4972:, states Lochtefeld, may be explained with the example of a traveller who has never visited lands or islands with endemic population of wildlife. He or she is told, by someone who has been there, that in those lands you see an animal that sort of looks like a cow, grazes like cow but is different from a cow in such and such way. Such use of analogy and comparison is, state the Indian epistemologists, a valid means of conditional knowledge, as it helps the traveller identify the new animal later. The subject of comparison is formally called
6410:, that the way the mind recognizes is by comparing and negating known objects from the perception. In that way, the general idea or categories of objects has to do with differences from known objects, not from identification with universal truths. So one knows that a perceived chariot is a chariot not because it is in accord with a universal form of a chariot, but because it is perceived as different from things that are not chariots. This approach became an essential feature of Buddhist epistemology.
5620:
6377:
the sense consciousnesses assume the form of the aspect (Sanskrit: Sākāravāda) of the external object and what is perceived is actually the sense consciousness which has taken on the form of the external object. By starting with aspects, a logical argument about the external world as discussed by the Hindu schools was possible. Otherwise their views would be so different as to be impossible to begin a debate. Then a logical discussion could follow.
6201:
4680:
60:
1362:
4806:(प्रत्यक्ष) means perception. It is of two types in Hindu texts: external and internal. External perception is described as that arising from the interaction of five senses and worldly objects, while internal perception is described by this school as that of inner sense, the mind. According to Matt Stefan, the distinction is between direct perception (
5040:
Hindu schools that accept this means of knowledge state that this method is a valid means to conditional knowledge and truths about a subject and object in original premises or different premises. The schools that do not accept this method, state that postulation, extrapolation and circumstantial implication is either derivable from other
1130:
since ancient times. It is a theory of knowledge, and encompasses one or more reliable and valid means by which human beings gain accurate, true knowledge. The focus of pramana is how correct knowledge can be acquired, how one knows, how one does not know, and to what extent knowledge pertinent about
6376:
school and the Sautrāntika
Following Scripture approach connected an external world with mental objects, and instead posited that the mental domain never connects directly with the external world but instead only perceives an aspect based upon the sense organs and the sense consciousnesses. Further,
6405:
A key feature of Dignāga's logic is in how he treats generalities versus specific objects of knowledge. The Nyāya Hindu school made assertions about the existence of general principles, and in refutation Dignāga asserted that generalities were mere mental features and not truly existent. To do this
5246:
as a concept which means reliable expert testimony. The schools of
Hinduism which consider it epistemically valid suggest that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly. He must rely on
5039:
in ancient Hindu texts is, that if "Devadatta is fat" and "Devadatta does not eat in day", then the following must be true: "Devadatta eats in the night". This form of postulation and deriving from circumstances is, claim the Indian scholars, a means to discovery, proper insight and knowledge. The
1332:
schools of
Hinduism, include in their meaning and scope "Theories of Errors". These texts explore why human beings make error and reach incorrect knowledge, how can one know if one is wrong, and, if so, how one can discover whether one's epistemic method was flawed or one's conclusion (truth) was
6495:
The Buddha's doctrine, from the exposition of the two truths onward, unerroneously sets forth the mode of being of things as they are. And the followers of the Buddha must establish this accordingly, through the use of reasoning. Such is the unerring tradition of Śakyamuni. On the other hand, to
5061:
suggests that knowing a negative, such as "there is no jug in this room" is a form of valid knowledge. If something can be observed or inferred or proven as non-existent or impossible, then one knows more than what one did without such means. In the two schools of
Hinduism that consider
6479:
presented a new commentary and approach to
Madhyamaka, which became the normative form in Tibet. In this variant, the Madhyamaka approach of Candrakīrti was elevated instead of Bhāvaviveka's yet Tsongkhapa rejected Candrakirti's disdain of logic and instead incorporated logic further.
1300:(युक्ति) which means active application of epistemology or what one already knows, innovation, clever expedients or connections, methodological or reasoning trick, joining together, application of contrivance, means, method, novelty or device to more efficiently achieve a purpose.
1268:
forms one part of a trio of concepts, which describe the ancient Indian view on how knowledge is gained. The other two concepts are knower and knowable, each discussed in how they influence the knowledge, by their own characteristic and the process of knowing. The two are called
4846:(definite; correct perception excludes judgments of doubt, either because of one's failure to observe all the details, or because one is mixing inference with observation and observing what one wants to observe, or not observing what one does not want to observe).
6496:
claim that analytical investigation in general and the inner science of pramana, or logic, in particular are unnecessary is a terrible and evil spell, the aim of which is to prevent the perfect assimilation, through valid reasoning, of the Buddha's words
6441:
arguments to refute the views of other tenet systems, but generally he thought a more developed use of logic and epistemology in describing the Middle Way was problematic. Bhāvaviveka's use of autonomous logical arguments was later described as the
4899:’ in modern Indian languages. In the context of classical philosophy, it is described as reaching a new conclusion and truth from one or more observations and previous truths by applying reason. Observing smoke and inferring fire is an example of
1215:
can be derived from another and the relative uniqueness of each. For example, Buddhism considers Buddha and other "valid persons", "valid scriptures" and "valid minds" as indisputable, but that such testimony is a form of perception and inference
5247:
others, his parent, family, friends, teachers, ancestors and kindred members of society to rapidly acquire and share knowledge and thereby enrich each other's lives. This means of gaining proper knowledge is either spoken or written, but through
5034:
as invalid or at best weak, because the boat may have gotten delayed or diverted. However, in cases such as deriving the time of a future sunrise or sunset, this method was asserted by the proponents to be reliable. Another common example for
6385:
position that extramental objects never really occur but arise from the habitual tendencies of mind. So he begins a debate with Hindu schools positing external objects then later to migrate the discussion to how that is logically untenable.
6380:
This approach attempts to solve how the material world connects with the mental world, but not completely explaining it. When pushed on this point, Dharmakīrti then drops a presupposition of the Sautrāntrika position and shifts to a kind of
6284:, such as from Buddha and other "valid minds" and "valid persons". This third source of valid knowledge is a form of perception and inference in Buddhist thought. Valid scriptures, valid minds and valid persons are considered in Buddhism as
7056:
L Schmithausen (1965), Maṇḍana Miśra's
Vibhrama-viveka, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Phil.-hist. Klasse. Sitzungsberichte, Vol. 247; For excerpts in English: Allen Thrasher (1993), The Advaita Vedānta of Brahma-siddhi,
5004:
in verses 10.28 through 10.63 discusses many types of comparisons and analogies, identifying when this epistemic method is more useful and reliable, and when it is not. In various ancient and medieval texts of
Hinduism, 32 types of
5030:. As example, if a person left in a boat on river earlier, and the time is now past the expected time of arrival, then the circumstances support the truth postulate that the person has arrived. Many Indian scholars considered this
5082:
to four types: non-perception of the cause, non-perception of the effect, non-perception of object, and non-perception of contradiction. Only two schools of
Hinduism accepted and developed the concept "non-perception" as a
4866:(a form of perception of prior processes and previous states of a 'topic of study' by observing its current state). Further, some schools of Hinduism considered and refined rules of accepting uncertain knowledge from
1198:
tradition holds that only one (perception) is a reliable source of knowledge, Buddhism holds two (perception, inference) are valid means, Jainism holds three (perception, inference and testimony), while
7106:
6552:
5385:, occupies the foremost position in the Nyaya epistemology. Perception is defined by sense-object contact and is unerring. Perception can be of two types—ordinary or extraordinary. Ordinary (
6550:
A few Indian scholars such as
Vedvyasa discuss ten, Krtakoti discusses eight, but six is most widely accepted. Some systems admit as few as three pramanas. See Andrew J. Nicholson (2013),
6472:
established a view of
Madhyamaka more consistent with Bhāvaviveka while further evolving logical assertions as a way of contemplating and developing one's viewpoint of the ultimate truth.
5361:. The mode of Pramana itself in sutra I.6 is distinguished among 5 classes of vritti/mental modification, the others including indiscrimination, verbal delusion, sleep, and memory.
7811:
7621:
4840:(does not wander; correct perception does not change, nor is it the result of deception because one's sensory organ or means of observation is drifting, defective, suspect);
4903:. In all except one Hindu philosophies, this is a valid and useful means to knowledge. The method of inference is explained by Indian texts as consisting of three parts:
5460:(when inference is not based on causation but on uniformity of co-existence). A detailed analysis of error is also given, explaining when anumāna could be false.
5393:) perception is of six types, viz., visual-by eyes, olfactory-by nose, auditory-by ears, tactile-by skin, gustatory-by tongue and mental-by mind. Extraordinary (
7224:
Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass,
7207:
Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass,
7190:
Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass,
1183:). Each of these are further categorized in terms of conditionality, completeness, confidence and possibility of error, by each school of Indian philosophies.
6389:
Note there are two differing interpretations of Dharmakīrti's approach later in Tibet, due to differing translations and interpretations. One is held by the
5185:. An absence, state the ancient scholars, is also "existent, knowable and nameable", giving the example of negative numbers, silence as a form of testimony,
6947:
Tom J. F. Tillemans (2011), Buddhist Epistemology (pramāṇavāda), The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy (Editors: William Edelglass and Jay L. Garfield),
5417:, can perceive past, present and future and have supernatural abilities, either complete or some). Also, there are two modes or steps in perception, viz.,
5290:
school accepted only one valid source of knowledge—perception. It held all remaining methods as outright invalid or prone to error and therefore invalid.
1114:" and "means of knowledge". In Indian philosophies, pramana are the means which can lead to knowledge, and serve as one of the core concepts in Indian
1107:
6437:, who felt that the establishment of the ultimate way of abiding since it was beyond thought and concept was not the domain of logic. He used simple
4935:(negative examples as counter-evidence) are absent. For rigor, the Indian philosophies also state further epistemic steps. For example, they demand
6483:
The exact role of logic in Tibetan Buddhist practice and study may still be a topic of debate, but it is definitely established in the tradition.
5409:(when one sense organ can also perceive qualities not attributable to it, as when seeing a chilli, one knows that it would be bitter or hot), and
1312:
described as active process of gaining knowledge in contrast to passive process of gaining knowledge through observation/perception. The texts on
1254:
means "correct notion, true knowledge, basis, foundation, understand", with pramāṇa being a further nominalization of the word. Thus, the concept
5486:), which are the words of the four sacred Vedas, or can be more broadly interpreted as knowledge from sources acknowledged as authoritative, and
6935:
7127:
Karl Potter and Sibajiban Bhattacharya (1994), Epistemology, in The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 6, Princeton University Press,
6923:
5682:
6292:, incontrovertible, indisputable). Means of cognition and knowledge, other than perception and inference, are considered invalid in Buddhism.
