1694:
1872:
lies at the heart of
Dignaga's system of logic. For it should be clear that very few of our judgments in ordinary life pass the standards set by the three characteristics of legitimate' evidence. Taken in its strictest interpretation, none of the judgments of any but a fully omniscient being passes. And, since there is no evidence that there exist any fully omniscient beings, the best available working hypothesis is that no one's thinking is immune from errors that require revision in the face of newly discovered realities.
1783:(arranging, structuring). This cognitive process is already different from sensation, which is a simple cognition based only on the immediately present. Thus pratyakṣa is only awareness of particular sense data such as a patch of green color and the sensation of hardness, never awareness of a macroscopic object such an apple which is always a higher level synthesis. For Dignāga, sensation is also inerrant, it cannot "stray" because it is the most basic and simple phenomenon of experience or as he puts it:
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33:
1928:). For example, the word "cow" simply means that the object is not a non-cow. As such, a word cannot denote anything real, whether it be an individual (vyakti), a universal (jati), or any other thing. The apprehension of an object by means of the exclusion of other objects is nothing but an inference.
1848:
The inferential sign must be a property of the subject of the inference. That is, there exists in the subject of inference a property, which is different from the inferable property and which is furthermore evident to the person drawing the inference; this second property may serve as an inferential
1884:
Dignāga considered the interpretation of conventional and symbolic signs such as the words and sentences of human language to be no more than special or conventional instances of the general principles of inference or anumana. He takes up several issues relating to language and its relationship to
2380:
Dignāga also influenced non-Buddhist
Sanskrit thinkers. According to Lawrence J. McCrea, and Parimal G. Patil, Dignāga set in motion an "epistemic turn" in Indian philosophy. After Dignāga, most Indian philosophers were now expected to defend their views by using a fully developed epistemological
1871:
to counter dogmatism and prejudice. As a weapon in the battle against prejudice that rages in every mind that seeks wisdom--in minds of the vast majority of people who do not seek wisdom, prejudice simply takes full control without a contest-there is nothing as powerful as the kind of reason that
1737:
Sensation and reasoning are the only two means of acquiring knowledge, because two attributes are knowable; there is no knowable object other than the peculiar and the general attribute. I shall show that sensation has the peculiar attribute as its subject matter, while reasoning has the general
2327:
Dignāga founded a tradition of
Buddhist epistemology and reasoning, and this school is sometimes called the "School of Dignāga" or "The school of Dinnāga and Dharmakīrti" (due to the strong influence of Dharmakīrti as well). In Tibetan it is often called "those who follow reasoning" (Tibetan:
2024:
This work exists in two
Tibetan translations. The Sanskrit text was initially thought to be lost by modern scholars, but then a manuscript of the commentary by Jinendrabuddhi was discovered. Modern scholars are currently working to extract and reconstruct the Sanskrit text of the
1941:
and the
Tibetan and Chinese translations which do survive show signs of having been done by translators who were not completely certain of the meaning of the work. This difficulty has also led scholars to read Dignaga through the lens of later authors such as
2336:'pramāṇavāda', often translated as "the Epistemological School." Many of the figures in these were commentators on the works of Dinnāga and Dharmakīrti, but some of them also wrote original works and developed the tradition in new directions.
1774:
According to Dignāga our mind always takes raw sense data or particulars and interprets them or groups them together in more complex ways, compares them to past experiences, gives them names to classify them based on general attributes
1611:, his philosophical school brought about an Indian "epistemological turn" and became the "standard formulation of Buddhist logic and epistemology in India and Tibet." Dignāga's thought influenced later Buddhist philosophers like
1806:(inference or reasoning) for Dignāga is a type of cognition which is only aware of general attributes, and is constructed out of simpler sensations. Inference can also be communicated through linguistic conventions.
2922:
Diṅnāga's Ālambanaparīkṣā and Vṛtti. Restored with the commentary of
Dharmapāla into Sanskrit from the Tibetan and Chinese versions and edited with English translations and notes with extracts from Vinītadeva's
1867:. Dignāga's epistemology, argues Hayes, is a way to express and practice the traditional Buddhist injunction to not become attached to views and opinions. According to Hayes, for Dignāga, the role of logic is:
1982:), examined perception, language and inferential reasoning. It presents perception as a bare cognition, devoid of conceptualization and sees language as useful fictions created through a process of exclusion (
1742:
Perception is a non-conceptual knowing of particulars which is bound by causality, while inference is reasonable, linguistic and conceptual. This conservative epistemic theory was in contrast to the
1770:
Sensation is devoid of structure. That cognition in which there is no structure is sensation. What kind of thing is this so-called structure? Attaching a name, a universal and so forth.
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1950:
opponents. Because of this tendency in scholarship, ideas which are actually innovations of
Dharmakirti and later authors have often been associated with Dignaga by scholars such as
6018:
1758:
Pratyakṣa is a kind of awareness that acquires information about particulars, and is immediately present to one of the senses. This is the topic of the first chapter of the
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Dignāga, On
Perception: Being the Pratyakṣapariccheda of Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya from the Sanskrit Fragments and the Tibetan Versions, Translated and Annotated,
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2366:(725–788). These thinkers attempted to adopt the logical and epistemological insights of Dinnāga and Dharmakīrti to defend the tenets of the Madhyamaka school.
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Lawrence J. McCrea, and
Parimal G. Patil. Buddhist Philosophy of Language in India: Jnanasrimitra on Exclusion. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. p 5.
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Zheng Wei-hong; Dignāga and
Dharmakīrti: Two Summits of Indian Buddhist Logic. Research Institute of Chinese Classics; Fudan University; Shanghai, China
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As noted by Hayes, the difficulty in studying the highly terse works of Dignāga is considerable, because none of them have survived in the original
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The inferential sign must be known to occur in at least one locus, other than the subject of inference, in which the inferable property occurs.
