Writing - Knowledge

818:

ensure that communications present the necessary information in clear and precise terms to people in various roles. Both in the writing they do, and with the support they provide other professionals within their organizations, they make sure that each person within the organization has the information they need and that the work of the organization is coordinated by making sure all necessary tasks are assigned, and carried out, in a timely and accurate way. Through various media and genres, technical and medical writers elicit the goodwill and cooperation of the public served, while informing the public of the services and products offered, instructions needed for best outcomes, and other information. Technical and medical writers make sure appropriate and accurate records are kept for internal and external accountability and regulation. An important part of their roles is to prepare reports for government approval and monitoring.

947:

according to district and state syllabi and regulations. Teachers often must produce and submit lesson plans or other information about their teaching. In primary and secondary education teachers may need to write notices or letters to parents about matters relating to their children's learning, school activities, or regulations. Within school hierarchies many memos, notices, or other documents may flow. National policies and regulations as elaborated by ministries or departments of education may also be of consequence. Additionally, research in the various subject areas and in educational studies may be attended to by educators in the classroom and higher bureaucratic levels. And of course, subject learning draws on the knowledge produced and authorized by disciplines.

620:

monitoring documents to make, evaluate, and provide accountability for decisions and operations; the creation and maintenance of records; internal written communications within departments to coordinate work; written communications that comprise work products presented to other departments and to clients; and external communications to clients and the public. Business and financial organizations also rely on many written legal documents, such as contracts, reports to government agencies, tax records, and accounting reports. Financial institutions and markets that hold, transmit, trade, insure, or regulate holdings for clients or other institutions are particularly dependent on written records (though now often in digital form) to maintain the integrity of their roles.

1232: 1615:

placing these tokens inside large, hollow clay containers (bulla, or globular envelopes) which were then sealed. The quantity of tokens in each container came to be expressed by impressing, on the container's surface, one picture for each instance of the token inside. They next dispensed with the tokens, relying solely on symbols for the tokens, drawn on clay surfaces. To avoid making a picture for each instance of the same object (for example: 100 pictures of a hat to represent 100 hats), they counted the objects by using various small marks. In this way the Sumerians added "a system for enumerating objects to their incipient system of symbols".

1596: 358: 2337: 1705: 6204: 2380: 1416:. Thus, a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling. However, as languages often evolve independently of their writing systems, and writing systems have been borrowed for languages they were not designed for, the degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to another and even within a single language. 795:

them, international geopolitical events, including conflicts, but also sports, entertainment, books, and other leisure activities. While news and newspapers have grown rapidly from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries, the changing economics and ability to produce and distribute news have brought about radical and rapid challenges to journalism and the consequent organization of citizen knowledge and engagement. These changes have also created challenges for

962: 6549: 1072: 939:. Some of this is explicitly directed toward the learning of writing, but much is focused more on subject learning. Students receive much writing from their teachers as well in the forms of assignments and syllabi, directions for activities, worksheets, corrections on work, or information about subjects or exams. Students also receive institutional notices and regulations, sometimes to be shared with families. Students also may write 1562:. Writing most likely began as a consequence of political expansion in ancient cultures, which needed reliable means for transmitting information, maintaining financial accounts, keeping historical records, and similar activities. Around the 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration outgrew the power of memory, and writing became a more dependable method of recording and presenting transactions in a permanent form. 641:, which can present further written regulations specifying the laws and how they are carried out. Governments at different levels also typically maintain written records on citizens concerning identities, life events such as births, deaths, marriages, and divorces, the granting of licenses for controlled activities, criminal charges, traffic offenses, and other penalties small and large, and tax liability and payments. 2274: 701: 72: 1347:, typically a consonant followed by a vowel, or just a vowel alone. In some scripts more complex syllables (such as consonant-vowel-consonant, or consonant-consonant-vowel) may have dedicated glyphs. Phonetically similar syllables are not written similarly. For instance, the syllable "ka" may look nothing like the syllable "ki", nor will syllables with the same vowels be similar. 692:

often initiated by written complaints by those alleging injury, thereby opening a file on the case, which then aggregates all the related documents and reports to follow. These files serve as the basis for processing the case, as potential evidence in legal proceedings, and for monitoring and making accountable the working of these departments.

1017:, employee management, and other overhead functions. Software development may be sequential, in which each step is complete before the next begins, but iterative development methods where multiple steps can be executed at once and earlier steps can be revisited have also been devised to improve flexibility, efficiency, and scheduling. 350:) to produce certain kinds of highly formulaic writing (e.g., weather forecasts and brief sports reporting) without the direct involvement of humans after initial configuration or, more commonly, to be used to support writing processes such as generating initial drafts, producing feedback with the help of a rubric, copy-editing, and 1642:, but by the 29th century BC also for phonetic elements. Around 2700 BC, cuneiform began to represent syllables of spoken Sumerian. About that time, Mesopotamian cuneiform became a general purpose writing system for logograms, syllables, and numbers. This script was adapted to another Mesopotamian language, the 1614:

determined the link between previously uncategorized clay "tokens", the oldest of which have been found in the Zagros region of Iran, and cuneiform, the first known writing. Around 8000 BC, Mesopotamians began using clay tokens to count their agricultural and manufactured goods. Later they began

691:

Police departments and other bodies charged with the enforcement of laws and maintenance of civil, commercial, or criminal order regularly must produce reports of the interactions with community members, actions taken, the process and results of inquiries, and the disposition of cases. Such cases are

2352:

and community-wide literacy councils aim to help students and community members sharpen their writing skills. These resources, and many more, span across different age groups in order to offer each individual a better understanding of their language and how to express themselves via writing in order

2014:

has yet to be deciphered. The sequence and the geographical spread of the three overlapping, but distinct writing systems can be summarized as follows (beginning date refers to first attestations, the assumed origins of all scripts lie further back in the past): Cretan hieroglyphs were used in Crete

1435:

In most of the alphabets of the Middle East, it is usually only the consonants of a word that are written, although vowels may be indicated by the addition of various diacritical marks. Writing systems based primarily on writing just consonants phonemes date back to the hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt.

946:

Writing also pervades schools and educational institutions in less visible and memorable ways. Since schools are typically hierarchically arranged bureaucracies, writing also circulates in the forms of notices and regulations that teachers receive from their supervisors and arrange their instruction

934:

Formal education is the social context most strongly associated with the learning of writing, and students may carry these particular associations long after leaving school. Alongside the writing that students read (in the forms of textbooks, assigned books, and other instructional materials as

817:

Technical and medical writing are recognized writing specialties that, address the needs of scientifically and technologically based professions for precise, accurate, and timely communications, internally and externally, for the audiences the professions serve. Internally, these specialized writers

632:

at the national and sometimes state or other organizational levels. Written rules and procedures typically guide the operations of the various branches, departments, and other bodies of government, which regularly produce reports and other documents as work products and to account for their actions.

614:

Writing permeates everyday commerce. For example, in the course of an afternoon, a wholesaler might receive a written inquiry about the availability of a product line, then communicate with suppliers and fabricators through work orders and purchase agreements, correspond via email to affirm shipping

4779:

A previously unknown civilisation was using writing in Central Asia 4,000 years ago, hundreds of years before Chinese writing developed, archaeologists have discovered. An excavation near Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan, revealed an inscription on a piece of stone that seems to have been used

830:

encompass written fiction, poetry, autobiography and memoir, non-fiction, and scripts of dramatic, cinematic or video performance, and hybridized forms of some or all of those previously listed. Works of literature sell widely and encompass a wide substantial market provided by large corporate

794:

News and news reporting are central to citizen engagement and knowledge of many spheres of activity people may be interested in about the state of their community, including the actions and integrity of their governments and government officials, economic trends, natural disasters and responses to

682:

Written legal codes in modern governments are typically produced by legislative branches and provide standardized rules for commercial, civil, and lawful activity. The legal codes also provide remedies and penalties for violations of the rules, as well as procedures for their enforcement. In

595:

Some professions are typically associated with writing, such as literary authors, journalists, and technical writers, but writing is pervasive in most modern forms of work, civic participation, household management, and leisure activities. The following are examples of this pervasiveness, but they

443:

explains, the "marking of signs on stones, clay, paper, and now digital memories—each more portable and rapidly traveling than the previous—provided means for increasingly coordinated and extended action as well as memory across larger groups of people over time and space." For example, around the

3629:

Hoffman, Steven J.; Baral, Prativa; Rogers Van Katwyk, Susan; Sritharan, Lathika; Hughsam, Matthew; Randhawa, Harkanwal; Lin, Gigi; Campbell, Sophie; Campus, Brooke; Dantas, Maria; Foroughian, Neda; Groux, Gaëlle; Gunn, Elliot; Guyatt, Gordon; Habibi, Roojin; Karabit, Mina; Karir, Aneesh; Kruja,

1967:

script was used from about 2500 to 331 BC, and was adapted from the Akkadian cuneiform. At any given point within this period, the Elamite cuneiform script consisted of about 130 symbols, and over this entire period only 206 total signs were used. This is far fewer than most other cuneiform

619:

company, write an invoice, and request proof of receipt in the form of a written signature. At a much larger scale, modern systems of finances, banking, and business rest on many forms of written documents—including written regulations, policies, and procedures; the creation of reports and other

1791:

in Central Egypt. Based on hieroglyphic prototypes, but also including entirely new symbols, each sign apparently stood for a consonant rather than a word: the basis of an alphabetic system. It was not until the 12th to 9th centuries, however, that the alphabet took hold and became widely used.

4692:

A block with a hitherto unknown system of writing has been found in the Olmec heartland of Veracruz, Mexico. Stylistic and other dating of the block places it in the early first millennium before the common era, the oldest writing in the New World, with features that firmly assign this pivotal

2122:

style. In 2015, the epigrapher Bryan Wells estimated there were around 694 distinct signs. This is above 400, so scholars accept the script to be logo-syllabic (typically syllabic scripts have about 50–100 signs whereas logographic scripts have a very large number of principal signs). Several

376:

Writing technologies from different eras coexist easily in many homes and workplaces. During the course of a day or even a single episode of writing, for example, a writer might instinctively switch among a pencil, a touchscreen, a text-editor, a whiteboard, a legal pad, and adhesive notes as

1786:

appears to have been developed by Canaanite turquoise miners in the Sinai desert around the mid-19th century BC. Around 30 crude inscriptions have been found at a mountainous Egyptian mining site known as Serabit el-Khadem. This site was also home to a temple of Hathor, the "Mistress of

1944:

is a writing system attested in a few monumental inscriptions in Iran. It was used for a very brief period during the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BC. It is often claimed that Linear Elamite is a syllabic writing system derived from Proto-Elamite, although this cannot be proven since

1779:. Only people from certain backgrounds were allowed to train to become scribes, in the service of temple, pharaonic, and military authorities. The hieroglyph system was always difficult to learn, but in later centuries was purposely made even more so, as this preserved the scribes' status. 1629:

from this method of keeping accounts. By the end of the 4th millennium BC, the Mesopotamians were using a triangular-shaped stylus pressed into soft clay to record numbers. This system was gradually augmented with using a sharp stylus to indicate what was being counted by means of

2240:

or writing have played a special role. For example, some religious text compilations have been some of the earliest popular texts, or even the only written texts in some languages, and in some cases are still highly popular around the world. The first books printed widely using the

168:

In general, writing systems do not constitute languages in and of themselves, but rather a means of encoding language such that it can be read by others across time and space. While not all languages use a writing system, those that do can complement and extend the capacities of

687:

for initial proceedings, subsequent appeals, and other points at issue; maintain files on the cases they are engaged with; and negotiate written agreements that might resolve cases. Judges produce written opinions that may then be treated as precedent for subsequent cases.

