Tradition
2593:
2545:
6153:
2963:Dignaga's Logic of Invention, by Volker Peckhaus
2072:Derge Kanjur no. 4205) and its auto commentary (
1860:sign in case it has two further characteristics.
2605:
2014:), chapter four discusses reason and examples (
2703:A comparative study between Buddhism and Nyaya
1712:Dignāga mature philosophy is expounded in his
5661:
2988:
2840:Garfield, Jay L; Edelglass, William (editors)
2816:The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy,
2040:from the commentary in which it is embedded.
1652:) to explain linguistic meaning. His work on
1546:
3770:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
2910:(Dordrecht: Reidel Publishing Company, 1982)
2053:
2532:
2318:Sāmānyaparīkṣā (Examination of Generality),
1903:During Dignāga's time, the orthodox Indian
1847:) is inherent in a "subject of inference" (
5668:
5654:
2995:
2981:
2327:
2191:(Derge no. 4095) – a condensed summary of
2010:), chapter three on inference for others (
1553:
1539:
42:
2894:Dignāga, sein Werk und seine Entwicklung.
2842:. The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy
2784:Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism, vol. II
2354:school, through the work of figures like
1887:
1603:in India and created the first system of
6232:Buddhist monks from Kanchipuram district
2725:Taber, John A.; Kumārila Bhaṭṭa (2005).
2474:ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUDDHISM. Volume One A-L
2472:Dunne, John. "Dignaga" in Buswell (ed.)
2392:theory (which they also had to defend).
2233:, Derge no. 1156) - a commentary on the
2231:Yon-tam mthaḥ-yas-par bstod-paḥi ḥgrelpa
2169:Samantabhadracaryāpraṇidhānārthasaṃgraha
2006:), chapter on inference for one’s self (
1703:
4957:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
2509:. Shambhala Publications. p. 212.
2070:Examination of the Object of Cognition,
1722:. In chapter one, Dignāga explains his
14:
6154:
5160:List of Buddhist architecture in China
2908:Dignāga on the Interpretation of Signs
2208:Ḥphags-pa ḥjam-paḥi-dbyans-kyibstod-pa
1896:inference in the fifth chapter of his
1790:) and so forth. This process he terms
5649:
2976:
2855:http://east.uni-hd.de/buddh/ind/7/16/
2810:
2808:
2794:
2792:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2748:
2746:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2542:, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2313:Hetumukha (Introduction to Reasoning)
2502:
1968:
2299:Nyāyaparīkṣā (Examination of Logic)
1744:). In chapter one, Dignāga writes:
24:
4947:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2879:
2805:
2789:
2771:
2743:
2689:
2285:*Vaiśeṣikaparīkṣā (Examination of
2102:and Dignāga's own later theory of
1989:no. 4203) and its auto-commentary
1738:) and "inference" or "reasoning" (
589:Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction
25:
6248:
6222:5th-century Indian mathematicians
6217:6th-century Indian mathematicians
2956:
2936:(Madras: The Adyar Library. 1942)
2223:survives in Tibetan and Sanskrit.
2076:). This work seeks to prove that
5628:
5618:
5617:
5175:Thai temple art and architecture
4920:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
3160:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
3026:
3013:
3003:
2915:Dignāga and Dharmakīrti on apoha
2818:p. 217. Oxford University Press.
2782:Eltschinger, "Dignaga" in 2019,
2304:*Sāṅkhyaparīkṣā (Examination of
2249:: Spel-mar bstod-pa shes-bya-ba,
2175:no. 4012) - a commentary on the
1749:attribute as its subject matter.