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A Hindu critique of Buddhist epistemology: Kumārila on perception: the "Determinatin of perception" chapter of Kumārila Bhaṭṭa's Ślokavārttika
1657:"some familiarity with Dinnaga's arguments and conclusions is indispensable for anyone who wishes to understand the historical development of
2322:
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1787:"it is impossible too for the object of awareness itself to be errant, for errancy is only the content of misinterpretation by the mind."
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Dignāga, On Perception, being the Pratyakṣapariccheda of Dignāga's Pramāṇasamuccaya from the Sanskrit fragments and the Tibetan Versions
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which was rejected by most Buddhist philosophers. Influenced by the work of these thinkers as well as by Buddhist philosophers of the
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1817:) which led one to an inference about states of affairs; such as how smoke can lead one to infer that there is a fire. This topic of
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The Buddhist Philosophy of Universal Flux, an Exposition of the Philosophy of Critical Realism as expounded by the School of Dignāga
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Tillemans, Tom, "Dharmakīrti", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <
2775:, “Lives,” ed. Jonathan Silk (in chief), Richard Bowring, Vincent Eltschinger and Michael Radich. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 179-185
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is mostly phenomenalist and is not dependent on the existence of an external world. It is also inexpressible and private.
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Richard Hayes interprets these criteria as overly strict and this is because he sees Dignāga's system as one of rational
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1900:) had discussed issues of epistemology and language respectively, but their theories generally accepted the concept of
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Eli Franco (2006). A New Era in the Study of Buddhist Philosophy, 34(3), 221–227. doi:10.1007/s10781-005-5019-3
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According to Richard Hayes, in Dignāga's system, to obtain knowledge that a property (the "inferable property",
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2085:), considered his first work on formal logic. It may be regarded as a bridge between the older doctrine of
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Vidhabhusana, Satis Chandra (1907). History of the Mediaeval School of Indian Logic. Calcutta University.
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For Dignāga, perception is pre-verbal, pre-conceptual and unstructured sense data. In chapter two of the
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2718:. RoutledgeCurzon Hindu studies series. London ; New York: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 15–17.
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1635:) as valid instruments of knowledge and introduced the widely influential theory of "exclusion" (
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The Nyāyamukha of Dignāga, the oldest Buddhist Text on Logic after Chinese and Tibetan Materials
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http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195393521/obo-9780195393521-0085.xml
1912:), Dignāga developed his own Buddhist theory of language and meaning based on the concept of "
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Cluster of Excellence "Asia and Europe in a Global Context" of the University of Heidelberg,
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Buddhist epistemology holds that perception and inference are the means to correct knowledge.
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Mayilai. Seeni. Venkadasamy, Bouthamum Tamilum, pp.102, Paavai Publications, 2007,Chennai
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which holds that there are only two 'instruments of knowledge' or 'valid cognitions' (
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pp. 6-11 HOS, Harvard Oriental Series 47. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
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school as his spiritual preceptor, before being expelled and becoming a student of
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Contemplating Reality: A Practitioner's Guide to the View in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism
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and very little is known of his early years, except that he took Nagadatta of the
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1572:) was an Indian Buddhist philosopher and logician. He is credited as one of the
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Arnold, Dan. The Philosophical Works and Influence of Dignāga and Dharmakīrti,
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2205:(Summary of the Perfection of Wisdom, Derge 3809) - a summary of the Mahayana
2069:, the objects of perception, are not real and that consciousness alone is real.
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2878:, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 29 (2), 211–254
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2910:(Vienna, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1991), pp. 129–146
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Recognizing Reality: Dharmakirti’s Philosophy and its Tibetan Interpretations
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1991:
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were also widely influential among later Indian philosophers. According to
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Derge no. 1150), it has also been ascribed to a different author: Mātṛceṭa
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1920:
a word indicates an object merely through the exclusion of other objects (
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school who rejected Hindu theories of universals in favor of nominalism (
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A central issue which concerned Dignāga was the interpretation of signs (
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On Dignāga's theory of the object of cognition as presented in PS (V) 1
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There are also several works said to be by Dignaga that are now lost:
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Buddhist logico-epistemology § The Dignāga-Dharmakīrti tradition
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2885:(Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Süd- und Ostasiens 2:83–164, 1959)
2254:, Derge no. 4074) - a work on yoga from the perspective of mind-only
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He also wrote other works of a more religious or scriptural nature:
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2260:(Derge no. 3844 and 3848) it has been wrongly ascribed to Āryadeva;
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The work of this tradition also went on to influence the Buddhist
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A History of Indian Logic – Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools
2934:(Materialien zur Kunde des Buddhismus, 15 Heft, Heidelberg, 1930)
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His other surviving works on reasoning and epistemology include:
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and their Indian and Tibetan interpreters as well as their Hindu
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http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/dharmakiirti/
2123:*Sāmānyalakṣaṇaparīkṣā (Examination of General Characteristics),
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while the topic of the third chapter is about demonstration (
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1588:. Dignāga's work laid the groundwork for the development of
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Dignāga's tradition of logic and epistemology continued in
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and S. Mookerjee, even though these thinkers often differ.
1916:" (exclusion). Hattori Masaaki explains the doctrine thus:
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2039:, responds to Dignāga's criticism of Mimamsa Sutra 1.1.4.
32:
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1989:
The work has six chapters. Chapter one is on perception (
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2105:*Hetvābhāsamukha (Introduction to Fallacious Reasoning)
609:
2283:
Vādavidhānaṭīkā - Commentary on Vasubandhu's Vādavidhi
2332:); in modern literature it is sometimes known by the
1859:
other loci in which the inferable property is absent.
