418:
1266:
Confucius stressed the importance of the rites as fundamental to proper governmental leadership. Confucius regarded feudal lords in China who adopted the
Chinese rites as being just rulers of the Central States. Contrarily, feudal lords that did not adopt these rites were considered uncivilized, not
1085:
cites "songs and laughter, weeping and lamentation... rice and millet, fish and meat... the wearing of ceremonial caps, embroidered robes, and patterned silks, or of fasting clothes and mourning clothes... unspacious rooms and very nonsecluded halls, hard mats, seats, and flooring" as vital parts of
974:
refers to rites through which human agency participates in the larger order of the universe. One of the most common definitions of 'rite' is a performance transforming the invisible into the visible: through the performance of rites at appropriate occasions, humans make the underlying order visible.
1071:
embodies "all those 'objective' prescriptions of behavior... that bind human beings and the spirits together in networks of interacting roles within the family, within human society, and with the numinous realm beyond". It envelops the entire spectrum of interaction with humans, nature, and even
1197:, which both yields the comforting feeling of tradition and allows one to become "more open to the panoply of sensations of the experience". But it should also maintain a healthy practice of selflessness, both in the actions themselves and in the proper example which is set for one's brothers.
417:
1004:
who conducted the rites of local gods as a centering of the forces of exemplary history, of liturgical service, of the correct conduct of human relations, and of the arts of divination such as the earliest of all
Chinese classics—the
1232:
practices have been revised and evaluated throughout time to reflect emerging views and beliefs. Although these practices may change, which happens very slowly over time, the fundamental ideals remain at the core of
953:
originally referred to religious sacrifices, but has come to mean 'ritual' in a broad sense, with possible translations including 'ceremony', 'ritual', 'decorum', 'propriety', and 'good form'. Chan notes that
992:
it metaphysically combined with—and it ensured "worldly authority" would bestow itself onto competent rulers. The effect of ritual has been described as "centering", and was among the duties of the
1282:
also involves the superior treating the inferior with propriety and respect. As
Confucius said, "a prince should employ his minister according to the rules of propriety (
864:
654:
878:
975:
Correct ritual practice focuses and orders the social world in correspondence with the terrestrial and celestial worlds, keeping all three in harmony.
778:
525:
1296:
was "one term by which the historiographers could name all the principles of conservatism they advanced in the speeches of their characters."
1566:
1152:
consists of the norms of proper social behavior as taught to others by fathers, village elders, and government officials. The teachings of
1000:'. However, rites were performed by all those involved in the affairs of state. Rites also involve ancestral and life-cycle dimensions.
3163:
1207:
pervades all things, the broad and the detailed, the good and the bad, the form and the formless. This is the complete realization of
232:
4152:
3210:
502:
918:
1373:
1445:
1418:
3195:
686:
734:
3063:
1398:
659:
3028:
1860:
1559:
835:
3505:
2910:
2185:
2181:
2011:
1682:
3148:
1107:
328:
138:
38:
1011:—joining textual learning to bodily practices for harmonization of exogenous and endogenous origins of energy
1626:
1117:
190:
54:
1708:
240:
4167:
2979:
1552:
1184:
guided the popular ethos in areas such as loyalty to superiors and respect for elders in the community.
4012:
3530:
3318:
1696:
1636:
911:
3246:
2341:
2007:
1323:
828:
1257:
as an important part of that process. Confucians believed governments should place more emphasis on
4157:
4029:
3597:
3205:
3130:
1078:
such diverse topics as learning, the district drinking ceremony, titles, mourning, and governance.
793:
726:
672:
606:
432:
374:
2859:
2665:
2489:
2141:
1691:
1318:
1163:
1043:
802:
3001:
3939:
3677:
3463:
3368:
3086:
2994:
2620:
2366:
2202:
509:
1351:
3612:
3056:
2820:
2351:
1979:
1840:
1651:
1305:
1267:
worthy of being considered
Chinese or part of the Central States (Spring and Autumn Annals).