6252:) means "valid cognition." In (Buddhism) practice, it refers to the tradition, principally associated with Dignāga and Dharmakīrti, of logic (
6590:
7399:
DM Datta (1932), The Six Ways of Knowing: A Critical study of the Advaita theory of knowledge, University of Calcutta, Reprinted in 1992 as
7344:
Monier Williams (1893), Indian Wisdom - Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus, Luzac & Co, London, pages 457-458
6906:
John A. Grimes (1996), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,
1211:
are useful and can be reliable means to knowledge. The various schools of Indian philosophy have debated whether one of the six forms of
7039:
Gerald Larson and Ram Bhattacharya, The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies (Editor:Karl Potter), Volume 4, Princeton University Press,
1080:
5255:
of reliable sources. The disagreement between the schools of Hinduism has been on how to establish reliability. Some schools, such as
7303:
Monier Williams (1893), Indian Wisdom - Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus, Luzac & Co, London, page 61
1410:
6397:
with some accommodation of universals and the other held by the other schools who held that Dharmakīrti was distinctly antirealist.
5429:, when one is able to clearly know an object. All laukika and alaukika pratyakshas are savikalpa. There is yet another stage called
6726:
P Bilimoria (1993), Pramāṇa epistemology: Some recent developments, in Asian philosophy - Volume 7 (Editor: G Floistad), Springer,
6426:. He also started with a Sautrāntika approach when discussing the way appearances appear, to debate with realists, but then took a
6853:
John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,
6812:
John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,
6430:
view of the ultimate nature of phenomenon. But he used logical assertions and arguments about the nature of that ultimate nature.
6511:
5220:
3587:
2173:
5444:, where one does not need any formal procedure, and at the most the last three of their five steps), and inference for others (
4834:, according to ancient Indian scholars, where one's sensory organ relies on accepting or rejecting someone else's perception);
1242:
literally means "proof" and is also a concept and field of Indian philosophy. The concept is derived from the Sanskrit roots,
7897:
7705:
7565:
6731:
6660:
7762:
4854:
and called it internal perception, a proposal contested by other Indian scholars. The internal perception concepts included
3466:
6992:
R Narasimha (2012), Asia, Europe, and the Emergence of Modern Science: Knowledge Crossing Boundaries, Palgrave Macmillan,
6975:
R Narasimha (2012), Asia, Europe, and the Emergence of Modern Science: Knowledge Crossing Boundaries, Palgrave Macmillan,
7090:
5467:. It is produced by the knowledge of resemblance or similarity, given some pre-description of the new object beforehand.
7650:
7548:
7481:
7404:
7387:
7166:
7132:
7115:
7062:
7044:
7027:
6997:
6980:
6911:
6882:
6858:
6847:
6817:
6689:
6561:
6231:
5677:
5634:
4710:
1138:
as correct means of accurate knowledge and to truths: Three central pramanas which are almost universally accepted are
4343:
1134:
While the number of pramanas varies widely from system to system, many ancient and medieval Indian texts identify six
7892:
7823:
7758:
7633:
7506:
7451:
7426:
7370:
7329:
7292:
7275:
7246:
7229:
7212:
7195:
7149:
6630:
6610:
4789:
are discussed, Krtakoti discusses eight epistemically reliable means to correct knowledge. The most widely discussed
698:
7907:
6894:
6842:
Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge,
5193:
was further refined in four types, by the schools of Hinduism that accepted it as a useful method of epistemology:
7577:
Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2010), What the Cārvākas Originally Meant?, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 38(6): 529-542
6750:
MM Kamal (1998), The Epistemology of the Carvaka Philosophy, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 46(2): 13-16
3496:
2327:
6361:), blending it with logical discourse. Dharmakīrti, influenced by Dignāga, further developed these ideas in his
7075:
1447:
1073:
7887:
6160:
5855:
5448:, which requires a systematic methodology of five steps). Inference can also be classified into three types:
2920:
6347:) and both these masters are described as establishing the latter. Dignāga's main text on this topic is the
7365:
James Lochtefeld, "Arthapatti" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing.
6105:
5880:
5840:
3476:
3416:
1396:
7144:
Howard Coward et al, Epistemology, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 5, Motilal Banarsidass,
4915:(examples). The hypothesis must further be broken down into two parts, state the ancient Indian scholars:
2019:
7873:
Vidhabhusana, Satis Chandra (1907). History of the Mediaeval School of Indian Logic. Calcutta University.
7860:
6963:
4646:
4537:
3147:
7560:
P. Billimoria (1988), Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India Volume 10, Springer,
7446:(1995 ed.). Princeton University Press; reprint by Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 155–174, 227–255.
7324:
James Lochtefeld, "Upamana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing.
7270:
James Lochtefeld, "Anumana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing.
6605:
James Lochtefeld, "Pramana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing.
7854:
5440:, is one of the most important contributions of Nyaya. It can be of two types – inference for oneself (
4665:
4336:
4240:
3187:
2856:
2541:
1853:
1008:
637:
281:
7842:
5544:
5044:
or flawed means to correct knowledge, instead one must rely on direct perception or proper inference.
3182:
430:
17:
7816:
The Adornment of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham.
7626:
The Adornment of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham.
5980:
5251:(words). The reliability of the source is important, and legitimate knowledge can only come from the
4968:(उपमान) means comparison and analogy. Some Hindu schools consider it as a proper means of knowledge.
4642:
4288:
3406:
3142:
1430:
1415:
1066:
30:
This article is about proof and epistemology in Indian philosophies. For the Journal of Physics, see
7836:
6767:
D Sharma (1966). "Epistemological negative dialectics of Indian logic — Abhāva versus Anupalabdhi".
5790:
2083:
5985:
5935:
5340:, and two sub-schools of Vedanta, the proper means of knowledge must rely on these three pramanas:
4198:
4191:
4170:
3879:
3769:
3741:
3471:
2361:
2148:
974:
969:
733:
6349:
2123:
2039:
7902:
7807:
7617:
7161:
B Matilal (1992), Perception: An Essay in Indian Theories of Knowledge, Oxford University Press,
6484:
6454:
Modern Buddhist schools employ the 'three spheres' (Sanskrit: trimaṇḍala; Tibetan: 'khor gsum):
6145:
4413:
3626:
3531:
3456:
2637:
2559:
1452:
1420:
683:
130:
67:
7848:
7022:
EI Warrier (2012), Advaita Vedānta from 800 to 1200 (Editor: Karl Potter), Motilal Banarsidass,
5499:
In Mimamsa school of Hinduism linked to Prabhakara considered the following pramanas as proper:
2599:
6224:
5960:
5945:
5925:
5850:
5845:
5760:
5667:
4985:
4703:
4612:
4542:
4378:
4007:
3776:
3436:
2337:
2014:
6952:
5232:(शब्द) means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts, specifically the
5001:
7803:
7613:
7353:
6469:
6394:
6340:
6324:
6165:
6155:
6110:
4652:
4630:
4520:
4385:
3958:
3566:
3446:
2849:
2835:
2003:
572:
552:
260:
253:
7866:
6655:
DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: Anthony Marsella), Springer,
1998:
7749:
Thub-bstan-chos-kyi-grags-pa, Chokyi Dragpa, Heidi I. Koppl, Chokyi Nyima Rinpoche (2004).
6769:
6175:
6135:
6130:
6095:
5940:
5820:
5728:
5713:
5657:
5629:
5022:(अर्थापत्ति) means postulation, derivation from circumstances. In contemporary logic, this
4943:(reason) must necessarily and separately account for the inference in "all" cases, in both
4638:
4634:
4626:
4515:
4177:
3755:
3725:
3556:
3461:
3357:
3087:
2981:
959:
897:
562:
4817:
The ancient and medieval Indian texts identify four requirements for correct perception:
8:
6438:
6185:
6140:
6078:
6018:
5955:
5900:
5895:
5650:
5639:
5178:
4824:(direct experience by one's sensory organ(s) with the object, whatever is being studied);
4763:
4670:
4563:
4399:
3930:
3792:
3536:
3426:
3411:
3317:
3257:
3222:
3122:
2702:
2614:
2233:
1892:
1503:
1405:
1376:
405:
7872:
6315:
tenets, though one can make a distinction between the Sautrāntikas Following Scripture (
2803:
1993:
461:
415:
109:
7751:
Uniting Wisdom and Compassion: Illuminating the thirty-seven practices of a bodhisattva
6966:
Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany
6170:
6150:
6090:
6085:
5973:
5875:
5868:
5795:
5785:
5692:
4592:
4578:
4297:
3822:
3718:
3546:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3117:
2883:
2754:
2366:
2252:
311:
902:
7819:
7754:
7711:
7701:
7646:
7629:
7561:
7544:
7502:
7477:
7447:
7422:
7400:
7383:
7366:
7325:
7288:
7271:
7242:
7225:
7208:
7191:
7162:
7145:
7128:
7111:
7058:
7040:
7023:
6993:
6976:
6907:
6878:
6854:
6843:
6813:
6727:
6685:
6656:
6626:
6606:
6557:
6217:
6115:
6100:
5905:
5780:
5723:
5687:
5672:
5603:
5327:
5224:
4696:
4602:
4571:
4527:
4184:
4135:
4070:
3829:
3815:
3561:
3486:
3307:
3267:
3262:
3252:
3092:
2788:
2722:
2317:
2054:
1345:
1099:
1054:
993:
964:
723:
395:
88:
43:
31:
6373:
6280:, inference). Rinbochay adds that Buddhism also considers scriptures as third valid
4766:(c. 9th–6th centuries BCE), "four means of attaining correct knowledge" are listed:
3167:
2574:
1861:
7697:
Buddhists, brahmins, and belief: epistemology in South Asian philosophy of religion
7523:
Accomplishing the Accomplished: The Vedas as a Source of Valid Knowledge in Sankara
6948:
6778:
6506:
6180:
6125:
6055:
6045:
5910:
5272:
4478:
4440:
4420:
4371:
4320:
4219:
4014:
4000:
3951:
3894:
3441:
3097:
3016:
2767:
2687:
2312:
1738:
1592:
1489:
921:
617:
607:
297:
274:
197:
51:
7287:
Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass,
6625:
Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass,
5299:
3856:
7241:
W Halbfass (1991), Tradition and Reflection, State University of New York Press,
6362:
6205:
6120:
5920:
5830:
5775:
5540:
5423:, when one just perceives an object without being able to know its features, and
4684:
4607:
4555:
4364:
4268:
4212:
4149:
3965:
3866:
3762:
3511:
3491:
3362:
3237:
3217:
3137:
2828:
2814:
2712:
2692:
2655:
2247:
2242:
1969:
1848:
1812:
1757:
1752:
1579:
1329:
1204:
587:
476:
445:
232:
207:
5770:
2376:
2128:
1829:
7543:
M. Hiriyanna (2000), The Essentials of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass,
6782:
6521:
6423:
6332:
6316:
6065:
5995:
5950:
5808:
5594:
4597:
4406:
4254:
3905:
3799:
3748:
3551:
3377:
3297:
3247:
3232:
3197:
3152:
3049:
2821:
2682:
2564:
2513:
2498:
2478:
2442:
2371:
2153:
2108:
2059:
1817:
1442:
1027:
582:
501:
491:
400:
239:
7178:
6443:
6434:
6419:
6312:
6311:
Dignāga and Dharmakīrti are usually categorized as expounding the view of the
6300:
5569:
5563:
5263:
is not a proper pramana. Other schools debate means to establish reliability.