1746:
school who accepted other means of knowledge such as
2713:
2587:
2585:
2539:
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which is a concept related to the Western notion of
1896:
school and also Hindu Sanskrit grammarians (such as
1855:The inferential sign must not be known to occur in
2892:(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968)
2599:
2597:
1844:). For this to occur, the following must be true:
1840:) it must be derived through an inferential sign (
2908:Studies in the Buddhist Epistemological Tradition
2582:
2534:
6142:
2952:Dignaga's Logic of Invention, by Volker Peckhaus
2061:Derge Kanjur no. 4205) and its auto commentary (
1849:sign in case it has two further characteristics.
2594:
2003:), chapter four discusses reason and examples (
2692:A comparative study between Buddhism and Nyaya
1701:Dignāga mature philosophy is expounded in his
5650:
2977:
2829:Garfield, Jay L; Edelglass, William (editors)
2805:The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy,
2029:from the commentary in which it is embedded.
1641:) to explain linguistic meaning. His work on
1535:
3759:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
2899:(Dordrecht: Reidel Publishing Company, 1982)
2042:
2521:
2307:Sāmānyaparīkṣā (Examination of Generality),
1892:During Dignāga's time, the orthodox Indian
1836:) is inherent in a "subject of inference" (
5657:
5643:
2984:
2970:
2316:
2180:(Derge no. 4095) – a condensed summary of
1999:), chapter three on inference for others (
1542:
1528:
31:
2883:Dignāga, sein Werk und seine Entwicklung.
2831:. The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy
2773:Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism, vol. II
2343:school, through the work of figures like
1876:
1592:in India and created the first system of
6221:Buddhist monks from Kanchipuram district
2714:Taber, John A.; Kumārila Bhaṭṭa (2005).
2463:ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BUDDHISM. Volume One A-L
2461:Dunne, John. "Dignaga" in Buswell (ed.)
2381:theory (which they also had to defend).
2222:, Derge no. 1156) - a commentary on the
2220:Yon-tam mthaḥ-yas-par bstod-paḥi ḥgrelpa
2158:Samantabhadracaryāpraṇidhānārthasaṃgraha
1995:), chapter on inference for one’s self (
1692:
4946:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
2498:. Shambhala Publications. p. 212.
2059:Examination of the Object of Cognition,
1711:. In chapter one, Dignāga explains his
6143:
5149:List of Buddhist architecture in China
2897:Dignāga on the Interpretation of Signs
2197:Ḥphags-pa ḥjam-paḥi-dbyans-kyibstod-pa
1885:inference in the fifth chapter of his
1779:) and so forth. This process he terms
5638:
2965:
2844:http://east.uni-hd.de/buddh/ind/7/16/
2799:
2797:
2783:
2781:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2737:
2735:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2531:, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2302:Hetumukha (Introduction to Reasoning)
2491:
1957:
2288:Nyāyaparīkṣā (Examination of Logic)
1733:). In chapter one, Dignāga writes:
13:
4936:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2868:
2794:
2778:
2760:
2732:
2678:
2274:*Vaiśeṣikaparīkṣā (Examination of
2091:and Dignāga's own later theory of
1978:no. 4203) and its auto-commentary
1727:) and "inference" or "reasoning" (
578:Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction
14:
6237:
6211:5th-century Indian mathematicians
6206:6th-century Indian mathematicians
2945:
2925:(Madras: The Adyar Library. 1942)
2212:survives in Tibetan and Sanskrit.
2065:). This work seeks to prove that
5617:
5607:
5606:
5164:Thai temple art and architecture
4909:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
3149:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
3015:
3002:
2992:
2904:Dignāga and Dharmakīrti on apoha
2807:p. 217. Oxford University Press.
2771:Eltschinger, "Dignaga" in 2019,
2293:*Sāṅkhyaparīkṣā (Examination of
2238:: Spel-mar bstod-pa shes-bya-ba,
2164:no. 4012) - a commentary on the
1738:attribute as its subject matter.
1721:); "perception" or "sensation" (
1511:
6201:5th-century Indian philosophers
6156:6th-century Indian philosophers
3016:
2855:
2836:
2823:
2810:
2707:
2698:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2546:
1615:and also Hindu thinkers of the
6019:Lamp of Complete Understanding
6004:Vimśatikāvijñaptimātratāsiddhi
5154:Japanese Buddhist architecture
4956:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
4036:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
3227:Places where the Buddha stayed
2512:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2455:
2427:
2418:
2145:(only available in Chinese as
2133:Examination of tri-temporality
1673:also known as Simhavakta near
1:
5664:
5169:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
2411:
2348:
2125:i.e. Guanzongxiang lun (觀總相論)
1688:
1664:
1562:
287:Unity of knowledge and action
4926:Buddhism and the Roman world
4902:Decline of Buddhism in India
4897:History of Buddhism in India
2997: Topics in
2166:Samantabhadracaryāpraṇidhāna
2143:*Prajñaptihetusaṃgrahaśāstra
1753:
1623:accepted only "perception" (
7:
6191:Indian scholars of Buddhism
4124:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
3864:
2384:
2309:either lost or the same as
2208:Aṣṭasāhasrikaprajñāpāramitā
2013:and chapter six deals with
1972:Compendium of Epistemology,
304:Theory of Evil Human Nature
292:Theory of Good Human Nature
10:
6242:
6216:6th-century Indian writers
5074:The unanswerable questions
2906:in E. Steinkellner (ed.),
2320:
2178:Abhidharmakośamarmapradīpa
2139:*Upādāyaprajñaptiprakaraṇa
1798:
1750:(comparison and analogy).