904:
857:
626:
446:
401:
3832:
2326:
1959:
1368:(9th ed.). Seoul: Korean Culture and Information Service. December 1993. p. 270.
758:
649:
592:
8:
4162:
3667:
3607:
3468:
3200:
3103:
2974:
2156:
1989:
1964:
1845:
1641:
1082:
842:
644:
458:
258:
4172:
3632:
3261:
3168:
3097:
2847:
2057:
2032:
1575:
1313:
541:
174:
166:
3973:
3967:
3718:
3587:
3428:
3286:
3013:
2886:
2840:
2797:
2072:
1939:
1780:
1662:
1594:
1394:
1369:
1344:
993:
989:
883:
701:
694:
555:
122:
114:
3896:
3733:
3627:
3480:
3180:
3153:
3143:
3049:
2969:
2933:
2915:
2904:
2555:
1614:
1609:
1450:
1423:
849:
599:
575:
548:
77:
1510:
988:
was thought of as the abstract force that made government possible—along with the
4094:
3807:
3741:
3662:
3091:
2921:
2873:
2866:
2853:
2783:
2705:
1646:
1589:
1062:
3853:
3231:
3023:
2964:
2635:
2504:
2242:
2002:
944:
765:
749:
211:
204:
98:
3007:
1251:. Some Confucians proposed the perfectibility of human beings, with learning
272:
4146:
4038:
3652:
3637:
3617:
3418:
3403:
3388:
3301:
3296:
3190:
3174:
3113:
2735:
2655:
2361:
1919:
1914:
1621:
1167:
786:
710:
472:
3980:
3904:
3874:
3710:
3672:
3622:
3592:
3560:
3550:
3545:
3458:
3438:
3358:
3158:
3137:
3108:
3018:
2927:
2898:
2776:
2745:
2740:
2725:
2720:
2650:
2560:
2535:
2509:
2439:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2376:
2336:
2306:
2301:
2285:
2280:
2207:
2189:
2171:
2166:
2120:
1755:
1717:
1604:
1599:
1201:
in the community, as well as personal approaches, together demonstrate how
1159:
587:
580:
516:
477:
409:
183:
84:
1474:. Translated by Watson, Burton. New York: Columbia University Press. 1967.
3692:
3582:
3500:
3423:
3373:
3276:
2989:
2750:
2710:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2630:
2575:
2540:
2530:
2514:
2499:
2429:
2424:
2414:
2346:
2146:
2115:
2082:
2022:
1898:
1893:
1865:
1245:
Confucius envisioned proper government being guided by the principles of
961:
465:
225:
4005:
3814:
3782:
3647:
3572:
3540:
3520:
3393:
3383:
3343:
3323:
3281:
2730:
2700:
2675:
2660:
2625:
2595:
2565:
2550:
2479:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2262:
2247:
2237:
2217:
2097:
2087:
1974:
1949:
1810:
1805:
1760:
1730:
1288:); ministers should serve their prince with loyalty" (Analects, 3:19).