2199:
1979:
1910:
1425:
1195:
7881:
7695:
6476:
6433:
His incorporation of logic into the Middle Way system was later critiqued by
6382:
5890:
5885:
5825:
4261:
4226:
4163:
4109:
4102:
4063:
4056:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3944:
3888:
3506:
3451:
3431:
3421:
3401:
3372:
3282:
3072:
3067:
3057:
3006:
2928:
2842:
2675:
2624:
2523:
2458:
2297:
2064:
1518:
1111:
1018:
954:
949:
916:
795:
728:
703:
688:
678:
532:
355:
339:
246:
7715:
7382:
Stephen Phillips (1996), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Motilal Banarsidass,
6030:
5835:
3242:
3001:
791:
435:
6702:
6565:
6526:
5930:
5815:
5733:
5619:
5027:
4988:, if a boy says "her face is like the moon in charmingness", "her face" is
4233:
4142:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4021:
3679:
3501:
3337:
3332:
3292:
3202:
3192:
3162:
3132:
3062:
2966:
2888:
2619:
2584:
2508:
2483:
2412:
2262:
2113:
1905:
1900:
1799:
1786:
1781:
1115:
998:
647:
512:
466:
304:
151:
2437:
1284:
is commonly found in various schools of Hinduism. In Buddhist literature,
1190:
are epistemically reliable and valid means to knowledge. For example, the
7107:
Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History
6681:
6553:
Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History
6531:
6000:
5581:
5358:
4304:
4028:
3921:
3851:
3664:
3618:
3579:
3481:
3322:
3312:
3177:
3041:
3031:
2900:
2895:
2798:
2697:
2589:
2579:
2549:
2518:
2427:
2008:
1931:
1923:
1725:
1494:
1186:
The various schools of Indian philosophies vary on how many of these six
1179:
926:
881:
834:
784:
713:
597:
522:
347:
325:
267:
215:
102:
7312:
VN Jha (1986), "The upamana-pramana in Purvamimamsa", SILLE, pages 77-91
5177:
is then explained as "referents of negative expression" in contrast to "
5123:
7589:
6427:
6369:
6005:
5765:
5662:
5575:
5557:
5419:
5306:
5302:
school considered the following as the only proper means of knowledge:
4350:
4311:
4275:
4156:
4095:
3702:
3694:
3605:
3382:
3157:
3107:
2961:
2951:
2717:
2665:
2594:
2503:
2432:
2422:
2417:
2189:
1964:
1941:
1936:
1665:
1465:
1139:
1003:
889:
517:
225:
27:
Epistemology, proof, reliable means of knowledge in Indian philosophies
7645:
Lati Rinbochay and Elizabeth Napper (1981), Mind in Tibetan Buddhism,
6897:
Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
6296:
1169:
6050:
6025:
5425:
5316:
4892:
4460:
4392:
4329:
4247:
4079:
3650:
3610:
3541:
3387:
3352:
3302:
3272:
3207:
3127:
3026:
2996:
2976:
2660:
2604:
2569:
2554:
2473:
2468:
2450:
1776:
1690:
1621:
1560:
1158:
1150:
1013:
871:
775:
693:
627:
456:
318:
5433:, when one is able to re-recognise something on the basis of memory.
2257:
172:
6060:
6040:
6035:
5915:
5611:
5189:
theory of causation, and analysis of deficit as real and valuable.
5153:
4896:
4862:(a form of induction from perceived specifics to a universal), and
4532:
4088:
3914:
3871:
3838:
3689:
3684:
3657:
3367:
3347:
3277:
3227:
3102:
2991:
2907:
2878:
2873:
2742:
2732:
2629:
2609:
2533:
2528:
2493:
2163:
2143:
2103:
2069:
2049:
2029:
1915:
1791:
1526:
1484:
1479:
1353:
1143:
1123:
1119:
1049:
876:
811:
665:
542:
486:
289:
158:
144:
5551:
5370:
5328:
Sankhya, Yoga, Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, and Dvaita Vedanta schools
3595:
1163:
844:
7092:
A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern Schools
6357:
played a crucial role in shaping the discipline of epistemology (
5740:
5333:
5287:
5256:
4831:
4465:
4455:
4126:
4118:
3935:
3861:
3846:
3643:
3342:
3287:
3021:
2971:
2941:
2936:
2808:
2783:
2670:
2302:
2158:
2133:
2044:
2034:
1843:
1807:
1695:
1680:
1675:
1611:
1606:
1570:
1565:
1552:
1325:
1317:
1200:
1191:
1127:
988:
936:
866:
804:
752:
425:
374:
165:
116:
81:
6244:
Padmākara Translation Group (2005: p. 390) annotates that:
4501:
2347:
2342:
2168:
1333:
flawed, in order to revise oneself and reach correct knowledge.
1167:); and more contentious ones, which are comparison and analogy (
6200:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5708:
5350:
5234:
4470:
4284:
3600:
3327:
3212:
3112:
3082:
3077:
3011:
2986:
2775:
2645:
2488:
2463:
2402:
2287:
2282:
2272:
2214:
2138:
2098:
2093:
2024:
1949:
1884:
1869:
1771:
1715:
1700:
1646:
1626:
1539:
1534:
1371:
849:
759:
660:
5584:, Abhava (non-perception, cognitive proof using non-existence)
1118:. It has been one of the key, much debated fields of study in
6516:
6390:
5990:
5534:
5483:
5456:(inferring an unperceived cause from a perceived effect) and
5239:
4487:
4357:
4122:
3634:
3172:
3036:
2946:
2793:
2747:
2727:
2407:
2392:
2332:
2322:
2307:
2292:
2267:
2118:
2088:
1974:
1874:
1705:
1670:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1616:
1544:
1035:
940:
858:
385:
95:
6295:
In Buddhism, the two most important scholars of pramāṇa are
5121:
has been discussed in ancient Hindu texts in the context of
5057:(अनुपलब्धि) means non-perception, negative/cognitive proof.
6684:, An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press,
5337:
2956:
2737:
2707:
2650:
2397:
2384:
2277:
1879:
1720:
1710:
1685:
1651:
1601:
1583:
1321:
768:
332:
7472:
Chris Bartley (2013). "Padartha". In Oliver Leaman (ed.).
6487:
remarked in his 19th-century commentary on Śāntarakṣita's
5452:(inferring an unperceived effect from a perceived cause),
5074:(negative) relation—both correct and valuable. Like other
7628:
Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc.
7595:
5091:
affirmed that it as valid and useful when the other five
7818:
Boston, Massachusetts, US: Shambhala Publications, Inc.
5201:(impossibility, absolute non-existence, contradiction),
5066:
as epistemically valuable, a valid conclusion is either
6422:, incorporated a logical approach when commenting upon
4927:
is predicated). The inference is conditionally true if
4850:
Some ancient scholars proposed "unusual perception" as
4759:(word, testimony of past or present reliable experts).
1824:
1361:
1246:(प्र), a preposition meaning "outward" or "forth", and
59:
7077:
The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads
6938:
Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
6926:
Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
6593:
Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
4735:
as correct means of accurate knowledge and to truths:
7700:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 3–4.
7419:
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M
5377:), viz., Perception, Inference, Comparison and Word.
6418:
The contemporary of Dignāga but before Dharmakīrti,
5490:, or words and writings of trustworthy human beings.
4931:(positive examples as evidence) are present, and if
7727:
7725:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7668:
5259:, state that this is never possible, and therefore
5101:(अभाव) means non-existence. Some scholars consider
4919:(that idea which needs to proven or disproven) and
7773:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp. 38–39
7740:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp. 35–37
7684:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp. 32–39
5405:(perceiving generality from a particular object),
5373:school accepts four means of obtaining knowledge (
1308:are discussed together in some Indian texts, with
1177:), and non-perception, negative/cognitive proof (
7879:
7869:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation
7863:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation
7857:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation
7851:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation
7845:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation
7839:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation
7722:
7665:
7416:
4951:. A conditionally proven hypothesis is called a
4895:’ in Sanskrit, though it often is used to mean ‘
4778:("expert testimony, historical tradition"), and
4830:(non-verbal; correct perception is not through
4755:(non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and
1173:), postulation, derivation from circumstances (
7767:
7499:The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, Vol. 5
5413:(when certain human beings, from the power of
5095:fail in one's pursuit of knowledge and truth.
4751:(postulation, derivation from circumstances),
7471:
6225:
5009:and their value in epistemology are debated.
4704:
1074:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6826:
5494:
1258:implies that which is a "means of acquiring
7444:Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Vol. 2
7441:
6877:Daniel Perdue, Debate in Tibetan Buddhism,
6586:
6584:
6272:) as valid means to knowledge: Pratyaksha (
5131:is defined as that which is simultaneously
4980:, while the attribute(s) are identified as
7786:
7601:
7585:
7583:
6232:
6218:
5535:Advaita Vedanta and Bhatta Mimamsa schools
5353:— testimony/word of reliable experts
5205:(mutual negation, reciprocal absence) and
4711:
4697:
1081:
1067:
7496:
7442:Karl Potter (1977). "Meaning and Truth".
