1932:, which does not mean simply increase their reputation but also to show achievements and communicate these achievements to others in order to be more accepted in social circles, especially upper class circles. Chinese consumers tend to believe that if they buy some brands it is easier to be accepted in the social circles of powerful and wealthy people. Connections are particularly important in Chinese culture as people use social connections to achieve their goals.
135:
73:
32:
763:"avoid loss/damage". The country begins to feel that Government consented to arrangements by which China has lost face; the officials have long been conscious that they are becoming ridiculous in the eyes of the people, seeing that where a foreigner is concerned they can neither enforce a Chinese right, nor redress a Chinese grievance, even on Chinese soil.
1137:(面子), which is defined as “the public image people want to present within a given social framework”. More specifically, mentsu can only be established when in social situations where others are present. It is associated with the fulfillment of one’s social role(s) as expected by others. There are two main types of face in Japanese culture:
2341:(1986) extended "face" into theoretical semantics. He postulated it to be an essential element of all language interchanges, and claimed: "A satisfactory theory of linguistic meaning cannot ignore questions of face presentation, nor other politeness phenomena that maintain the co-operative nature of language interchange."
2265:
after one's death as a ghost, or to cause through suicide endless difficulties or even punishment to the other person. But in the
Chinese literature used here, including also the short stories, I did not once find the phrase "losing face"; and there was no clear case of suicide because of shame alone.
2264:
It is mainly in the writings of foreigners that we find the stress upon shame in
Chinese society; it is they who stated that the Chinese were typically afraid of "losing their face". It is they who reported many cases of suicide because of loss of face, or of suicide in order to punish another person
602:
can be borrowed, struggled for, added to, padded, — all terms indicating a gradual increase in volume. It is built up through initial high position, wealth, power, ability, through cleverly establishing social ties to a number of prominent people, as well as through avoidance of acts that would cause
2273:
Given the importance of having face and of being related to those who do, there is a plethora of relationship politics in
Chinese culture. Name dropping, eagerness to associate with the rich and famous, the use of external status symbols, sensitivity to insult, lavish gift-giving, the use of titles,
1217:
in Japan, it was revealed that people generally regard experiences of losing one’s own face as unpleasant. Experiences of face-saving and face-loss can influence one’s mood and self-esteem. Moreover, people’s moods can be influenced by whether the face of those close to them are saved. Findings also
2201:
Among the most troublesome kinds of problems that arise in negotiation are the intangible issues related to loss of face. In some instances, protecting against loss of face becomes so central an issue that it swamps the importance of the tangible issues at stake and generates intense conflicts that
2062:
in
Chinese culture results in the recognition of one’s claim to respect from the community, not freedom of action . Japanese researcher claims the concept of negative face is alien to Japanese culture, and mistakenly assume the basic unit of society is the individual which is incongruent with
1900:
According to Hu, mianzi stands for "the kind of prestige that is emphasized...a reputation achieved through getting on in life, through success and ostentation", while face is "the respect of a group for a man with a good moral reputation: the man who will fulfill his obligations regardless of the
1178:
places emphasis on social roles. A comparative study of
Japanese and Chinese student’s perceptions of face revealed that Japanese students tend to be more concerned about face in situations relating to social status and appropriate treatment of others based on social status, while Chinese students
484:
Interesting as the
Chinese physiological face is, the psychological face makes a still more fascinating study. It is not a face that can be washed or shaved, but a face that can be "granted" and "lost" and "fought for" and "presented as a gift". Here we arrive at the most curious point of Chinese
1182:
The integration of face in
Japanese culture is evident in the language and cultural norms. According to Matsumoto 1988, “To attend to each other’s face in Japanese culture is to recognize each other’s social position and to convey such a recognition through the proper linguistic means, including
1154:
The need for positive self-regard Is culturally variant and
Japanese motivations for positive self-regard differ from those of other cultures in that it is primarily self-critically focused. From a young age, children are encouraged by parents to become socially shared images of the ideal person
762:
for "face" words meaning "prestige; honor" is smaller than the corresponding
Chinese field. English face meaning "prestige; honor, respect, dignity, status, reputation, social acceptance, or good name. The "lose" verb in "lose face" means "fail to maintain", while the "save" in "save face" means
472:
The term "face" keeps cropping up in our conversation, and it seems such a simple expression that I doubt whether many people give it much thought. Recently, however, we have heard this word on the lips of foreigners too, who seem to be studying it. They find it extremely hard to understand, but
1974:
is a cultural concept that relates to the social, emotional and psychological dimension of consumption and has an impact on consumers’ perception of their self and purchase decisions. Purchase and consumption of brands (but also other activities, like choosing a specific university), in
Chinese
1862:
The point is that face is distinctively human. Anyone who does not wish to declare his social bankruptcy must show a regard for face: he must claim for himself, and must extend to others, some degree of compliance, respect, and deference in order to maintain a minimum level of effective social
1205:(よろしくお願いします; I make a request and I hope things go well) highlight the debt-sensitive culture in Japan. By emphasizing the speaker’s debt to giving credit to the listener, one implies the debt will be repaid, this is rooted in the Japanese concept of face. In addition, phrases such as
767:
Several American newspapers from 1874 listed the concept in a column of "Chinese Proverbs" or "Facts & Fancies" stating "The Chinese, be it observed, are great sticklers for propriety and respectability, and are very much afraid of what they term "losing face"."
1863:
functioning. While it is true that the conceptualization of what constitutes face and the rules governing face behavior vary considerably across cultures, the concern for face is invariant. Defined at a high level of generality, the concept of face is a universal.
1349:
meaning both "face" and at the same time "the essence", when being used to describe a person, showing that there is high expectation of "inner self" and "outer self" of a person being in high accord with each other, looking from the framework of Russian culture.
1386:
and the sociological concept of face. Medieval Slavic documents have shown that the word has been used with various meanings, such as form, image, character, person, symbol, face, figure, statue, idol, guise and mask. The languages also have a derived adjective
2234:
the interaction between the degree of threats or considerations one party offers to another party, and the degree of claim for a sense of self-respect (or demand for respect toward one's national image or cultural group) put forth by the other party in a given
1197:
In the politeness-orientated Japanese society, simple sentences in English would have many variations in Japanese where the speaker must make linguistic choices based on their interpersonal relationship with the listener. Common greetings in Japanese such as
1925:
has been used to explain Chinese consumer purchasing behaviour and brand choice and considered it as a quality owned by some brands. Some consumers tend to favour some brands (and their products and services) because of their capacity to enable them to gain
1209:(すみません), originally an expression for apology but encompasses feelings of both gratitude and apology, are used across a variety of contexts, highlighting the use of language to maintain and reinforce smooth face-to-face interactions within Japanese society.
1838:
and the variety of social interaction. People strive to maintain the face they have created in social situations. They are emotionally attached to their faces, so they feel good when their faces are maintained; loss of face results in emotional pain, so in
1811:: the kinds of equality between the people involved, their ages, personal sensibilities, inequality in social status, social relationship, consciousness of personal prestige, presence of a witness, and the particular social value/sanction involved.
2066:
These differences suggest the concept of face according to the Politeness Theory is centered around the ideal individual autonomy. However, the concept of face in Eastern cultures such as the Chinese and Japanese orientate towards social identity.
1212:
A study investigating the conditions that led to feelings of face-loss in Japanese participants revealed that the presence of others and engagement in activities related to social roles led to a stronger face-loss experience. When examining
2087:" describes a desire to appear intelligent, accomplished, and capable. Oetzel et al. (2000) defined "facework" as "the communicative strategies one uses to enact self-face and to uphold, support, or challenge another person's face". In terms of
2054:
However, researchers disagree on the universality of Politeness Theory, arguing it fails to consider the cultural origins of the face and behaviors in non-western cultures where interactions focus on group identity rather than individuality.