1732:); "perception" or "sensation" (
1522:
6212:5th-century Indian philosophers
6167:6th-century Indian philosophers
3027:
2866:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2718:
2709:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2626:
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2584:
2575:
2566:
2557:
1626:and also Hindu thinkers of the
6030:Lamp of Complete Understanding
6015:Vimśatikāvijñaptimātratāsiddhi
5165:Japanese Buddhist architecture
4967:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
4047:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
3238:Places where the Buddha stayed
2523:
2496:
2487:
2478:
2466:
2438:
2429:
2156:(only available in Chinese as
2144:Examination of tri-temporality
1684:also known as Simhavakta near
13:
1:
5675:
5180:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
2422:
2359:
2136:i.e. Guanzongxiang lun (觀總相論)
1699:
1675:
1573:
298:Unity of knowledge and action
4937:Buddhism and the Roman world
4913:Decline of Buddhism in India
4908:History of Buddhism in India
3008: Topics in
2177:Samantabhadracaryāpraṇidhāna
2154:*Prajñaptihetusaṃgrahaśāstra
1764:
1634:accepted only "perception" (
7:
6202:Indian scholars of Buddhism
4135:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
3875:
2395:
2320:either lost or the same as
2219:Aṣṭasāhasrikaprajñāpāramitā
2024:and chapter six deals with
1983:Compendium of Epistemology,
315:Theory of Evil Human Nature
303:Theory of Good Human Nature
10:
6253:
6227:6th-century Indian writers
5085:The unanswerable questions
2917:in E. Steinkellner (ed.),
2331:
2189:Abhidharmakośamarmapradīpa
2150:*Upādāyaprajñaptiprakaraṇa
1809:
1761:(comparison and analogy).
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3733:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
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3636:Three planes of existence
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3243:Buddha in world religions
3105:
3050:
3022:
2641:Hayes (1982), p 146, 167.
2632:Hayes (1982), p 146, 153.
2341:rigs pa rjes su ‘brang ba
2054:List of other known works
528:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
201:
168:
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135:
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4952:Persecution of Buddhists
4173:Four stages of awakening
3554:Three marks of existence
3140:Physical characteristics
2814:Westerhoff, Jan (2018).
2798:Hattori, Masaaki. 1968.
2448:, Suny, 1997, pp. 15-16.
1943:
48:A statue in Dignaga in
6172:Buddhism amongst Tamils
6010:Triṃśikāvijñaptimātratā
4315:Ten principal disciples
3198:(aunt, adoptive mother)
2623:Hayes (1982), p 132-33.
2444:Dreyfus, Georges B. J.
2328:Tradition and influence
2214:Prajñāpāramitāpiṇḍārtha
5025:Buddhism and democracy
4538:Tibetan Buddhist canon
4533:Chinese Buddhist canon
3765:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
3760:Early Buddhist schools
2931:Sastri, N. Aiyaswami,
2659:Hayes (1982), p 27-28.
2538:Tom Tillemans (2011),
2322:*Sāmānyalakṣaṇaparīkṣā
2227:Guṇaparyantastotraṭīkā
2018:), chapter five deals
1991:(Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti
1941:
1885:
1800:
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6192:Indian Buddhist monks
6035:Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi
6020:Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi
5979:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
5035:Eight Consciousnesses
3145:Life of Buddha in art
2686:Hayes, (1982), p. 15.
2263:Rnal-ḥbyor-la ḥjug-pa
2128:Introduction to Logic
1929:
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1529:Philosophy portal
1242:Japanese Confucianism
511:East Asian Mādhyamaka
460:Military and Strategy
6000:Yogācārabhūmi Śāstra
5741:Pariniṣpannasvabhāva
5512:East Asian religions
4942:Buddhism in the West
4513:Early Buddhist texts
4128:Four Right Exertions
3594:Ten spiritual realms
3087:Noble Eightfold Path
2892:Frauwallner, Erich,
2758:east.ikga.oeaw.ac.at
2677:Hayes, (1982), p. 6.
2650:Hayes (1982), p 167.
2602:Hayes (1982), p 143.
2590:Hayes (1982), p 139.
2581:Hayes (1982), p 138.
2572:Hayes (1982), p 135.
2563:Hayes (1982), p 134.
2554:Hayes (1982), p 132.
2529:Hayes (1982), p 133.
2484:Hayes (1982), p. ix.
2259:Introduction to Yoga
2204:Āryamañjughoṣastotra
2195:'s seminal work the
2074:Ālambanaparīkṣāvṛtti
1963:Fyodor Shcherbatskoy
1680:Dignāga was born in
5731:Parikalpitasvabhāva
5635:Religion portal
5382:Temple of the Tooth
5261:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
4300:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
3793:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
3576:Two truths doctrine
3396:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3196:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2948:Vidyabhusana, S.C.
2885:Chu, Junjie (2006).
2860:8 July 2017 at the
2668:Hayes (1982), p 26.