7266:
7264:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6823:
6468:When Madhyamaka first migrated to Tibet,
6331:) and the Sautrāntikas Following Reason (
5357:These are enumerated in sutra I.7 of the
1296:is also related to the Indian concept of
7731:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) p.37
7340:
7338:
7320:
7318:
6766:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6581:
5266:
7855:Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛttiṭīkā: Devanagari
7843:Pramāṇavārttika Pariśiṣṭa 1: Devanagari
7662:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) p.1
7580:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7467:
7465:
7463:
6953:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195328998.003.0022
6746:
6744:
6742:
6740:
5547:, the following pramanas are accepted:
4785:In some texts such as by Vedvyasa, ten
3588:Sources and classification of scripture
1273:(प्रमातृ, the subject, the knower) and
14:
7880:
7693:
7261:
6866:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6601:
6599:
5401:) perception is of three types, viz.,
1262:or certain, correct, true knowledge".
1207:schools of Hinduism hold that all six
1131:someone or something can be acquired.
7791:, New Delhi: D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd.
7592:at Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia
7335:
7315:
7184:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6666:
5293:
4976:, the object of comparison is called
4874:(definite judgment, conclusion) from
2210:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)
2205:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)
1161:of past or present reliable experts (
7528:
7460:
6969:
6737:
6621:
6619:
1277:(प्रमेय, the object, the knowable).
7417:James Lochtefeld (2002). "Abhava".
6789:
6636:
6596:
5209:(prior, antecedent non-existence).
24:
7861:Pramāṇavārttikālaṅkāra: Devanagari
7764:(accessed: February 4, 2009) p.202
7525:, University of Hawaii Press, p.29
6753:
5683:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
5678:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
25:
7919:
7830:
7789:Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy
7501:. Sahitya Akademy. p. 3958.
7497:Mohan Lal, ed. (1992). "abhava".
7474:Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy
6616:
6566:the Encyclopedia Britannica entry
6372:-based description of how in the
6345:rigs pa rjes 'brang gi mdo sde pa
6329:lung gi rjes 'brang gi mdo sde pa
5282:
5143:(nameable). Specific examples of
7787:Puligandla, Ramakrishna (1997),
7694:Arnold, Daniel Anderson (2005).
7013:, Etudes Asiatiques, 35: 185-199
6199:
5618:
5127:(पदार्थ, referent of a term). A
4678:
1360:
1250:(मा) which means "measurement".
58:
7797:
7743:
7734:
7687:
7656:
7639:
7607:
7571:
7554:
7515:
7490:
7476:. Routledge. pp. 415–416.
7435:
7421:. Rosen Publishing. p. 1.
7410:
7393:
7376:
7359:
7347:
7306:
7297:
7281:
7258:Carvaka school is the exception
7252:
7235:
7218:
7201:
7171:
7155:
7138:
7121:
7098:
7083:
7068:
7050:
7033:
7016:
7003:
6986:
6957:
6941:
6929:
6917:
6900:
6888:
6368:These two rejected the complex
6306:
5543:, and Mimamsa school linked to
5364:
5197:(termination of what existed),
4723:
2209:
2204:
7356:Encyclopædia Britannica (2012)
6720:
6695:
6544:
5047:
1448:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies
13:
1:
7110:, Columbia University Press,
7011:Le term yukti: primiere etude
6575:
6556:, Columbia University Press,
6413:
6393:school leaning to a moderate
6337:རིགས་པ་རྗེས་འབྲང་གི་མདོ་སྡེ་པ
6321:ལུང་གི་རྗེས་འབྲང་གི་མདོ་སྡེ་པ
5026:is similar to circumstantial
5012:
4810:) and remembered perception (
4509:Other society-related topics:
2200:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)
7898:Hindu philosophical concepts
7867:Pramāṇāntarbhāva: Devanagari
7104:Andrew J. Nicholson (2013),
6248:Strictly speaking, pramana (
5881:Buddhist Paths to liberation
5344:Pratyakṣa — perception
5275:accept one or more of these
5165:(universal/class property),
5087:. The schools that endorsed
4796:
4620:Hinduism and other religions
3417:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati
2194:
1234:
7:
7849:Pramāṇavārttika: Devanagari
7812:Padmākara Translation Group
7622:Padmākara Translation Group
7089:S. C. Vidyabhusana (1971).
7009:CA Scherrer-Schaub (1981),
6512:Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism
6500:
6449:
6276:, perception) and Anumāṇa (
5588:
5221:Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism
5181:of positive expression" in
4365:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram
4337:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
2065:Arishadvargas (six enemies)
2009:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)
2004:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)
1336:
1157:), and "word", meaning the
10:
7924:
7837:Pramāṇamīmāṃsā: Devanagari
7779:
7181:, Encyclopedia Britannica.
6783:10.1163/000000066790086530
6564:, pages 149-150; see also
6406:he introduced the idea of
6264:Buddhism accepts only two
5592:
5578:(postulation, presumption)
5530:(postulation, presumption)
5478:. It can be of two types,
5218:
5147:, states Bartley, include
5078:, Indian scholars refined
4958:
4939:—the requirement that the
4881:
4770:("scripture, tradition"),
4747:(comparison and analogy),
4241:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
2921:Gurus, sants, philosophers
2857:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
2045:Uparati (self-settledness)
1110:Pramāṇa) literally means "
1009:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
638:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
282:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
29:
7521:Anantanand Rambachan (),
6336:
6320:
5495:Prabhakara Mimamsa school
5347:Anumāna — inference
4923:(the object on which the
3407:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati
2060:Samadhana (concentration)
1924:Three paths to liberation
1431:Tribal religions in India
1416:Historical Vedic religion
1411:Indus Valley Civilisation
1223:The science and study of
1103:
1055:Other Indian philosophies
803:
783:
767:
751:
7893:Concepts in epistemology
6537:
6400:
5212:
5109:, while others consider
4739:(evidence/ perception),
4731:Hinduism identifies six
2236:, sacrifice, and charity
699:Kamalakanta Bhattacharya
7908:Epistemology literature
7753:. Wisdom Publications.
6707:Encyclopedia Britannica
5901:Philosophical reasoning
5474:are also accepted as a
5298:Epistemologically, the
5279:as valid epistemology.
5000:. The 7th-century text
4878:(indefinite judgment).
4860:samanyalaksanapratyaksa
4414:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
3627:Timeline of Hindu texts
3532:Siddharameshwar Maharaj
2560:Pumsavana Simantonayana
2215:Śabda (word, testimony)
1453:Epic-Puranic chronology
1421:Dravidian folk religion
684:Nigamananda Paramahansa
6498:
6262:
5668:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
4996:, and charmingness is
4762:In verse 1.2.1 of the
4379:Eighteen Greater Texts
4008:Brahma Vaivarta Purana
3437:Krishnananda Saraswati
2676:Vijayadashami-Dussehra
2190:Pratyakṣa (perception)
2050:Titiksha (forbearance)
326:Shakti Vishishtadvaita
7814:(translators)(2005).
7624:(translators)(2005).
6493:
6246:
5936:Aids to Enlightenment
5761:Dependent Origination
5572:(comparison, analogy)
5524:(comparison, analogy)
5271:Different schools of
5267:Acceptance per school
5242:. Hiriyanna explains
4864:jnanalaksanapratyaksa
4822:Indriyarthasannikarsa
4495:Varna-related topics:
4386:Eighteen Lesser Texts
3959:Devi Bhagavata Purana
2850:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
2836:Achintya Bheda Abheda
2768:Philosophical schools
2070:Ahamkara (attachment)
2030:Vairagya (dispassion)
1958:Mokṣa-related topics:
573:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
553:Achintya Bheda Abheda
261:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
254:Achintya Bheda Abheda
7888:Sources of knowledge
7074:A. B. Keith (1925),
7030:, pages 512-530, 684
6770:Indo-Iranian Journal
6475:In the 14th century
6256:) and epistemology (
5906:Devotional practices
5729:Noble Eightfold Path
4870:, so as to contrast
4627:Hinduism and Jainism
3557:Vethathiri Maharishi
3462:Nisargadatta Maharaj
2025:Viveka (discernment)
1400:(500/200 BCE–300 CE)
898:Principal Upanishads
563:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
7636:(alk. paper): p.390
6439:logical consequence
6206:Buddhism portal
6079:Buddhism by country
5841:Sanskrit literature
5463:Comparison, called
5381:Perception, called
5161:(activity/motion),
5059:Anupalabdhi pramana
4764:Taittirīya Āraṇyaka
4685:Hinduism portal
4564:Hinduism by country
4400:Iraiyanar Akapporul
4344:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
3427:Dayananda Saraswati
3412:Bhaktivinoda Thakur
3318:Sripada Srivallabha
3258:Raghunatha Siromani
3223:Narasimha Saraswati
3123:Santadas Kathiababa
2195:Anumāṇa (inference)
406:Raghunatha Siromani
6278:rjes dpag tshad ma
6274:mngon sum tshad ma
5693:Buddhist modernism
5436:Inference, called
5294:Vaisheshika school
4579:Caribbean Shaktism
4298:Kanakadhara Stotra
3547:U. G. Krishnamurti
3527:Satyadhyana Tirtha
3118:Gangesha Upadhyaya
2776:Six Astika schools
2020:Ānanda (happiness)
1999:Anātman (non-self)
1316:, particularly by
1288:is referred to as
7707:978-0-231-13280-0
7566:978-94-010-7810-8
6732:978-94-010-5107-1
6661:978-1-4419-8109-7
6489:Madhyamakālaṅkāra
6355:Pramāṇa-samuccaya
6350:Pramāṇa-samuccaya
6242:
6241:
5724:Four Noble Truths
5554:(word, testimony)
5518:(word, testimony)
5332:According to the
5225:Sources of dharma
5173:(individuality).