196:

Any instance of writing involves a complex interaction among available tools, intentions, cultural customs, cognitive routines, genres, tacit and explicit knowledge, and the constraints and limitations of the writing system(s) deployed. Inscriptions have been made with

762:

of the possible publications may also be presented at academic or disciplinary conferences or on publicly accessible web servers to gain peer feedback and build interest in the work. Prior to official publication, these documents are typically read and evaluated by

1492:

sounds (pronounced with the lips) may have some element in common. In the Latin alphabet, this is accidentally the case with the letters "b" and "p"; however, labial "m" is completely dissimilar, and the similar-looking "q" and "d" are not labial. In Korean

767:

from the appropriate research specialties, who, in their written evaluations, determine whether the work is of sufficient value and quality to be published. Referees may also recommend certain improvements be made or that the work not be published.

566:

has made writing an increasingly important feature of daily life, where these systems mix with older technologies like paper, pencils, whiteboards, printers, and copiers. Substantial amounts of everyday writing characterize most workplaces in

1767:

at Umm el-Qa'ab, which dates from the Second Dynasty (28th or 27th century BC). There are around 800 hieroglyphs dating back to the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom Eras. By the Greco-Roman period, there are more than 5,000.

3341:

Sterponi, Laura; Zucchermaglio, Cristina; Alby, Francesca; Fatigante, Marilena (October 2017). "Endangered Literacies? Affordances of Paper-Based Literacy in Medical Practice and Its Persistence in the Transition to Digital Technology".

771:

Publication in such a disciplinary forum does not establish the claims or findings of such work as authoritatively true, only that they are worth the attention of other specialists. Only over time, as others may cite the work (see

683:

the United States, legal proceedings in courts produce written records, which can be appealed based on the written records to higher courts. Written records carry particular evidentiary weight in court proceedings. Lawyers also offer

3630:

Krista; Lavis, John N.; Lee, Olivia; Li, Binxi; Nagi, Ranjana; Naicker, Kiyuri; Røttingen, John-Arne; Sahar, Nicola; Srivastava, Archita; Tejpar, Ali; Tran, Maxwell; Zhang, Yu-qing; Zhou, Qi; Poirier, Mathieu J. P. (9 August 2022).

4649:

Rodríguez Martínez, Maria del Carmen; Ceballos, Ponciano Ortíz; Coe, Michael D.; Diehl, Richard A.; Houston, Stephen D.; Taube, Karl A.; Calderón, Alfredo Delgado (15 September 2006). "Oldest Writing in the New World".

4606:

A stone slab bearing 3,000-year-old writing previously unknown to scholars has been found in the Mexican state of Veracruz, and archaeologists say it is an example of the oldest script ever discovered in the Western

779:

Scientific or scholarly work written for more popular audiences relies on the published work of the scientific literature for its authority but does not in itself directly contribute to the scientific literature.

181:

or other public records). Writing can also have knowledge-transforming effects, since it allows humans to externalize their thinking in forms that are easier to reflect on, elaborate on, reconsider, and revise.

1831:. The earliest inscription identified as Maya dates to the 3rd century BC. Maya writing used logograms complemented by a set of syllabic glyphs, somewhat similar in function to modern Japanese writing. 831:

publishers, self-published writers, and everything in-between. A certain subset of these works gain scholarly attention and are taught in literature classes at schools at all levels, including

1497:, however, all four labial consonants are based on the same basic element, but in practice, Korean is learned by children as an ordinary alphabet, and the featural elements tend to pass unnoticed. 1588:. It is generally agreed that Sumerian writing was an independent invention; however, it is debated whether Egyptian writing was developed completely independently of Sumerian, or was a case of 460:

for recording historical and environmental events. Further innovations included more uniform, predictable, and widely dispersed legal systems, the distribution of accessible versions of

776:) and use it to advance further claims and the work appears in review articles, handbooks, textbooks, or other aggregations, does it become codified as contingently reliable knowledge. 2114:

and claims, it is as yet undeciphered. The term 'Indus script' is mainly applied to that used in the mature Harappan phase, which perhaps evolved from a few signs found in early

754:

may be supported by grants, which usually require proposals establishing the value of such work and the need for funding. The data and procedures are also typically collected in

1755:, and several recent discoveries that may be slightly older, though these glyphs were based on a much older artistic rather than written tradition. The hieroglyphic script was 3033: 1581:

are generally considered the earliest writing systems, both emerging out of ancestral proto-writing systems between 3400 and 3300 BC, with earliest coherent texts from

1696:(911–609 BC), Old Aramaic was also adapted to Mesopotamian cuneiform. The last cuneiform scripts in Akkadian discovered thus far date from the 1st century AD. 1472:, are learned by children as syllabaries, and so are often called "syllabics". However, unlike true syllabaries, there is not an independent glyph for each syllable. 5415:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. pp. 59–66, 235s. 3003: 879:. Other segments of the book market include non-fictional works that some may not characterize as literature but exist within the same marketing space, such as 583:), written documentation is not only the main deliverable but also the mode of work itself. Even in occupations not typically associated with writing, routine 1350:

Syllabaries are best suited to languages with a relatively simple syllable structure, such as Japanese. Other languages that use syllabic writing include the

2147:

was adapted from the Proto-Canaanite script sometime before the 14th century BC, which in turn borrowed principles of representing phonetic information from

935:

well as self-selected books) students do much writing within schools at all levels, on subject exams, in essays, in taking notes, in doing homework, and in

3064: 3306:

Christiansen, M. Sidury (2017). "Creating a Unique Transnational Place: Deterritorialized Discourse and the Blending of Time and Space in Online Media".

1108:

click, keypress set, or screen touch. Apart from text, the term "hypertext" is also sometimes used to describe tables, images, and other presentational

5891: 1899:

dating back to the 7th millennium BC, but whether or not these symbols are related to the characters of the later oracle bone script is disputed.

1284:

component (Chinese "radicals", hieroglyphic "determiners"). In Chinese, about 90% of characters are compounds of a semantic (meaning) element called a

448:

outgrew human memory, and writing became a more dependable method for creating permanent records of transactions. On the other hand, writing in both

5446: 4474: 997:

is the central step of this process, but it also includes conceiving the project, evaluating its feasibility, analyzing the business requirements,

5447:"Signs – Books – Networks", virtual exhibition of the German Museum of Books and Writing i.a. with a thematic module on sounds, symbols and script 6006: 4261: 3086:

O'Hara, Kenton P.; Taylor, Alex; Newman, William; Sellen, Abigail J. (2002). "Understanding the materiality of writing from multiple sources".

1946: 3694: 914:

Authors and publishers' agents produce considerable documentation preparatory and subsequent to the successful publication of literature:

5079: 1533: 943:

for use by teachers to improve instruction or by others reviewing quality of teacher instruction, particularly within higher education.

4593: 2357:. As William J. Farrell puts it: "Did you ever notice that, when people become serious about communication, they want it in writing?" 1922:), clay tablets with Proto-Elamite writing have been found at different sites across Iran, with the majority having been excavated at 5437: 4854: 4624: 3942: 3025: 868: 6884: 6717: 4766: 4827: 1565:

The invention of the first writing systems is roughly contemporary with the emergence of civilisations and the beginning of the

5884: 5362: 4793: 4542:

Lipson, Carol (2004). "Ancient Egyptian Rhetoric: It All Comes Down to Maat". In Lipson, Carol S.; Binkley, Roberta A. (eds.).

273:(or khipu) for keeping records. Countless writing tools and surfaces have been improvised throughout history (as the cases of 5420: 5394: 5306: 5278: 5259: 5238: 5175: 5110: 5073: 5046: 4896: 4803: 4551: 4526: 4286: 4237: 4175: 3890: 3801: 3607: 3583: 3555: 3499: 3436: 3411: 3386: 3290: 3152: 3122: 2896: 2845: 2777: 2752: 2719: 2694: 2669: 2640: 2609: 2331: 2865: 2151:. This writing system was an odd sort of syllabary in which only consonants are represented. This script was adapted by the 675:

identified problems. These also include systems at subnational levels, such as cities and multinational corporations (e.g.,

5349: 100: 6293: 5999: 5375: 1040: 477: 296:

have framed the experience of writing with such tools as compared with the pen or pencil. Word processors include, often

2995: 6707: 6654: 6585: 2921: 1032: 305: 1634:. Round-stylus and sharp-stylus writing was gradually replaced by writing using a wedge-shaped stylus (hence the term 1231: 1223:), though these are still associated by readers with their given pronunciations in the corresponding spoken language. 5877: 5479: 4867:

Signs carved into 8,600-year-old tortoise shells found in China may be the earliest written words, say archaeologists

4395: 4353: 4059: 4034: 3826: 2365: 2309: 1419:

Sometimes the term "alphabet" is restricted to systems with separate letters for consonants and vowels, such as the

6111: 6026: 2284: 1737:

are about 5,200 years old, such as the clay labels of a Predynastic ruler called "Scorpion I" (Naqada IIIA period,

1057: 1484:

represents the features of the phonemes of the language in consistent ways. An example of such a system is Korean

6066: 2464: 3056: 7118: 6901: 6552: 5992: 5333: 3530:

Textual Dynamics of the Professions: Historical and Contemporary Studies of Writing in Professional Communities

966: 2002:(early-to-mid-2nd millennium BC, MM I to MM III, overlapping with Linear A from MM IIA at the earliest). 1189:

Writing systems may be broadly classified according to what units of language are represented by its symbols:

6691: 6268: 1945:

Linear-Elamite has not been deciphered. Several scholars have attempted to decipher the script, most notably

1469: 2836:

Jakobs, Eva-Maria; Perrin, Daniel (2014). "Introduction and research roadmap: Writing and text production".

2710:

Schmandt-Besserat, Denise; Erard, Erard (2007). "Origins and Forms of Writing". In Bazerman, Charles (ed.).

2223: 7108: 6298: 6248: 6188: 3906:

Yu, Han; Monas, Natalie (January 2020). "Recreating the Scene: An Investigation of Police Report Writing".

3113:

Anderson, Jack (2008). "The Collection and Organization of Written Knowledge". In Bazerman, Charles (ed.).

2439: 1934:(proto-cuneiform). The Proto-Elamite script consists of more than 1,000 signs and is thought to be partly 1458:, vowels are indicated through diacritics or modification of the shape of the consonant. These are called 6278: 6263: 6096: 6091: 6086: 3402:

Jakobs, Eva-Marie; Spinuzzi, Clay (2014). "Professional Domains: Writing as Creation of Economic Value".

1930:

and between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers. The Proto-Elamite script is thought to have developed from early

1783: 1165: 1124:(HTML). As implemented on the Web, hypertext enables the easy-to-use publication of information over the 1014: 1006: 847:. Other forms of literature that are widely circulated but have only limited scholarly attention include 472:, all of which were largely reliant on portable and easily reproducible forms of inscribed language. The 343: 339: 297: 6203: 4470: 2360:

Other parts of the world have seen an increase in writing abilities as a result of programs such as the

6712: 6051: 609: 483:

Individual motivations for writing include improvised additional capacity for the limitations of human

42: 6384: 6253: 6218: 5738: 4637:

Ancient civilisations in Mexico developed a writing system as early as 900 BC, new evidence suggests.

2361: 2144: 2099: 1121: 369: 38: 3139: 7022: 6722: 6146: 6076: 6031: 5966: 1611: 1031:, and fundraising. A number of tools and models are commonly used in software development, such as 832: 17: 3528:

Devitt, Amy J. (1991). "Intertextuality in Tax Accounting: Generic, Referential, and Functional".

1100:) to other text that the reader can immediately access. Hypertext documents are interconnected by 6758: 6318: 6303: 6141: 6131: 5853: 5652: 5551: 5534: 4792:

Boltz, William (1999). "Language and Writing". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.).

3969: 3684: 1391: 540: 365: 6394: 5160:

Software Development, Design and Coding: With Patterns, Debugging, Unit Testing, and Refactoring

4089:

Conboy, M. (2008). "Writing and Journalism: Politics, Social Movements, and the Public Sphere".

2632: 2626: 1760: 6981: 6951: 6896: 6879: 6809: 6578: 6489: 5647: 4131:

Wingate, Ursula (2012). "'Argument!' helping students understand what essay writing is about".