2503:Karr, Andy (2007).
1824:) or the evidence (
1802:Also, for Dignaga,
1640:) and "inference" (
1391:Korean Confucianism
867:Nāstika (heterodox)
103:Buddhist philosophy
5736:Paratantrasvabhāva
5557:Western philosophy
5155:Dzong architecture
4977:Vipassana movement
4972:Buddhist modernism
4400:Emperor Wen of Sui
4168:Pratyekabuddhayāna
4101:Threefold Training
3903:Vipassana movement
3619:Hungry Ghost realm
3439:Avidyā (Ignorance)
3386:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
3135:Great Renunciation
3130:Eight Great Events
3012:
2614:Hayes (1982), p 1.
2269:Hastavālaprakaraṇa
2235:Guṇaparyantastotra
1771:Pramāṇa-samuccaya.
1710:
1630:school. Dignāga's
1620:Georges B. Dreyfus
843:Gangesha Upadhyaya
579:Four Tenets system
220:Eastern philosophy
120:Eastern philosophy
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5281:Om mani padme hum
4987:Women in Buddhism
4903:Buddhist councils
4773:Western countries
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4322:Shaolin Monastery
3899:Samatha-vipassanā
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3313:Metteyya/Maitreya
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3060:Four Noble Truths
2941:Tucci, Giuseppe,
2899:Hattori Masaaki,
2736:978-0-415-33602-4
2417:Critical Buddhism
2210:, Derge no. 2712)
1970:Pramāṇa-samuccaya
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5974:Avataṃsaka Sūtra
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4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4682:
4677:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4567:Abhidharmadīpa
4564:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4485:B. R. Ambedkar
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4405:Songtsen Gampo
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4084:Eight precepts
4081:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3872:
3862:
3857:
3855:Five Strengths
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3650:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3494:Mental factors
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3346:Mahamoggallāna
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3261:Avalokiteśvara
3257:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2957:External links
2955:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2929:
2924:Mookerjee, S.
2922:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2865:
2846:
2833:
2820:
2804:
2788:
2770:
2742:
2735:
2717:
2708:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2544:
2531:
2522:
2515:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2465:
2450:
2437:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2412:Buddhist logic
2409:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2332:Main article:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2315:
2310:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2252:
2241:Miśraka-stotra
2238:
2224:
2211:
2201:
2198:Abhidharmakośa
2186:
2179:, part of the
2162:
2161:
2147:
2137:
2131:
2118:
2113:
2081:
2055:
2052:
2012:parārthānumāna
1972:
1967:
1945:
1942:
1892:
1886:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1838:parārthānumāna
1811:
1808:
1788:samanyalaksana
1766:
1763:
1701:
1698:
1677:
1674:
1670:Indian thought
1660:reasoning and
1605:Buddhist logic
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1495:
1494:
1481:Modern Thought
1478:
1477:
1463:
1462:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1438:Jeong Yak-yong
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1408:Seo Gyeongdeok
1405:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1314:Kitaro Nishida
1291:Modern Thought
1288:
1287:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1250:Fujiwara Seika
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1074:
1073:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
972:
971:
966:
961:
953:
948:
939:General topics
936:
935:
923:
922:
917:
905:
904:
899:
894:
893:
892:
882:
877:
863:
862:
846:
845:
829:
828:
813:
812:
796:
795:
779:
778:
777:
776:
771:
761:
760:
759:
749:
748:
747:
737:
736:
735:
730:
725:
704:
703:
687:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
639:
638:
633:
632:
629:
628:
624:
623:
618:
609:General topics
606:
605:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
575:
574:
564:
563:
562:
552:
551:
550:
531:
530:
525:
520:
519:
518:
508:
507:
506:
504:Guifeng Zongmi
501:
491:
490:
489:
470:
469:
457:
456:
442:
441:
436:
422:
421:
416:
411:
399:
398:
393:
388:
370:
369:
364:
350:
349:
344:
339:
325:
324:
312:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
263:
262:
257:
233:
232:
227:
226:
223:
222:
216:
215:
203:
202:
199:
198:
196:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
172:
169:
166:
165:
163:
162:
157:
151:
149:
147:Main interests
146:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
129:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
111:
110:
108:Buddhist logic
100:
96:
95:
92:
91:
82:
74:
70:
69:
63:
59:
55:
54:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6249:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6150:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6110:
6109:Kiyomizu-dera
6107:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6071:Satyākāravāda
6069:
6067:
6066:Alīkākāravāda
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5748:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5684:Key doctrines
5682:
5678:
5671:
5666:
5664:
5659:
5657:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5624:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5397:Miscellaneous
5394:
5388:
5387:Vegetarianism
5385:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5209:Buddha in art
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4863:United States
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4420:Padmasambhava
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4332:Major figures
4329:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4278:Western tulku
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:Five precepts
4077:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:Dhamma vicaya
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Buddhābhiṣeka
3823:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:Enlightenment
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3459:Dhamma theory
3457:
3455:
3454:Buddha-nature
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:Samantabhadra
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2843:
2837:
2830:
2824:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2549:
2541:
2535:
2526:
2518:
2516:9781590304297
2512:
2508:
2507:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2441:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2388:(1182–1251).