4984:. Thus, explains
4868:Pratyakṣa-pranama
4721:
4720:
4572:Balinese Hinduism
4071:Markandeya Purana
3308:Satyanatha Tirtha
3263:Raghuttama Tirtha
3253:Raghavendra Swami
3093:Ramdas Kathiababa
2174:Sources of dharma
2040:Dama (temperance)
2035:Sama (equanimity)
1401:
1091:
1090:
823:
822:
819:
818:
181:
180:
125:
124:
32:Pramana (journal)
16:(Redirected from
7915:
7792:
7774:
7771:
7765:
7747:
7741:
7738:
7732:
7729:
7720:
7719:
7691:
7685:
7682:
7663:
7660:
7654:
7643:
7637:
7611:
7605:
7599:
7593:
7587:
7578:
7575:
7569:
7558:
7552:
7541:
7526:
7519:
7513:
7512:
7494:
7488:
7487:
7469:
7458:
7457:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7414:
7408:
7397:
7391:
7380:
7374:
7363:
7357:
7351:
7345:
7342:
7333:
7322:
7313:
7310:
7304:
7301:
7295:
7285:
7279:
7268:
7259:
7256:
7250:
7239:
7233:
7222:
7216:
7205:
7199:
7188:
7182:
7175:
7169:
7159:
7153:
7142:
7136:
7125:
7119:
7102:
7096:
7087:
7081:
7080:, Part II, p.482
7072:
7066:
7054:
7048:
7037:
7031:
7020:
7014:
7007:
7001:
6990:
6984:
6973:
6967:
6961:
6955:
6945:
6939:
6933:
6927:
6921:
6915:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6886:
6875:
6864:
6850:, pages 245-248;
6838:
6821:
6810:
6787:
6786:
6764:
6751:
6748:
6735:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6699:
6693:
6679:
6664:
6653:
6634:
6623:
6614:
6603:
6594:
6588:
6569:
6548:
6507:Hindu philosophy
6338:
6322:
6234:
6227:
6220:
6204:
6203:
5931:Sublime abidings
5622:
5599:
5598:
5273:Hindu philosophy
5169:(inherence) and
4911:(a reason), and
4891:(अनुमान) means ‘
4774:("perception"),
4713:
4706:
4699:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4643:and Christianity
4613:Pilgrimage sites
4543:Reform movements
4421:Vinayagar Agaval
4372:Five Great Epics
4321:Tamil literature
4220:Sushruta Samhita
4015:Bhavishya Purana
4001:Brahmanda Purana
3952:Bhagavata Purana
3880:Other scriptures
3442:Mahavatar Babaji
3017:Satyakama Jabala
2688:Ganesh Chaturthi
2542:Rites of passage
2055:Shraddha (faith)
1473:Major traditions
1399:
1364:
1341:
1340:
1105:
1083:
1076:
1069:
922:Agama (Hinduism)
910:Other scriptures
903:Minor Upanishads
749:
748:
618:Ekasarana Dharma
462:Vāchaspati Misra
382:
381:
298:Shaiva Siddhanta
275:Ekasarana Dharma
138:
137:
75:
74:
62:
52:Hindu philosophy
39:
38:
21:
7923:
7922:
7918:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7913:
7912:
7878:
7877:
7833:
7810:(commentator);
7800:
7795:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7768:
7748:
7744:
7739:
7735:
7730:
7723:
7708:
7692:
7688:
7683:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7644:
7640:
7620:(commentator);
7612:
7608:
7602:Puligandla 1997
7600:
7596:
7588:
7581:
7576:
7572:
7559:
7555:
7542:
7529:
7520:
7516:
7509:
7495:
7491:
7484:
7470:
7461:
7454:
7440:
7436:
7429:
7415:
7411:
7407:, pages 221-253
7398:
7394:
7381:
7377:
7364:
7360:
7352:
7348:
7343:
7336:
7323:
7316:
7311:
7307:
7302:
7298:
7286:
7282:
7269:
7262:
7257:
7253:
7240:
7236:
7232:, pages 170-172
7223:
7219:
7215:, pages 168-169
7206:
7202:
7198:, pages 160-168
7189:
7185:
7176:
7172:
7160:
7156:
7143:
7139:
7126:
7122:
7118:, pages 149-150
7103:
7099:
7088:
7084:
7073:
7069:
7055:
7051:
7047:, pages 361-362
7038:
7034:
7021:
7017:
7008:
7004:
6991:
6987:
6974:
6970:
6962:
6958:
6946:
6942:
6934:
6930:
6922:
6918:
6905:
6901:
6893:
6889:
6876:
6867:
6839:
6824:
6811:
6790:
6765:
6754:
6749:
6738:
6734:, pages 137-154
6725:
6721:
6711:
6709:
6701:
6700:
6696:
6680:
6667:
6654:
6637:
6624:
6617:
6613:, pages 520-521
6604:
6597:
6589:
6582:
6578:
6573:
6572:
6549:
6545:
6540:
6503:
6452:
6416:
6403:
6363:Pramanavarttika
6309:
6238:
6198:
6191:
6190:
6081:
6071:
6070:
6021:
6011:
6010:
5976:
5966:
5965:
5871:
5861:
5860:
5831:Mahayana Sutras
5811:
5801:
5800:
5741:Five Aggregates
5719:
5718:
5698:
5697:
5688:Later Buddhists
5653:
5597:
5591:
5545:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
5541:Advaita Vedānta
5537:
5497:
5367:
5330:
5296:
5285:
5269:
5227:
5217:
5139:(knowable) and
5052:
5017:
4986:Monier Williams
4963:
4886:
4801:
4782:("inference").
4729:
4717:
4679:
4677:
4658:
4657:
4651:
4621:
4587:
4566:
4558:
4548:
4547:
4510:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4426:
4323:
4291:
4213:Charaka Samhita
4192:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
4150:Shilpa Shastras
4129:
4082:
3966:Naradiya Purana
3938:
3933:
3908:
3882:
3841:
3705:
3637:
3621:
3590:
3582:
3572:
3571:
3517:Shirdi Sai Baba
3512:Sathya Sai Baba
3492:Ramana Maharshi
3396:
3363:Vadiraja Tirtha
3358:Vācaspati Miśra
3238:Srinivasacharya
3218:Narahari Tirtha
3198:Matsyendranatha
3183:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
3148:Jagannatha Dasa
3138:Haridasa Thakur
3052:
2931:
2923:
2913:
2912:
2868:
2829:Vishishtadvaita
2778:
2770:
2760:
2759:
2713:Makar Sankranti
2693:Vasant Panchami
2656:Maha Shivaratri
2640:
2544:
2453:
2387:
2356:
2237:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2184:
2078:
2015:Prajña (wisdom)
2011:
1988:
1952:
1926:
1895:
1864:
1862:Meaning of life
1849:God in Hinduism
1838:
1802:
1800:Supreme reality
1777:Subtle elements
1766:
1747:
1741:
1731:
1730:
1586:
1555:
1529:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1474:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1402:
1397:Hindu synthesis
1393:
1388:
1339:
1330:Advaita Vedanta
1237:
1205:Advaita Vedanta
1087:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1023:
970:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
931:
854:
839:
838:
825:
824:
738:
708:
670:
652:
632:
612:
592:
588:Srinivasacharya
567:
547:
527:
496:
477:Vishishtadvaita
471:
440:
431:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
410:
396:Akṣapāda Gotama
379:
378:
362:
361:
333:Shiva Bhedabeda
233:Vishishtadvaita
193:
192:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7921:
7911:
7910:
7905:
7903:Buddhist logic
7900:
7895:
7890:
7876:
7875:
7870:
7864:
7858:
7852:
7846:
7840:
7832:
7831:External links
7829:
7828:
7827:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7766:
7742:
7733:
7721:
7706:
7686:
7664:
7655:
7653:, page 115-119
7651:978-0937938027
7638:
7606:
7604:, p. 228.
7594:
7579:
7570:
7553:
7549:978-8120813304
7527:
7514:
7507:
7489:
7483:978-0415862530
7482:
7459:
7452:
7434:
7427:
7409:
7405:978-8120835269
7392:
7388:978-8120814899
7375:
7358:
7346:
7334:
7314:
7305:
7296:
7280:
7260:
7251:
7234:
7217:
7200:
7183:
7170:
7167:978-0198239765
7154:
7137:
7133:978-0691073842
7120:
7116:978-0231149877
7097:
7082:
7067:
7063:978-8120809826
7049:
7045:978-0691073019
7032:
7028:978-8120830615
7015:
7002:
7000:, pages 95-105
6998:978-1137031723
6985:
6981:978-1137031723
6968:
6956:
6940:
6928:
6916:
6914:, page 237-238
6912:978-0791430675
6899:
6887:
6883:978-0937938768
6865:
6863:
6862:
6859:978-0791430675
6851:
6848:978-0815336112
6822:
6818:978-0791430675
6788:
6777:(4): 291–300.
6752:
6736:
6719:
6694:
6690:978-0521438780
6665:
6635:
6615:
6595:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:on this topic.
6562:978-0231149877
6542:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6522:Buddhist logic
6519:
6514:
6509:
6502:
6499:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6451:
6448:
6415:
6412:
6402:
6399:
6308:
6305:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6229:
6222:
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6209:
6208:
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6189:
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6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
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6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
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6038:
6033:
6028:
6022:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5996:Pratyekabuddha
5993:
5988:
5983:
5977:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5951:Buddhist chant
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5809:Buddhist texts
5807:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5726:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5654:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5624:
5623:
5615:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5595:Buddhist logic
5593:Main article:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5525:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5468:
5461:
5458:Sāmānyatodṛṣṭa
5434:
5403:Sāmānyalakṣana
5366:
5363:
5355:
5354:
5348:
5345:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5314:
5295:
5292:
5284:
5283:Carvaka school
5281:
5268:
5265:
5216:
5211:
5203:anyonya-abhava
5199:atyanta-abhava
5119:Abhava-pramana
5117:as different.
5105:to be same as
5070:(positive) or
5051:
5046:
5016:
5011:
4992:, the moon is
4962:
4957:
4955:(conclusion).