225:Hundred Schools of Thought
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5973:Mahāyāna Abhidharma Sūtra
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5159:Buddhist temples in Korea
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3722:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
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3625:Three planes of existence
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3232:Buddha in world religions
3094:
3039:
3011:
2630:Hayes (1982), p 146, 167.
2621:Hayes (1982), p 146, 153.
2330:rigs pa rjes su ‘brang ba
2043:List of other known works
517:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
190:
157:
134:
124:
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104:
87:
83:
61:
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30:
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4941:Persecution of Buddhists
4162:Four stages of awakening
3543:Three marks of existence
3129:Physical characteristics
2803:Westerhoff, Jan (2018).
2787:Hattori, Masaaki. 1968.
2437:, Suny, 1997, pp. 15-16.
1932:
37:A statue in Dignaga in
6161:Buddhism amongst Tamils
5999:Triṃśikāvijñaptimātratā
4304:Ten principal disciples
3187:(aunt, adoptive mother)
2612:Hayes (1982), p 132-33.
2433:Dreyfus, Georges B. J.
2317:Tradition and influence
2203:Prajñāpāramitāpiṇḍārtha
5014:Buddhism and democracy
4527:Tibetan Buddhist canon
4522:Chinese Buddhist canon
3754:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
3749:Early Buddhist schools
2920:Sastri, N. Aiyaswami,
2648:Hayes (1982), p 27-28.
2527:Tom Tillemans (2011),
2311:*Sāmānyalakṣaṇaparīkṣā
2216:Guṇaparyantastotraṭīkā
2007:), chapter five deals
1980:(Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti
1930:
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1772:
1740:
1698:
6181:Indian Buddhist monks
6024:Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi
6009:Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi
5968:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
5024:Eight Consciousnesses
3134:Life of Buddha in art
2675:Hayes, (1982), p. 15.
2252:Rnal-ḥbyor-la ḥjug-pa
2117:Introduction to Logic
1918:
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1518:Philosophy portal
1231:Japanese Confucianism
500:East Asian Mādhyamaka
449:Military and Strategy
5989:Yogācārabhūmi Śāstra
5730:Pariniṣpannasvabhāva
5501:East Asian religions
4931:Buddhism in the West
4502:Early Buddhist texts
4117:Four Right Exertions
3583:Ten spiritual realms
3076:Noble Eightfold Path
2881:Frauwallner, Erich,
2747:east.ikga.oeaw.ac.at
2666:Hayes, (1982), p. 6.
2639:Hayes (1982), p 167.
2591:Hayes (1982), p 143.
2579:Hayes (1982), p 139.
2570:Hayes (1982), p 138.
2561:Hayes (1982), p 135.
2552:Hayes (1982), p 134.
2543:Hayes (1982), p 132.
2518:Hayes (1982), p 133.
2473:Hayes (1982), p. ix.
2248:Introduction to Yoga
2193:Āryamañjughoṣastotra
2184:'s seminal work the
2063:Ālambanaparīkṣāvṛtti
1952:Fyodor Shcherbatskoy
1669:Dignāga was born in
5720:Parikalpitasvabhāva
5624:Religion portal
5371:Temple of the Tooth
5250:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
4289:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
3782:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
3565:Two truths doctrine
3385:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3185:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2937:Vidyabhusana, S.C.
2874:Chu, Junjie (2006).
2849:8 July 2017 at the
2657:Hayes (1982), p 26.
2492:Karr, Andy (2007).
1813:) or the evidence (
1791:Also, for Dignaga,
1629:) and "inference" (
1380:Korean Confucianism
856:Nāstika (heterodox)
92:Buddhist philosophy
5725:Paratantrasvabhāva
5546:Western philosophy
5144:Dzong architecture
4966:Vipassana movement
4961:Buddhist modernism
4389:Emperor Wen of Sui
4157:Pratyekabuddhayāna
4090:Threefold Training
3892:Vipassana movement
3608:Hungry Ghost realm
3428:Avidyā (Ignorance)
3375:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
3124:Great Renunciation
3119:Eight Great Events
3001:
2603:Hayes (1982), p 1.
2258:Hastavālaprakaraṇa
2224:Guṇaparyantastotra
1760:Pramāṇa-samuccaya.
1699:
1619:school. Dignāga's
1609:Georges B. Dreyfus
832:Gangesha Upadhyaya
568:Four Tenets system
209:Eastern philosophy
109:Eastern philosophy
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5270:Om mani padme hum
4976:Women in Buddhism
4892:Buddhist councils
4762:Western countries
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4311:Shaolin Monastery
3888:Samatha-vipassanā
3498:Pratītyasamutpāda
3302:Metteyya/Maitreya
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3049:Four Noble Truths
2930:Tucci, Giuseppe,
2888:Hattori Masaaki,
2725:978-0-415-33602-4
2406:Critical Buddhism
2199:, Derge no. 2712)
1959:Pramāṇa-samuccaya
1887:Pramāṇa-samuccaya
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1708:Pramāṇa-samuccaya
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4666:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4556:Abhidharmadīpa
4553:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4474:B. R. Ambedkar
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4394:Songtsen Gampo
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4073:Eight precepts
4070:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3861:
3851:
3846:
3844:Five Strengths
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3483:Mental factors
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3335:Mahamoggallāna
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3250:Avalokiteśvara
3246:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3012:
3009:
3008:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2946:External links
2944:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2918:
2913:Mookerjee, S.