2387:
2386:Sakya Pandita
2383:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2280:Dvādaśaśatikā
2278:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2049:
2048:Shlokavartika
2045:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:svārthānumāna
2005:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:svārthānumāna
1827:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:Seeyamangalam
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:According to
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581: 540 CE
1571:
1567:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1443:Kim Jeong-hui
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1255:Hayashi Razan
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1214:Rinzai school
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
942:
940:
934:
931:
930:
929:
927:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
911:
909:
903:
900:
898:
895:
891:
890:Abhinavagupta
888:
887:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
871:
869:
868:
861:
858:
857:
856:
854:
853:
852:
844:
841:
840:
839:
837:
836:
835:
827:
824:
823:
822:
821:
820:
819:
811:
808:
807:
806:
804:
803:
802:
794:
791:
790:
789:
787:
786:
785:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
762:
758:
755:
754:
753:
750:
746:
743:
742:
741:
738:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
719:
716:
715:
714:
712:
711:
710:
702:
699:
698:
697:
695:
694:
693:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
653:
652:
651:
644:
643:
636:
631:
630:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
612:
610:
604:
601:
600:
599:
598:
597:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
561:
558:
557:
556:
553:
549:
548:Sakya Pandita
546:
545:
544:
541:
540:
539:
537:
536:
529:
526:
524:
521:
517:
514:
513:
512:
509:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
495:
494:Huayan school
492:
488:
485:
484:
483:
480:
479:
478:
476:
475:
468:
465:
464:
463:
461:
455:
452:
451:
450:
448:
447:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
430:
428:
427:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
405:
403:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
380:
376:
375:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
356:
355:
348:
345:
343:
342:Wang Yangming
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
331:
330:
321:
316:
313:
309:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
269:
267:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
251:
249:
245:
244:
238:
237:
230:
225:
224:
221:
218:
217:
213:
209:
208:
200:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
173:
170:Notable ideas
167:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
150:
144:
141:
138:
134:
130:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
75:
71:
67:
60:
56:
51:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
6148:
5847:Śāntarakṣita
5826:
5802:Śuddhacandra
5706:ālayavijñāna
5701:Mānasvijñāna
5575:Bodhisattvas
5495:Christianity
5490:Baháʼí Faith
5355:Dharmachakra
5345:Prayer wheel
5335:Prayer beads
5103:Architecture
4982:969 Movement
4766:Saudi Arabia
4744:Central Asia
4737:South Africa
4559:
4542:
4475:Panchen Lama
4384:
4380:Buddhapālita
3976:Satipatthana
3971:Mindful Yoga
3884:Recollection
3798:Brahmavihara
3669:Japanese Zen
3664:Chinese Chan
3624:Animal realm
3431:Key concepts
3253:Bodhisattvas
3065:Three Jewels
2949:
2942:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2868:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2823:
2815:
2799:
2783:
2761:. Retrieved
2757:
2726:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2682:
2673:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2534:
2525:
2505:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2445:
2440:
2431:
2390:
2379:
2375:Śāntarakṣita
2349:
2340:
2337:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2237:of Ratnadāsa
2234:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2173:Derge Kanjur
2168:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2019:
2016:hētu-dṛṣṭāna
2015:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1947:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1891:and language
1888:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1758:
1752:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1724:epistemology
1717:
1713:
1711:
1679:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1632:epistemology
1617:
1609:epistemology
1592:
1589:Indian logic
1587:founders of
1569:
1565:
1564:
1497:
1496:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1465:
1464:
1448:
1447:
1403:Chŏng To-jŏn
1395:
1389:
1388:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1306:Kyoto School
1304:
1303:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1275:
1274:
1240:
1239:
1197:Japanese Zen
1187:
1186:
1182:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1113:Indian logic
1076:
1075:
1061:
1060:
1041:
1040:
996:Indian logic
981:Anekantavada
938:
937:
925:
924:
907:
906:
897:Pratyabhijna
865:
864:
849:
848:
847:
832:
831:
830:
816:
815:
814:
799:
798:
797:
782:
781:
780:
745:Madhvacharya
733:Adi Shankara
707:
706:
705:
690:
689:
688:
648:
647:
646:
640:
608:
607:
594:
593:
533:
532:
523:Chinese Chan
474:Han Buddhism
472:
471:
459:
458:
444:
443:
424:
423:
401:
400:
378:
372:
371:
352:
351:
327:
326:
278:Filial piety
265:
264:
247:
243:Confucianism
241:
240:
234:
160:epistemology
88:Gupta Empire
64:Simhavakta,
29:
6116:Shōtoku-shū
6061:Vijñānavāda
5842:Dharmakīrti
5822:Jñānacandra
5812:Viśeṣamitra
5721:Trisvabhāva
5420:Dharma talk
5249:Asalha Puja
5045:Eschatology
4848:Switzerland
4828:New Zealand
4756:Middle East
4665:Philippines
4585:Afghanistan
4390:Bodhidharma
4375:Buddhaghosa
4295:Householder
4205:Monasticism
4158:Bodhisattva
4013:Prostration
3966:Mindfulness
3894:Anapanasati
3877:Kammaṭṭhāna
3674:Korean Seon
3614:Asura realm
3609:Human realm
3549:Ten Fetters
3504:Parinirvana
3406:Uppalavanna
3371:Mahākaccana
3356:Mahākassapa
3288:Kṣitigarbha
3283:Ākāśagarbha
3180:Suddhodāna
3125:Four sights
3052:Foundations
2934:commentary.
2540:Dharmakirti
2371:Jñanagarbha
2356:Bhāvaviveka
2261:, Tibetan:
2245:Mixed Hymn,
2110:implication
1978:magnum opus
1955:Dharmakirti
1917:Sautrantika
1777:he writes:
1714:magnum opus
1690:Pudgalavada
1686:Kanchipuram
1658:inferential
1624:Dharmakirti
1492:Jaegwon Kim
1202:Sōtō school
1106:Dharmakirti
851:Vaisheshika
834:Navya-Nyāya
769:Vivekananda
764:Neo-Vedanta
684:Yajnavalkya
367:Mou Zongsan
362:Xiong Shili
318: [
306: [
78:(540-00-00)
6156:Categories
6097:Yakushi-ji
5868:Paramārtha
5852:Kamalaśīla
5837:Śīlabhadra
5807:Citrabhāna
5789:Sthiramati
5779:Dharmapāla
5774:Vasubandhu
5726:Four Views
5537:Psychology
5517:Gnosticism
5505:Comparison
5500:Influences
5482:Comparison
5365:Bhavacakra
5323:Kushinagar
5298:Pilgrimage
5244:Māgha Pūjā
5199:Bodhi Tree
5015:Buddhology
5005:Abhidharma
4997:Philosophy
4930:Menander I
4798:Costa Rica
4749:Uzbekistan
4590:Bangladesh
4544:Dhammapada
4528:Pali Canon
4490:Ajahn Chah
4470:Dalai Lama
4370:Kumārajīva
4365:Vasubandhu
4340:The Buddha
4248:Zen master
4183:Sakadagami
4163:Buddhahood
4094:Pratimokṣa
3909:Shikantaza
3865:Meditation
3840:Deity yoga
3711:Madhyamaka
3604:Deva realm
3499:Mindstream
3449:Bodhicitta
3361:Aṅgulimāla
3228:Devadatta
3204:Yaśodharā
3107:The Buddha
3097:Middle Way
2423:References
2367: 578
2365: – c.