4907:(hypothesis),
4885:
4880:
4848:
4847:
4844:Vyavasayatmaka
4841:
4835:
4825:
4800:
4795:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4649:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4516:Discrimination
4512:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4407:Abirami Antati
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4293:
4292:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4255:Ramcharitmanas
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4206:Pramana Sutras
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4178:Mimamsa Sutras
4174:
4171:Samkhya Sutras
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4136:Dharma Shastra
4131:
4130:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3770:Shvetashvatara
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3742:Brihadaranyaka
3737:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3552:Upasni Maharaj
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3378:Vedanta Desika
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3298:Samarth Ramdas
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3248:Purandara Dasa
3245:
3240:
3235:
3233:Nimbarkacharya
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:Jayanta Bhatta
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2683:Raksha Bandhan
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2565:Simantonnayana
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2514:Carnatic music
2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:Bhagavata Mela
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:Kundalini yoga
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1893:Stages of life
1891:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:God and gender
1851:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1787:Gross elements
1784:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1443:Itihasa-Purana
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1338:
1335:
1236:
1233:
1194:school of the
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1028:Secular ethics
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
985:
984:
982:Pramana Sutras
978:
977:
972:
967:
962:
960:Mimamsa Sutras
957:
955:Samkhya Sutras
952:
946:
945:
930:
929:
924:
919:
913:
912:
906:
905:
900:
894:
893:
885:
884:
879:
874:
869:
863:
862:
853:
852:
847:
841:
840:
832:
831:
830:
827:
826:
821:
820:
817:
816:
815:
814:
807:
801:
800:
799:
798:
787:
781:
780:
779:
778:
771:
765:
764:
763:
762:
755:
745:
744:
740:
739:
737:
736:
731:
726:
720:
717:
716:
710:
709:
707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
675:
672:
671:
669:
668:
663:
657:
654:
653:
651:
650:
644:
641:
640:
634:
633:
631:
630:
624:
621:
620:
614:
613:
611:
610:
604:
601:
600:
594:
593:
591:
590:
585:
579:
576:
575:
569:
568:
566:
565:
559:
556:
555:
549:
548:
546:
545:
539:
536:
535:
529:
528:
526:
525:
520:
515:
509:
506:
505:
498:
497:
495:
494:
492:Vedanta Desika
489:
483:
480:
479:
473:
472:
470:
469:
464:
459:
453:
450:
449:
442:
441:
439:
438:
433:
428:
422:
419:
418:
412:
411:
409:
408:
403:
401:Jayanta Bhatta
398:
392:
389:
388:
380:
369:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
359:
351:
350:
344:
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
293:
292:
286:
285:
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:
221:
220:
218:
212:
211:
203:
202:
200:
194:
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
177:
176:
169:
162:
155:
148:
134:
133:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:
113:
106:
99:
92:
85:
71:
70:
64:
63:
55:
54:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7920:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7874:
7871:
7868:
7865:
7862:
7859:
7856:
7853:
7850:
7847:
7844:
7841:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7825:
7824:1-59030-241-9
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7790:
7785:
7784:
7770:
7763:
7760:
7759:0-86171-377-X
7756:
7752:
7746:
7737:
7728:
7726:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7703:
7699:
7698:
7690:
7681:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7659:
7652:
7648:
7642:
7635:
7634:1-59030-241-9
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7610:
7603:
7598:
7591:
7586:
7584:
7574:
7567:
7563:
7557:
7550:
7546:
7540:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7524:
7518:
7510:
7508:81-260-1221-8
7504:
7500:
7493:
7485:
7479:
7475:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7455:
7453:81-208-0309-4
7449:
7445:
7438:
7430:
7428:0-8239-2287-1
7424:
7420:
7413:
7406:
7402:
7396:
7390:, pages 41-63
7389:
7385:
7379:
7372:
7371:0-8239-2287-1
7368:
7362:
7355:
7350:
7341:
7339:
7331:
7330:0-8239-2287-1
7327:
7321:
7319:
7309:
7300:
7294:
7293:81-208-0779-0
7290:
7284:
7277:
7276:0-8239-2287-1
7273:
7267:
7265:
7255:
7248:
7247:0-7914-0362-9
7244:
7238:
7231:
7230:81-208-0309-4
7227:
7221:
7214:
7213:81-208-0309-4
7210:
7204:
7197:
7196:81-208-0309-4
7193:
7187:
7180:
7177:Matt Stefan,
7174:
7168:
7164:
7158:
7152:, pages 51-62
7151:
7150:81-208-0426-0
7147:
7141:
7135:, pages 53-68
7134:
7130:
7124:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7108:
7101:
7094:
7093:
7086:
7079:
7078:
7071:
7065:, pages 20-38
7064:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7042:
7036:
7029:
7025:
7019:
7012:
7006:
6999:
6995:
6989:
6983:, pages 95-97
6982:
6978:
6972:
6965:
6960:
6954:
6950:
6944:
6937:
6932:
6925:
6920:
6913:
6909:
6903:
6896:
6891:
6885:, pages 19-20
6884:
6880:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6819:
6815:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6771:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6733:
6729:
6723:
6708:
6704:
6698:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6662:
6658:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6633:, pages 25-26
6632:
6631:81-208-0779-0
6628:
6622:
6620:
6612:
6611:0-8239-2287-1
6608:
6602:
6600:
6592:
6587:
6585:
6580:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6554:
6547:
6543:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6497:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6481:
6478:
6477:Je Tsongkhapa
6473:
6471:
6463:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6447:
6445:
6440:
6436:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6411:
6409:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6387:
6384:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6359:pramāṇaśāstra
6356:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6342:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6318:
6314:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6245:
6235:
6230:
6228:
6223:
6221:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6075:
6074:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6015:
6014:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5962:
5961:Vegetarianism
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5916:Recollections
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5886:Five precepts
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5865:
5864:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5851:Chinese canon
5849:
5847:
5846:Tibetan canon
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5805:
5804:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5446:Parāthānumāna
5443:
5442:Svārthānumāna
5439:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5362:
5360:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5291:
5289:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5245:
5244:Sabda-pramana
5241:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5187:asatkaryavada
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5151:(substance),
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5045:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5010:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4879:
4877:
4876:anadhyavasaya
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4858:(intuition),
4857:
4853:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4743:(inference),
4742:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4702:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4654:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4586:Hindu culture
4584:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4538:Organisations
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4262:Yoga Vasistha
4259:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4227:Natya Shastra
4224:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4164:Brahma Sutras
4161:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:Sthapatyaveda
4107:
4105:
4104:
4103:Gandharvaveda
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4064:Varaha Purana
4061:
4059:
4058:
4057:Skanda Purana
4054:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3994:Brahma Purana
3991:
3989:
3988:
3987:Garuda Purana
3984:
3982:
3981:
3980:Matsya Purana
3977:
3975:
3974:
3973:Vāmana Purana
3970:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3945:Vishnu Purana
3942:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3889:Bhagavad Gita
3886:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:Radhakrishnan
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Narayana Guru
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:Jaggi Vasudev
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:Chinmayananda
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:Ramprasad Sen
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:Gorakshanatha
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Allama Prabhu
3071:
3069:
3068:Akka Mahadevi
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:Abhinavagupta
3056:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3007:Prashastapada
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2867:Other schools
2865:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2843:Shuddhadvaita
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Kalaripayattu
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Bharatanatyam
2457:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:Nritta-Nritya
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:Shiva Samhita
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
983:
980:
979:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
950:Brahma Sutras
948:
947:
944:
943:
942:
938:
933:
932:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
917:Bhagavad Gita
915:
914:
911:
908:
907:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
887:
886:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
856:
855:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
837:
836:
829:
828:
813:
810:
809:
808:
806:
802:
797:
796:Prashastapada
793:
790:
789:
788:
786:
782:
777:
774:
773:
772:
770:
766:
761:
758:
757:
756:
754:
750:
747:
746:
742:
741:
735:
734:Radhakrishnan
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
719:
718:
715:
712:
711:
705:
704:Anandamayi Ma
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
689:Ramprasad Sen
687:
685:
682:
680:
679:Abhinavagupta
677:
676:
674:
673:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
656:
655:
649:
646:
645:
643:
642:
639:
636:
635:
629:
626:
625:
623:
622:
619:
616:
615:
609:
606:
605:
603:
602:
599:
596:
595:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
578:
577:
574:
571:
570:
564:
561:
560:
558:
557:
554:
551:
550:
544:
541:
540:
538:
537:
534:
533:Shuddhadvaita
531:
530:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
508:
507:
503:
500:
499:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
482:
481:
478:
475:
474:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
452:
451:
447:
444:
443:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
421:
420:
417:
414:
413:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
391:
390:
387:
384:
383:
376:
372:
366:
365:
358:
357:
356:Integral yoga
353:
352:
349:
346:
345:
342:
341:
340:Shiva Advaita
337:
335:
334:
330:
328:
327:
323:
321:
320:
316:
314:
313:
309:
307:
306:
302:
300:
299:
295:
294:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
279:
277:
276:
272:
270:
269:
265:
263:
262:
258:
256:
255:
251:
249:
248:
247:Shuddhadvaita
244:
242:
241:
237:
235:
234:
230:
228:
227:
223:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
205:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
191:
185:
184:
175:
174:
170:
168:
167:
163:
161:
160:
156:
154:
153:
149:
147:
146:
142:
141:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
128:
119:
118:
114:
112:
111:
107:
105:
104:
100:
98:
97:
93:
91:
90:
86:
84:
83:
79:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
65:
61:
57:
56:
53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7826:(alk. paper)
7815:
7804:Śāntarakṣita
7798:Bibliography
7788:
7769:
7750:
7745:
7736:
7696:
7689:
7658:
7641:
7625:
7614:Śāntarakṣita
7609:
7597:
7573:
7568:, pages 1-30
7556:
7522:
7517:
7498:
7492:
7473:
7443:
7437:
7418:
7412:
7395:
7378:
7361:
7349:
7308:
7299:
7283:
7278:, page 46-47
7254:
7249:, page 26-27
7237:
7220:
7203:
7186:
7173:
7157:
7140:
7123:
7105:
7100:
7091:
7085:
7076:
7070:
7052:
7035:
7018:
7010:
7005:
6988:
6971:
6959:
6943:
6931:
6919:
6902:
6890:
6774:
6768:
6722:
6710:. Retrieved
6706:
6697:
6551:
6546:
6527:Epistemology
6494:
6488:
6482:
6474:
6470:Śāntarakṣita
6467:
6453:
6432:
6417:
6407:
6404:
6388:
6379:
6367:
6358:
6354:
6353:. Dignāga's
6348:
6344:
6328:
6310:
6307:Sautrantrika
6294:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6263:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6247:
6243:
5911:Merit making
5876:Three Jewels
5816:Buddhavacana
5746:Impermanence
5734:Dharma wheel
5560:(perception)
5538:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5506:(perception)
5503:
5498:
5487:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5464:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5431:Pratyabhijñā
5430:
5424:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5407:Jñānalakṣana
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5374:
5368:
5365:Nyaya school
5356:
5331:
5320:
5310:
5297:
5286:
5276:
5270:
5260:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5213:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5163:samanya/jati
5162:
5158:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5141:Abhidheyatva
5140:
5136:
5135:(existent),
5132:
5128:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5006:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4827:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4790:
4786:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4730:
4725:
4645: /
4641: /
4637: /
4633: /
4631:and Buddhism
4629: /
4593:Architecture
4556:Other topics
4494:
4477:
4449:Four varnas:
4448:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4234:Panchatantra
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4185:Nyāya Sūtras
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4143:Artha Śastra
4141:
4134:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4050:Kūrma Purana
4048:
4043:Linga Purana
4041:
4036:Shiva Purana
4034:
4027:
4022:Padma Purana
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3920:
3913:
3898:s (Hinduism)
3895:
3887:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3808:Atharvaveda:
3807:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3672:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3522:Shraddhanand
3497:Ravi Shankar
3477:R. D. Ranade
3338:Śyāma Śastri
3333:Swaminarayan
3293:Rupa Goswami
3203:Morya Gosavi
3163:Jiva Goswami
3063:Adi Shankara
2889:Pratyabhijña
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2620:Samavartanam
2600:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ
2585:Annaprashana
2509:Dandiya Raas
2484:Mohiniyattam
2377:Nididhyāsana
2182:Epistemology
2181:
2114:Brahmacharya
1994:Ātman (self)
1957:
1901:Brahmacharya
1830:Saccidānanda
1782:Panchikarana
1658:
1591:
1582: /
1578:Other major
1502:
1436:
1435:
1390:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1187:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1154:
1147:
1135:
1133:
1116:epistemology
1094:
1093:
1092:
1026:
999:Arthashastra
994:Dharmaśāstra
981:
965:Nyāya Sūtras
935:
934:
909:
888:
857:
833:
648:Swaminarayan
513:Madhvacharya
504:(Tattvavada)
467:Adi Shankara
370:
354:
338:
331:
324:
317:
310:
305:Pratyabhijna
303:
296:
280:
273:
266:
259:
252:
245:
238:
231:
224:
206:
189:
171:
164:
157:
150:
143:
115:
108:
101:
94:
87:
80:
36:
6682:Gavin Flood
6532:Metaphysics
6444:Svātantrika
6435:Candrakīrti
6420:Bhāvaviveka
6313:Sautrāntika
6301:Dharmakīrti
6286:Avisamvadin
6146:New Zealand
6001:Bodhisattva
5986:Four Stages
5941:Monasticism
5921:Mindfulness
5891:Perfections
5821:Early Texts
5582:Anupalabdhi
5566:(inference)
5512:(inference)
5359:Yoga Sutras
5157:(quality),
5064:Anupalabdhi
5055:Anupalabdhi
5049:Anupalabdhi
5028:implication
5002:Bhaṭṭikāvya
4838:Avyabhicara
4828:Avyapadesya
4753:Anupalabdhi
4639:and Judaism
4635:and Sikhism
4603:Iconography
4528:Nationalism
4521:Persecution
4305:Shiva Stuti
4199:Yoga Sutras
4029:Agni Purana
3931:Other texts
3922:Mahabharata
3665:Atharvaveda
3562:Vivekananda
3487:Rama Tirtha
3482:Ramakrishna
3457:Nigamananda
3447:Mahesh Yogi
3323:Sripadaraja
3313:Siddheshwar
3208:Mukundarāja
3188:Madhusūdana
3178:Kanaka Dasa
3098:Chakradhara
3042:Yajnavalkya
3032:Vishvamitra
2901:Pancharatra
2799:Vaisheshika
2755:Ratha Yatra
2703:Janmashtami
2698:Rama Navami
2615:Ritushuddhi
2590:Chudakarana
2580:Nishkramana
2550:Garbhadhana
2519:Pandav Lila
2428:Bhakti yoga
2313:Prāyaścitta
2084:Niti śastra
1932:Bhakti yoga
1911:Vānaprastha
1726:Vishvakarma
1659:Post-Vedic:
1495:Vaishnavism
1437:Traditional
1290:Pramāṇavāda
1180:anupalabdhi
1148:pratyakṣa),
975:Yoga Sutras
927:Vachanamrut
882:Atharvaveda
835:Major texts
785:Vaisheshika
724:Vivekananda
714:Neo-Vedanta
608:Chakradhara
598:Mahanubhava
523:Vyasatirtha
348:Neo-Vedanta
319:Pramanavada
312:Panchartika
268:Mahanubhava
216:Vaishnavite
190:Sub-schools
103:Vaisheshika
7882:Categories
7806:(author);
7761:. Source:
7616:(author);
7354:Arthapatti
7332:, page 721
7179:pratyaksha
6861:, page 238
6820:, page 238
6692:, page 225
6663:, page 172
6576:References
6446:approach.
6428:Middle Way
6414:Madhyamaka
6374:Vaibhāṣika
6370:Abhidharma
6254:rtags rigs
6019:Traditions
5956:Pilgrimage
5896:Meditation
5856:Post-canon
5836:Pāli Canon
5766:Middle Way
5663:The Buddha
5576:Arthāpatti
5528:Arthapatti
5420:Nirvikalpa
5399:Asādhārana
5307:Perception
5219:See also:
5111:Anupalabdi
5103:Anupalabdi
5089:Anupalabdi
5080:Anupalabdi
5037:arthapatti
5020:Arthāpatti
5014:Arthāpatti
4749:Arthāpatti
4479:Varna-less
4351:Tiruppukal
4312:Vayu Stuti
4276:Panchadasi
4269:Swara yoga
4157:Kama Sutra
4096:Dhanurveda
3756:Taittiriya
3734:Yajurveda:
3726:Kaushitaki
3703:Upanishads
3695:Upanishads
3619:Scriptures
3467:Prabhupada
3383:Vidyaranya
3268:Ram Charan
3243:Prabhākara
3158:Jayatīrtha
3108:Dadu Dayal
3103:Chāngadeva
2962:Bharadwaja
2952:Ashtavakra
2718:Kumbh Mela
2666:Durga Puja
2595:Karnavedha
2575:Nāmakaraṇa
2504:Yakshagana
2433:Karma yoga
2423:Jnana yoga
2418:Hatha yoga
2355:Meditation
2328:Tirthadana
2109:Aparigraha
1965:Paramātman
1950:Liberation
1942:Karma yoga
1937:Jnana yoga
1666:Dattatreya
1466:Traditions
1391:Historical
1227:is called
1175:arthāpatti
1140:perception
1004:Kama Sutra
890:Upanishads
518:Jayatirtha
448:(Mayavada)
436:Prabhākara
226:Bhedabheda
7551:, page 43
7373:, page 55
6703:"Pramana"
6485:Ju Mipham
6424:Nāgārjuna
6290:mi slu ba
6166:Sri Lanka
6156:Singapore
6111:Indonesia
6051:Vajrayāna
6026:Theravāda
5981:Awakening
5869:Practices
5826:Tripiṭaka
5796:Cosmology
5771:Emptiness
5751:Suffering
5558:Pratyakṣa
5504:Pratyakṣa
5470:Word, or
5426:Savikalpa
5391:Sādhārana
5383:Pratyakṣa
5317:Inference
5311:Pratyakṣa
5300:Vaiśeṣika
5207:pragavasa
5179:referents
4913:drshtanta
4893:inference
4804:Pratyakṣa
4798:Pratyakṣa
4772:pratyakṣa
4737:Pratyakṣa
4653:Criticism
4647:and Islam
4608:Mythology
4461:Kshatriya
4393:Athichudi
4330:Tirumurai
4248:Tirumurai
3857:Vyākaraṇa
3793:Chandogya
3785:Samaveda:
3673:Divisions
3651:Yajurveda
3611:Ātmatuṣṭi
3567:Yogananda
3542:Trailanga
3537:Sivananda
3402:Aurobindo
3388:Vyasaraja
3353:Tyagaraja
3303:Sankardev
3273:Ramananda
3168:Jñāneśvar
3143:Harivansh
3128:Gaudapada
3088:Chaitanya
3027:Vashistha
2997:Patanjali
2977:Jamadagni
2896:Vaishnava
2884:Pashupata
2661:Navaratri
2638:Festivals
2605:Upanayana
2570:Jatakarma
2555:Pumsavana
2474:Kuchipudi
2469:Kathakali
2438:Rāja yoga
2372:Samādhāna
2253:Prarthana
2227:Practices
2154:Svādhyāya
1758:Mythology
1753:Cosmology
1746:Worldview
1691:Kartikeya
1622:Prajapati
1561:Saraswati
1280:The term
1235:Etymology
1159:testimony
1151:inference
1014:Tirumurai
872:Yajurveda
776:Patanjali
729:Aurobindo
694:Bamakhepa
628:Sankardev
457:Gaudapada
131:Heterodox
7716:57316839
6501:See also
6450:In Tibet
6383:Yogācāra
6270:tshad ma
6258:blo rigs
6250:tshad ma
6176:Thailand
6136:Mongolia
6131:Malaysia
6096:Cambodia
6061:Navayana
6041:Hinayana
6036:Mahāyāna
5946:Lay life
5776:Morality
5756:Not-self
5714:Concepts
5673:Councils
5658:Timeline
5630:Glossary
5612:Buddhism
5604:a series
5602:Part of
5589:Buddhism
5450:Pūrvavat
5395:Alaukika
5277:pramanas
5183:Padartha
5171:vishesha
5167:samavaya
5145:padartha
5137:Jneyatva
5129:Padartha
5124:Padārtha
5093:pramanas
5072:asadrupa
5042:pramanas
4994:upamanam
4990:upameyam
4978:upamanam
4974:upameyam
4953:nigamana
4949:vipaksha
4945:sapaksha
4933:vipaksha
4929:sapaksha
4905:pratijna
4856:pratibha
4808:anubhava
4791:pramanas
4787:pramanas
4733:pramanas
4726:pramanas
4666:Glossary
4598:Calendar
4533:Hindutva
4456:Brahmana
4127:samhitas
4119:Shastras
4089:Ayurveda
4080:Upavedas
3915:Ramayana
3906:Itihasas
3872:Jyotisha
3839:Vedangas
3823:Mandukya
3719:Aitareya
3711:Rigveda:
3690:Aranyaka
3685:Brahmana
3658:Samaveda
3373:Valluvar
3368:Vallabha
3348:Tulsidas
3278:Ramanuja
3228:Nayanars
3213:Namadeva
3050:Medieval
2992:Kashyapa
2908:Charvaka
2879:Kapalika
2743:Puthandu
2733:Vaisakhi
2630:Antyesti
2610:Keshanta
2534:Adimurai
2529:Silambam
2494:Sattriya
2479:Manipuri
2164:Mitahara
2144:Santosha
2104:Achourya
1916:Sannyasa
1906:Gṛhastha
1765:Ontology
1739:Concepts
1527:Trimurti
1490:Smartism
1485:Shaktism
1480:Shaivism
1354:Hinduism
1346:a series
1344:Part of
1337:Hinduism
1225:pramanas
1218:pramanas
1209:pramanas
1188:pramanas
1144:Sanskrit
1136:pramanas
1124:Buddhism
1120:Hinduism
1100:Sanskrit
1050:Hinduism
937:Shastras
877:Samaveda
812:Valluvar
583:Nimbarka
543:Vallabha
487:Ramanuja
375:Acharyas
371:Teachers
290:Shaivite
198:Smartist
159:Buddhism
145:Charvaka
68:Orthodox
44:a series
42:Part of
7780:Sources
7590:Pramana
6936:prameya
6924:pramAtR
6712:16 June
6591:pramANa
6464:action.