1171:
979:
871:
2790:
45:
4053:
3799:
3797:
3790:
3788:
3765:
3642:
3475:
3453:
3443:
3398:
3378:
3348:
3338:
3313:
3236:
3185:
2940:
2715:
2640:
2615:
2600:
2570:
2545:
2474:
2419:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2296:
2257:
2222:
2197:
2042:
1944:
1855:
1835:
1790:
1745:
1735:
1544:
1140:
965:
932:
621:
439:
131:
3925:
4046:
3867:
3775:
3657:
3577:
3535:
3510:
3485:
3433:
3363:
3308:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3251:
3241:
2828:
2804:
2645:
2610:
2580:
2484:
2454:
2434:
2409:
2404:
2356:
2227:
2161:
2067:
2027:
1929:
1909:
1850:
1815:
1725:
943:
is an ethical concept broadly translatable as 'rite'. According to
890:
742:
152:
4125:
3987:
1536:
A Patterned Past: Form and
Thought in Early Chinese Historiography
4101:
4087:
4020:
3953:
3918:
3846:
3602:
3525:
3495:
3448:
3408:
3333:
3291:
2605:
2590:
2449:
2316:
2232:
2212:
2102:
2092:
2077:
2062:
2047:
2037:
1984:
1969:
1880:
1825:
1795:
1770:
1765:
1740:
1677:
1669:
1175:
1007:
1001:
717:
453:
216:
3960:
3881:
4069:
4061:
3932:
3911:
3860:
3839:
3682:
3413:
3072:
2984:
2892:
2670:
2494:
2444:
2267:
2252:
2151:
2136:
2052:
1954:
1934:
1924:
1870:
1820:
1656:
1631:
1127:
679:
291:
1512:
1291:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1227:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1188:
1179:
1153:
1147:
1101:
1087:
1073:
1066:
1056:
1024:
983:
969:
955:
948:
937:
3946:
3888:
3767:
3759:
3555:
3515:
3353:
3215:
2947:
2585:
2371:
2131:
1830:
1785:
1775:
1750:
1391:
1041:, the Stone that is associated to the traditional concept of
351:
305:
195:
4117:
4109:
3567:
3490:
3328:
2880:
1875:
1800:
1072:
material objects. Confucius includes in his discussions of
1038:
997:
809:
496:
3041:
3687:
2770:
1538:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 15.
1263:
and rely much less on penal punishment when they govern.
237:
171:
157:
143:
2834:
1012:
3894:
379:
3731:
3708:
1187:
Continuous with the emphasis on community, following
119:
103:
89:
333:
1472:
Basic
Writings of Mo Tzu, Hsun Tzu, and Han Fei Tzu
1276:should be practiced by all members of the society.
1343:
1047:, and "field divided into sections for planting".
4144:
277:
263:
1484:
1489:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
1106:occurred in the 25th year of Duke Zhao of Lu (
1037:radical, among others, including radicals for
356:
4123:
4107:
3057:
1560:
1485:Wright, Arthur F.; Twitchett, Dennis (1962).
1121:
1111:
1100:Among the earliest historical discussions on
912:
59:
43:
310:
296:
4059:
4036:
4027:
4018:
3164:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
3064:
3050:
1567:
1553:
1388:
919:
905:
872:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue
1135:
1533:
1237:, which largely relate to social order.
1065:conception of religious custom. Rather,
3211:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
1416:
1350:. Princeton University Press. pp.
4145:
1574:
1443:
173:
121:
3045:
1548:
16:Concept of rite in Chinese philosophy
1508:
1412:
1410:
1393:. New York: Routledge. p. 151.
1341:
3196:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
1346:A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy
13:
1358:
14:
4184:
1407:
1240:
836:Confucian royal ancestral shrine
416:
1527:
1509:Wong, Yew Leong (August 1998).
1030:
238:
217:
196:
172:
158:
144:
4153:Concepts in Chinese philosophy
3149:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
1502:
1493:
1478:
1464:
1437:
1382:
1335:
1122:
1112:
380:
334:
278:
120:
104:
90:
60:
44:
1:
1417:Nivison, David (2018-06-11).
1329:
1216:The rituals and practices of
1195:the internalization of action
1095:
1015:for a longer healthier life.
996:, who was called the 'Son of
3798:
3789:
3766:
1513:
1389:Feuchtwang, Stephan (2016).
1292:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1228:
1218:
1209:
1203:
1189:
1180:
1154:
1148:
1102:
1088:
1074:
1067:
1057:
1025:
1018:
984:
970:
960:has "even been equated with
956:
949:
938:
7:
3895:
3732:
3709:
3071:
1444:Bowker, John (2018-05-23).