2363: 500
2352:Madhyamaka
2255:Yogāvatāra
2229:(Tibetan:
2206:(Tibetan:
2193:Vasubandhu
1975:Dignāga's
1913:universals
1909:Bhartṛhari
1876:skepticism
1700:Philosophy
1694:Vasubandhu
1676:Early life
1662:perception
1593:hetu vidyā
1579: – c.
1577: 480
1413:Yi Eonjeok
1334:Traditions
1270:Ogyū Sorai
1265:Itō Jinsai
1260:Nakae Tōju
1183:Traditions
1101:Vasubandhu
1084:Madhyamika
1077:Traditions
1071:The Buddha
1051:Haribhadra
1021:Nondualism
723:Badarayana
669:Ashtavakra
572:Tsongkhapa
560:Longchenpa
439:Shang Yang
140:Vasubandhu
6187:Idealists
6092:Kōfuku-ji
6040:Dōgakushō
6025:Viṃśatikā
5832:Asvabhāva
5817:Jinaputra
5794:Bandhuśri
5691:Caitasika
5677:Yogachara
5605:Festivals
5585:Buddhists
5547:Theosophy
5350:Symbolism
5340:Hama yumi
5313:Bodh Gaya
5080:Socialism
5055:Evolution
5030:Economics
4868:Venezuela
4783:Australia
4778:Argentina
4702:Sri Lanka
4697:Singapore
4615:Indonesia
4577:Countries
4518:Tripiṭaka
4480:Ajahn Mun
4355:Nagarjuna
4350:Aśvaghoṣa
4233:Anagārika
4228:Śrāmaṇerī
4223:Śrāmaṇera
4218:Bhikkhunī
4178:Sotāpanna
4067:Passaddhi
4008:Offerings
3983:Nekkhamma
3860:Iddhipada
3780:Practices
3750:Theravada
3723:Vajrayana
3716:Yogachara
3686:Pure Land
3599:Six Paths
3586:Cosmology
3366:Anuruddha
3341:Sāriputta
3331:Kaundinya
3323:Disciples
3298:Vajrapāṇi
3150:Footprint
3115:Tathāgata
2844:, p. 234.
2407:Trairūpya
2402:Hetucakra
2287:Vaiśeṣika
2099:trairūpya
2085:Hetucakra
2078:ālambanas
2003:pratyakṣa
1937:-vyavrtti
1921:prajñapti
1889:Apohavada
1804:pratyakṣa
1765:Pratyakṣa
1735:pratyakṣa
1637:pratyaksa
1475:Choe Je-u
1433:Bak Jiwon
1163:Emptiness
1089:Nagarjuna
810:Patanjali
774:Aurobindo
728:Gaudapada
679:Vashistha
434:Han Feizi
396:Lie Yukou
255:Confucius
183:pratyakṣa
6207:Yogacara
6162:Atomists
6136:Chūgū-ji
6131:Hōrin-ji
6126:Hokki-ji
6121:Hōryū-ji
6080:Branches
5934:Tokuitsu
5873:Xuanzang
5784:Guṇamati
5623:Category
5552:Violence
5522:Hinduism
5470:Sanskrit
5425:Hinayana
5410:Amitābha
5370:Swastika
5239:Uposatha
5229:Holidays
5214:Calendar
5060:Humanism
4898:Kanishka
4888:Timeline
4712:Thailand
4680:Kalmykia
4675:Buryatia
4660:Pakistan
4645:Mongolia
4640:Maldives
4635:Malaysia
4600:Cambodia
4465:Shamarpa
4460:Nichiren
4410:Xuanzang
4345:Nagasena
4263:Rinpoche
3993:Pāramitā
3835:Devotion
3755:Navayana
3743:Dzogchen
3706:Nichiren
3654:Mahayana
3646:Branches
3524:Saṅkhāra
3273:Mañjuśrī
3230:(cousin)
3222:(cousin)
3190:(mother)
3182:(father)
3170:Miracles
3120:Birthday
3037:Glossary
3010:Buddhism
2858:Archived
2396:See also
2345:Sanskrit
2066:-parīkṣā
2064:Alambana