3990:

Tardy, Christine M. (January 2003). "A Genre System View of the Funding of Academic Research".

3753:"Policy capacity: A conceptual framework for understanding policy competences and capabilities" 2801:

Winsor, Dorothy A. (1994). "Invention and Writing in Technical Work: Representing the Object".

2414: 1292:. However, such phonetic elements complement the logographic elements, rather than vice versa. 1044: 836: 727:. Experiments, observational data, archival documents, and other evidence collected as part of 386: 150: 63: 5063: 1827:, the one that appears to have been best developed, and the only one to be deciphered, is the 389:

were driven by pragmatic exigencies like keeping track of produce and other wealth, recording

7062: 6789: 6623: 6313: 6243: 6116: 6015: 5577: 5539: 5472: 2524: 2514: 2409: 1763:. The world's oldest deciphered sentence was found on a seal impression found in the tomb of 843:

taught at universities; these works typically become the subject of another form of writing:

403: 4583: 3168:

Green, M. W. (1981). "The Construction and Implementation of the Cuneiform Writing System".

2143:

is believed to have been first written, is attested as far back as the 19th century BC. The

6976: 6891: 6524: 6323: 6273: 6238: 6228: 6223: 5711: 5584: 5327:

By Joel M. Hoffman, 2004. Chapter 3 covers the invention of writing and its various stages.

4718: 4659: 3643: 2950: 2354: 2211: 2148: 1578: 1010: 990: 986: 982: 975: 676: 652: 605: 516: 469: 292:

have recently become widespread writing tools, and studies have compared the ways in which

5220:

Robinson, Andrew (2003). "The Origins of Writing". In Crowley, David; Heyer, Paul (eds.).

1595: 1558:

is ongoing, the current consensus is that it first evolved from economic necessity in the

8: 7027: 6966: 6839: 6743: 6686: 6679: 6608: 6469: 6444: 4569:. "How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs", Biblical Archaeology Review, Mar/Apr 2010 4278:

A short history of writing instruction : from ancient Greece to contemporary America

3973: 3736: 3719: 3571: 2534: 2454: 2327: 2249: 1804:, a stone slab with 3,000-year-old proto-writing, was discovered in the Mexican state of 1693: 1650: 1020: 956: 940: 732: 716: 568: 351: 4850: 4722: 4663: 4620: 4077:

Shaping written knowledge: The genre and activity of the experimental article in science

3885:. Studies in Writing and Rhetoric. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English. 3647: 2954: 1280:

whenever the pronunciation of a logogram needed to be indicated. Many logograms have an

6961: 6859: 6849: 6659: 6308: 6283: 6258: 6183: 6126: 5900: 5848: 4987: 4968: 4933: 4744: 4683: 4588: 4579: 4514: 4440: 4255: 4208: 4148: 4007: 3923: 3774: 3666: 3631: 3548:

Structuring the Information Age: Life Insurance and Technology in the Twentieth Century

3469: 3359: 3323: 3263: 3220: 2976: 2818: 2783: 2474: 2399: 2233: 2180: 1995: 1982: 1892:

period. A small number of bronze inscriptions from the same period have also survived.

1867: 1808:

and is an example of the oldest script in the Western Hemisphere, preceding the oldest

1589: 1537: 1423:, although abugidas and abjads may also be accepted as alphabets. Because of this use, 1359: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1250: 1093: 936: 876: 848: 705: 584: 473: 465: 142: 6409: 4762: 4322: 3452:

Smith, Dorothy E. (2001). "Texts and the ontology of organizations and institutions".

357: 7113: 7103: 7047: 6946: 6834: 6819: 6814: 6804: 6669: 6664: 6613: 6571: 6339: 5960: 5781: 5664: 5416: 5390: 5302: 5274: 5255: 5234: 5208: 5171: 5106: 5069: 5042: 4972: 4892: 4819: 4799: 4736: 4675: 4547: 4522: 4444: 4391: 4349: 4292: 4282: 4243: 4233: 4171: 4055: 4030: 3957: 3886: 3822: 3797: 3778: 3671: 3579: 3551: 3495: 3473: 3432: 3407: 3382: 3363: 3327: 3286: 3255: 3212: 3177: 3148: 3118: 2980: 2968: 2917: 2892: 2841: 2822: 2773: 2748: 2715: 2690: 2665: 2658: 2636: 2605: 2579: 2549: 2484: 2479: 2160: 1964: 1871: 1646: 1574: 1559: 1243: 1105: 915: 808: 796: 254: 191: 88: 5357: 5187:"Interrogating Indus inscriptions to unravel their mechanisms of meaning conveyance" 4748: 4687: 4423:

Cushman, Ellen (2011). "The Cherokee Syllabary: A Writing System in its Own Right".

4212: 4152: 3927: 7098: 6921: 6829: 6794: 6464: 6156: 5858: 5776: 5733: 5706: 5492: 5465: 5198: 5163: 5135: 4960: 4925: 4884: 4726: 4667: 4432: 4200: 4140: 4011: 3999: 3965: 3915: 3764: 3731: 3661: 3651: 3461: 3351: 3315: 3247: 3238:

Justeson, John S. (1986). "The Origin of Writing Systems: Preclassic Mesoamerica".

3204: 3095: 2958: 2810: 2740: 2564: 2424: 2419: 2188: 2184: 2007: 1957: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1513: 1489: 1139: 1112:

with integrated hyperlinks. Hypertext is one of the key underlying concepts of the

1089: 1002: 744: 740: 638: 440: 361: 328: 174: 127: 6389: 4964: 4204: 3599: 3251: 3208: 2459: 2344:

Multiple programs are in place to aid both children and adults in improving their

118:

uses a set of symbols and rules to encode aspects of spoken language, such as its

7057: 6991: 6971: 6956: 6931: 6916: 6874: 6799: 6618: 6499: 6459: 6449: 6439: 6374: 6364: 6354: 6349: 6176: 5694: 5606: 5519: 5379: 5366: 5353: 5337: 5322: 5249: 4566: 4496: 3769: 3752: 3689: 2861: 2735:

Bazerman, Charles; Russell, David, eds. (1994). "Writing as a mode of learning".

2434: 2291: 2245: 2237: 2140: 2119: 2118:

after 3500 BC. The script is written from right to left, and sometimes follows a

1951: 1809: 1772: 1481: 1367: 1363: 1355: 1308: 1036: 998: 908: 904: 900: 880: 872: 864: 852: 812: 773: 719:

of the sciences, social sciences, and humanities arises primarily in the form of

672: 580: 576: 488: 432: 173:

by creating durable forms of language that can be transmitted across space (e.g.

170: 146: 5344: 4951:

Olivier, J.-P. (February 1986). "Cretan writing in the second millennium B.C.".

2814: 1704: 1465: 7077: 7017: 6941: 6911: 6906: 6869: 6854: 6753: 6638: 6534: 6529: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6454: 6429: 6414: 6404: 6399: 6344: 5843: 5564: 5557: 5457: 5139: 4144: 2963: 2938: 2559: 2469: 2394: 2385: 2349: 2336: 2242: 2192: 2172: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2136: 2070: 2043: 2023: 1941: 1801: 1745: 1708: 1505: 1455: 1424: 1420: 1184: 1113: 1109: 1024: 896: 628:

Many modern systems of government are organized and sanctified through written

408: 324: 309: 289: 158: 115: 96: 92: 84: 5370: 5203: 5186: 5167: 4929: 4247: 3961: 3465: 7092: 7042: 7032: 6986: 6824: 6763: 6633: 6484: 6479: 6419: 6379: 6359: 6288: 6233: 6121: 6061: 5212: 4888: 4436: 4296: 4003: 3919: 3632:"International treaties have mostly failed to produce their intended effects" 3355: 3319: 3259: 3216: 3181: 2574: 2569: 2494: 2444: 2257: 2200: 2196: 2124: 1908: 1896: 1858:, revealed an inscription on a piece of stone that was used as a stamp seal. 1820: 1764: 1604: 1529: 1512:. Featural scripts are also common in fictional or invented systems, such as 1155: 923: 888: 856: 840: 684: 555: 449: 313: 76: 4731: 4706: 4671: 4091:

Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text,

3843:

Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text,

3656: 3516:

Writing the economy: Activity, genre and technology in the world of banking.

2787: 6996: 6864: 6768: 6748: 6494: 6434: 6424: 6369: 6071: 6056: 5954: 5948: 5869: 5454:– open access books, journals, teaching resources on research and practice. 4740: 4679: 4227: 3675: 3543: 3487: 3429:

Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text

3115:

Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text

3099: 2972: 2712:

Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text

2554: 2449: 2379: 2258:

historically supported or enabled large-scale warfare between modern humans

2111: 2093: 2027: 1855: 1840: 1643: 1619: 1509: 1409: 1375: 1236: 1211: 1171: 1151: 755: 629: 563: 544: 532: 461: 332: 226: 162: 4276: 2744: 1599:

Globular envelope with a cluster of accountancy tokens, Uruk period, from

1019:

Software development involves professionals from various fields, not just

6784: 6474: 6081: 5689: 5659: 5526: 5340:: UK Museum of Writing with information on writing history and implements 4517:(1981). "The Origin and Development of the Cuneiform System of Writing". 4191:

Williams C, Beam S (2019). "Technology and writing: review of research".

4166:

Klein, Perry D.; Arcon, Nina; Baker, Samanta (2016). "Writing to Learn".

2544: 2519: 2489: 2404: 2107: 1935: 1888:

which were used for divination—date from around 1200 BC, during the

1877: 1828: 1824: 1788: 1756: 1734: 1720: 1716: 1685: 1680:. Scripts similar in appearance to this writing system include those for 1631: 1501: 1328: 1316: 1312: 1281: 1197: 1161: 1143: 994: 860: 764: 634: 453: 445: 412: 301: 230: 222: 154: 80: 5984: 4937: 4913: 3492:

Control through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management

3026:"AI Writing Assistants: A Cure for Writer's Block or Modern-Day Clippy?" 2248:. Such texts enabled rapid spread and maintenance of societal cohesion, 961: 929: 149:. The outcome of this activity, also called "writing", and sometimes a " 130:

may take on characteristics distinct from those of any spoken language.

6738: 6151: 6106: 6101: 5942: 5810: 5805: 5743: 5699: 5679: 5543: 3883:

Genre of Power: Police Report Writers and Readers in the Justice System

3685:"Do international treaties actually work? Study says they mostly don't" 2539: 2504: 2155:, who adapted certain consonantal signs to represent their vowels. The 1889: 1566: 1508:, where the shapes and movements of the hands and face are represented 1299:, used with some modification for the various languages or dialects of 1246: 1097: 1071: 827: 789: 751: 644: 572: 285: 266: 258: 238: 3628: 3267: 3224: 3138:

Bazerman, Charles (2013). "Literacy and the Organization of Society".

444:

4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration in

165:

symbols. The interpreter or activator of a text is called a "reader".

7012: 6844: 6136: 5817: 5793: 5669: 5627: 4918:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

2263: 1931: 1712: 1654: 1570: 1555: 1401: 1340: 1324: 1239: 1101: 1081: 1076: 1064: 1028: 884: 739:

for arguments for new claims intended to be published in specialized

724: 528: 512: 398: 262: 246: 210: 178: 134: 5330: 4521:(3rd ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 381–383. 2098:

Indus script refers to short strings of symbols associated with the

1876:

The earliest surviving examples of writing in China—inscriptions on

1839:

In 2001, archaeologists discovered that there was a civilization in

1023:

but also individuals specialized in testing, documentation writing,

7037: 6926: 6594: 5769: 5674: 5589: 5572: 5440: 4705:

Saturno, William A.; Stuart, David; Beltrán, Boris (3 March 2006).