1887:
The value of "saving face" has been seen in application of a Confucian form of protest and collective action. Evidence of face saving has been seen in a labor strike by Chinese railroad worker in 1867 in the construction of the
856:... Originally used by the English community in China, with reference to the continual devices among the Chinese to avoid incurring or inflicting disgrace. The exact phrase appears not to occur in Chinese, but ‘to lose face’ (
1071:
The Chinese has supplied a specific "name" for a "thing" embodying qualities not expressed or possibly not fully expressed, by a number of terms in English. The aptness of the figurative extension has probably also played a
681:; 'don't want face') "shameless; selfishly inconsiderate" as "a serious accusation meaning that ego does not care what society thinks of his character, that he is ready to obtain benefits for himself in defiance of
1194: , a commonly understood model of communication whereby individuals put up a polite “front” that hides their real beliefs, emphasize the importance placed on carrying out social responsibility in Japanese society.
1159:” (らしい；similar to). In this way, social roles influence how Japanese identify themselves but also establish the desirable image Japanese people wish to present in front of others. “Japanese competition characterized by
1901:
hardships involved, who under all circumstances shows himself a decent human being". The concept seems to relate to two different meanings, from one side Chinese consumers try to increase or maintain their reputation (
1678:
is that the person who lost face did so through fault of self or through the thoughtless action of another. As in China and other regions where loss of face is important, the Thai version involves sociodynamic status.
1947:. Therefore, some branded products and services, especially those that require conspicuous consumption (e.g. smartphones, bags, shoes), are chosen because they foster feelings of pride and vanity in the owner.
1244:, and in regards to different understanding of the opposites. However, both Russian and Chinese concepts of "face" are close to each other in their focus on person being, first and foremost, part of larger
2051:
In human interactions, people are often forced to threaten either an addressee's positive and/or negative face, and so there are various politeness strategies to mitigate those face-threatening acts.
2063:
the importance placed on interpersonal relationships in Japanese culture. In the case of Japan, individuals obtain face to maintain one’s position in relation to other members of the same community.
2218:
focused upon individuals, face-saving is generally viewed as more important in high context cultures such as China or Japan than in low-context ones such as the United States or Germany.
2177:, face-constituting, face-compensating, face-honoring, face-saving, face-threatening, face-building, face-protecting, face-depreciating, face-giving, face-restoring, and face-neutral.
3901:
Oetzel, John G.; Ting-Toomey, Stella; Yokochi, Yumiko; Masumoto, Tomoko; Takai, Jiro (2000). "A typology of facework behaviors in conflicts with best friends and relative strangers".
2274:
the sedulous avoidance of criticism, all abound, and require considerable readjustment for someone used to organizing social life by impersonal rules, frankness, and greater equality.
2901:"中国人学生と日本人学生の「面子」の概念及びコミュニケーション・ストラテジーに関する比較の一事例研究 [A quantitative analysis of differing perception of mein-tze / mentsu between Chinese and Japanese students: A case study]"
1116:. explains how "face" is a more basic meaning than "status", "dignity", or "honor". "Prestige" appears to be semantically closest to "face", however a person can be said to have
417:
425:
1915:
is not only important to improve the consumer's reputation in front of significant others, but rather it is also associated with feelings of dignity, honor, and pride. In
2881:
Readings in Cross-cultural Psychology; Proceedings of the Inaugural Meeting of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Held in Hong Kong, August 1972
1252:, individuality is much more toned-down in both Russian and Chinese cultures in favour of communality; both Russian and Chinese cultures are lacking in stark Western
2260:" in terms of literary psychology, debunked the persistent myth that "face" is peculiar to the Chinese rather than a force in every human society. Eberhard noted
473:
believe that "face" is the key to the Chinese spirit and that grasping it will be like grabbing a queue twenty-four years ago – everything else will follow.
1941:
has also an emotional facet. Consumers feel proud, special, honoured, even more valuable as individuals if they can afford to buy brands that can enhance their
2075:
Tae-Seop Lim and John Waite Bowers (1991) claim that face is the public image that a person claims for himself. Within this claim there are three dimensions. "
3364:
4211:
1879:) which permits deeper understanding of the various dimensions of experience of face, including moral and social evaluation, and its emotional mechanisms.
3070:"Under What Conditions Do People Feel Face-Loss? Effects of the Presence of Others and Social Roles on the Perception of Losing Face in Japanese Culture"
4217:
1144:(面目) refers to “aspects of the self approved of or respectability given by others”. This encompasses the fulfillment of one’s duty in social settings.
1163:(横並び), emphasizing not on surpassing others, but on not falling behind others”. The continual effort to improve oneself as summarized by the saying
1167:(頑張ります) can be viewed as an expression to secure the esteem of others, illustrating high motivations to maintain public face in Japanese culture.
1739:) translates literally as 'save face' or 'preserve face'. This concept is understood and treated much the same in Cambodia as elsewhere in Asia.
2138:
for other individuals. Facework is a skill of constantly maintaining the face in order to deserve the respect and honor from it. For instance,
1439:
1183:
formulaic expressions, honorifics, verbs of giving and receiving, and other “relation-acknowledging devices”. The Japanese cultural norms of
4265:
152:
45:
530:) "face; side; reputation; self-respect; prestige, honor; social standing." It is similar to the concept of "keeping up with appearances".
3666:"The role of aesthetic, cultural, utilitarian and branding factors in young Chinese consumers' repurchase intention of smartphone brands"
2058:
For instance, the Chinese origins of “face” was not considered by Brown and Levinson. Concerning the concept of negative face, obtaining
4229:
1264:
is much more highly regarded than in Western culture, where in the West ritualism is thought of to be mostly dull and empty of content.
1150:(体面)refers to the projected self or ostentation, which involves “the duty to clear one’s reputation of insult or imputation of failure”.
199:
1472:
concepts of dignity, or "face". For Shia Islam, face is based on the social and family ranking system found in the Treatise of Rights,
3320:"日本文化における「面子」：その概念と心理的・対人的意義(林 純姫) ["Face" in Japanese culture: its concept and psychological and interpersonal significance]"
171:
1048:
meaning "prestige" is technically a loan synonym, owing to semantic overlap between the native English meaning "outward semblance;
485:
social psychology. Abstract and intangible, it is yet the most delicate standard by which Chinese social intercourse is regulated.
4223:
867:
178:
4235:
3940:
4212:
Learning About "Face" – "Subjective Theories" as a Construct in Analysing Intercultural Learning Processes of Germans in Taiwan
1218:
reveal that caring for others through saving face can have a positive impact on one’s interpersonal relationships with others.
4078:
3812:
3746:
3389:
2572:
1907:) in front of socially and culturally significant others (e.g. friends); on the other hand, they try to defend or save face.
1267:
The importance of the concept of face in Russia may be seen imprinted into amassment of proverbs and sayings, where the word
1892:, where Chinese workers protested peacefully and negotiated for an outcome in a way that demonstrated face-saving behavior.
852:
8f. to save one's face: to avoid being disgraced or humiliated. Similarly, to save (another's) face. Hence save-face adj. =
671:; 'without face') "audacious; wanton; shameless" as "the most severe condemnation that can be made of a person" and
4334:
185:
1248:. In contrast to co-existence of personal individualism with their simultaneous participation in community affairs within
3706:"The importance of enhancing, maintaining and saving face in smartphone repurchase intentions of Chinese early adopters"
2449:
4324:
4017:
2879:
Ho, David Yao-fai (1974). "Face, Social Expectations, and Conflict Avoidance". In Dawson, John; Lonner, Walter (eds.).
167:
4158:
3960:
2900:
2729:
1867:
The sociological concept of face has recently been reanalyzed through consideration of the Chinese concepts of face (
236:
218:
116:
59:
4206:
A metalinguistic approach to deconstructing the concepts of 'face' and 'politeness' in Chinese, English and Japanese
1858:
and I. C. Jarvie believe, "because they have face to care for – without it they lose human dignity." Hu elaborates:
98:
1950:
A brand that enables an individual to achieve such goals in life, in branding literature, it is labelled as 'brand
848:(OED) defines Save 8 as: "To keep, protect or guard (a thing) from damage, loss, or destruction", and elaborates,
51:
3237:"Japanese culture specific face and politeness orientation: A pragmatic investigation of yoroshiku onegaishimasu"
2011:
1612:. So Persian speakers use some strategies in saving the face or character of each other while they communicate.
4319:
4314:
2155:
376:
Face is a quality that can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be constantly attended to in interaction.