2044:Kumarila
1950:Sanskrit
1933:anyapoha
1654:language
1585:Buddhist
1418:Yi Hwang
1370:Cheontae
1277:Kokugaku
1096:Yogacara
1063:Buddhism
1056:Umaswati
933:Chanakya
920:Valluvar
915:Valluvam
880:Charvaka
757:Ramanuja
426:Legalism
414:Yin yang
391:Zhuangzi
212:a series
210:Part of
50:Kalmykia
6054:Schools
5939:Shingyō
5888:Zhizhou
5883:Huizhao
5827:Dignāga
5750:Figures
5600:Temples
5580:Buddhas
5542:Science
5532:Judaism
5527:Jainism
5445:Lineage
5405:Abhijñā
5375:Thangka
5318:Sarnath
5303:Lumbini
5224:Funeral
5219:Cuisine
5095:Culture
5070:Reality
5020:Creator
5010:Atomism
4880:History
4853:Ukraine
4813:Germany
4732:Senegal
4722:Vietnam
4650:Myanmar
4450:Shinran
4440:Karmapa
4415:Shandao
4385:Dignāga
4310:Śrāvaka
4290:Donchee
4285:Kappiya
4243:Sayadaw
4213:Bhikkhu
4188:Anāgāmi
4145:Nirvana
4111:Samadhi
3998:Paritta
3939:Tonglen
3934:Mandala
3889:Smarana
3870:Mantras
3818:Upekkha
3788:Bhavana
3738:Shingon
3691:Tiantai
3544:Tathātā
3534:Śūnyatā
3529:Skandha
3519:Saṃsāra
3514:Rebirth
3489:Kleshas
3479:Indriya
3381:Subhūti
3266:Guanyin
3220:Ānanda
3212:Rāhula
3092:Nirvana
3032:Outline
2763:7 March
2306:Samkhya
2247:Tibetan
2026:analogy
1981:, the (
1815:Anumāṇa
1810:Anumāṇa
1792:kalpana
1759:upamāna
1741:anumāna
1729:pramāṇa
1643:anumāṇa
1613:pramāṇa
1597:atomism
1570:Diṅnāga
1566:Dignāga
1485:Persons
1467:Donghak
1396:Persons
1365:Uicheon
1298:Statism
1228:Shingon
1153:Nirvana
1118:Dignāga
1043:Jainism
1031:Pramana
1026:Samadhi
986:Brahman
951:Atomism
875:Ājīvika
784:Samkhya
718:Advaita
709:Vedanta
701:Jaimini
692:Mimamsa
659:Agastya
555:Nyingma
482:Tientai
467:Sun Tzu
379:Persons
260:Mencius
248:Persons
188:anumāna
178:pramāṇa
84:Kalinga
36:Dignāga
18:Dignaga
5993:Śāstra
5949:Ryōhen
5909:Chitsū
5769:Asaṅga
5716:Vāsanā
5595:Sutras
5590:Suttas
5455:Siddhi
5440:Koliya
5415:Brahmā
5330:Poetry
5276:Mantra
5266:Kasaya
5138:Pagoda
5118:Kyaung
5113:Vihāra
5108:Temple
5050:Ethics
4893:Ashoka
4843:Sweden
4838:Poland
4833:Norway
4823:Mexico
4808:France
4793:Canada
4788:Brazil
4727:Africa
4707:Taiwan
4670:Russia
4595:Bhutan
4555:Vinaya
4435:Naropa
4425:Saraha
4360:Asanga
4116:Prajñā
4025:Refuge
3988:Nianfo
3949:Tertön
3944:Tantra
3929:Ganana
3919:Tukdam
3845:Dhyāna
3813:Mudita
3808:Karuṇā
3701:Risshū
3696:Huayan
3629:Naraka
3569:Anattā
3564:Dukkha
3559:Anicca
3464:Dharma
3416:Channa
3351:Ānanda
3336:Assaji
3303:Skanda
3206:(wife)
3175:Family
3155:Relics
3080:Sangha
3075:Dharma
3070:Buddha
2733:
2706:, 2021
2513:
2160:取事施設論)
2124:-mukha
2105:vyapti
2087:ḍamaru
1987:Kanjur
1985:Derge