3856:

Parchment, Paper, Pixels: Law and the Technologies of Communication

2499: 2429: 2345: 2323: 2207: 2176: 2103: 2011: 2003: 1990: 1986: 1911:

is the oldest known writing system from Iran. In use only briefly (

1881: 1851: 1805: 1681: 1639: 1412:

alphabet, the letters would correspond perfectly to the language's

1397: 1371: 1351: 1344: 1288:

with an existing character to indicate the pronunciation, called a

1269: 1265: 1257: 1220: 1206: 1191: 1125: 1117: 919: 844: 759: 736: 728: 720: 709: 660: 648: 524: 457: 436: 420: 347: 274: 111: 4648: 3340: 2889:

Observing Writing: Insights from Keystroke Logging and Handwriting

401:

and lists of texts deemed to contain foundational knowledge (e.g.

7067: 7052: 6628: 6161: 5972: 5919: 5601: 5438:

Language, Writing and Alphabet: An Interview with Christophe Rico

2509: 2115: 2066: 2058: 2047: 2031: 1885: 1787:

turquoise". A later, two line inscription has also been found at

1689: 1665: 1543: 1517: 1460: 1413: 1379: 1202: 700: 616: 536: 496: 394: 390: 234: 119: 5018: 4052:

Disciplinary Discourses: Social Interactions in Academic Writing

2368:, as well as a general push for increased global communication. 2191:, among others. The Phoenician system was also adapted into the 695: 71: 6171: 6166: 5822: 5798: 5632: 5405:

Merleau-Ponty And Derrida: Intertwining Embodiment And Alterity

4519:

History Begins at Sumer: Thirty-Nine Firsts in Recorded History

2939:"Poor English skills? New AIs help researchers to write better" 2529: 2253: 2074: 1927: 1776: 1494: 1485: 1320: 1147: 1085: 892: 704:

Layout of a typical modern scientific study with a summarizing

668: 656: 559: 504: 492: 484: 456:

may have evolved through the political necessity to manage the

416: 321: 293: 278: 242: 214: 202: 198: 138: 123: 1907:

Over the centuries, three distinct Elamite scripts developed.

411:), organizing and governing societies through texts including 6936: 5925: 5764: 5596: 5513: 5387:

Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization

5103:

Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization

3794:

Rulemaking: How Government Agencies Write Law and Make Policy

3576:

Rulemaking: How Government Agencies Write Law and Make Policy

2062: 2039: 2035: 1999: 1813: 1438: 1405: 1235:

Comparative evolution from pictograms to abstract shapes, in

548: 508: 368:

representing Writing, above exterior of main entrance doors,

270: 250: 206: 185: 5451: 4170:(2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. pp. 245–246. 3085: 2283:

may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's

2130: 1256:

A logography (also called a logosyllabary) is written using

637:

that draft and pass laws, these laws are administered by an

476:

is co-extensive with uses of writing and the elaboration of

110:

is the act of creating a persistent representation of human

6563: 5827: 5759: 4879:

Dahl, Jacob L. (2018). "The proto-Elamite writing system".

3532:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 336–357. 3431:. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 221–237. 2227: 2168: 1923: 1775:, and literacy was concentrated among an educated elite of 1744:) recovered at Abydos (modern Umm el-Qa'ab) in 1998 or the 1600: 1261: 1216: 965:

A sample code in the C programming language that displays '

664: 520: 424: 385:

As human societies emerged, collective motivations for the

317: 79:(196 BC) bears writing using three different scripts: 4798:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–123. 4054:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 1–19. 3720:"What Government Must Do Well: Creating Value for Society" 3195:

Ray, John D. (1986). "The Emergence of Writing in Egypt".

2770:

Naming What We Know: Threshold Concepts of Writing Studies

2687:

Writing technology: Studies on the Materiality of Literacy

2159:, a variant of the early Greek alphabet, gave rise to the 1554:

While research into the development of writing during the

503:, the proper sequence for a complicated task or important 5639: 5324:

In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language.

4994: 3057:"Google's new prototype AI tool does the writing for you" 2768:

Adler-Kassner, Linda; Wardle, Elizabeth A., eds. (2015).

1323:

system is mainly used. Other logographic systems include

1272:. For example, in Mayan, the glyph for "fin", pronounced 821: 500: 428: 218: 2123:

scholars maintain that structural analysis indicates an

5346:

Writing Instruction: Current Practices in the Classroom

4404: 5222:

Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society

4451: 4184: 2772:. Logan: Utah State University Press. pp. 55–56. 2709: 2604:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 185. 587:

has most employees writing at least some of the time.

4693:

development to the Olmec civilization of Mesoamerica.

4027:

Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts

3427:

Beaufort, Anne (2008). "Writing in the Professions".

3117:. New York: L. Erlbaum Associates. pp. 177–190. 2110:) used between 2600 and 1900 BC. Despite attempts at 930:

Writing within education and educational institutions

5126:

Farrell, William J. (1992). "The Power of Writing".

4704: 4325:(definition). Merriam-webster Free Online Dictionary 3724:

Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory

2660:

Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word

2375: 5413:

Global communication without universal civilization

5299:

A History of Writing: From Hieroglyph to Multimedia

5006: 4303: 2767: 1542:"Writings" redirects here. Not to be confused with 1201:

generally represent a language's sounds of speech (

596:are far from encompassing all the uses of writing. 99:. These correspondences proved instrumental in the 5372:Writing Instruction: Changing Views over the Years 5248:Stiebing, William H. Jr.; Helft, Susan N. (2018). 4348:(2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. p. 451. 3147:. Vol. 2. Anderson, SC: Parlor. p. 193. 2657: 2264:Contemporary efforts to foster writing acquisition 1759:with phonetic adjuncts that included an effective 1442:, derived from the Arabic word for "alphabet", or 4503:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 48–57. 4390:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 59. 3751:Wu, X; Ramesh, M; Howlett, M (1 September 2015). 3550:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 3494:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2737:Landmark Essays: On Writing Across the Curriculum 2631:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 2628:Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People 507:), dissemination of ideas and coordination (e.g. 7090: 5487: 3841:Tiersma, P. (2008). Writing, Text, and the Law. 3792:Kerwin, Cornelius M.; Furlong, Scott R. (2018). 3454:Studies in Cultures, Organizations and Societies 2886: 2210:script (Berber languages) is descended from the 1895:In 2003, archaeologists reported discoveries of 1812:by approximately 500 years. It is thought to be 1138:Written personal and group communication, using 802: 799:that have been developed over the past century. 5297:Christin, Anne-Marie; Bacon, Josephine (2002). 4165: 3750: 3636:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3088:International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2734: 2714:. New York: L. Erlbaum Associates. p. 21. 2214:, which is assumed to be of Phoenician origin. 1260:—written characters which represent individual 225:; surfaces used for these inscriptions include 5271:The Archaeology and Epigraphy of Indus Writing 4707:"Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala" 4093:New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc. pp. 201–216. 3908:Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 3845:New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc. pp. 125–137. 3401: 2294:to make improvements to the overall structure. 2224:History of writing § Writing and religion 1771:Writing was very important in maintaining the 1427:is often considered to be the first alphabet. 651:to shape society's activities, sometimes also 6579: 6000: 5885: 5473: 5296: 5247: 5024: 4584:"Writing May Be Oldest in Western Hemisphere" 4385: 4024: 3943:"Put It in Writing: The Police Policy Manual" 3791: 3570: 696:Scientific and scholarly knowledge production 5899: 5184: 5000: 4343: 4190: 4079:. Madison WI: University of Wisconsin Press. 3305: 2914:Building Natural Language Generation Systems 2835: 2057:to 1450 BC; and Linear B was used in Crete ( 1295:The main logographic system in use today is 1013:, in addition to development, also includes 62:"Write" redirects here. For other uses, see 5452:Writing Across the Curriculum Clearinghouse 5119: 4698: 4386:Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). 4346:West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Vol. 9 4232:. Peterborough, Ontario. pp. 295–310. 1534:List of languages by first written accounts 1504:, the most popular writing system for many 1400:is a set of written symbols that represent 1343:is a set of written symbols that represent 922:, correspondence with potential reviewers, 380: 281:, and impromptu aides-memoire illustrate). 23: 6586: 6572: 6007: 5993: 5892: 5878: 5480: 5466: 5062:Johnston, Sarah Iles (30 September 2007). 4985: 4344:Lehman, Jeffrey; Phelps, Shirelle (2005). 4260:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3867:Tiersma, P & Solan, L. (Eds.) (2012). 2936: 2911: 2728: 2348:skills. For example, the emergence of the 1276:, was also used to represent the syllable 731:inquiries are then represented within the 186:Tools, materials, and motivations to write 24: 6014: 5202: 4730: 3940: 3880: 3768: 3735: 3665: 3655: 2962: 2887:Lindgren, E.; Sullivan, K., eds. (2019). 2310:Learn how and when to remove this message 2131:Phoenician writing system and descendants 1215:represent a language's units of meaning ( 480:that give rise to and circulate writing. 5251:Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture 5219: 5061: 4457: 4133:Journal of English for Academic Purposes 4074: 3869:The Oxford Handbook of Language and Law. 3426: 3280: 3237: 3137: 3112: 2335: 1703: 1594: 1569:during the late 4th millennium BC. 1230: 1070: 985:is the process used to create software. 960: 708:near the top, below (multiple lines of) 699: 356: 320:, etc.), messaging software (chat apps, 269:. The Incas used knotted cords known as 70: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 6718:National Council of Teachers of English 5125: 4950: 4944: 4763:"Ancient writing found in Turkmenistan" 4578: 4501:The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age 4495: 4489: 4422: 4225: 4130: 3905: 3816: 3404:Handbook of Writing and Text Production 2838:Handbook of writing and text production 663:mechanisms, ideally towards collective 599: 14: 7091: 5410: 5384: 5231:Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach 5228: 5185:Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali (2019). 5157: 5100: 5036: 4848: 4795:The Cambridge History of Ancient China 4618: 4541: 4513: 4410: 4309: 4274: 4121:. New York: Columbia University Press. 4102: 4049: 4025:Latour, Bruno; Woolgar, Steve (1986). 3717: 3697:from the original on 15 September 2022 3527: 3376: 2993: 2800: 2599: 1926:, an ancient city located east of the 1523: 1454:In most of the alphabets of India and 1174:for film and other audiovisual scenes. 822:Literature and the leisure book market 6567: 5988: 5873: 5461: 5268: 5105:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 12. 5012: 4791: 4544:Rhetoric before and beyond the Greeks 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4281:(3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. 3989: 3610:from the original on 24 February 2023 3542: 3486: 3451: 3167: 3006:from the original on 10 February 2023 2689:. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates. 2624: 2332:Teaching writing in the United States 2163:and its own descendants, such as the 2022:to 1500 BC; Linear A was used in the 1104:, which are typically activated by a 974:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 750:Such data collection and drafting of 623: 59:Persistent representation of language 4911: 4878: 4830:from the original on 26 October 2018 4769:from the original on 7 December 2008 3737:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024298 3067:from the original on 7 February 2023 3054: 3036:from the original on 23 January 2023 2684: 2267: 590: 346:allow certain tools (in the form of 101:decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs 4851:"'Earliest writing' found in China" 4619:Briggs, Helen (14 September 2006). 3941:Carpenter, Michael (October 2000). 3194: 2937:Katsnelson, Alla (29 August 2022). 2912:Reiter, Ehud; Dale, Robert (2000). 2655: 1976: 1475: 1041:computer-aided software engineering 937:formative and summative assessments 56: 6708:International Literacy Association 6655:List of countries by literacy rate 5289: 5082:from the original on 26 April 2023 4857:from the original on 20 March 2012 4621:"'Oldest' New World writing found" 4477:from the original on 11 March 2022 4362: 3406:. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 360. 3055:Song, Victoria (2 November 2022). 2891:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. 2840:. De Gruyter / Mouton. p. 8. 2515:Creation of the Sequoyah syllabary 2252:, motivations, justifications and 2217: 1902: 1178: 1033:integrated development environment 543:regarding goods and services, and 57: 7130: 5431: 4627:from the original on 3 April 2008 4596:from the original on 27 July 2018 3578:(5th ed.). Sage Publishing. 2868:from the original on 22 July 2011 2366:International Literacy Foundation 571:. In many occupations (e.g. law, 288:and subsequently various digital 91:, while an equivalent passage in 6548: 6547: 6202: 5039:The History and Power of Writing 4986:Whitehouse, David (4 May 1999). 4820:"Archaeologists Rewrite History" 3718:Kirlin, J. J. (1 January 1996). 2378: 2272: 1897:isolated tortoise-shell carvings 1075:Documents that are connected by 1063:This section is an excerpt from 1058:Timeline of hypertext technology 950: 869:dystopic and apocalyptic fiction 6067:Computer-mediated communication 5094: 5055: 5041:. University of Chicago Press. 5030: 4979: 4905: 4872: 4842: 4812: 4785: 4755: 4642: 4612: 4572: 4560: 4535: 4507: 4463: 4416: 4337: 4315: 4268: 4219: 4159: 4124: 4111: 4096: 4083: 4068: 4043: 4018: 3983: 3934: 3899: 3874: 3861: 3848: 3835: 3810: 3785: 3744: 3711: 3622: 3592: 3564: 3536: 3521: 3508: 3480: 3445: 3420: 3395: 3370: 3334: 3299: 3274: 3231: 3188: 3161: 3131: 3106: 3079: 3048: 3018: 2987: 2930: 2905: 2880: 2854: 2127:language underlies the script. 2087: 1834: 1226: 918:, developmental editing notes, 6885:Occupational Safety and Health 5150: 4849:Rincon, Paul (17 April 2003). 4105:The linguistics of newswriting 3858:. University of Chicago Press. 3381:. Cambridge University Press. 2829: 2794: 2761: 2703: 2678: 2649: 2618: 2593: 1795: 1549: 1334: 679:and Web platform governance). 464:, and furthering practices of 407:) or artistic value (e.g. the 397:, codifying knowledge through 103:during the early 19th century. 13: 1: 5315:"The Art of Writing" (1974). 4965:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979977 4205:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.024 3252:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979981 3209:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979972 2994:Dzieza, Josh (20 July 2022). 2586: 2171:. Other descendants from the 2078: 2051: 2016: 1912: 1844: 1749: 1738: 1724: 1664:, and then to others such as 1658: 1623: 1582: 803:Technical and medical writing 783: 671:such as safety and health or 554:The global spread of digital 327:, etc.), or their underlying 177:) and stored over time (e.g. 6593: 6189:Text and conversation theory 5068:. Harvard University Press. 4914:"Problems of Linear Elamite" 4168:Handbook of Writing Research 4119:Journalism and the new media 4107:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 3950:FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 3770:10.1016/j.polsoc.2015.09.001 3574:; Furlong, Scott R. (2019). 3285:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2862:"The Khipu Database Project" 2465:List of writers' conferences 2440:Foreign language writing aid 2010:, has been deciphered while 2006:, the writing system of the 1715:representing unification of 1692:as the lingua franca of the 1385: 1051: 903:and technology, accounts of 758:or other preliminary files. 659:and regulating or actuating 87:record the same text in the 7: 5389:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 5254:(3rd ed.). Routledge. 5037:Martin, Henri-Jean (1994). 4388:The World's Writing Systems 3817:Gibbons, John, ed. (1994). 3141:A Theory of Literate Action 2996:"Can AI write good novels?" 2815:10.1177/0741088394011002003 2371: 1742: 32nd century BC 1622:writing system was derived 1500:Another featural script is 1449: 1160:Unoriginal writing such as 539:and other social networks, 344:natural language generation 340:natural language processing 331:' code supporting the text 10: 7135: 6713:International Literacy Day 5269:Wells, B. K. (2015). 5140:10.37514/WAC-J.1992.3.2.02 4988:"'Earliest writing' found" 4471:"Where did writing begin?" 4226:Kinkead, Joyce A. (2022). 4145:10.1016/j.jeap.2011.11.001 4075:Bazerman, Charles (1988). 3881:Seawright, Leslie (2017). 3682:University press release: 2964:10.1038/d41586-022-02767-9 2625:Smith, Dorothy E. (2005). 2321: 2221: 2102:(which spanned modern-day 2091: 1998:are found on artifacts of 1980: 1865: 1541: 1527: 1389: 1182: 1062: 1055: 973: 954: 891:, political and celebrity 806: 787: 653:at the international level 610:Professional communication 603: 377:different purposes arise. 189: 61: 7005: 6777: 6731: 6700: 6647: 6601: 6543: 6332: 6211: 6200: 6040: 6022: 5935: 5908: 5836: 5752: 5726: 5617: 5506: 5499: 5385:Powell, Barry B. (2009). 5319:23 no 3 (autumn):319–338. 5233:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 5204:10.1057/s41599-019-0274-1 5168:10.1007/978-1-4842-3153-1 5101:Powell, Barry B. (2009). 5025:Stiebing & Helft 2018 4930:10.1017/S0035869X00132782 4193:Computers & Education 3466:10.1080/10245280108523557 2362:World Literacy Foundation 2353:to perhaps improve their 2145:Phoenician writing system 2100:Indus Valley Civilization 1971: 1464:. Some abugidas, such as 1430: 1122:Hypertext Markup Language 1120:are often written in the 370:Thomas Jefferson Building 6723:No Child Left Behind Act 6147:Nonviolent communication 6077:History of communication 5967:Optical mark recognition 5273:. Oxford: Archaeopress. 5162:(2nd ed.). Apress. 5158:Dooley, John F. (2017). 4889:10.4324/9781315658032-20 4437:10.1177/0741088311410172 4229:A writing studies primer 4004:10.1177/0741088303253569 3920:10.1177/0047281618812441 3871:Oxford University Press. 3377:Brandt, Deborah (2015). 3356:10.1177/0741088317723304 3320:10.1177/0741088317693996 3281:Hutchins, Edwin (1995). 2685:Haas, Christina (1996). 