156:
83:
4259:
2391:"Reconstructing the concept of face in cultural sociology: in Goffman's footsteps, following the Chinese case"
544:; 'face and eyes') "face; appearance; respect; social standing; prestige; honor (only used in ancient
807:
4344:
4329:
2190:
4241:
3665:
916:. Semantic loans extend an indigenous word's meaning in conformity with a foreign model (e.g., the French
2652:
2186:
2088:
1822:
with his 1955 article "On Face-work: An Analysis of Ritual Elements of Social Interaction" and 1967 book
1260:
being foundation for individualism; and instead of it, in both Russian and Chinese cultures ritualism in
4205:
2973:
2269:
The Chinese University of Hong Kong social psychologist Michael Harris Bond observed that in Hong Kong,
4354:
2230:
to explain cultural differences in communication and conflict resolution. Ting-Toomey defines face as:
490:
192:
4177:
1124:, or vice versa. Prestige is not necessary; one can easily live without it, but hardly without "face".
4349:
4339:
3577:
Ryan, Patrick Spaulding. "Saving Face Without Words: A Confucian Perspective on The Strike of 1867".
2752:
2454:
1889:
1827:
844:
90:
4247:
3236:
2955:
4309:
3462:
Strodtbeck, Fred L. (1970). "Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. Erving Goffman".
2588:
2350:
2328:
2123:
3319:
4113:[Two studies on prototype semantics: xiao 'filial piety' and mei mianzi 'loss of face'].
4070:
2757:
2556:
2227:
2202:
can impede progress toward agreement and increase substantially the costs of conflict resolution.
2174:
2139:
1808:
373:
Face is the respectability and/or deference which a person can claim for themself or from others.
145:
94:
3420:
Redfield, Margaret Park (1946). "A Chinese Village: Taitou, Shantung Province. Martin C. Yang".
2173:
There are also exist other facework strategies not always basing on the culture strategies like
4253:
2338:
1608:) are used. In Iranian culture the meaning of linguistic face is much closer to the meaning of
465:
391:
3991:
Brown, Bert (1977). "Face Saving and Face Restoration in Negotiation". In Druckman, D. (ed.).
437:, "face" refers to two distinct concepts, although linked in Chinese social relations. One is
3952:
3617:"A cultural approach to brand equity: The role of brand mianzi and brand popularity in China"
3358:
2765:
2476:
1179:
tend to be more concerned in situations concerning evaluations of competence or performance.
778:(August 3, 1929): "Each wishes to concede only what can be conceded without loss of 'face'".
3782:"The Universality of Face in Brown and Levinson's Politeness Theory: A Japanese Perspective"
3069:
2333:
2292:
2211:
1956:', which is the capacity of a brand to provide emotions and self-enhancement to its owner.
791:
280:
2794:
A Study of Lexical Borrowing from Chinese into English with Special Reference to Hong Kong
2197:
explains the importance of both personal and national face in international negotiations:
8:
3524:
Agassi, Joseph; Jarvie, I.C. (1969). "A Study in Westernization". In Jarvie, I.C. (ed.).
2924:"Japanese Folk Concept of Mentsu: An Indigenous Approach from Psychological Perspectives"
2564:
2308:
2215:
1999:
1473:
457:), which are used regularly in everyday language although not so much in formal writing.
4064:
3918:
3887:
3639:
3594:
3556:
3178:
2943:
2861:
2841:
1916:
1840:
1367:
3291:
3019:
283:. This idea with different nuances is observed in many societies and cultures such as
4154:
4074:
4013:
4007:
3956:
3922:
3856:
3852:
3808:
3742:
3643:
3598:
3560:
3506:
3385:
3295:
3256:
3218:
3170:
3128:
3124:
3089:
3047:
3039:
2993:
2865:
2746:
2725:
2568:
2412:
2284:
2092:
2007:
1848:
1227:
1184:
549:
362:
claimed "face cannot be translated or defined", these definitions have been created:
1236:) is different from the Chinese concept of face in regards to different emphasis on
620:) "face; countenance; respect; reputation; prestige" is seen in several face words:
4218:
Facework as a Chinese Conflict-Preventive Mechanism – A Cultural/Discourse Analysis
3948:
3910:
3883:
3848:
3717:
3677:
3631:
3586:
3548:
3502:
3498:
3471:
3429:
3346:
3287:
3248:
3214:
3166:
3162:
3120:
3081:
3031:
3018:
Heine, Steven J.; Lehman, Darrin R.; Markus, Hazel Rose; Kitayama, Shinobu (1999).
2985:
2931:
2853:
2819:
2631:
2402:
2249:
2030:
2026:
1804:
1783:
1485:
1261:
347:
343:
4271:
3781:
3338:
2636:
2619:
2502:
2154:
are standing for the position of protecting the self-face of the individual while
4260:
How Does Culture Influence Conflict Resolution? A Dynamic Constructivist Analysis
4183:
4148:
3736:
3379:
2719:
2253:
2170:
support the idea of maintaining the other-face for self-dignity and self-respect
1778:
1754:
1609:
1427:
1257:
1249:
434:
339:
4282:
4248:
The Concern of a Nation's Face: Evidence in the Chinese Press Coverage of Sports
3275:
3035:
980:
578:
540:
525:
4359:
4009:
Negotiating Across Cultures: Communication Obstacles in International Diplomacy
3874:
Lim, T.S.; Bowers, J.W. (1991). "Facework: Solidarity, Approbation, and Tact".
3836:
3108:
2923:
2207:
2096:
1995:
1815:
1363:
759:
332:
284:
3914:
3705:
3681:
3635:
3615:
Filieri, Raffaele; Lin, Zhibin; d'Antone, Simona; Chatzopoulou, Elena (2018).
3276:"'Sorry for your kindness': Japanese interactional ritual in public discourse"
2668:
2407:
2390:
782:
4303:
4278:
3860:
3721:
3552:
3299:
3260:
3203:"Reexamination of the universality of face: Politeness phenomena in Japanese"
3174:
3132:
3093:
3085:
3043:
2997:
2693:
2416:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2324:
2143:
2100:
2033:
that this self-image be appreciated and approved of) claimed by interactants"
1855:
1819:
1241:
913:
879:
545:
380:
2989:
2450:"Saving face: What does it mean? | Bias Busters: Cultural competence guides"
2099:
and how that identity is created, reinforced, diminished, and maintained in
3510:
3350:
3051:
1465:
900:
3252:
2589:"These Taiwanese Pineapple Cakes Are the Only Pineapple Cake Worth Eating"
2079:" describes a desire to appear independent, in control, and responsible. "
338:
Face has particularly complex dynamics and meanings within the context of
3616:
3590:
2810:
Carr, Michael (1993). "Chinese 'Face' in Japanese and English (Part 2)".
2542:
2288:
2163:
2044:
1844:
1359:
1060:
894:
875:
510:
384:
320:
594:; 'feelings face') "face; prestige; favor; kindness; partiality"
564:; 'face skin') "facial skin; complexion; feelings; sensitivity;
2245:
2194:
2127:
2119:
2022:
1274:
1049:
477:
359:
288:
276:
3182:
3150:
2823:
1648:). There are basically two main ways of expressing loss of face: One,
1020:
701:) "face; prestige; reputation; honor" occurs in the common expression
4254:
The Chinese Concept of Face: A Perspective for Business Communicators
2935:
2561:
China Incorporated: The Politics of a World Where China is Number One
2304:
2135:
2115:
1800:
1343:, but stronger, meaning to "lose reputation or social standing", and
1253:
1245:
968:
963:
774:
582:; 'body face') "face; good looking; honor; dignity; prestige"
292:
261:
20:
3202:
1981:
and different brands can be more or less apt to enhance or maintain
802:
796:
134:
101:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
4178:
https://newbooksnetwork.com/on-saving-face-brief-history-western-hb
3977:
3475:
3433:
2928:
Perspectives and Progress in Contemporary Cross-Cultural Psychology
2857:
1835:
1256:
of "internal" vs. "external", and also lacking in Western focus on
682:
460:
Two influential Chinese authors explained face. The Chinese writer
324:
300:
253:
3614:
2130:
purposes. This concept is all about presentation of the dignified
2151:
1064:
316:
272:
3900:
2083:" describes a desire to seem cooperative, accepted, and loved. "
962:). The vast majority of English words from Chinese are ordinary
645:; 'face face') "face; self-respect; prestige; influence"
2147:
2040:
2003:
1237:
1001:
912:, meaning "prestige" or "honor", is the only case of a Chinese
888:
815:
461:
328:
271:
Face refers to a sociological concept in general linked to the
265:
257:
4236:
Face Negotiation in Conflict Resolution in the Chinese Context
2654:"These from the land of Sinim." Essays on the Chinese question
1394:
1388:
1377:
1371:
3767:
Communication Theories: Perspectives, Processes, and Contexts
2167:
2159:
2131:
1764:
1469:
1415:
1383:
1059:
acquired its Chinese sense of "prestige; honor", it filled a
565:
394:
of words meaning "prestige; dignity; honor; respect; status".