2911:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2854:
2835:
2822:
2809:
2793:
2777:
2759:
2731:
2724:
2706:
2697:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2533:
2520:
2511:
2504:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2454:
2439:
2426:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2401:Buddhist logic
2398:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2321:Main article:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2304:
2299:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2241:
2230:Miśraka-stotra
2227:
2213:
2200:
2190:
2187:Abhidharmakośa
2175:
2168:, part of the
2151:
2150:
2136:
2126:
2120:
2107:
2102:
2070:
2044:
2041:
2001:parārthānumāna
1961:
1956:
1934:
1931:
1881:
1875:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1827:parārthānumāna
1800:
1797:
1777:samanyalaksana
1755:
1752:
1690:
1687:
1666:
1663:
1659:Indian thought
1649:reasoning and
1594:Buddhist logic
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1484:
1483:
1470:Modern Thought
1467:
1466:
1452:
1451:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1427:Jeong Yak-yong
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1397:Seo Gyeongdeok
1394:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1303:Kitaro Nishida
1280:Modern Thought
1277:
1276:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1239:Fujiwara Seika
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1063:
1062:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
961:
960:
955:
950:
942:
937:
928:General topics
925:
924:
912:
911:
906:
894:
893:
888:
883:
882:
881:
871:
866:
852:
851:
835:
834:
818:
817:
802:
801:
785:
784:
768:
767:
766:
765:
760:
750:
749:
748:
738:
737:
736:
726:
725:
724:
719:
714:
693:
692:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
628:
627:
622:
621:
618:
617:
613:
612:
607:
598:General topics
595:
594:
581:
580:
575:
570:
565:
564:
563:
553:
552:
551:
541:
540:
539:
520:
519:
514:
509:
508:
507:
497:
496:
495:
493:Guifeng Zongmi
490:
480:
479:
478:
459:
458:
446:
445:
431:
430:
425:
411:
410:
405:
400:
388:
387:
382:
377:
359:
358:
353:
339:
338:
333:
328:
314:
313:
301:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
252:
251:
246:
222:
221:
216:
215:
212:
211:
205:
204:
192:
191:
188:
187:
185:
184:
179:
174:
169:
163:
161:
158:
155:
154:
152:
151:
146:
140:
138:
136:Main interests
135:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
118:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
100:
99:
97:Buddhist logic
89:
85:
84:
81:
80:
71:
63:
59:
58:
52:
48:
44:
43:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6238:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6139:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6098:Kiyomizu-dera
6096:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6060:Satyākāravāda
6058:
6056:
6055:Alīkākāravāda
6053:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5980:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5673:Key doctrines
5671:
5667:
5660:
5655:
5653:
5648:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5613:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5386:Miscellaneous
5383:
5377:
5376:Vegetarianism
5374:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5198:Buddha in art
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:United States
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:Padmasambhava
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4321:Major figures
4318:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4267:Western tulku
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4068:Five precepts
4066:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4046:Dhamma vicaya
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:Buddhābhiṣeka
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3458:Enlightenment
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:Dhamma theory
3446:
3444:
3443:Buddha-nature
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Samantabhadra
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2832:
2826:
2819:
2813:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2701:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2672:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2538:
2530:
2524:
2515:
2507:
2505:9781590304297
2501:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2377:(1182–1251).
2376:
2375:Sakya Pandita
2372:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2269:Dvādaśaśatikā
2267:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2038:
2037:Shlokavartika
2034:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:svārthānumāna
1994:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1819:svārthānumāna
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:Seeyamangalam
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:According to
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570: 540 CE
1560:
1556:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1432:Kim Jeong-hui
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:Hayashi Razan
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:Rinzai school
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
931:
929:
923:
920:
919:
918:
916:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
900:
898:
892:
889:
887:
884:
880:
879:Abhinavagupta
877:
876:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
860:
858:
857:
850:
847:
846:
845:
843:
842:
841:
833:
830:
829:
828:
826:
825:
824:
816:
813:
812:
811:
810:
809:
808:
800:
797:
796:
795:
793:
792:
791:
783:
780:
779:
778:
776:
775:
774:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
754:
751:
747:
744:
743:
742:
739:
735:
732:
731:
730:
727:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
705:
704:
703:
701:
700:
699:
691:
688:
687:
686:
684:
683:
682:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
644:
642:
641:
640:
633:
632:
625:
620:
619:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
601:
599:
593:
590:
589:
588:
587:
586:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
550:
547:
546:
545:
542:
538:
537:Sakya Pandita
535:
534:
533:
530:
529:
528:
526:
525:
518:
515:
513:
510:
506:
503:
502:
501:
498:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
484:
483:Huayan school
481:
477:
474:
473:
472:
469:
468:
467:
465:
464:
457:
454:
453:
452:
450:
444:
441:
440:
439:
437:
436:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
419:
417:
416:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
394:
392:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
369:
365:
364:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
345:
344:
337:
334:
332:
331:Wang Yangming
329:
327:
324:
323:
322:
320:
319:
310:
305:
302:
298:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
258:
256:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
240:
238:
234:
233:
227:
226:
219:
214:
213:
210:
207:
206:
202:
198:
197:
189:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
162:
159:Notable ideas
156:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
139:
133:
130:
127:
123:
119:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
64:
60:
56:
49:
45:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
6137:
5836:Śāntarakṣita
5815:
5791:Śuddhacandra
5695:ālayavijñāna
5690:Mānasvijñāna
5564:Bodhisattvas
5484:Christianity
5479:Baháʼí Faith
5344:Dharmachakra
5334:Prayer wheel
5324:Prayer beads
5092:Architecture
4971:969 Movement
4755:Saudi Arabia
4733:Central Asia
4726:South Africa
4548:
4531:
4464:Panchen Lama
4373:
4369:Buddhapālita
3965:Satipatthana
3960:Mindful Yoga
3873:Recollection
3787:Brahmavihara
3658:Japanese Zen
3653:Chinese Chan
3613:Animal realm
3420:Key concepts
3242:Bodhisattvas
3054:Three Jewels
2938:
2931:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2857:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2812:
2804:
2788:
2772:
2750:. Retrieved
2746:
2715:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2575:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2523:
2514:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2434:
2429:
2420:
2379:
2368:
2364:Śāntarakṣita
2338:
2329:
2326:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2226:of Ratnadāsa
2223:
2219:
2215:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2162:Derge Kanjur
2157:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2008:
2005:hētu-dṛṣṭāna
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1936:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1909:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1880:and language
1877:
1870:
1862:
1856:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1747:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1713:epistemology
1706:
1702:
1700:
1668:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1621:epistemology
1606:
1598:epistemology
1581:
1578:Indian logic
1576:founders of
1558:
1554:
1553:
1486:
1485:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1454:
1453:
1437:
1436:
1392:Chŏng To-jŏn
1384:
1378:
1377:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1295:Kyoto School
1293:
1292:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1264:
1263:
1229:
1228:
1186:Japanese Zen
1176:
1175:
1171:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1102:Indian logic
1065:
1064:
1050:
1049:
1030:
1029:
985:Indian logic
970:Anekantavada
927:
926:
914:
913:
896:
895:
886:Pratyabhijna
854:
853:
838:
837:
836:
821:
820:
819:
805:
804:
803:
788:
787:
786:
771:
770:
769:
734:Madhvacharya
722:Adi Shankara
696:
695:
694:
679:
678:
677:
637:
636:
635:
629:
597:
596:
583:
582:
522:
521:
512:Chinese Chan
463:Han Buddhism
461:
460:
448:
447:
433:
432:
413:
412:
390:
389:
367:
361:
360:
341:
340:
316:
315:
267:Filial piety
254:
253:
236:
232:Confucianism
230:
229:
223:
149:epistemology
77:Gupta Empire
53:Simhavakta,
18:
6105:Shōtoku-shū
6050:Vijñānavāda
5831:Dharmakīrti
5811:Jñānacandra
5801:Viśeṣamitra
5710:Trisvabhāva
5409:Dharma talk
5238:Asalha Puja
5034:Eschatology
4837:Switzerland
4817:New Zealand
4745:Middle East
4654:Philippines
4574:Afghanistan
4379:Bodhidharma
4364:Buddhaghosa
4284:Householder
4194:Monasticism
4147:Bodhisattva
4002:Prostration
3955:Mindfulness
3883:Anapanasati
3866:Kammaṭṭhāna
3663:Korean Seon
3603:Asura realm
3598:Human realm
3538:Ten Fetters
3493:Parinirvana
3395:Uppalavanna
3360:Mahākaccana
3345:Mahākassapa
3277:Kṣitigarbha
3272:Ākāśagarbha
3169:Suddhodāna
3114:Four sights
3041:Foundations
2923:commentary.
2529:Dharmakirti
2360:Jñanagarbha
2345:Bhāvaviveka
2250:, Tibetan:
2234:Mixed Hymn,
2099:implication
1967:magnum opus
1944:Dharmakirti
1906:Sautrantika
1766:he writes:
1703:magnum opus
1679:Pudgalavada
1675:Kanchipuram
1647:inferential
1613:Dharmakirti
1481:Jaegwon Kim
1191:Sōtō school
1095:Dharmakirti
840:Vaisheshika
823:Navya-Nyāya
758:Vivekananda
753:Neo-Vedanta
673:Yajnavalkya
356:Mou Zongsan
351:Xiong Shili
307: [
295: [
67:(540-00-00)
6145:Categories
6086:Yakushi-ji
5857:Paramārtha
5841:Kamalaśīla
5826:Śīlabhadra
5796:Citrabhāna
5778:Sthiramati
5768:Dharmapāla
5763:Vasubandhu
5715:Four Views
5526:Psychology
5506:Gnosticism
5494:Comparison
5489:Influences
5471:Comparison
5354:Bhavacakra
5312:Kushinagar
5287:Pilgrimage
5233:Māgha Pūjā
5188:Bodhi Tree
5004:Buddhology
4994:Abhidharma
4986:Philosophy
4919:Menander I
4787:Costa Rica
4738:Uzbekistan
4579:Bangladesh
4533:Dhammapada
4517:Pali Canon
4479:Ajahn Chah
4459:Dalai Lama
4359:Kumārajīva
4354:Vasubandhu
4329:The Buddha
4237:Zen master
4172:Sakadagami
4152:Buddhahood
4083:Pratimokṣa
3898:Shikantaza
3854:Meditation
3829:Deity yoga
3700:Madhyamaka
3593:Deva realm
3488:Mindstream
3438:Bodhicitta
3350:Aṅgulimāla
3217:Devadatta
3193:Yaśodharā
3096:The Buddha
3086:Middle Way
2412:References
2356: 578
2354: – c.
2352: 500
2341:Madhyamaka
2244:Yogāvatāra
2218:(Tibetan:
2195:(Tibetan:
2182:Vasubandhu
1964:Dignāga's
1902:universals
1898:Bhartṛhari
1865:skepticism
1689:Philosophy
1683:Vasubandhu
1665:Early life
1651:perception
1582:hetu vidyā
1568: – c.