6461:object,
6458:subject
6395:realism
6333:Tibetan
6317:Tibetan
6297:Dignāga
6282:pramana
6266:pramana
6186:Vietnam
6141:Myanmar
6056:Tibetan
6046:Chinese
5974:Nirvāṇa
5791:Saṃsāra
5786:Rebirth
5651:History
5640:Outline
5570:Upamāṇa
5564:Anumāṇa
5522:Upamāṇa
5510:Anumāṇa
5488:Laukika
5480:Vaidika
5476:pramāṇa
5465:Upamāna
5454:Śeṣavat
5438:Anumāna
5387:Laukika
5375:pramāṇa
5334:Sankhya
5321:Anumāna
5288:Carvaka
5257:Carvaka
5195:dhvamsa
5133:Astitva
5085:pramana
5076:pramana
5068:sadrupa
5032:pramana
5024:pramana
5007:Upamāna
4998:samanya
4982:samanya
4970:Upamana
4966:Upamāna
4960:Upamāna
4901:Anumana
4889:Anumāna
4883:Anumāna
4872:nirnaya
4852:pramana
4832:hearsay
4780:anumāna
4776:aitihya
4745:Upamāṇa
4741:Anumāṇa
4671:Outline
4466:Vaishya
4434:Society
4285:Stotras
3936:Puranas
3862:Nirukta
3852:Chandas
3847:Shiksha
3830:Prashna
3816:Mundaka
3680:Samhita
3644:Rigveda
3507:Samarth
3343:Tukaram
3288:Ravidas
3022:Valmiki
2972:Jaimini
2942:Angiras
2937:Agastya
2929:Ancient
2815:Advaita
2809:Vedanta
2804:Mīmāṃsā
2784:Samkhya
2671:Ramlila
2413:Sādhanā
2303:Tarpana
2288:Kīrtana
2283:Bhajana
2234:Worship
2159:Shaucha
2134:Akrodha
1980:Saṃsāra
1844:Ishvara
1813:Nirguna
1808:Brahman
1772:Tattvas
1696:Krishna
1681:Hanuman
1676:Ganesha
1612:Chandra
1607:Ashvins
1571:Parvati
1566:Lakshmi
1553:Tridevi
1519:Deities
1426:Śramaṇa
1406:History
1387:Origins
1377:History
1326:Mimamsa
1318:Samkhya
1314:Pramana
1306:Pramana
1294:Pramana
1286:Pramana
1282:Pramana
1275:Prameya
1271:Pramātŗ
1266:Pramāṇa
1256:Pramāṇa
1240:Pramāṇa
1213:pramana
1201:Mimamsa
1196:Śramaṇa
1192:Carvaka
1170:upamāna
1155:anumāna
1128:Jainism
1095:Pramana
989:Puranas
867:Rigveda
805:Secular
753:Samkhya
446:Advaita
426:Jaimini
416:Mīmāṃsā
208:Advaita
166:Jainism
152:Ājīvika
117:Vedanta
110:Mīmāṃsā
82:Samkhya
18:Anumāna
7822:
7808:Mipham
7757:
7714:
7704:
7649:
7632:
7618:Mipham
7564:
7547:
7505:
7480:
7450:
7425:
7403:
7386:
7369:
7328:
7291:
7274:
7245:
7228:
7211:
7194:
7165:
7148:
7131:
7114:
7095:, p.23
7061:
7043:
7026:
6996:
6979:
6910:
6881:
6857:
6846:
6816:
6730:
6688:
6659:
6629:
6609:
6560:
6171:Taiwan
6151:Russia
6091:Brazil
6086:Bhutan
6006:Buddha
5926:Wisdom
5709:Dharma
5411:Yogaja
5235:shruti
5191:Abhava
5175:Abhava
5149:dravya
5115:Abhava
5107:Abhava
5099:Abhava
4937:Vyapti
4925:sadhya
4921:paksha
4917:sadhya
4812:smriti
4471:Shudra
4289:stutis
4125:, and
4123:sutras
3777:Maitri
3502:Ramdas
3395:Modern
3328:Surdas
3193:Madhva
3113:Eknath
3083:Basava
3078:Alvars
3012:Raikva
3002:Pāṇini
2987:Kapila
2982:Kanada
2967:Gotama
2874:Shaiva
2822:Dvaita
2723:Pongal
2646:Diwali
2625:Vivaha
2489:Odissi
2464:Kathak
2403:Yogini
2367:Dhyana
2318:Tirtha
2273:Bhakti
2263:Temple
2258:Śrauta
2139:Arjava
2099:Ahimsa
2094:Niyama
2077:Ethics
1885:Moksha
1870:Dharma
1818:Saguna
1716:Shakti
1701:Kubera
1647:Varuna
1627:Pushan
1540:Vishnu
1535:Brahma
1372:Hindus
1104:प्रमाण
941:Sutras
850:Smriti
792:Kaṇāda
760:Kapila
743:Others
666:Shakta
661:Tantra
502:Dvaita
240:Dvaita
173:Ajñana
6964:yukti
6895:प्रमा
6538:Notes
6517:Nyaya
6408:Apoha
6401:Apoha
6391:Gelug
6341:Wylie
6325:Wylie
6181:Tibet
6121:Korea
6116:Japan
6106:India
6101:China
6066:Newar
5991:Arhat
5781:Karma
5635:Index
5552:Śabda
5516:Śabda
5484:Vedic
5472:Śabda
5371:Nyāya
5351:Śabda
5261:Sabda
5253:Sabda
5249:Sabda
5240:Vedas
5230:Śabda
5214:Śabda
5159:karma
4897:guess
4793:are:
4768:smṛti
4757:Śabda
4488:Dalit
4441:Varna
4358:Kural
3896:Agama
3867:Kalpa
3763:Katha
3635:Vedas
3606:Ācāra
3601:Smṛti
3596:Śruti
3580:Texts
3173:Kabir
3037:Vyasa
2947:Aruni
2794:Nyaya
2748:Vishu
2728:Ugadi
2408:Asana
2393:Sadhu
2362:Tapas
2333:Matha
2323:Yatra
2308:Vrata
2293:Yajna
2268:Murti
2149:Tapas
2124:Damah
2119:Satya
2089:Yamas
1975:Karma
1875:Artha
1792:Guṇas
1706:Radha
1671:Durga
1642:Ushas
1637:Surya
1632:Rudra
1617:Indra
1593:Vedic
1584:Devis
1580:Devas
1545:Shiva
1310:Yukti
1302:Yukti
1298:Yukti
1260:prama
1252:Pramā
1229:Nyaya
1164:Śabda
1112:proof
1108:IAST:
1036:Kural
859:Vedas
845:Śruti
386:Nyaya
96:Nyaya
7820:ISBN
7755:ISBN
7712:OCLC
7702:ISBN
7647:ISBN
7630:ISBN
7562:ISBN
7545:ISBN
7503:ISBN
7478:ISBN
7448:ISBN
7423:ISBN
7401:ISBN
7384:ISBN
7367:ISBN
7326:ISBN
7289:ISBN
7272:ISBN
7243:ISBN
7226:ISBN
7209:ISBN
7192:ISBN
7163:ISBN
7146:ISBN
7129:ISBN
7112:ISBN
7059:ISBN
7041:ISBN
7024:ISBN
6994:ISBN
6977:ISBN
6908:ISBN
6879:ISBN
6855:ISBN
6844:ISBN
6814:ISBN
6728:ISBN
6714:2020
6686:ISBN
6657:ISBN
6627:ISBN
6607:ISBN
6558:ISBN
6299:and
6126:Laos
6031:Pāli
5415:Yoga
5369:The
5338:Yoga
5223:and
5154:guna
5113:and
4947:and
4941:hetu
4909:hetu
4724:Six
4502:Jāti
4287:and
3800:Kena
3749:Isha
2957:Atri
2789:Yoga
2738:Bihu
2708:Onam
2651:Holi
2451:Arts
2398:Yogi
2385:Yoga
2348:Sevā
2343:Dāna
2298:Homa
2278:Japa
2248:Ārtī
2243:Puja
2169:Dāna
2129:Dayā
1987:Mind
1970:Maya
1880:Kama
1721:Sita
1711:Rama
1686:Kali
1652:Vayu
1602:Agni
1504:List
1328:and
1322:Yoga
1304:and
1203:and
1126:and
939:and
769:Yoga
89:Yoga
6949:doi
6779:doi
6260:).
5539:In
5397:or
5389:or
4814:).
1837:God
1244:pra
7884::
7724:^
7710:.
7667:^
7582:^
7530:^
7462:^
7337:^
7317:^
7263:^
6868:^
6825:^
6791:^
6773:.
6755:^
6739:^
6705:.
6668:^
6638:^
6618:^
6598:^
6583:^
6491::
6365:.
6343::
6339:,
6335::
6327::
6323:,
6319::
6303:.
6161:US
5606:on
5336:,
5238:,
4121:,
1825:Om
1348:on
1324:,
1320:,
1292:.
1248:mā
1231:.
1220:.
1146::
1122:,
1106:;
1102::
794:,
46:on
7718:.
7511:.
7486:.
7456:.
7431:.
6951::
6785:.
6781::
6775:9
6716:.
6288:(
6268:(
6233:e
6226:t
6219:v
5482:(
5323:)
5319:(
5313:)
5309:(
4712:e
4705:t
4698:v
4481::
1595::
1153:(
1142:(
1098:(
1082:e
1075:t
1068:v
377:)
373:(
34:.
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