312:
308:
296:
264:
of an individual (or group of individuals), and its image in
4150:
Linguistic Meaning (RLE Linguistics A: General Linguistics)
3579:
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies
1831:
883:
430:
play an extremely important role in the fabric of society.
367:
304:
3704:
Filieri, Raffaele; Chen, Wenshin; Lal Dey, Bidit (2017).
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3404:
3017:
2778:
Yuan Jia Hua. (1981). "English Words of Chinese Origin,"
2257:
1004:
where a borrowing is blended with native elements (e.g.,
383:
and reflecting concern with the congruence between one's
252:
is a class of behaviors and customs, associated with the
4174:
On Saving Face: A Brief History of Western Appropriation
3837:"Beyond politeness theory: 'Face' revisited and renewed"
2545:; Gladys Yang. Foreign Language Press. pp. 129–132.
2047:—i.e., to freedom of action and freedom from imposition"
2039:
is "the basic claim to territories, personal preserves,
1807:. Martin C. Yang analyzed eight sociological factors in
1052:" and the borrowed Chinese meaning "prestige; dignity".
830:'guard/save face'; when successful, it's called
2974:"Face in Chinese, Japanese, and U.S. American cultures"
1965:
affects consumer purchase intentions and brand equity.
633:; 'face on/above') "one's face; honor; respect"
379:
Face is a sense of worth that comes from knowing one's
4035:
A Face Negotiation Perspective Communicating for Peace
4012:. United States Inst of Peace Pr (September 1, 1991).
3650:
3451:(1967 ed.). Kegan Paul Reprint. pp. 167–179.
1854:
Face is sociologically universal. People "are human",
1660:), translates literally as 'lose face.' Another term,
657:; 'face skin') "face; sensitivity; compassion"
4230:
Face in Chinese, Japanese, and U.S. American cultures
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3610:
3608:
3020:"Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?"
2437:. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock. pp. 199–200.
2291:
stressed the importance of "losing face" in Japanese
1174:
which emphasizes one’s power, the Japanese notion of
1476:, Shia Islam's primary source for social behaviors.
513:; countenance; surface; side" occurs in words like:
4052:. University of California Press. pp. 119–120.
2744:
1882:
1824:
Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior
1080:The nearest English synonyms of the apt figurative
159:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3703:
3688:
3605:
3107:Cocroft, Beth-Ann K.; Ting-Toomey, Stella (1994).
3106:
2745:
1672:) means 'sale of face'. The actual connotation of
370:delineated in terms of approved social attributes.
4066:Beyond the Chinese Face: Insights from Psychology
3363:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2122:to the image he or she represents to society for
1018:
1013:
978:
973:
4301:
3113:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
2796:. University of Hong Kong Press. pp. 61–62.
3993:Negotiations: Social-Psychological Perspectives
3528:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 129–163.
2922:Lin, Chun-Chi; Yamaguchi, Susumu (2008-01-01).
2883:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 240–251.
2337:emphasizes "the face for the person" metonymy.
882:translation. Most Anglo-Chinese borrowings are
4108:
3735:Brown, Penelope; Levinson, Stephen C. (1987).
3151:"The Two "Faces" of Self and Society in Japan"
2180:
1468:of social and family behavior is based around
862:), and ‘for the sake of his face’, are common.
748:; 'face face') "face; honor; prestige"
489:The concept of face has a significant role in
19:"Save face" redirects here. For the band, see
4242:Politeness, Face and Facework: Current Issues
4131:
3945:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication
3738:Politeness: Some universals in language usage
3734:
2318:
2312:
1982:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1927:
1920:
1910:
1902:
1874:
1868:
1603:
1581:
1575:
1549:
1527:
1521:
1495:
1489:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1300:
1278:
1273:is used as a reference to one's character or
1268:
1231:
857:
739:
731:
726:
716:
707:
702:
696:
689:
672:
662:
648:
636:
624:
615:
608:
585:
571:
555:
533:
523:
517:
504:
497:
448:
438:
423:
415:
409:
3523:
3449:A Chinese Village; Taitou, Shantung Province
3067:
2921:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1437:
1431:
917:
736:"thick-skinned; brazen; shameless; impudent"
4032:
3999:
3934:
3932:
3538:
3377:
1789:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1633:
1587:
1559:
1533:
1501:
1445:
1399:
1306:
1284:
1025:
985:
923:
825:
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3663:
3461:
2221:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1627:
1621:
1382:) is used as a traditional expression for
1133:In Japan, the concept of face is known as
3873:
3805:The presentation of self in everyday life
3786:Working Papers in Educational Linguistics
3760:
3758:
3330:
3200:
3109:"Facework in Japan and the United States"
3068:Lin, Chun-Chi; Yamaguchi, Susumu (2010).
2635:
2406:
1987:, while others can cause a loss of face.
1574:) meaning "ashamed and embarrassed" and "
408:In China, in particular, the concepts of
390:"Face" means "sociodynamic valuation", a
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
4188:, tr. by Ian Cunnison. Cohen & West.
4047:
3978:"an Overview of Face Negotiation Theory"
3938:
3929:
3779:
3489:Goffman, Erving (1955). "On Face-Work".
3419:
3381:Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe
3336:
2971:
2791:
2721:Ethnocentrism and the English Dictionary
2477:"Lu Xun: China's Greatest Modern Writer"
2428:
2426:
2248:of "face" is another field of research.
966:with regular phonemic adaptation (e.g.,
3802:
3664:Filieri, Raffaele; Lin, Zhibin (2017).
3488:
3371:
3317:
3148:
2805:
2803:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2070:
1727:) translates literally as 'lose face'.
4302:
4193:Words and Sounds in English and French
4132:Lakoff, George; Johnson, Mark (1980).
3953:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.165
3764:
3755:
3572:
3570:
3234:
2978:Journal of Asian Pacific Communication
2717:
2536:
2517:
1818:introduced the concept of "face" into
4146:
4096:Losing Face, Status Politics in Japan
4093:
4005:
3990:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3230:
3228:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3144:
3142:
3063:
3061:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2967:
2965:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2835:
2833:
2555:
2500:
2447:
2423:
2091:, Facework refers to an individual's
1777:
1170:In contrast to the Chinese notion of
480:considered the psychology of "face":
4062:
3446:
3384:. USA: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 48–49.
3339:""ЛИЦО" КИТАЙЦА: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ПОНЯТИЯ"
3074:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
2809:
2800:
2766:participating institution membership
2651:Hart, Robert (1901). "Appendix II".
2650:
2606:
2507:. Fleming H. Revell. pp. 16–18.
2432:
2278:
1990:
1975:culture, are profoundly affected by
464:referred to the American missionary
279:that a person has in terms of their
157:adding citations to reliable sources
128:
66:
25:
4277:
3834:
3710:Information Technology & People
3567:
3273:
2549:
2283:"Face" has further applications in
2114:represents the transition from the
1682:
1582:
1528:
1496:
387:or appearance and one's real worth.
13:
4262:, Michael W. Morris and Ho-Ying Fu
4050:Guilt and Sin in Traditional China
3888:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1991.tb00239.x
3821:
3728:
3526:Hong Kong: A Society in Transition
3306:
3225:
3189:
3139:
3058:
3004:
2962:
2887:
2878:
2839:
2830:
2657:. Chapman & Hall. p. 225.
2617:
2388:
1326:the absence of a well-defined face
14:
4371:
4199:
4098:. University of California Press.
3975:
2911:(2): 103–111 – via J-Stage.
840:; 'saved/guarded face').
41:This article has multiple issues.
4256:, Qiumin Dong and Yu-Feng L. Lee
3576:
2792:Chan, Mimi; Kwok, Helen (1985).