1845:sadhya
1716:, the
1595:) and
1498:Topics
1460:Seohak
1456:Silhak
1449:Topics
1358:Hwaeom
1353:Uisang
1348:Wonhyo
1148:Maitrī
1143:Anicca
1138:Anatta
1133:Dukkha
1126:Topics
1016:Moksha
991:Dharma
955:Atman
946:Ahimsa
902:Tantra
860:Kanada
826:Gotama
793:Kapila
740:Dvaita
596:Maoism
516:Jizang
499:Fazang
446:Mohism
419:Wu wei
402:Topics
374:Daoism
347:Zhu Xi
337:Han Yu
320:simple
308:simple
283:Guanxi
266:Topics
127:School
116:Region
6087:Hossō
5967:Sūtra
5944:Jōkei
5929:Genbō
5919:Gyōki
5914:Chihō
5904:Dōshō
5897:Japan
5878:Kuiji
5861:China
5798:Nanda
5757:India
5696:Kleśa
5567:Lists
5435:Kalpa
5430:Iddhi
5293:Music
5288:Mudra
5254:Vassa
5234:Vesak
5204:Budai
5150:Candi
5133:Stupa
5065:Logic
4818:Italy
4717:Tibet
4655:Nepal
4625:Korea
4620:Japan
4610:India
4605:China
4550:Sutra
4505:Texts
4455:Dōgen
4445:Hōnen
4430:Atiśa
4395:Zhiyi
4305:Achar
4273:Tulku
4268:Geshe
4253:Rōshi
4238:Ajahn
4193:Arhat
4153:Bodhi
4123:Vīrya
4040:Sacca
4035:Satya
4030:Sādhu
4018:Music
3961:Merit
3954:Terma
3914:Zazen
3850:Faith
3803:Mettā
3484:Karma
3444:Bardo
3411:Asita
3401:Khema
3391:Upāli
3376:Nanda
3214:(son)
3188:Māyā
3165:Films
3042:Index
2831:>.
2382:Tibet
2122:Nyāya
2021:apoha
1995:apoha
1959:Nyaya
1944:Works
1925:apoha
1905:Nyaya
1853:linga
1849:paksa
1822:linga
1755:Nyaya
1649:apoha
1628:Nyaya
1510:Juche
1428:Yi Ik
1377:Jinul
1328:Korea
1233:Kukai
1219:Eisai
1207:Dogen
1177:Japan
1001:Karma
976:Artha
926:Other
908:Tamil
818:Nyaya
664:Aruni
635:India
567:Gelug
543:Sakya
487:Zhiyi
386:Laozi
322:]
310:]
229:China
193:Apoha
155:logic
5954:Kōin
5924:Gien
5711:Bīja
5465:Pāḷi
5450:Māra
5360:Flag
4761:Iran
4685:Tuva
4630:Laos
4258:Lama
4106:Śīla
4074:Śīla
4062:Pīti
4052:Sati
4003:Puja
3924:Koan
3830:Dāna
3421:Yasa
3308:Tārā
2765:2024
2731:ISBN
2511:ISBN
2094:Drum
2030:jāti
1826:hetu
1696:.
1607:and
1423:Yi I
1382:Seon
1036:Yoga
1011:Maya
1006:Kama
801:Yoga
674:Atri
454:Mozi
273:Face
73:Died
58:Born
5187:Art
5123:Wat
3659:Zen
2369:),
2152:or
2032:).
1997:).
1868:any
1672:."
1615:).
603:Mao
409:Tao
288:Ren
99:Era
76:540
61:480
6158::
4689:ru
2807:^
2791:^
2773:^
2756:.
2745:^
2691:^
2607:^
2595:^
2547:^
2453:^
2360:c.
1935:,
1900:.
1656:,
1574:c.
1572:,
1458:,
621:Qi
616:De
293:Li
214:on
86:,
5669:e
5662:t
5655:v
4691:)
4687:(
3905:)
3901:(
2996:e
2989:t
2982:v
2767:.
2739:.
2519:.
2358:(
2308:)
2289:)
2257:(
2243:(
2221:,
2185:.
2171:(
2146:)
2142:(
2126:(
2112:.
2089:(
2068:(
2028:(
1786:(
1611:(
1591:(
1554:e
1547:t
1540:v
52:.
20:)
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