1299:
865:Indonesian Confucian Church
10:
4189:
1697:Hundred Schools of Thought
1029:drew inspiration from the
4079:
3997:
3824:
3751:
3701:
3224:
3122:
3079:
2957:
2763:
2523:
2385:
2276:
2180:
2111:
1998:
1889:
1716:
1707:
1582:
1324:Confucian ritual religion
829:Confucian ritual religion
391:
373:
368:
364:
357:
350:
345:
327:
322:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
285:
271:
257:
252:
231:
224:
210:
203:
189:
182:
165:
151:
137:
130:
113:
97:
83:
76:
71:
67:
53:
37:
32:
28:
23:
1534:Schaberg, David (2005).
1342:Chan, Wing-tsit (1963).
1270:Confucius believed that
1158:promoted ideals such as
1050:
727:Spring and Autumn Annals
607:Progressive Confucianism
433:Spring and Autumn period
39:Traditional Chinese
1692:Nine Schools of Thought
1487:Confucian Personalities
1319:Ritual and music system
803:Classic of Filial Piety
639:Confucianism by country
55:Simplified Chinese
4124:
4108:
4060:
4037:
4028:
4019:
2995:State consequentialism
264:
3613:Righteous indignation
2012:Northern and Southern
1061:are not rites in the
858:Holy Confucian Church
447:Warring States period
3131:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
759:Doctrine of the Mean
593:Lingnan Confucianism
490:Fundamental concepts
329:Revised Romanization
233:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
3201:Theological virtues
3104:Positive psychology
1642:School of Diplomacy
1366:A Handbook of Korea
1178:. The influence of
1108:traditional Chinese
843:Temple of Confucius
615:Hermeneutic schools
4168:Concepts in ethics
3633:Self-transcendence
3225:Individual virtues
3169:Nine Noble Virtues
3098:Nicomachean Ethics
1576:Chinese philosophy
1521:Philosophy in Asia
1314:Zhou ritual system
1309:(neo-Confucianism)
1118:simplified Chinese
1023:The character for
850:Confucian churches
779:Three Commentaries
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
3287:Conscientiousness
3154:Epistemic virtues
3039:
3038:
2887:Mandate of Heaven
2759:
2758:
1375:978-1-56591-022-5
1081:In various cases
990:Mandate of Heaven
929:
928:
702:Book of Documents
695:Classic of Poetry
395:
394:
387:
386:
341:
340:
248:
247:
139:Yale Romanization
78:Standard Mandarin
4180:
4129:
4113:
4065:
4042:
4033:
4024:
3900:
3803:
3794:
3771:
3737:
3714:
3699:
3698:
3628:Self-cultivation
3181:Prussian virtues
3144:Cardinal virtues
3066:
3059:
3052:
3043:
3042:
2916:Self-cultivation
2821:Neo-Confucianism
2556:Chung-ying Cheng
1714:
1713:
1615:New Confucianism
1610:Neo-Confucianism
1569:
1562:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1451:Encyclopedia.com
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1424:Encyclopedia.com
1414:
1405:
1404:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1339:
1295:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1157:
1151:
1137:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1091:
1077:
1070:
1060:
1036:
1032:
1028:
987:
973:
959:
952:
941:
921:
914:
907:
879:Phoenix churches
794:Ceremonial Rites
600:New Confucianism
576:Neo-Confucianism
420:
397:
396:
383:
382:
366:
365:
360:
359:
337:
336:
320:
319:
314:
313:
300:
299:
281:
280:
267:
244:
243:
242:
220:
219:
199:
198:
178:
177:
176:
161:
160:
147:
146:
126:
125:
124:
109:
108:
107:
93:
92:
69:
68:
63:
62:
49:
48:
21:
20:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4158:Confucian rites
4143:
4142:
4141:
4132:
4075:
3993:
3820:
3747:
3697:
3220:
3206:Three Treasures
3123:Virtue families
3118:
3092:Moral character
3075:
3070:
3040:
3035:
2953:
2854:Three teachings
2755:
2706:Tsang Lap Chuen
2519:
2381:
2290:
2272:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2125:
2107:
2016:
2010:
1994:
1903:
1885:
1703:
1701:
1647:School of Names
1590:Agriculturalism
1578:
1573:
1543:
1532:
1528:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1302:
1243:
1223:
1198:
1194:
1098:
1053:
1034:
1021:
978:Throughout the
931:In traditional
925:
896:
895:
824:
816:
815:
718:Book of Changes
675:
673:Confucian texts
665:
664:
640:
632:
631:
611:
571:
563:
562:
527:Sangang Wuchang
491:
483:
482:
428:
253:Vietnamese name
105:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4186:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4121:
4114:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4034:
4025:
4016:
4009:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3795:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3763:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3738:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3705:
3703:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:Accountability
3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3024:Metaphilosophy
3021:
3016:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2636:Lee Shui-chuen
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2505:Zhang Xuecheng
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:Wang Chongyang
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2182:Five Dynasties
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2005:
2003:Three Kingdoms
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1542:
1541:
1526:
1501:
1492:
1477:
1463:
1436:
1406:
1399:
1381:
1374:
1357:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1301:
1298:
1242:
1239:
1097:
1094:
1086:the fabric of
1052:
1049:
1020:
1017:
964:." In Chinese
945:Wing-tsit Chan
927:
926:
924:
923:
916:
909:
901:
898:
897:
894:
893:
887:
886:
881:
875:
874:
868:
867:
861:
860:
854:
853:
846:
845:
839:
838:
832:
831:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
806:
798:
797:
790:
782:
781:
775:
774:
770:
769:
766:Great Learning
762:
754:
753:
746:
738:
737:
731:
730:
722:
721:
714:
706:
705:
698:
690:
689:
683:
682:
676:
671:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
630:
629:
624:
618:
617:
610:
609:
603:
602:
596:
595:
590:
584:
583:
578:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
553:
546:
539:
531:
530:
522:
521:
514:
507:
500:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
475:
469:
468:
462:
461:
456:
450:
449:
443:
442:
436:
435:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
413:
412:
406:
405:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
377:
371:
370:
369:Transcriptions
362:
361:
354:
348:
347:
343:
342:
339:
338:
331:
325:
324:
323:Transcriptions
316:
315:
308:
302:
301:
294:
288:
287:
283:
282:
275:
269:
268:
261:
255:
254:
250:
249:
246:
245:
235:
229:
228:
222:
221:
214:
212:Middle Chinese
208:
207:
205:Middle Chinese
201:
200:
193:
187:
186:
180:
179:
169:
163:
162:
155:
149:
148:
141:
135:
134:
132:Yue: Cantonese