2620:"The Chinese Concepts of 'Face'"
2501:Smith, Arthur Henderson (1894).
2395:The Journal of Chinese Sociology
1959:Scholars have proved that brand
1883:Face saving in collective action
1851:to maintain each other's faces.
1299:) meaning "to lose reputation",
886:, with a few exceptions such as
168:"Face" sociological concept
133:
71:
30:
4140:
4125:
4102:
4087:
4056:
4041:
4026:
3984:
3969:
3894:
3867:
3796:
3773:
3532:
3517:
3482:
3455:
3440:
3413:
3405:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin.
3398:
3267:
3100:
2915:
2872:
2785:
2772:
2738:
2711:
2686:
2661:
2644:
2010:, which differentiated between
1602:) meaning "proud" (opposite of
1353:
958:, used in the sense of English
868:English words of Chinese origin
144:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
4268:, Conflict Research Consortium
4224:What does our face mean to us?
4208:, Michael Haugh and Carl Hinze
4176:. Hong Kong University Press.
4136:. University of Chicago Press.
4115:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
3741:. Cambridge University Press.
3503:10.1080/00332747.1955.11023008
3263:– via De Gruyter Mouton.
3167:10.1525/eth.1992.20.1.02a00010
2780:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
2581:
2530:
2511:
2494:
2469:
2441:
2382:
1952:
1834:that changes depending on the
1769:
1759:
836:
831:
820:
811:
745:
722:
678:
668:
654:
642:
630:
591:
577:
561:
539:
353:
16:Class of behaviors and customs
1:
4063:Bond, Michael Harris (1991).
3939:Fletcher, Vail (2016-04-05).
3464:American Journal of Sociology
3422:American Journal of Sociology
3292:10.1016/s0378-2166(98)80006-4
2972:Yabuuchi, Akio (2004-01-01).
2846:American Journal of Sociology
2637:10.1525/aa.1944.46.1.02a00040
2375:
2239:
2226:Stella Ting-Toomey developed
2134:which soon will become as an
1331:) denoting a negative trait,
1012:"quick, fast" < Cantonese
398:
4033:Ting-Toomey, Stella (1990).
3876:Human Communication Research
3853:10.1016/0378-2166(94)90025-6
3769:(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
3539:Xiaoying Qi (2011). "Face".
3378:Stoianovich, Traian (1994).
3219:10.1016/0378-2166(88)90003-3
3125:10.1016/0147-1767(94)90018-3
2537:Lu Xun (1959). "On 'Face'".
2303:Linguists have analyzed the
2298:
2191:cross-cultural communication
2021:is "the positive consistent
1895:
1794:
1782:) is extremely important in
1389:
1372:
1014:
974:
7:
4335:Interpersonal relationships
4238:, Li Xiaoshi and Jia Xuerui
3835:Mao, LuMing Robert (1994).
3670:Computers in Human Behavior
3624:Journal of Brand Management
3345:(in Russian) (3): 191–201.
3201:Matsumoto, Yoshiko (1988).
3036:10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766
2718:Benson, Phil (2002-01-08).
2707:– via Newspapers.com.
2682:– via Newspapers.com.
2448:Grimm, Joe (May 16, 2019).
2389:Qi, Xiaoying (2017-12-20).
2344:
2319:
2313:
2214:focused upon in-groups and
2187:intercultural communication
2181:Intercultural communication
2106:
2089:interpersonal communication
2029:' (crucially including the
1983:
1977:
1970:
1961:
1943:
1937:
1928:
1921:
1911:
1903:
1875:
1869:
1749:
1729:
1717:
1689:
1687:The Khmer word for face is
1674:
1662:
1650:
1622:
1604:
1576:
1550:
1522:
1490:
1432:
1128:
858:
740:
727:
725:; 'face thick') or
717:
703:
690:
673:
663:
649:
637:
625:
609:
586:
572:
556:
534:
518:
498:
449:
439:
424:
416:
410:
97:the claims made and adding
10:
4376:
4195:. Oxford University Press.
4048:Eberhard, Wolfram (1967).
3765:Miller, Katherine (2005).
3318:Hayashi, Sumihime (2007).
3235:Ohashi, Jun (2003-10-15).
2812:The Review of Liberal Arts
2012:positive and negative face
2002:(1987) expanded Goffman's
1620:The Thai word for face is
1479:
1395:
1378:
1294:to fall face down into mud
1221:
1019:
979:
752:
598:Hsien-chin Hu says “face”
403:
18:
4325:Cross-cultural psychology
4172:Keevak, Michael. (2022).
4153:. Routledge. p. 10.
3915:10.1080/01463370009385606
3682:10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.057
3636:10.1057/s41262-018-0137-x
3343:ЗНАНИЕ. ПОНИМАНИЕ. УМЕНИЕ
3337:Prosekov, Sergey (2020).
3149:Bachnik, Jane M. (1992).
2753:Oxford English Dictionary
2539:Selected Works of Lu Hsun
2455:Michigan State University
2408:10.1186/s40711-017-0069-y
1890:Transcontinental Railroad
1828:dramaturgical perspective
1826:. According to Goffman's
1747:The concept of "face" or
1742:
1735:
1723:
1695:
1668:
1656:
1628:
1438:
1421:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1301:
1279:
1269:
1232:
1188:(本音; inner feelings) and
845:Oxford English Dictionary
732:
708:
697:
616:
524:
505:
454:
444:
4110:
4109:Shuanfan Huang (1987).
4094:Pharr, Susan J. (1989).
3803:Goffman, Erving (1959).
3780:Longcope, Peter (1995).
3722:10.1108/ITP-09-2015-0230
3553:10.1177/1440783311407692
3447:Yang, Martin C. (1945).
3086:10.1177/0022022110383423
2842:"On the concept of face"
2524:More mental reservations
2435:My Country and My People
2351:Dignitas (Roman concept)
2252:, who analyzed Chinese "
2140:Individualistic cultures
1790:Academic interpretations
358:Although Chinese writer
4182:Mauss, Marcel. (1954).
4071:Oxford University Press
4006:Cohen, Raymond (1977).
3903:Communication Quarterly
2990:10.1075/japc.14.2.05yab
2758:Oxford University Press
2700:. 1874-12-22. p. 4
2675:. 1874-11-05. p. 4
2624:American Anthropologist
2618:Hu, Hsien Chin (1944).
2504:Chinese Characteristics
2228:Face Negotiation Theory
2222:Face-negotiation theory
1779:[/t͡ɕʰe̞mjʌ̹n/]
1615:
1511:losing the face's water
1067:. Chan and Kwok write,
342:, and its usage in the
3941:"Facework and Culture"
3353:(inactive 2024-09-12).
3351:10.17805/zpu.2020.3.15
2481:afe.easia.columbia.edu
2307:of "face". Huang used
2276:
2267:
2237:
2204:
1865:
1809:losing or gaining face
1192:(建前; presented stance)
1126:
1074:
918:
864:
790:applying the semantic
765:
605:
487:
475:
466:Arthur Henderson Smith
4320:Confucianism in Japan
4315:Confucianism in China
4250:, Karina Lam Wai-ling
4147:Allan, Keith (2014).
3841:Journal of Pragmatics
3280:Journal of Pragmatics
3253:10.1515/mult.2003.013
3221:– via Academia.
3207:Journal of Pragmatics
2483:. Columbia University
2271:
2262:
2232:
2212:high context cultures
2210:'s dichotomy between
2199:
1860:
1849:politeness strategies
1799:"Face" is central to
1455:save the face's water
1414:), used to associate
1078:
1069:
850:
756:
600:
482:
470:
4287:Encyclopædia Iranica
4134:Metaphors We Live By
3995:. Sage. p. 275.
3591:10.2139/ssrn.4067005
3541:Journal of Sociology
3274:Ide, Risako (1998).
3024:Psychological Review
2673:Iowa County Democrat
2433:Yutang, Lin (1935).
2334:Metaphors We Live By
2293:comparative politics
2216:low context cultures
2071:Communication theory
1488:, expressions like "
1340:упасть в грязь лицом
1280:упасть в грязь лицом
1155:through the phrase “
995:miscellaneous pieces
603:unfavorable comment.