1861: 1699: 1612:Denise Schmandt-Besserat 1436:Such systems are called 1132: 926:, marketing plans, etc. 381:Motivations and purposes 159:mechanically transferred 39:latest accepted revision 6142:Nonverbal communication 6132:Models of communication 5854:List of writing systems 5565:Broussonetia papyrifera 5552:Folding-book manuscript 5535:Bamboo and wooden slips 5407:, Ohio University Press 4732:10.1126/science.1121745 4672:10.1126/science.1131492 4103:Perrin, Daniel (2013). 3657:10.1073/pnas.2122854119 1688:. With the adoption of 1392:History of the alphabet 1142:, signed texts such as 899:and educational books, 541:business correspondence 6897:Information literacies 5229:Rogers, Henry (2005). 4912:Hinz, Walther (1975). 4275:Murphy, James (2012). 4117:Pavlik, J. V. (2001). 3100:10.1006/ijhc.2001.0525 2415:Composition (language) 2341: 1730: 1607: 1253: 1079: 1045:software documentation 970: 909:futuristic projections 837:young adult literature 715:Knowledge produced in 712: 387:development of writing 373: 175:written correspondence 104: 64:Write (disambiguation) 7119:Written communication 7063:Post-literate society 7023:Children's literature 6902:Information and media 6624:Functional illiteracy 6294:Mediated cross-border 6016:Communication studies 5578:Corypha umbraculifera 5411:Ankerl, Guy (2000) . 5403:Reynolds, Jack 2004. 5365:15 April 2004 at the 5336:24 April 2006 at the 5301:. Paris: Flammarion. 4582:(15 September 2006). 4425:Written Communication 3992:Written Communication 3979:on 13 September 2001. 3821:. New York: Longman. 3344:Written Communication 3308:Written Communication 3283:Cognition in the Wild 2803:Written Communication 2745:10.4324/9781003059219 2525:Bible (screenwriting) 2410:Collaborative writing 2339: 1981:Further information: 1866:Further information: 1850:. An excavation near 1784:oldest known alphabet 1707: 1638:), at first only for 1598: 1234: 1074: 964: 833:children's literature 703: 647:systems also produce 404:The Canon of Medicine 372:, Washington DC, 1896 360: 221:, and many styles of 163:digitally represented 74: 6229:Communication theory 6224:Communication design 5378:4 March 2016 at the 5352:4 March 2016 at the 4883:. pp. 383–396. 4765:. BBC. 15 May 2001. 4050:Hyland, Ken (2004). 3854:Tiersma, P. (2010). 3819:Language and the law 3572:Kerwin, Cornelius M. 2656:Ong, Walter (1982). 2600:Harris, Roy (2000). 2355:socioeconomic status 2212:Libyco-Berber script 2149:Egyptian hieroglyphs 1579:Egyptian hieroglyphs 1488:. For instance, all 1209:respectively)—while 1021:software programmers 1011:Software engineering 983:Software development 976:Software development 845:academic scholarship 841:canonical literature 733:written contribution 717:research disciplines 677:corporate governance 635:legislative branches 615:availability with a 606:Professional writing 600:Business and finance 470:knowledge management 155:physically inscribed 7109:Human communication 7028:Composition studies 6744:Ruth Johnson Colvin 6609:Adolescent literacy 5359:Writing Development 4723:2006Sci...311.1281S 4717:(5765): 1281–1283. 4664:2006Sci...313.1610R 4658:(5793): 1610–1614. 4580:Wilford, John Noble 4515:Kramer, Samuel Noah 4473:. British Library. 3648:2022PNAS..11922854H 3642:(32): e2122854119. 3379:The Rise of Writing 2955:2022Natur.609..208K 2664:. London: Methuen. 2535:Textual scholarship 2455:Interactive fiction 2328:Composition studies 2292:editing the article 2250:collective identity 2055: 18th century 1920: 2900 BC 1880:, usually tortoise 1848: 2000 BC 1753: 3100 BC 1733:The earliest known 1728: 3100 BC 1694:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1662: 2600 BC 1627: 3200 BC 1586: 2600 BC 1524:History and origins 1366:, an English-based 1307:, and sometimes in 957:Command (computing) 941:teacher evaluations 655:, e.g., allocating 569:developed countries 352:helping translation 141:activity involving 29:Page version status 6259:Discourse analysis 6184:Telecommunications 6127:Meta-communication 5901:Paper data storage 5849:History of writing 5317:The Book Collector 5224:. Allyn and Bacon. 5027:, p. 104–105. 4940:– via JSTOR. 4589:The New York Times 3757:Policy and Society 3606:. 15 August 2016. 3514:Smart, G. (2006). 2602:Rethinking Writing 2475:Literary criticism 2400:Boustrophedon text 2342: 2256:that e.g. notably 2234:history of writing 1996:Cretan hieroglyphs 1983:Cretan hieroglyphs 1868:Oracle bone script 1843:that used writing 1731: 1608: 1603: – 1590:cultural diffusion 1573:used to write the 1538:History of writing 1297:Chinese characters 1254: 1251:Chinese characters 1172:Screenplay writing 1168:of spoken language 1094:electronic devices 1080: 1015:project management 971: 849:historical fiction 745:university presses 713: 624:Governance and law 585:records management 531:), creativity and 474:history of writing 466:scientific inquiry 374: 153:", is a series of 147:physical processes 143:neuropsychological 105: 35: 7086: 7085: 7048:Media consumption 6614:Emergent literacy 6561: 6560: 5982: 5981: 5961:Edge-notched card 5867: 5866: 5722: 5721: 5665:Photographic film 5422:978-2-88155-004-1 5396:978-1-4051-6256-2 5343:On ERIC Digests: 5331:Museum of Writing 5308:978-2-08-010887-6 5280:978-1-78491-046-4 5261:978-1-134-88083-6 5240:978-0-631-23463-0 5177:978-1-4842-3152-4 5112:978-1-4051-6256-2 5075:978-0-674-26477-9 5065:Ancient Religions 5048:978-0-226-50836-8 5001:Mukhopadhyay 2019 4953:World Archaeology 4898:978-1-315-65803-2 4881:The Elamite World 4805:978-0-521-47030-8 4553:978-0-7914-6099-3 4528:978-0-8122-7812-5 4413:, pp. 13–15. 4288:978-0-415-89746-4 4239:978-1-55481-531-9 4177:978-1-4625-2243-9 3892:978-0-8141-1842-9 3803:978-1-4833-5282-4 3604:National Archives 3585:978-1-48335-281-7 3557:978-0-8018-8086-5 3501:978-0-8018-3757-9 3438:978-0-805-84870-0 3413:978-3-11-022063-6 3388:978-1-107-46211-3 3292:978-0-262-58146-2 3240:World Archaeology 3197:World Archaeology 3154:978-1-602-35477-7 3124:978-0-8058-4870-0 2949:(7925): 208–209. 2898:978-90-04-39251-9 2847:978-3-11-022063-6 2779:978-0-87421-989-0 2754:978-1-003-05921-9 2721:978-1-135-25111-6 2696:978-0-8058-1306-7 2671:978-0-415-02796-0 2642:978-0-7591-0502-7 2611:978-0-253-33776-4 2485:Mechanical pencil 2480:Literary festival 2320: 2319: 2312: 2285:layout guidelines 2195:, from which the 2161:Etruscan alphabet 2139:script, in which 2061:), and mainland ( 1965:Elamite cuneiform 1872:Bronzeware script 1854:, the capital of 1575:Sumerian language 1560:ancient Near East 1408:. In a perfectly 1096:with references ( 809:Technical writing 797:journalism ethics 741:academic journals 735:and serve as the 591:Contemporary uses 329:operating systems 267:enameled surfaces 192:Writing implement 89:Egyptian language 47:11 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 7126: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6565: 6564: 6551: 6550: 6206: 6157:Public relations 6052:Biocommunication 6009: 6002: 5995: 5986: 5985: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5871: 5870: 5859:Written language 5777:Electronic media 5734:Electronic paper 5707:Textile printing 5504: 5503: 5493:writing material 5482: 5475: 5468: 5459: 5458: 5426: 5400: 5312: 5284: 5265: 5244: 5225: 5216: 5206: 5181: 5144: 5143: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4862: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4826:. 12 June 2003. 4816: 4810: 4809: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780:as a stamp seal. 4776: 4774: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4734: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4632: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4603: 4601: 4576: 4570: 4567:Goldwasser, Orly 4564: 4558: 4557: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4497:Rudgley, Richard 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4383: 4360: 4359: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4259: 4251: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4128: 4122: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4100: 4094: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4029:. Princeton UP. 4022: 4016: 4015: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3972:. Archived from 3947: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3878: 3872: 3865: 3859: 3852: 3846: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3772: 3763:(3–4): 165–171. 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3679: 3669: 3659: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3525: 3519: 3518:London: Equinox. 3512: 3506: 3505: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3170:Visible Language 3165: 3159: 3158: 3146: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2966: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2916:. Cambridge UP. 2909: 2903: 2902: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2663: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2597: 2565:Writing in space 2425:Creative writing 2420:Copyright Clause 2388: 2383: 2382: 2340:A writing center 2315: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2276: 2275: 2268: 2179:, used to write 2083: 2080: 2056: 2053: 2021: 2018: 2008:Mycenaean Greeks 1977:Crete and Greece 1955: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1849: 1846: 1754: 1751: 1743: 1740: 1729: 1726: 1663: 1660: 1628: 1625: 1587: 1584: 1514:J. R. R. Tolkien 1476:Featural scripts 1090:computer display 1027:, user support, 969:' when executed 877:fantasy and myth 721:journal articles 639:executive branch 558:systems such as 478:activity systems 441:Charles Bazerman 433:trade agreements 362:Olin Levi Warner 338:Advancements in 306:note-taking apps 233:, bamboo slats, 128:written language 21: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7058:Oral literature 7001: 6917:Multiliteracies 6773: 6727: 6696: 6643: 6619:Family literacy 6597: 6592: 6562: 6557: 6539: 6328: 6207: 6198: 6045: 6043: 6036: 6018: 6013: 5983: 5978: 5931: 5904: 5898: 5868: 5863: 5844:Writing systems 5832: 5753:Carrier objects 5748: 5718: 5618:Other materials 5613: 5607:Cyperus papyrus 5520:Trema micrantha 5495: 5486: 5434: 5429: 5423: 5397: 5380:Wayback Machine 5367:Wayback Machine 5354:Wayback Machine 5338:Wayback Machine 5309: 5292: 5290:Further reading 5287: 5281: 5262: 5241: 5178: 5153: 5148: 5147: 5128:The WAC Journal 5124: 5120: 5113: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5076: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4984: 4980: 4949: 4945: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4877: 4873: 4860: 4858: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4790: 4786: 4772: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4703: 4699: 4647: 4643: 4630: 4628: 4617: 4613: 4599: 4597: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4512: 4508: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4384: 4363: 4356: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4253: 4252: 4240: 4224: 4220: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4164: 4160: 4129: 4125: 4116: 4112: 4101: 4097: 4088: 4084: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4023: 4019: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3879: 3875: 3866: 3862: 3853: 3849: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3790: 3786: 3749: 3745: 3716: 3712: 3700: 3698: 3690:York University 3683: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3600:"Vital Records" 3598: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3541: 3537: 3526: 3522: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3485: 3481: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3375: 3371: 3339: 3335: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3279: 3275: 3236: 3232: 3193: 3189: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3111: 3107: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2992: 2988: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2834: 2830: 2799: 2795: 2780: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2435:Fiction writing 2384: 2377: 2374: 2334: 2316: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2290:Please help by 2289: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2238:religious texts 2230: 2220: 2218:Religious texts 2203:are descended. 