1566: 480
1402:Yi Eonjeok
1323:Traditions
1259:Ogyū Sorai
1254:Itō Jinsai
1249:Nakae Tōju
1172:Traditions
1090:Vasubandhu
1073:Madhyamika
1066:Traditions
1060:The Buddha
1040:Haribhadra
1010:Nondualism
712:Badarayana
658:Ashtavakra
561:Tsongkhapa
549:Longchenpa
428:Shang Yang
129:Vasubandhu
6176:Idealists
6081:Kōfuku-ji
6029:Dōgakushō
6014:Viṃśatikā
5821:Asvabhāva
5806:Jinaputra
5783:Bandhuśri
5680:Caitasika
5666:Yogachara
5594:Festivals
5574:Buddhists
5536:Theosophy
5339:Symbolism
5329:Hama yumi
5302:Bodh Gaya
5069:Socialism
5044:Evolution
5019:Economics
4857:Venezuela
4772:Australia
4767:Argentina
4691:Sri Lanka
4686:Singapore
4604:Indonesia
4566:Countries
4507:Tripiṭaka
4469:Ajahn Mun
4344:Nagarjuna
4339:Aśvaghoṣa
4222:Anagārika
4217:Śrāmaṇerī
4212:Śrāmaṇera
4207:Bhikkhunī
4167:Sotāpanna
4056:Passaddhi
3997:Offerings
3972:Nekkhamma
3849:Iddhipada
3769:Practices
3739:Theravada
3712:Vajrayana
3705:Yogachara
3675:Pure Land
3588:Six Paths
3575:Cosmology
3355:Anuruddha
3330:Sāriputta
3320:Kaundinya
3312:Disciples
3287:Vajrapāṇi
3139:Footprint
3104:Tathāgata
2833:, p. 234.
2396:Trairūpya
2391:Hetucakra
2276:Vaiśeṣika
2088:trairūpya
2074:Hetucakra
2067:ālambanas
1992:pratyakṣa
1926:-vyavrtti
1910:prajñapti
1878:Apohavada
1793:pratyakṣa
1754:Pratyakṣa
1724:pratyakṣa
1626:pratyaksa
1464:Choe Je-u
1422:Bak Jiwon
1152:Emptiness
1078:Nagarjuna
799:Patanjali
763:Aurobindo
717:Gaudapada
668:Vashistha
423:Han Feizi
385:Lie Yukou
244:Confucius
172:pratyakṣa
6196:Yogacara
6151:Atomists
6125:Chūgū-ji
6120:Hōrin-ji
6115:Hokki-ji
6110:Hōryū-ji
6069:Branches
5923:Tokuitsu
5862:Xuanzang
5773:Guṇamati
5612:Category
5541:Violence
5511:Hinduism
5459:Sanskrit
5414:Hinayana
5399:Amitābha
5359:Swastika
5228:Uposatha
5218:Holidays
5203:Calendar
5049:Humanism
4887:Kanishka
4877:Timeline
4701:Thailand
4669:Kalmykia
4664:Buryatia
4649:Pakistan
4634:Mongolia
4629:Maldives
4624:Malaysia
4589:Cambodia
4454:Shamarpa
4449:Nichiren
4399:Xuanzang
4334:Nagasena
4252:Rinpoche
3982:Pāramitā
3824:Devotion
3744:Navayana
3732:Dzogchen
3695:Nichiren
3643:Mahayana
3635:Branches
3513:Saṅkhāra
3262:Mañjuśrī
3219:(cousin)
3211:(cousin)
3179:(mother)
3171:(father)
3159:Miracles
3109:Birthday
3026:Glossary
2999:Buddhism
2847:Archived
2385:See also
2334:Sanskrit
2055:-parīkṣā
2053:Alambana
2033:Kumarila
1939:Sanskrit
1922:anyapoha
1643:language
1574:Buddhist
1407:Yi Hwang
1359:Cheontae
1266:Kokugaku
1085:Yogacara
1052:Buddhism
1045:Umaswati
922:Chanakya
909:Valluvar
904:Valluvam
869:Charvaka
746:Ramanuja
415:Legalism
403:Yin yang
380:Zhuangzi
201:a series
199:Part of
39:Kalmykia
6043:Schools
5928:Shingyō
5877:Zhizhou
5872:Huizhao
5816:Dignāga
5739:Figures
5589:Temples
5569:Buddhas
5531:Science
5521:Judaism
5516:Jainism
5434:Lineage
5394:Abhijñā
5364:Thangka
5307:Sarnath
5292:Lumbini
5213:Funeral
5208:Cuisine
5084:Culture
5059:Reality
5009:Creator
4999:Atomism
4869:History
4842:Ukraine
4802:Germany
4721:Senegal
4711:Vietnam
4639:Myanmar
4439:Shinran
4429:Karmapa
4404:Shandao
4374:Dignāga
4299:Śrāvaka
4279:Donchee
4274:Kappiya
4232:Sayadaw
4202:Bhikkhu
4177:Anāgāmi
4134:Nirvana
4100:Samadhi
3987:Paritta
3928:Tonglen
3923:Mandala
3878:Smarana
3859:Mantras
3807:Upekkha
3777:Bhavana
3727:Shingon
3680:Tiantai
3533:Tathātā
3523:Śūnyatā
3518:Skandha
3508:Saṃsāra
3503:Rebirth
3478:Kleshas
3468:Indriya
3370:Subhūti
3255:Guanyin
3209:Ānanda
3201:Rāhula
3081:Nirvana
3021:Outline
2752:7 March
2295:Samkhya
2236:Tibetan
2015:analogy
1970:, the (
1804:Anumāṇa
1799:Anumāṇa
1781:kalpana
1748:upamāna
1730:anumāna
1718:pramāṇa
1632:anumāṇa
1602:pramāṇa
1586:atomism
1559:Diṅnāga
1555:Dignāga
1474:Persons
1456:Donghak
1385:Persons
1354:Uicheon