548:. Now it only means
468:'s interpretation.
447:), and the other is
366:Face is an image of
281:social relationships
153:improve this article
4345:Korean Confucianism
4330:Human communication
4191:Orr, John. (1953).
3324:University of Tokyo
2840:Ho, D.Y.F. (1976).
2756:(Online ed.).
2694:"Facts and Fancies"
2565:Bloomsbury Academic
2526:]. p. 129.
2309:prototype semantics
2185:Face is central to
2000:Stephen C. Levinson
1841:social interactions
1516:), is used to mean
1474:Al-Risalah al-Huquq
2899:Sueda, K. (1998).
2669:"Chinese Proverbs"
1917:consumer behaviour
1460:, is used to mean
1433:hafiẓa māʼ al-wajh
82:possibly contains
4355:Culture of Taiwan
4274:, Sarah Rosenberg
4214:, Doris Weidemann
4080:978-0-19-585116-8
3814:978-0-8446-7017-1
3748:978-0-521-31355-1
3391:978-1-56324-032-4
2764:(Subscription or
2595:. 10 October 2018
2574:978-1-350-26724-4
2311:to differentiate
2285:political science
2279:Political science
2158:cultures such as
2008:politeness theory
2006:of face in their
1991:Politeness theory
1430:, the expression
1233:лик, лицо, личина
1230:concept of face (
1110:social acceptance
828:
491:Chinese diplomacy
346:is borrowed from
247:
246:
239:
229:
228:
221:
203:
127:
126:
119:
84:original research
64:
4367:
4350:Culture of Korea
4340:Culture of Japan
4296:
4294:
4293:
4165:
4164:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4111:基型意义之研究："孝"与"面子"
4106:
4100:
4099:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3976:Rofiq, Hasniar.
3973:
3967:
3966:
3936:
3927:
3926:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3832:
3819:
3818:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3701:
3686:
3685:
3661:
3648:
3647:
3621:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3574:
3565:
3564:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3407:Risalat al-Huquq
3402:
3396:
3395:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3354:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3315:
3304:
3303:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3198:
3187:
3186:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3015:
3002:
3001:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2936:10.4087/CEZM3471
2919:
2913:
2912:
2896:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2789:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2615:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2541:. Translated by
2534:
2528:
2527:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2386:
2322:
2316:
2287:. For instance,
2250:Wolfram Eberhard
2175:face-negotiating
1986:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1931:
1924:
1914:
1906:
1878:
1872:
1814:The sociologist
1805:sociolinguistics
1781:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1752:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1683:Khmer (Cambodia)
1677:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1362:, especially in
1348:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1262:public relations
1258:legal frameworks
1235:
1234:
1076:Carr concludes,
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1017:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
983:
977:
957:
954:
951:
947:
944:
941:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
921:
861:
838:
833:
829:
826:
822:
813:
786:was coined from
747:
743:
735:
734:
730:
724:
720:
711:
710:
706:
700:
699:
693:
680:
676:
670:
666:
656:
652:
644:
640:
632:
628:
619:
618:
612:
593:
589:
581:
575:
563:
559:
543:
537:
529:
528:
521:
508:
507:
501:
456:
452:
446:
442:
429:
421:
413:
344:English language
242:
235:
224:
217:
213:
210:
204:
202:
161:
137:
129:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
99:inline citations
75:
74:
67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4310:Chinese culture
4300:
4299:
4291:
4289:
4232:, Akio Yabuuchi
4202:
4169:
4168:
4161:
4145:
4141:
4130:
4126:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4061:
4057:
4046:
4042:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4004:
4000:
3989:
3985:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3937:
3930:
3899:
3895:
3872:
3868:
3833:
3822:
3815:
3801:
3797:
3778:
3774:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3733:
3729:
3702:
3689:
3662:
3651:
3619:
3613:
3606:
3575:
3568:
3537:
3533:
3522:
3518:
3487:
3483:
3460:
3456:
3445:
3441:
3418:
3414:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3376:
3372:
3356:
3355:
3335:
3331:
3316:
3307:
3272:
3268:
3233:
3226:
3199:
3190:
3147:
3140:
3105:
3101:
3066:
3059:
3016:
3005:
2970:
2963:
2951:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2920:
2916:
2897:
2888:
2877:
2873:
2838:
2831:
2808:
2801:
2790:
2786:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2716:
2712:
2703:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2649:
2645:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2554:
2550:
2535:
2531:
2518:Lu Xun (1933).
2516:
2512:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2446:
2442:
2431:
2424:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2347:
2301:
2281:
2242:
2224:
2183:
2109:
2085:Competence face
2081:Fellowship face
2073:
1993:
1898:
1885:
1797:
1792:
1774:
1745:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1685:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1618:
1599:
1597:white-facedness
1596:
1593:
1590:
1571:
1569:Black-facedness
1568:
1565:
1562:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1482:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1424:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1356:
1337:, similarly to
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1277:, for instance
1250:Western culture
1224:
1131:
1063:in the English
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
997:
994:
991:
988:
972:< Cantonese
955:
952:
949:
945:
942:
939:
935:
932:
929:
926:
874:is an uncommon
755:
712:and the words:
683:moral standards
511:personal esteem
435:Chinese culture
406:
401:
392:lexical hyponym
356:
340:Chinese culture
243:
232:
231:
230:
225:
214:
208:
205:
162:
160:
150:
138:
123:
112:
106:
103:
88:
76:
72:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4373:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4298:
4297:
4279:Lincoln, Bruce
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4244:, Liisa Vilkki
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4201:
4200:External links
4198:
4197:
4196:
4189:
4180:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4139:
4124:
4117:(in Chinese).
4101:
4086:
4079:
4073:. p. 59.
4055:
4040:
4025:
4019:978-1878379085
4018:
3998:
3983:
3968:
3961:
3928:
3909:(4): 397–419.
3893:
3882:(3): 415–450.
3866:
3847:(5): 451–486.
3820:
3813:
3795:
3772:
3754:
3747:
3727:
3716:(3): 629–652.
3687:
3649:
3630:(4): 376–394.
3604:
3566:
3547:(3): 279–295.
3531:
3516:
3497:(3): 213–231.
3481:
3476:10.1086/224921
3454:
3439:
3434:10.1086/219875
3412:
3397:
3390:
3370:
3329:
3305:
3286:(5): 509–529.
3266:
3247:(3): 257–274.
3224:
3213:(4): 403–426.
3188:
3138:
3119:(4): 469–506.
3099:
3080:(1): 120–124.
3057:
3030:(4): 766–794.
3003:
2984:(2): 261–297.
2961:
2952:|journal=
2914:
2886:
2871:
2858:10.1086/226145
2852:(4): 867–884.
2829:
2799:
2784:
2771:
2737:
2730:
2710:
2685:
2660:
2643:
2605:
2580:
2573:
2548:
2529:
2520:Zai tan baoliu
2510:
2493:
2468:
2440:
2422:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2300:
2297:
2280:
2277:
2241:
2238:
2223:
2220:
2208:Edward T. Hall
2182:
2179:
2108:
2105:
2103:interactions.
2072:
2069:
2049:
2048:
2034:
2014:(p. 61).
1996:Penelope Brown
1992:
1989:
1897:
1894:
1884:
1881:
1816:Erving Goffman
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1784:Korean culture
1744:
1741:
1684:
1681:
1617:
1614:
1481:
1478:
1464:. The entire
1423:
1420:
1364:Serbo-Croatian
1355:
1352:
1223:
1220:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1130:
1127:
760:semantic field
754:
751:
750:
749:
737:
659:
658:
646:
634:
596:
595:
583:
569:
566:sense of shame
553:
531:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
395:
388:
377:
374:
371:
355:
352:
245:
244:
227:
226:
141:
139:
132:
125:
124:
79:
77:
70:
65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4372:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4220:, Wenshan Jia
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4162:
4160:9781134742448
4156:
4152:
4151:
4143:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4105:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4029:
4021:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4002:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3972:
3964:
3962:9780190228613
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3933:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3816:
3810:
3807:. Doubleday.
3806:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3768:
3761:
3759:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3609:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3571:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3229:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3143:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2957:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2731:9781134599585
2727:
2724:. Routledge.