2141:Proto-Canaanite 2133: 2120:boustrophedonic 2096: 2090: 2081: 2054: 2019: 1993: 1979: 1974: 1949: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1903:Elamite scripts 1874: 1864: 1847: 1837: 1810:Zapotec writing 1798: 1773:Egyptian empire 1752: 1741: 1727: 1711:, with the two 1702: 1661: 1626: 1585: 1552: 1547: 1540: 1528:Main articles: 1526: 1482:featural script 1478: 1452: 1433: 1394: 1388: 1368:creole language 1356:Mycenaean Greek 1337: 1319:, the phonetic 1229: 1187: 1181: 1179:Writing systems 1135: 1130: 1129: 1110:content formats 1088:displayed on a 1068: 1060: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1037:version control 999:software design 979: 959: 953: 932: 905:social problems 901:popular science 881:popular history 873:mystery fiction 865:western fiction 853:science fiction 824: 815: 813:Medical writing 807:Main articles: 805: 792: 786: 774:intertextuality 698: 633:In addition to 626: 612: 602: 593: 581:human resources 577:software design 383: 290:word processors 194: 188: 171:spoken language 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7132: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7078:Writing system 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7018:Asemic writing 7015: 7009: 7007: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6759:Griffith Jones 6756: 6754:James Paul Gee 6751: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6639:Whole language 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6598: 6591: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6568: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6299:Organizational 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6249:Cross-cultural 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6097:Intrapersonal 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6048: 6046: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6012: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5989: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5923: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5897: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5874: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5837:Related topics 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5791: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5642: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5599: 5594: 5582: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5561: 5558:Streblus asper 5549: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5523: 5510: 5508: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5485: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5449: 5444: 5433: 5432:External links 5430: 5428: 5427: 5421: 5408: 5401: 5395: 5382: 5341: 5328: 5320: 5313: 5307: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5279: 5266: 5260: 5245: 5239: 5226: 5217: 5182: 5176: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5118: 5111: 5093: 5074: 5054: 5047: 5029: 5017: 5005: 4993: 4978: 4959:(3): 377–389. 4943: 4924:(2): 106–115. 4904: 4897: 4871: 4841: 4811: 4804: 4784: 4754: 4697: 4641: 4611: 4571: 4559: 4552: 4546:. SUNY Press. 4534: 4527: 4506: 4488: 4462: 4450: 4431:(3): 255–281. 4415: 4403: 4396: 4361: 4354: 4336: 4314: 4302: 4287: 4267: 4238: 4218: 4183: 4176: 4158: 4139:(2): 145–154. 4123: 4110: 4095: 4082: 4067: 4060: 4042: 4035: 4017: 3982: 3933: 3898: 3891: 3873: 3860: 3847: 3834: 3827: 3809: 3802: 3784: 3743: 3730:(1): 161–185. 3710: 3708: 3707: 3621: 3591: 3584: 3563: 3556: 3535: 3520: 3507: 3500: 3479: 3444: 3437: 3419: 3412: 3394: 3387: 3369: 3350:(4): 359–386. 3333: 3314:(2): 135–164. 3298: 3291: 3273: 3246:(3): 437–458. 3230: 3203:(3): 307–316. 3187: 3176:(4): 345–372. 3160: 3153: 3130: 3123: 3105: 3094:(3): 269–305. 3078: 3047: 3017: 2986: 2929: 2923:978-0511519857 2922: 2904: 2897: 2879: 2853: 2846: 2828: 2809:(2): 227–250. 2793: 2778: 2760: 2753: 2727: 2720: 2702: 2695: 2677: 2670: 2648: 2641: 2617: 2610: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2580:Writer's voice 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2560:Writing circle 2557: 2552: 2550:Writer's block 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2470:Literary award 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2395:Asemic writing 2391: 2390: 2389: 2386:Writing portal 2373: 2370: 2350:writing center 2318: 2317: 2280: 2278: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2243:printing press 2219: 2216: 2201:Arabic scripts 2193:Aramaic script 2173:Greek alphabet 2165:Latin alphabet 2157:Cumae alphabet 2137:Proto-Sinaitic 2132: 2129: 2092:Main article: 2089: 2086: 2044:Greek mainland 2024:Aegean Islands 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1942:Linear Elamite 1904: 1901: 1863: 1860: 1836: 1833: 1802:Cascajal Block 1797: 1794: 1746:Narmer Palette 1709:Narmer Palette 1701: 1698: 1610:Archaeologist 1551: 1548: 1525: 1522: 1506:sign languages 1477: 1474: 1456:Southeast Asia 1451: 1448: 1444:consonantaries 1432: 1429: 1421:Latin alphabet 1387: 1384: 1336: 1333: 1311:, although in 1228: 1225: 1185:Writing system 1183:Main article: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1158: 1134: 1131: 1114:World Wide Web 1069: 1061: 1053: 1050: 1025:graphic design 980: 972: 952: 949: 931: 928: 924:press-releases 823: 820: 804: 801: 788:Main article: 785: 782: 760:Early versions 697: 694: 685:written briefs 625: 622: 601: 598: 592: 589: 535:, maintaining 427:of ownership, 409:literary canon 393:, maintaining 382: 379: 314:search engines 298:multi-document 187: 184: 116:writing system 97:Greek alphabet 85:Demotic script 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7131: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7043:Literacy test 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7033:Dick and Jane 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6987:Transliteracy 6985: 6983: 6982:Technological 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6952:Psychological 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6880:Mental health 6878: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6810:Computational 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6764:Frank Laubach 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6693: 6692:United States 6690: 6688: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6634:Post-literacy 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6584: 6582: 6577: 6575: 6570: 6569: 6566: 6554: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6289:Media studies 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6279:International 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6264:Environmental 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6254:Developmental 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6234:Communicology 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6122:Media ecology 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6092:Interpersonal 6090: 6088: 6087:Intercultural 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6062:Communication 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6039: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6010: 6005: 6003: 5998: 5996: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5924: 5922:(c. 3000 BCE) 5921: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5895: 5890: 5888: 5883: 5881: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5478: 5476: 5471: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5424: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5282: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5155: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5058: 5050: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5026: 5021: 5015:, p. 13. 5014: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4989: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4900: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4868: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4788: 4781: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4638: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4563: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4460:, p. 36. 4459: 4458:Robinson 2003 4454: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4407: 4399: 4397:0-19-507993-0 4393: 4389: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4357: 4355:9780787663742 4351: 4347: 4340: 4324: 4318: 4311: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4271: 4263: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4114: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4086: 4078: 4071: 4063: 4061:0-472-03024-8 4057: 4053: 4046: 4038: 4036:0-691-02832-X 4032: 4028: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3864: 3857: 3851: 3844: 3838: 3830: 3828:9780582101456 3824: 3820: 3813: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3544:Yates, JoAnne 3539: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3511: 3503: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3488:Yates, JoAnne 3483: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3415: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3294: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3142: 3134: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2925: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2900: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2739:. Routledge. 2738: 2731: 2723: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2698: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2673: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2652: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2621: 2613: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2592: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2575:Writing style 2573: 2571: 2570:Writing slate 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2495:Peer critique 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2460:Kishōtenketsu 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2445:Genre studies 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2381: 2376: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2314: 2311: 2303: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2281:This section 2279: 2270: 2269: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2125:agglutinative 2121: 2117: 2113: 2112:decipherments 2109: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2085: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1969: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1958:Piero Meriggi 1953: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1910: 1909:Proto-Elamite 1900: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1842: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1821:pre-Columbian 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1765:Seth-Peribsen 1762: 1758: 1747: 1736: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1621: 1618:The original 1616: 1613: 1606: 1605:Louvre Museum 1602: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1545: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:Proto-writing 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1233: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1186: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1166:transcription 1164:of texts and 1163: 1159: 1157: 1156:chat software 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1066: 1059: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 977: 968: 967:Hello, World! 963: 958: 951:Software code 948: 944: 942: 938: 927: 925: 921: 917: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 889:autobiography 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 829: 819: 814: 810: 800: 798: 791: 781: 777: 775: 769: 766: 761: 757: 756:lab notebooks 753: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 711: 707: 702: 693: 689: 686: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 640: 636: 631: 630:constitutions 621: 618: 611: 607: 597: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 565: 561: 557: 556:communication 552: 551:or journal). 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 495:, reminders, 494: 490: 486: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 450:ancient Egypt 447: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 405: 400: 396: 392: 388: 378: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 336: 334: 330: 326: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 227:stone tablets 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 193: 183: 180: 176: 172: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 133:Writing is a 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 77:Rosetta Stone 73: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 7072: 6865:Geo-literacy 6790:Agricultural 6769:Brian Street 6749:Paulo Freire 6701:Institutions 6676:New Zealand 6193: 6072:Conversation 6057:Broadcasting 5955:Punched card 5949:Punched tape 5915: 5786: 5782: 5624:Animal skin 5605: 5588: 5576: 5563: 5556: 5544: 5525: 5518: 5488: 5412: 5404: 5386: 5371: 5358: 5345: 5323: 5316: 5298: 5270: 5250: 5230: 5221: 5194: 5190: 5159: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5102: 5096: 5084:. Retrieved 5064: 5057: 5038: 5032: 5020: 5008: 5003:, p. 2. 4996: 4981: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4921: 4917: 4907: 4880: 4874: 4866: 4859:. Retrieved 4853:. BBC News. 4844: 4832:. Retrieved 4823: 4814: 4794: 4787: 4778: 4771:. Retrieved 4757: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4691: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4629:. Retrieved 4614: 4605: 4598:. Retrieved 4587: 4574: 4562: 4543: 4537: 4518: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4479:. Retrieved 4465: 4453: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4406: 4387: 4345: 4339: 4327:. Retrieved 4317: 4312:, p. 1. 4305: 4277: 4270: 4228: 4221: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4167: 4161: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4118: 4113: 4104: 4098: 4090: 4085: 4076: 4070: 4051: 4045: 4026: 4020: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3974:the original 3953: 3949: 3936: 3914:(1): 35–55. 3911: 3907: 3901: 3882: 3876: 3868: 3863: 3855: 3850: 3842: 3837: 3818: 3812: 3796:. CQ Press. 