128:
127:
117:
111:
110:
101:
95:
94:
87:
81:
80:
74:
73:
72:Transcriptions
65:
64:
57:
51:
50:
41:
35:
34:
30:
29:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4185:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:Sportsmanship
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:Righteousness
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:Nonattachment
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:Seven virtues
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3138:Brahmavihārās
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3114:Virtue ethics
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:About virtues
3078:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:Zhang Dongsun
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Liang Shuming
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Wang Yangming
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:Dongfang Shuo
1918:
1916:
1915:Dong Zhongshu
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
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1499:Rosemont 2005
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787:Rites of Zhou
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711:Book of Rites
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687:Five Classics
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473:Dong Zhongshu
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427:Early history
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3875:Brahmacharya
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3806:
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3725:
3724:
3717:
3673:Tranquillity
3623:Self-control
3593:Renunciation
3551:Philanthropy
3546:Perspicacity
3506:Magnificence
3459:Intelligence
3439:Impartiality
3359:Faithfulness
3247:Authenticity
3173:
3159:Five virtues
3136:
3129:
3109:Trait theory
3096:
3019:Epistemology
3006:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2928:Yin and yang
2920:
2911:Human nature
2903:
2899:Filial piety
2891:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2846:
2839:
2827:
2816:Confucianism
2815:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2746:Zhou Guoping
2741:Zhang Shenfu
2726:Yin Haiguang
2721:Yang Changji
2666:Liu Xiaofeng
2651:Liang Qichao
2536:Carsun Chang
2524:20th century
2510:Zhuang Cunyu
2440:Hong Liangji
2400:Chen Menglei
2395:Chen Hongmou
2377:Zhan Ruoshui
2337:Liu Zongzhou
2307:Hong Zicheng
2302:Huang Zongxi
2208:Fan Zhongyan
2186:Ten Kingdoms
2172:Linji Yixuan
2167:Liu Zongyuan
1756:Gongsun Long
1718:Eastern Zhou
1709:Philosophers
1687:
1683:Mixed School
1668:
1661:
1605:Han learning
1600:Confucianism
1535:
1529:
1520:
1504:
1495:
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1471:
1466:
1455:. Retrieved
1449:
1439:
1428:. Retrieved
1422:
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1306:
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1234:
1215:
1186:
1160:filial piety
1146:
1139:
1134:) (517
1132:lǔ zhāo gōng
1131:
1126:;
1116:;
1099:
1080:
1054:
1042:
1022:
1006:
977:
936:
935:philosophy,
930:
823:Organization
808:
801:
792:
785:
764:
757:
748:
741:
725:
716:
709:
700:
693:
614:
588:Taigu school
581:Han Learning
556:
549:
542:
535:
534:
526:
517:
510:
503:
495:
478:Gongsun Hong