2723:
2722:
2714:
2699:
2698:Public Ledger
2695:
2689:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2370:Izzat (honor)
2368:
2366:
2365:Honor killing
2363:
2361:
2360:guilt society
2357:
2356:Shame society
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2325:George Lakoff
2321:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:United States
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:communicative
2121:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2101:communicative
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:Autonomy face
2068:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:Negative face
2035:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:Positive face
2017:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1893:
1891:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1856:Joseph Agassi
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:social theory
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1766:
1756:
1751:
1740:
1731:
1719:
1691:
1680:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1624:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1578:
1557:
1552:
1543:two-facedness
1524:
1519:
1492:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1441:
1440:حفظ ماء الوجه
1434:
1429:
1419:
1418:to a person.
1417:
1391:
1385:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1334:потерять лицо
1316:two-facedness
1276:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:individualism
1239:
1229:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:onegaishimasu
1201:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1022:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:). A few are
982:
976:
971:
970:
965:
961:
920:
915:
914:semantic loan
911:
907:
903:
902:
897:
896:
891:
890:
885:
881:
880:semantic loan
878:and a unique
877:
873:
869:
863:
860:
855:
849:
847:
846:
841:
839:
837:bǎozhu miànzi
823:
817:
809:
805:
804:
799:
798:
793:
789:
785:
784:
779:
777:
776:
771:
764:
761:
742:
738:
729:
719:
715:
714:
713:
705:
694:
692:
686:
684:
675:
665:
661:Hu contrasts
651:
647:
639:
635:
627:
623:
622:
621:
613:
611:
604:
599:
588:
584:
580:
574:
570:
567:
558:
554:
551:
547:
546:Chinese prose
542:
536:
532:
527:
520:
516:
515:
514:
512:
502:
500:
494:
492:
486:
481:
479:
474:
469:
467:
463:
458:
451:
441:
436:
431:
428:
427:
420:
419:
412:
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
375:
372:
369:
365:
364:
363:
361:
351:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
241:
238:
223:
220:
212:
209:November 2016
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170: –
169:
165:
164:Find sources:
158:
154:
148:
147:
142:This article
140:
136:
131:
130:
121:
118:
110:
107:November 2016
100:
96:
92:
86:
85:
80:This article
78:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
4290:. Retrieved
4286:
4192:
4184:
4173:
4149:
4142:
4133:
4127:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4095:
4089:
4065:
4058:
4049:
4043:
4034:
4028:
4008:
4001:
3992:
3986:
3971:
3944:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3844:
3840:
3804:
3798:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3766:
3737:
3730:
3713:
3709:
3673:
3669:
3627:
3623:
3582:
3578:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3525:
3519:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3448:
3442:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3409:(in Arabic).
3406:
3400:
3380:
3373:
3359:cite journal
3342:
3332:
3323:
3283:
3279:
3269:
3244:
3240:
3210:
3206:
3158:
3154:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3077:
3073:
3027:
3023:
2981:
2977:
2927:
2917:
2908:
2904:
2880:
2874:
2849:
2845:
2815:
2811:
2793:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2751:
2740:
2720:
2713:
2702:. Retrieved
2697:
2688:
2677:. Retrieved
2672:
2663:
2653:
2646:
2627:
2623:
2597:. Retrieved
2593:www.vice.com
2592:
2583:
2560:
2557:Brown, Kerry
2551:
2538:
2532:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2503:
2496:
2485:. Retrieved
2480:
2471:
2459:. Retrieved
2453:
2443:
2434:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2332:
2329:Mark Johnson
2302:
2282:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2243:
2233:
2225:
2206:In terms of
2205:
2200:
2184:
2172:
2156:collectivist
2111:
2110:
2097:social world
2084:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2036:
2018:
1994:
1968:In summary,
1967:
1958:
1949:
1934:
1919:literature,
1909:
1899:
1886:
1866:
1861:
1853:
1830:, face is a
1823:
1813:
1798:
1746:
1686:
1619:
1555:
1517:
1483:
1466:Arab culture
1461:
1425:
1409:without face
1357:
1354:South Slavic
1266:
1225:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1009:
1008:< Pidgin
1005:
967:
959:
909:
905:
901:to brainwash
899:
893:
887:
871:
865:
853:
851:
843:
842:
835:
819:
801:
795:
787:
781:
780:
773:
770:Loss of face
769:
766:
758:The English
757:
688:
687:
660:
607:
606:
601:
597:
496:
495:
488:
483:
476:
471:
459:
432:
407:
357:
337:
270:
249:
248:
233:
215:
206:
196:
189:
182:
175:
163:
151:Please help
146:verification
143:
113:
104:
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
4266:Face Saving
4121:(1): 55–89.
3792:(1): 69–79.
3676:: 139–150.
3470:: 177–179.
3241:Multilingua
3161:(1): 3–32.
2747:"Save face"
2543:Yang Xianyi
2461:October 17,
2339:Keith Allan
2289:Susan Pharr
2164:South Korea
2045:distraction
2027:personality
1767::
1757::
1491:Aab ro rizi
1370:, the word
1360:South Slavs
1165:gambarimasu
1061:lexical gap
895:to Shanghai
876:verb phrase
854:face-saving
664:méiyǒu liǎn
385:performance
354:Definitions
4304:Categories
4292:2016-05-31
3491:Psychiatry
3428:(5): 502.
2824:10252/1585
2782:9:244–286.
2768:required.)
2704:2022-08-26
2679:2022-08-26
2599:2023-05-08
2563:. London:
2487:2018-12-12
2376:References
2246:psychology
2240:Psychology
2235:situation.
2195:Bert Brown
2128:leadership
2120:individual
2023:self-image
1396:безобразан
1390:bezobrazan
1275:reputation
1161:yokonarabi
1106:reputation
1050:effrontery
1006:chopsticks
908:. English
866:Among the
821:bǎo miànzi
792:opposition
772:occurs in
674:bùyào liǎn
550:appearance
478:Lin Yutang
399:By culture
360:Lin Yutang
335:cultures.
331:and other
317:Vietnamese
293:Indonesian
179:newspapers
91:improve it
46:improve it
4226:, Ning Yu
3923:144835800
3861:0378-2166
3644:169153592
3599:248036295
3561:220270450
3300:0378-2166
3261:1613-3684
3175:0091-2131
3133:0147-1767
3094:0022-0221
3044:1939-1471
2998:0957-6851
2954:ignored (
2944:cite book
2866:145513767
2818:: 87–88.
2630:: 45–64.
2417:2198-2635
2401:(1): 19.
2305:semantics
2299:Semantics
2136:authority
2116:real self
1935:However,
1896:Marketing
1847:by using
1845:cooperate
1801:sociology
1795:Sociology
1610:character
1605:Ro seyahi
1577:Ro sepidi
1551:Ro seyahi
1518:save face
1462:save face
1368:Bulgarian
1321: or
1254:dichotomy
1246:community
1238:sacricety
1207:sumimasen
1200:yoroshiku
1114:good name
969:chop suey
964:loanwords
953:construct
948: or
938: or
906:lose face
889:to kowtow
872:lose face
788:lose face
783:Save face
775:The Times
626:liǎnshàng
509:) "face;
301:Malaysian
262:authority
95:verifying
52:talk page
21:Save Face
4185:The Gift
3511:13254953
3052:10560328
2905:社会心理学研究
2559:(2023).
2345:See also
2112:Facework
2107:Facework
2093:identity
1836:audience
1750:chemyeon
1675:khai naa
1663:khai naa
1657:เสียหน้า
1497:آبروريزی
1302:двуличие
1228:Orthodox
1226:Russian
1129:Japanese
1122:prestige
1120:but not
1086:prestige
975:tsap-sui
919:realiser
859:diu lien
794:between
638:liǎnmiàn
587:qíngmian
321:Filipino
313:Japanese
277:prestige
268:groups.
254:morality
4037:. Sage.