1287:Statism
1217:Shingon
1142:Nirvana
1107:Dignāga
1032:Jainism
1020:Pramana
1015:Samadhi
975:Brahman
940:Atomism
864:Ājīvika
773:Samkhya
707:Advaita
698:Vedanta
690:Jaimini
681:Mimamsa
648:Agastya
544:Nyingma
471:Tientai
456:Sun Tzu
368:Persons
249:Mencius
237:Persons
177:anumāna
167:pramāṇa
73:Kalinga
25:Dignāga
5982:Śāstra
5938:Ryōhen
5898:Chitsū
5758:Asaṅga
5705:Vāsanā
5584:Sutras
5579:Suttas
5444:Siddhi
5429:Koliya
5404:Brahmā
5319:Poetry
5265:Mantra
5255:Kasaya
5127:Pagoda
5107:Kyaung
5102:Vihāra
5097:Temple
5039:Ethics
4882:Ashoka
4832:Sweden
4827:Poland
4822:Norway
4812:Mexico
4797:France
4782:Canada
4777:Brazil
4716:Africa
4696:Taiwan
4659:Russia
4584:Bhutan
4544:Vinaya
4424:Naropa
4414:Saraha
4349:Asanga
4105:Prajñā
4014:Refuge
3977:Nianfo
3938:Tertön
3933:Tantra
3918:Ganana
3908:Tukdam
3834:Dhyāna
3802:Mudita
3797:Karuṇā
3690:Risshū
3685:Huayan
3618:Naraka
3558:Anattā
3553:Dukkha
3548:Anicca
3453:Dharma
3405:Channa
3340:Ānanda
3325:Assaji
3292:Skanda
3195:(wife)
3164:Family
3144:Relics
3069:Sangha
3064:Dharma
3059:Buddha
2722:
2695:, 2021
2502:
2149:取事施設論)
2113:-mukha
2094:vyapti
2076:ḍamaru
1976:Kanjur
1974:Derge
1834:sadhya
1705:, the
1584:) and
1487:Topics
1449:Seohak
1445:Silhak
1438:Topics
1347:Hwaeom
1342:Uisang
1337:Wonhyo
1137:Maitrī
1132:Anicca
1127:Anatta
1122:Dukkha
1115:Topics
1005:Moksha
980:Dharma
944:Atman
935:Ahimsa
891:Tantra
849:Kanada
815:Gotama
782:Kapila
729:Dvaita
585:Maoism
505:Jizang
488:Fazang
435:Mohism
408:Wu wei
391:Topics
363:Daoism
336:Zhu Xi
326:Han Yu
309:simple
297:simple
272:Guanxi
255:Topics
116:School
105:Region
6076:Hossō
5956:Sūtra
5933:Jōkei
5918:Genbō
5908:Gyōki
5903:Chihō
5893:Dōshō
5886:Japan
5867:Kuiji
5850:China
5787:Nanda
5746:India
5685:Kleśa
5556:Lists
5424:Kalpa
5419:Iddhi
5282:Music
5277:Mudra
5243:Vassa
5223:Vesak
5193:Budai
5139:Candi
5122:Stupa
5054:Logic
4807:Italy
4706:Tibet
4644:Nepal
4614:Korea
4609:Japan
4599:India
4594:China
4539:Sutra
4494:Texts
4444:Dōgen
4434:Hōnen
4419:Atiśa
4384:Zhiyi
4294:Achar
4262:Tulku
4257:Geshe
4242:Rōshi
4227:Ajahn
4182:Arhat
4142:Bodhi
4112:Vīrya
4029:Sacca
4024:Satya
4019:Sādhu
4007:Music
3950:Merit
3943:Terma
3903:Zazen
3839:Faith
3792:Mettā
3473:Karma
3433:Bardo
3400:Asita
3390:Khema
3380:Upāli
3365:Nanda
3203:(son)
3177:Māyā
3154:Films
3031:Index
2820:>.
2371:Tibet
2111:Nyāya
2010:apoha
1984:apoha
1948:Nyaya
1933:Works
1914:apoha
1894:Nyaya
1842:linga
1838:paksa
1811:linga
1744:Nyaya
1638:apoha
1617:Nyaya
1499:Juche
1417:Yi Ik
1366:Jinul
1317:Korea
1222:Kukai
1208:Eisai
1196:Dogen
1166:Japan
990:Karma
965:Artha
915:Other
897:Tamil
807:Nyaya
653:Aruni
624:India
556:Gelug
532:Sakya
476:Zhiyi
375:Laozi
311:]
299:]
218:China
182:Apoha
144:logic
5943:Kōin
5913:Gien
5700:Bīja
5454:Pāḷi
5439:Māra
5349:Flag
4750:Iran
4674:Tuva
4619:Laos
4247:Lama
4095:Śīla
4063:Śīla
4051:Pīti
4041:Sati
3992:Puja
3913:Koan
3819:Dāna
3410:Yasa
3297:Tārā
2754:2024
2720:ISBN
2500:ISBN
2083:Drum
2019:jāti
1815:hetu
1685:.
1596:and
1412:Yi I
1371:Seon
1025:Yoga
1000:Maya
995:Kama
790:Yoga
663:Atri
443:Mozi
262:Face
62:Died
47:Born
5176:Art
5112:Wat
3648:Zen
2358:),
2141:or
2021:).
1986:).
1857:any
1661:."
1604:).
592:Mao
398:Tao
277:Ren
88:Era
65:540
50:480
6147::
4678:ru
2796:^
2780:^
2762:^
2745:.
2734:^
2680:^
2596:^
2584:^
2536:^
2442:^
2349:c.
1924:,
1889:.
1645:,
1563:c.
1561:,
1447:,
610:Qi
605:De
282:Li
203:on
75:,
5658:e
5651:t
5644:v
4680:)
4676:(
3894:)
3890:(
2985:e
2978:t
2971:v
2756:.
2728:.
2508:.
2347:(
2297:)
2278:)
2246:(
2232:(
2210:,
2174:.
2160:(
2135:)
2131:(
2115:(
2101:.
2078:(
2057:(
2017:(
1775:(
1600:(
1580:(
1543:e
1536:t
1529:v
41:.
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