410:Confucianism
375:Romanization
184:Southern Min
85:Hanyu Pinyin
33:Chinese name
18:
3693:Workmanship
3583:Punctuality
3501:Magnanimity
3424:Hospitality
3374:Forgiveness
3319:Discernment
3277:Cleanliness
2990:Role ethics
2975:Metaphysics
2751:Zhou Zuoren
2711:Xiong Shili
2696:Tang Chun-i
2691:Sun Yat-sen
2686:Qiu Renzong
2681:Mou Zongsan
2631:Kang Youwei
2576:Feng Youlan
2541:P. C. Chang
2531:Cai Yuanpei
2515:Zeng Guofan
2500:Yu Zhengxie
2430:Gong Zizhen
2425:Feng Guifen
2415:Fang Lanfen
2347:Qian Dehong
2147:Zhang Zhihe
2083:Xiahou Xuan
2023:Bao Jingyan
1866:Zhuang Zhou
1517:and Change"
1226:in nature.
962:natural law
884:Xuanyuanism
773:Other texts
466:Western Han
286:Korean name
226:Old Chinese
4163:Principles
4147:Categories
4006:Auctoritas
3854:Aparigraha
3833:Adhiṭṭhāna
3815:Sophrosyne
3783:Eutrapelia
3668:Temperance
3648:Solidarity
3638:Simplicity
3598:Resilience
3573:Politeness
3541:Patriotism
3521:Moderation
3394:Good faith
3384:Generosity
3344:Equanimity
3324:Discipline
3282:Compassion
3029:Legitimacy
2731:Yu Dunkang
2701:Tang Yijie
2676:Mao Zedong
2661:Lin Yutang
2626:Jin Yuelin
2621:Jiang Qing
2596:He Guanghu
2566:Chu Anping
2551:Chen Duxiu
2480:Wang Fuzhi
2470:Tan Sitong
2465:Pan Pingge
2460:Liu Yiming
2342:Luo Rufang
2263:Zhou Dunyi
2248:Wang Chuyi
2238:Wang Anshi
2218:Lu Jiuyuan
2098:Yan Zhitui
2088:Xie Daoyun
1990:Yang Xiong
1975:Wang Chong
1950:Kong Anguo
1811:Shen Buhai
1806:Shang Yang
1761:Guan Zhong
1731:Chunyu Kun
1652:Naturalism
1457:2023-04-23
1430:2023-04-23
1330:References
1199:Approaches
1172:good faith
1164:fraternity
1096:Approaches
980:Sinosphere
735:Four Books
259:Vietnamese
99:Wade–Giles
4173:Etiquette
4054:Humanitas
3800:Phronesis
3791:Philotimo
3643:Sincerity
3608:Reverence
3476:Judgement
3464:Emotional
3454:Integrity
3444:Innocence
3399:Gratitude
3379:Frugality
3369:Foresight
3349:Etiquette
3339:Endurance
3314:Diligence
3237:Alertness
3186:Scout Law
3087:Endowment
3008:Shan shui
2941:Zhengming
2716:Xu Fuguan
2641:Li Shicen
2616:Ray Huang
2601:Hu Qiaomu
2571:Fang Keli
2561:Ch'ien Mu
2546:Chen Daqi
2475:Tang Zhen
2420:Fang Quan
2332:Liu Bowen
2322:Lai Zhide
2312:Jiao Hong
2297:Chen Jiru
2258:Zhang Zai
2223:Shao Yong
2198:Cheng Hao
2142:Wang Tong
2043:Guo Xiang
1965:Liu Xiang
1945:Jing Fang
1856:Yuan Xian
1836:Ximen Bao
1791:Lie Yukou
1746:Duanmu Ci
1736:Confucius
1622:Huang–Lao
1193:included
1141:Zuo Zhuan
1138:) in the
1019:Etymology
966:cosmology
933:Confucian
852:and sects
655:Indonesia
511:Zhengming
440:Confucius
4047:Gravitas
4030:Dignitas
3776:Ataraxia
3658:Sympathy
3588:Religion
3578:Prudence
3536:Patience
3511:Meekness
3486:Kindness
3434:Humility
3429:Humanity
3364:Fidelity
3309:Courtesy
3272:Chivalry
3267:Chastity
3257:Charisma
3252:Calmness
3242:Altruism
3002:Ink wash
2980:Politics
2970:Theology
2829:Ming yun
2805:Jing zuo
2764:Concepts
2646:Li Zehou
2611:Hua Gang
2581:Gan Yang
2490:Yan Yuan
2485:Wei Yuan
2455:Lin Zexu
2435:Gu Yanwu
2410:Fang Bao
2405:Dai Zhen
2367:Wu Cheng
2357:Wang Gen
2228:Shen Kuo
2203:Cheng Yi
2162:Liu Yuxi
2068:Sengzhao
2028:Fan Zhen
1930:Huan Tan
1910:Ban Zhao
1861:Zhang Yi
1851:Yang Zhu
1816:Shen Dao
1726:Bu Shang
1627:Legalism
1595:Buddhism
1300:See also
1031:⼟
891:Shengdao
743:Analects
627:New Text
622:Old Text
402:a series
400:Part of