2256:" and "
2152:Germany
2118:of the
2043:to non-
1843:people
1775:Korean:
1730:Tuk muk
1724:បាត់មុខ
1718:Bat muk
1704:
1669:ขายหน้า
1651:sia naa
1637:
1591:
1583:روسپيدی
1563:
1537:
1523:Dou roi
1505:
1486:Persian
1480:Persian
1470:Islamic
1449:
1403:
1310:
1288:
1222:Russian
1190:tatemae
1142:Menboku
1098:dignity
1094:respect
1065:lexicon
1029:
1002:calques
989:
960:realize
933:achieve
927:
808:Chinese
753:English
741:yánmiàn
704:diū yán
404:Chinese
348:Chinese
329:Russian
305:Laotian
285:Chinese
273:dignity
193:scholar
89:Please
4283:"ČEHR"
4157:
4077:
4016:
3959:
3921:
3859:
3811:
3745:
3642:
3597:
3585:(10).
3559:
3509:
3388:
3298:
3259:
3183:640449
3181:
3173:
3131:
3092:
3050:
3042:
2996:
2864:
2728:
2571:
2415:
2320:mianzi
2166:, and
2150:, and
2148:Canada
2060:mianzi
2041:rights
2031:desire
2004:theory
1984:mianzi
1978:mianzi
1971:mianzi
1962:mianzi
1953:mianzi
1944:mianzi
1938:mianzi
1929:mianzi
1922:mianzi
1912:Mianzi
1904:mianzi
1870:mianzi
1763:;
1755:Korean
1743:Korean
1736:ទុកមុខ
1529:دورويی
1428:Arabic
1422:Arabic
1358:Among
1346:личина
1215:mentsu
1176:mentsu
1172:mianzi
1157:rashii
1148:Taimen
1135:mentsu
1102:status
943:create
904:, and
818::
816:pinyin
810::
728:hòuyán
718:yánhòu
650:liǎnpí
573:tǐmiàn
557:miànpí
535:miànmù
519:miànzi
462:Lu Xun
440:mianzi
411:mianzi
381:status
333:Slavic
309:Indian
297:Korean
289:Arabic
266:social
260:, and
195:
188:
181:
174:
166:
4360:Honor
3919:S2CID
3640:S2CID
3620:(PDF)
3595:S2CID
3557:S2CID
3179:JSTOR
3155:Ethos
2862:S2CID
2762:
2522:[
2254:guilt
2168:Japan
2160:China
2142:like
2132:image
2095:in a
1765:Hanja
1520:and "
1416:shame
1384:honor
1379:образ
1373:obraz
1186:honne
1112:, or
1090:honor
1055:When
1042:stick
1035:quick
884:nouns
258:honor
200:JSTOR
186:books
4272:Face
4155:ISBN
4075:ISBN
4014:ISBN
3957:ISBN
3857:ISSN
3809:ISBN
3743:ISBN
3507:PMID
3386:ISBN
3365:link
3296:ISSN
3257:ISSN
3171:ISSN
3129:ISSN
3090:ISSN
3048:PMID
3040:ISSN
2994:ISSN
2956:help
2726:ISBN
2569:ISBN
2463:2022
2413:ISSN
2327:and
2317:and
2314:lian
2244:The
2025:or '
1998:and
1876:lian
1873:and
1832:mask
1803:and
1710:face
1701:lit.
1643:face
1634:lit.
1629:หน้า
1616:Thai
1588:lit.
1560:lit.
1548:), "
1534:lit.
1502:lit.
1446:lit.
1400:lit.
1366:and
1307:lit.
1285:lit.
1270:лицо
1240:and
1118:face
1084:are
1082:face
1072:part
1057:face
1046:Face
1026:lit.
1010:chop
986:lit.
924:lit.
910:face
832:保住面子
827:lit.
803:save
800:and
797:lose
610:Liǎn
499:Miàn
450:lian
422:and
418:lian
368:self
325:Thai
275:and
250:Face
172:news
3949:doi
3911:doi
3884:doi
3849:doi
3718:doi
3678:doi
3632:doi
3587:doi
3549:doi
3499:doi
3472:doi
3430:doi
3347:doi
3288:doi
3249:doi
3215:doi
3163:doi
3121:doi
3082:doi
3032:doi
3028:106
2986:doi
2932:doi
2854:doi
2820:hdl
2632:doi
2403:doi
2358:vs
2331:'s
2258:sin
2189:or
2126:or
1715:).
1696:មុខ
1690:muk
1623:naa
1580:" (
1554:" (
1526:" (
1494:" (
1484:In
1426:In
1044:).
1015:kap
812:保面子
691:Yán
685:".
679:不要臉
669:沒有臉
433:In
426:yan
155:by
93:by
4306::
4285:.
4281:.
4119:15
4069:.
3955:.
3947:.
3943:.
3931:^
3917:.
3907:48
3905:.
3880:17
3878:.
3855:.
3845:21
3843:.
3839:.
3823:^
3790:11
3788:.
3784:.
3757:^
3714:30
3712:.
3708:.
3690:^
3674:67
3672:.
3668:.
3652:^
3638:.
3628:26
3626:.
3622:.
3607:^
3593:.
3581:.
3569:^
3555:.
3545:47
3543:.
3505:.
3495:18
3493:.
3468:76
3466:.
3426:51
3424:.
3361:}}
3357:{{
3341:.
3322:.
3308:^
3294:.
3284:29
3282:.
3278:.
3255:.
3245:22
3243:.
3239:.
3227:^
3211:12
3209:.
3205:.
3191:^
3177:.
3169:.
3159:20
3157:.
3153:.
3141:^
3127:.
3117:18
3115:.
3111:.
3088:.
3078:42
3076:.
3072:.
3060:^
3046:.
3038:.
3026:.
3022:.
3006:^
2992:.
2982:14
2980:.
2976:.
2964:^
2948::
2946:}}
2942:{{
2930:.
2926:.
2909:13
2907:.
2903:.
2889:^
2860:.
2850:81
2848:.
2844:.
2832:^
2816:85
2814:.
2802:^
2750:.
2696:.
2671:.
2628:46
2626:.
2622:.
2608:^
2591:.
2567:.
2479:.
2452:.
2425:^
2411:.
2397:.
2393:.
2323:.
2295:.
2193:.
2162:,
2146:,
1786:.
1773:;
1770:體面
1760:체면
1699:,
1632:,
1586:,
1558:,
1556:nq
1532:,
1500:,
1444:,
1108:,
1104:,
1100:,
1096:,
1092:,
1088:,
1040:+
981:雜碎
922:,
898:,
892:,
870:,
834:;
824:;
814:;
746:顏面
733:厚顏
723:顏厚
709:丟顏
655:臉皮
643:臉面
631:臉上
592:情面
579:體面
562:面皮
552:)"
541:面目
526:面子
493:.
445:面子
414:,
350:.
327:,
323:,
319:,
315:,
311:,
307:,
303:,
299:,
295:,
291:,
287:,
256:,
55:.
4295:.
4163:.
4083:.
4022:.
3980:.
3965:.
3951::
3925:.
3913::
3890:.
3886::
3863:.
3851::
3817:.
3751:.
3724:.
3720::
3684:.
3680::
3646:.
3634::
3601:.
3589::
3583:2
3563:.
3551::
3513:.
3501::
3478:.
3474::
3436:.
3432::
3394:.
3367:)
3349::
3326:.
3302:.
3290::
3251::
3217::
3185:.
3165::
3135:.
3123::
3096:.
3084::
3054:.
3034::
3000:.
2988::
2958:)
2938:.
2934::
2868:.
2856::
2826:.
2822::
2760:.
2734:.
2640:.
2634::
2602:.
2577:.
2490:.
2465:.
2419:.
2405::
2399:4
1753:(
1733:(
1721:(
1713:'
1707:'
1693:(
1666:(
1654:(
1646:'
1640:'
1626:(
1600:'
1594:'
1572:'
1566:'
1546:'
1540:'
1514:'
1508:'
1458:'
1452:'
1436:(
1412:'
1406:'
1393:(
1376:(
1329:'
1323:'
1319:'
1313:'
1305:(
1297:'
1291:'
1283:(
1038:'
1032:'
1021:急
998:'
992:'
956:'
950:'
946:'
940:'
936:'
930:'
806:(
744:(
721:(
698:顏
695:(
677:(
667:(
653:(
641:(
629:(
617:臉
614:(
590:(
576:(
568:"
560:(
538:(
522:(
506:面
503:(
455:臉
453:(
443:(
240:)
234:(
222:)
216:(
211:)
207:(
197:·
190:·
183:·
176:·
149:.
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
87:.
62:)
58:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