3793: 3787: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3701:15 September 3699:. Retrieved 3688: 3639: 3635: 3624: 3612:. Retrieved 3603: 3594: 3575: 3566: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3523: 3515: 3510: 3491: 3482: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3428: 3422: 3403: 3397: 3378: 3372: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3282: 3276: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3140: 3133: 3114: 3108: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3069:. Retrieved 3060: 3050: 3038:. Retrieved 3029: 3020: 3008:. Retrieved 2999: 2989: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2913: 2907: 2888: 2882: 2870:. Retrieved 2856: 2837: 2831: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2788:j.ctt15nmjt7 2769: 2763: 2736: 2730: 2711: 2705: 2686: 2680: 2659: 2651: 2627: 2620: 2601: 2595: 2555:Writing bump 2450:Graphonomics 2359: 2343: 2306: 2297: 2282: 2231: 2205: 2134: 2097: 2094:Indus script 2088:Indus Valley 2084:to 1200 BC. 1994: 1962: 1947:Walther Hinz 1940: 1906: 1894: 1878:oracle bones 1875: 1856:Turkmenistan 1841:Central Asia 1838: 1835:Central Asia 1818: 1799: 1782:The world's 1781: 1770: 1748:, dating to 1732: 1644:East Semitic 1635: 1620:Mesopotamian 1617: 1609: 1564: 1553: 1499: 1479: 1459: 1453: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1418: 1410:phonological 1395: 1349: 1338: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1255: 1237:Mesopotamian 1227:Logographies 1212:logographies 1210: 1196: 1190: 1188: 1152:social media 1144:open letters 981: 945: 933: 916:prospectuses 913: 825: 816: 793: 778: 770: 749: 714: 690: 681: 643: 627: 613: 594: 564:social media 553: 545:life writing 533:storytelling 482: 462:sacred texts 402: 384: 375: 337: 333:input device 302:text editors 283: 265:, and other 231:clay tablets 195: 167: 132: 107: 106: 68: 46: 37:This is the 31: 6977:Statistical 6892:Information 6778:Other types 6219:Closed-loop 6082:Information 6044:terminology 5951:(mid-1800s) 5794:Inscription 5727:Impermanent 5690:Clay tablet 5660:Oracle bone 5527:Ficus aurea 5507:Plant-based 5197:(1): 1–37. 5151:Works cited 4990:. BBC News. 4824:China Daily 4607:Hemisphere. 4481:28 February 4411:Rogers 2005 4329:26 February 4323:"Hypertext" 4310:Dooley 2017 4199:: 227–242. 3998:(1): 7–36. 3956:(10): 1–5. 3614:24 February 3071:16 November 3040:16 November 3010:16 November 2545:White paper 2520:Scriptorium 2490:Orthography 2405:Calligraphy 2246:were bibles 2108:North India 2082: 1375 2042:), and the 2020: 1625 1950: [ 1936:logographic 1916: 3200 1829:Maya script 1825:Mesoamerica 1823:scripts in 1819:Of several 1796:Mesoamerica 1789:Wadi el-Hol 1757:logographic 1735:hieroglyphs 1721:Lower Egypt 1686:Old Persian 1632:pictographs 1550:Mesopotamia 1502:SignWriting 1354:script for 1335:Syllabaries 1317:North Korea 1282:ideographic 1268:or certain 1247:hieroglyphs 1198:syllabaries 1162:translation 995:source code 991:maintaining 987:Programming 861:fan fiction 752:manuscripts 489:to-do lists 454:Mesoamerica 446:Mesopotamia 413:legal codes 255:copperplate 239:wax tablets 223:lithography 211:ink brushes 126:. However, 81:hieroglyphs 7093:Categories 6967:Scientific 6840:Ecological 6739:Marie Clay 6535:Wertheimer 6415:Horkheimer 6152:Propaganda 6107:Mass media 6102:Journalism 6042:Topics and 5943:Index card 5811:Palimpsest 5806:Manuscript 5799:Bas-relief 5744:Skywriting 5700:Wax tablet 5680:Petroglyph 5540:Birch bark 5134:(2): 1–3. 5013:Wells 2015 4248:1285306363 3962:4769477311 3460:(2): 160. 2872:2 November 2587:References 2540:Typography 2505:Publishing 2322:See also: 2300:April 2024 2222:See also: 1918: – c. 1890:Late Shang 1713:Serpopards 1655:Babylonian 1567:Bronze Age 1510:iconically 1402:consonants 1390:See also: 1378:script of 1374:; and the 1240:cuneiforms 1102:hyperlinks 1098:hyperlinks 1077:hyperlinks 1056:See also: 955:See also: 828:literature 790:Journalism 784:Journalism 725:monographs 673:addressing 645:Governance 604:See also: 573:accounting 529:manifestos 517:broadsides 513:monographs 286:typewriter 190:See also: 7013:Aliteracy 6962:Religious 6860:Financial 6850:Emotional 6845:Electracy 6648:Locations 6319:Technical 6304:Political 6212:Subfields 6137:New media 5909:Antiquity 5818:Microform 5712:Silk text 5628:Parchment 5585:Palm leaf 5213:2055-1045 4973:163509308 4861:4 January 4834:4 January 4445:144180867 4297:744299034 4256:cite book 3779:154823584 3474:146217590 3364:149050969 3328:151827910 3260:0043-8243 3217:0043-8243 3182:0022-2224 3061:The Verge 3000:The Verge 2981:251931306 2823:145645219 2181:Bulgarian 1968:scripts. 1932:cuneiform 1882:plastrons 1640:logograms 1636:cuneiform 1571:Cuneiform 1556:Neolithic 1386:Alphabets 1345:syllables 1341:syllabary 1325:cuneiform 1270:syllables 1266:morphemes 1258:logograms 1221:morphemes 1207:syllables 1192:alphabets 1118:Web pages 1092:or other 1082:Hypertext 1065:Hypertext 1052:Hypertext 1029:marketing 920:contracts 897:self-help 885:biography 826:Works of 723:and book 525:petitions 421:contracts 419:records, 399:curricula 312:systems ( 279:tattooing 263:porcelain 247:parchment 179:libraries 135:cognitive 95:uses the 7114:Language 7104:Behavior 7038:Dyslexia 6947:Physical 6927:Numeracy 6835:Diaspora 6820:Cultural 6815:Critical 6805:Computer 6602:Learning 6595:Literacy 6553:Category 6505:Richards 6430:Jakobson 6410:Habermas 6365:Castells 6355:Benjamin 6333:Scholars 5928:(105 CE) 5770:Notebook 5686:Tablets 5675:Geoglyph 5653:Stamping 5648:Intaglio 5590:Borassus 5573:Ola leaf 5500:Enduring 5443:3 (2007) 5441:Damqatum 5376:Archived 5363:Archived 5350:Archived 5334:Archived 5191:Palgrave 5080:Archived 4938:25203649 4855:Archived 4828:Archived 4773:30 March 4767:Archived 4749:46351994 4741:16400112 4688:35140904 4680:16973873 4631:30 March 4625:Archived 4600:30 March 4594:Archived 4499:(2000). 4475:Archived 4213:53746020 4153:73669683 3928:69505178 3695:Archived 3676:35914153 3608:Archived 3546:(2005). 3490:(1989). 3065:Archived 3034:Archived 3004:Archived 2973:36038730 2866:Archived 2500:Printing 2430:Dyslexia 2372:See also 2346:literacy 2324:Literacy 2208:Tifinagh 2199:and the 2177:Cyrillic 2175:include 2104:Pakistan 2012:Linear A 2004:Linear B 1991:Linear B 1987:Linear A 1886:scapulae 1852:Ashgabat 1806:Veracruz 1761:alphabet 1682:Ugaritic 1651:Assyrian 1647:Akkadian 1466:Ethiopic 1461:abugidas 1450:Abugidas 1414:phonemes 1398:alphabet 1372:Suriname 1360:Cherokee 1352:Linear B 1290:phonetic 1244:Egyptian 1203:phonemes 1126:Internet 1116:, where 765:referees 729:research 710:metadata 706:abstract 661:economic 649:policies 547:(e.g. a 497:logbooks 458:calendar 437:treaties 429:taxation 366:tympanum 348:software 275:graffiti 203:styluses 112:language 43:reviewed 18:Writings 7099:Writing 7073:Writing 7068:Reading 7053:Orality 7006:Related 6922:Musical 6830:Digital 6795:Braille 6687:Romania 6680:Tokelau 6629:Phonics 6525:Tankard 6520:Shannon 6515:Schramm 6500:Quebral 6495:Postman 6485:Packard 6465:McLuhan 6460:Marcuse 6455:Luhmann 6450:Lippman 6445:Kincaid 6440:Johnson 6405:Goffman 6400:Gerbner 6390:Flusser 6370:Chomsky 6350:Bateson 6345:Barthes 6314:Science 6244:Climate 6194:Writing 6162:Reading 6112:Meaning 6032:Outline 6027:History 5973:Barcode 5969:(1930s) 5957:(1880s) 5945:(1640s) 5920:papyrus 5916:Writing 5789:(baton) 5644:Metals 5602:Papyrus 5489:Writing 5086:2 March 4719:Bibcode 4711:Science 4660:Bibcode 4652:Science 4623:. BBC. 4012:5205721 3667:9372541 3644:Bibcode 2951:Bibcode 2633:105–108 2510:Reading 2254:beliefs 2232:In the 2189:Serbian 2185:Russian 2116:Harappa 2077:) from 2067:Mycenae 2059:Knossos 2050:) from 2048:Laconia 2032:Kythera 1884:and ox 1777:scribes 1690:Aramaic 1678:Hittite 1674:Hurrian 1670:Hattian 1666:Elamite 1544:Ketuvim 1518:Tengwar 1380:Liberia 1286:radical 1148:e-mails 1140:letters 1035:(IDE), 1007:release 1003:testing 893:memoirs 857:romance 657:budgets 617:drayage 537:kinship 493:recipes 395:culture 391:history 294:writers 235:papyrus 215:pencils 199:fingers 120:lexicon 108:Writing 6992:Visual 6972:Social 6957:Racial 6932:Object 6875:Health 6800:Carbon 6732:People 6660:Canada 6530:Tannen 6510:Rogers 6490:Peirce 6475:Morgan 6420:Huxley 6395:Gasset 6385:Fisher 6340:Adorno 6324:Visual 6274:Health 6269:Global 6239:Crisis 6172:Symbol 6167:Speech 5975:(1948) 5963:(1904) 5936:Modern 5823:Scroll 5739:Screen 5633:Vellum 5545:Betula 5419: 5393: 5305: 5277: 5258: 5237: 5211: 5174: 5109: 5072: 5045: 4971: 4936: 4895: 4802: 4747: 4739: 4686: 4678: 4550: 4525: 4443: 4394: 4352: 4295: 4285: 4246: 4236: 4211: 4174: 4151: 4058: 4033: 4010: 3970:185444 3968: 3960: 3926: 3889: 3825: 3800: 3777: 3674: 3664: 3582: 3554: 3498: 3472: 3435: 3410: 3385: 3362: 3326: 3289: 3268:124706 3266: 3258: 3225:124697 3223: 3215: 3180: 3151: 3121: 2979: 2971: 2943:Nature 2920: 2895: 2844: 2821: 2786: 2776: 2751: 2718: 2693: 2668: 2639: 2608: 2530:Speech 2330:, and 2226:, and 2197:Hebrew 2153:Greeks 2075:Tiryns 2071:Thebes 1989:, and 1972:Europe 1928:Tigris 1536:, and 1495:hangul 1490:labial 1486:hangul 1439:abjads 1431:Abjads 1406:vowels 1364:Ndjuka 1321:Hangul 1309:Korean 1043:, and 907:, and 839:, and 669:values 560:e-mail 509:essays 505:ritual 487:(e.g. 485:memory 435:, and 417:census 322:e-mail 243:vellum 207:quills 139:social 124:syntax 6942:Power 6937:Oracy 6912:Media 6907:Legal 6870:Graph 6855:Faith 6670:Bihar 6665:India 6435:Janis 6425:Innis 6380:Ellul 6375:Craig 6360:Burke 6117:Media 5926:Paper 5903:media 5787:Shaku 5765:Codex 5695:Slate 5670:Stone 5597:Paper 5514:Amate 4969:S2CID 4934:JSTOR 4745:S2CID 4684:S2CID 4441:S2CID 4209:S2CID 4149:S2CID 4008:S2CID 3977:(PDF) 3946:(PDF) 3924:S2CID 3775:S2CID 3470:S2CID 3360:S2CID 3324:S2CID 3264:JSTOR 3221:JSTOR 3145:(PDF) 3030:PCMAG 2977:S2CID 2819:S2CID 2784:JSTOR 2169:Runes 2063:Pylos 2040:Thera 2036:Melos 2015:from 2000:Crete 1954:] 1862:China 1814:Olmec 1717:Upper 1700:Egypt 1425:Greek 1313:South 1305:Japan 1301:China 1262:words 1217:words 1133:Other 1106:mouse 1005:, to 737:basis 665:goals 549:diary 527:, or 521:plans 439:. As 425:deeds 335:(s). 318:Wikis 271:quipu 259:slate 251:paper 161:, or 93:Greek 6825:Data 6470:Mead 6309:Risk 6284:Mass 6177:list 5828:Sign 5760:Book 5491:and 5417:ISBN 5391:ISBN 5303:ISBN 5275:ISBN 5256:ISBN 5235:ISBN 5209:ISSN 5172:ISBN 5107:ISBN 5088:2023 5070:ISBN 5043:ISBN 4893:ISBN 4863:2012 4836:2012 4800:ISBN 4775:2008 4737:PMID 4676:PMID 4633:2008 4602:2008 4548:ISBN 4523:ISBN 4483:2022 4392:ISBN 4350:ISBN 4331:2015 4293:OCLC 4283:ISBN 4262:link 4244:OCLC 4234:ISBN 4172:ISBN 4056:ISBN 4031:ISBN 3958:OCLC 3887:ISBN 3823:ISBN 3798:ISBN 3703:2022 3672:PMID 3616:2023 3580:ISBN 3552:ISBN 3496:ISBN 3433:ISBN 3408:ISBN 3383:ISBN 3287:ISBN 3256:ISSN 3213:ISSN 3178:ISSN 3149:ISBN 3119:ISBN 3073:2022 3042:2022 3012:2022 2969:PMID 2918:ISBN 2893:ISBN 2874:2008 2842:ISBN 2774:ISBN 2749:ISBN 2716:ISBN 2691:ISBN 2666:ISBN 2637:ISBN 2606:ISBN 2364:and 2228:Myth 2206:The 2187:and 2167:and 2135:The 2106:and 1963:The 1956:and 1924:Susa 1870:and 1800:The 1719:and 1684:and 1676:and 1653:and 1601:Susa 1577:and 1470:Cree 1468:and 1404:and 1329:Maya 1327:and 1315:and 1249:and 1205:and 1195:and 1154:and 1086:text 993:the 989:and 887:and 811:and 743:and 667:and 608:and 562:and 501:maps 468:and 452:and 342:and 284:The 219:pens 151:text 145:and 137:and 122:and 114:. A 83:and 75:The 6997:Web 6480:Ong 5918:on 5640:Ink 5199:doi 5164:doi 5136:doi 4961:doi 4926:doi 4922:107 4885:doi 4727:doi 4715:311 4668:doi 4656:313 4433:doi 4201:doi 4197:128 4141:doi 4000:doi 3966:NCJ 3916:doi 3765:doi 3732:doi 3662:PMC 3652:doi 3640:119 3462:doi 3352:doi 3316:doi 3248:doi 3205:doi 3096:doi 2959:doi 2947:609 2811:doi 2741:doi 2028:Kea 1516:'s 1396:An 1376:Vai 1370:of 1219:or 1084:is 1009:. 325:UIs 310:Web 304:or 45:on 7095:: 6785:AI 5783:Hu 5369:; 5356:; 5207:. 5193:. 5189:. 5170:. 5130:. 5078:. 4967:. 4957:17 4955:. 4932:. 4920:. 4916:. 4891:. 4865:. 4822:. 4777:. 4743:. 4735:. 4725:. 4713:. 4709:. 4690:. 4682:. 4674:. 4666:. 4654:. 4635:. 4604:. 4592:. 4586:. 4439:. 4429:28 4427:. 4364:^ 4291:. 4258:}} 4254:{{ 4242:. 4207:. 4195:. 4147:. 4137:11 4135:. 4006:. 3996:20 3994:. 3964:. 3954:69 3952:. 3948:. 3922:. 3912:50 3910:. 3773:. 3761:34 3759:. 3755:. 3726:. 3722:. 3693:. 3687:. 3670:. 3660:. 3650:. 3638:. 3634:. 3602:. 3468:. 3456:. 3358:. 3348:34 3346:. 3322:. 3312:34 3310:. 3262:. 3254:. 3244:17 3242:. 3219:. 3211:. 3201:17 3199:. 3174:15 3172:. 3092:56 3090:. 3063:. 3059:. 3032:. 3028:. 3002:. 2998:. 2975:. 2967:. 2957:. 2945:. 2941:. 2864:. 2817:. 2807:11 2805:. 2782:. 2747:. 2635:. 2326:, 2260:. 2236:, 2183:, 2079:c. 2073:, 2069:, 2065:, 2052:c. 2038:, 2034:, 2030:, 2017:c. 1985:, 1960:. 1952:de 1938:. 1913:c. 1845:c. 1816:. 1750:c. 1739:c. 1725:c. 1723:, 1672:, 1668:, 1659:c. 1657:) 1624:c. 1592:. 1583:c. 1532:, 1520:. 1480:A 1446:. 1382:. 1362:, 1358:; 1339:A 1331:. 1303:, 1278:ka 1274:ka 1264:, 1242:, 1150:, 1146:, 1039:, 1001:, 911:. 895:, 883:, 875:, 871:, 867:, 863:, 859:, 855:, 851:, 835:, 747:. 579:, 575:, 523:, 519:, 515:, 511:, 499:, 491:, 431:, 423:, 415:, 364:, 354:. 316:, 308:, 300:, 277:, 261:, 257:, 253:, 249:, 245:, 241:, 237:, 229:, 217:, 213:, 209:, 205:, 201:, 157:, 41:, 6587:e 6580:t 6573:v 6008:e 6001:t 5994:v 5893:e 5886:t 5879:v 5785:/ 5610:) 5604:( 5593:) 5587:( 5581:) 5575:( 5548:) 5542:( 5481:e 5474:t 5467:v 5425:. 5399:. 5311:. 5283:. 5264:. 5243:. 5215:. 5201:: 5195:5 5180:. 5166:: 5142:. 5138:: 5132:3 5115:. 5090:. 5051:. 4975:. 4963:: 4928:: 4901:. 4887:: 4838:. 4808:. 4751:. 4729:: 4721:: 4670:: 4662:: 4556:. 4531:. 4485:. 4447:. 4435:: 4400:. 4358:. 4333:. 4299:. 4264:) 4250:. 4215:. 4203:: 4180:. 4155:. 4143:: 4064:. 4039:. 4014:. 4002:: 3930:. 3918:: 3895:. 3831:. 3806:. 3781:. 3767:: 3740:. 3734:: 3728:6 3705:. 3678:. 3654:: 3646:: 3618:. 3588:. 3560:. 3504:. 3476:. 3464:: 3458:7 3441:. 3416:. 3391:. 3366:. 3354:: 3330:. 3318:: 3295:. 3270:. 3250:: 3227:. 3207:: 3184:. 3157:. 3127:. 3102:. 3098:: 3075:. 3044:. 3014:. 2983:. 2961:: 2953:: 2926:. 2901:. 2876:. 2850:. 2825:. 2813:: 2790:. 2757:. 2743:: 2724:. 2699:. 2674:. 2645:. 2614:. 2313:) 2307:( 2302:) 2298:( 2288:. 2046:( 2026:( 1649:( 1546:. 1128:. 1067:. 1047:. 978:. 66:. 49:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.