153:Jyutping
4102:Sadaqah
4088:Ganbaru
4021:Decorum
4013:Caritas
3968:Śraddhā
3954:Shaucha
3919:Kshanti
3847:Akrodha
3702:Chinese
3603:Respect
3526:Modesty
3496:Loyalty
3481:Justice
3449:Insight
3409:Honesty
3404:Heroism
3334:Empathy
3292:Courage
3262:Charity
3175:Pāramīs
3073:Virtues
3014:Society
2791:Jian'ai
2606:Hu Shih
2591:Gu Zhun
2450:Ma Qixi
2352:Wang Ji
2317:Jiao Yu
2233:Su Song
2213:Hu Hong
2103:Zhi Dun
2093:Xun Can
2078:Wang Bi
2073:Wang Su
2063:Ji Kang
2058:Huiyuan
2048:Fu Xuan
2038:Ge Hong
1985:Xun Yue
1980:Wang Fu
1970:Ma Rong
1940:Jia Kui
1881:Zou Yan
1841:Xu Xing
1826:Sun Tzu
1796:Mencius
1771:Hui Shi
1766:Han Fei
1741:Deng Xi
1678:Yangism
1670:Xuanxue
1637:Marxism
1583:Schools
1224:dynamic
1176:loyalty
1063:Western
1035:'EARTH'
1033:
1008:I Ching
1002:Daoists
994:emperor
750:Mencius
570:Schools
504:Ganying
454:Mencius
273:Chữ Hán
4070:Virtus
4062:Pietas
3981:Upekṣā
3974:Saddhā
3940:Prajñā
3933:Muditā
3912:Kshama
3905:Karuṇā
3868:Asteya
3861:Ārjava
3840:Ahimsa
3825:Indian
3808:Sophia
3683:Wisdom
3561:Filial
3469:Social
3414:Honour
2985:Ethics
2958:Topics
2893:Wu wei
2671:Lu Xun
2495:Yu Yue
2445:Ji Yun
2327:Li Zhi
2268:Zhu Xi
2253:Ye Shi
2152:Han Yu
2137:Jizang
2053:He Yan
2033:Fan Ye
1960:Lu Jia
1955:Liu An
1935:Jia Yi
1925:Dou Wu
1871:Zichan
1821:Su Qin
1781:Li Kui
1663:Daoxue
1657:Taoism
1632:Mohism
1397:
1372:
1174:, and
1128:pinyin
998:Heaven
680:Ruzang
292:Hangul
191:Tâi-lô
4126:Virtù
4080:Other
4039:Fides
3998:Latin
3988:Vīrya
3947:Satya
3926:Mettā
3889:Dhṛti
3768:Arete
3760:Agape
3752:Greek
3678:Trust
3663:Taste
3556:Piety
3516:Mercy
3389:Glory
3354:Faith
3302:Moral
3297:Civil
3216:Yamas
2965:Logic
2948:Ziran
2586:Gu Su
2372:Xu Ai
2157:Li Ao
2132:Fu Yi
1846:Xunzi
1831:Wu Qi
1786:Li Si
1776:Laozi
1751:Gaozi
1083:Xunzi
1051:Scope
650:Japan
645:Korea
459:Xunzi
352:Kanji
306:Hanja
239:*
4118:Sisu
4110:Seny
4095:Giri
3961:Sevā
3882:Dāna
3719:Jing
3568:Pity
3491:Love
3419:Hope
3329:Duty
2934:Yong
2881:Tian
2860:Shen
2841:Qing
2798:Jing
2387:Qing
2286:Ming
2281:Yuan
2190:Song
2121:Tang
1876:Zisi
1801:Mozi
1446:"Li"
1419:"Li"
1395:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1222:are
1044:jing
1039:jade
810:Erya
518:Xiao
497:Tian
241:ˤijʔ
159:lai5
145:láih
3897:Hrī
3734:Ren
3688:Wit
2905:Xin
2848:Ren
2771:Tao
2116:Sui
2008:Jin
1899:Han
1894:Qin
1352:790
1136:BCE
1123:鲁昭公
1113:魯昭公
550:Xin
543:Ren
381:rei
218:lei
167:IPA
115:IPA
4149::
3742:Yi
3726:Li
3711:De
2922:Yi
2874:Ti
2867:Si
2835:Qi
2811:Li
2784:Fa
2777:De
1519:.
1514:Li
1448:.
1421:.
1409:^
1307:Li
1293:Li
1285:li
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1273:li
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1248:li
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1213:.
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1144:.
1130::
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1103:li
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1089:li
1075:li
1068:li
1058:li
1026:li
1013:qi
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557:Yi
536:Li
404:on
335:Ye
265:lễ
197:lè
106:li
91:lǐ
24:Li
3971:/
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1460:.
1433:.
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358:礼
312:禮
298:예
279:禮
61:礼
46:禮
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