1330:
Neuter demonstratives refer to ideas of indeterminate gender, such as abstractions and groups of heterogeneous objects, and has a limited agreement in
Portuguese, for example, "all of that" can be translated as "todo aquele" (m), "toda aquela" (f) or "tudo aquilo" (n) in Portuguese, although the
1892:
refers to the content of the previous statement. These are abstract entities of discourse, not concrete objects. Each language may have subtly different rules on how to use demonstratives to refer to things previously spoken, currently being spoken, or about to be spoken. In
English,
1572:
language, there exists a 29-way distinction in demonstratives, with demonstrative indicators distinguished according to placement in a three-dimensional field around the interlocutor(s), as well as by visibility and whether or not the object is in motion.
826:
varieties. Very rich, with more than 70 variants, the demonstrative pronouns in Arabic principally change depending on the gender and the number. They mark a distinction in number for singular, dual, and plural. For example:
1123:
are compound forms based on the definite articles (themselves derived from verbs) and therefore incorporate the positional information of the articles (standing, sitting, lying, coming, going) in addition to the three-way
64:, and cannot be understood without context. Demonstratives are often used in spatial deixis (where the speaker or sometimes the listener is to provide context), but also in intra-discourse reference (including
922:
are homographs, but they are spoken differently. The non-selective deictics are unstressed whereas the selective ones (demonstratives) are stressed. There is a second selective deictic, namely
636:"yon man (over there, away from both of us)", "that woman (over there, away from both of us)", "yon apple (over there, away from both of us)", "yons apples (over there, away from both of us)"
3021:
1100:
Many non-European languages make further distinctions; for example, whether the object referred to is uphill or downhill from the speaker, whether the object is visible or not (as in
363:
in
Italian (medial pronouns, in most of Italy, only survive in historical texts and bureaucratic texts. However, they're of wide and very common usage in some Regions, like Tuscany):
72:, where the meaning is dependent on something other than the relative physical location of the speaker. An example is whether something is currently being said or was said earlier.
1514:(that). These inflect for number and case even in attributive position (attributes usually remain uninflected in Hungarian) with possible orthographic changes; e.g.,
1234:, and some varieties of Spanish and Portuguese, the neuter gender has been lost in the Romance languages. Spanish and Portuguese have kept neuter demonstratives:
1976:
Die Übersetzung als
Problem sprach- und literaturwissenschaftlicher Forschung in Slavistik und Baltistik: Beiträge zu einem Symposium in Münster 10./11. Mai 2001
943:. Distance either from the speaker or from the addressee is either marked by the opposition between these two deictics or by the addition of a place deictic.
2266:
732:"this milk", "that milk" (near the second person) and "that milk" (away from the first and second person, near a third person or even further away).
2458:
2019:
1560:
have demonstrative systems, some have systems highly divergent from or more complex than the relatively simple systems employed in
755:
1759:
that are closely related to the demonstrative pronouns in a language. For example, corresponding to the demonstrative pronoun
2408:
1530:(that there). The use of this, however, is emphatic (when the speaker wishes to emphasize the distance) and not mandatory.
56:, used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. They are typically
2431:
1843:
As mentioned above, while the primary function of demonstratives is to provide spatial references of concrete objects (
2368:
2189:
2164:
1983:
2451:
1549:
referring to a visible object, a fourth for things not in view and a fifth for things that no longer exist." The
3293:
2293:
Proceedings of the
Berkeley Language Society 30: Special Session on the Morphology of Native American Languages
34:
17:
3111:
61:
3103:
2803:
2622:
2519:
2444:
1925:
In
Brazilian Portuguese "este" (this) is sometimes reduced to "es'e", making it sound like "esse" (that).
2489:
1428:
1105:
272:
1687:
1569:
260:
1909:) refers to something about to be spoken (or, occasionally, something being simultaneously spoken).
3319:
3213:
2713:
1625:
780:
has a two-way distinction, with the use of postpositions "-ci" (proximal) and "-là" (distal) as in
2328:
747:
739:
3025:
2534:
2045:
1561:
1392:
1125:
2788:
1738:. You could talk about this hat, that hat, and yon hat. Today the word survives as a colloquial
3159:
2986:
2895:
2129:
1331:
neuter forms require a masculine adjective agreement: "Tudo (n) aquilo (n) está quebrado (m)" (
1113:
877:
823:
69:
2009:
1967:
3230:
3121:
3116:
3093:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2855:
2648:
2484:
1800:
176:, make a two-way distinction between demonstratives. Typically, one set of demonstratives is
2107:
2014:
1494:, on the other hand, has several demonstratives that form a two-way contrast, but also have
3235:
3169:
3001:
2958:
2860:
2723:
2683:
2152:
1963:
1807:
1384:
359:"that apple (which is far from you-and-me or is in another distant place from you-and-me)"
8:
3016:
2996:
2643:
2071:
Hopkins, Edwin A.; Jones, Randall L. (Spring 1972). ""Jener" in Modern
Standard German".
1380:
232:
216:
2436:
1522:(in that). A third degree of deixis is also possible in Hungarian, with the help of the
3182:
3149:
3075:
3060:
3045:
3035:
2948:
2943:
2933:
2728:
2658:
2653:
2088:
1997:
1978:. Studien zur Slavistik ; vol. 1 (in German). Hamburg: Dr. Kovač. pp. 89–91.
1503:
1372:
1316:
1176:
606:
252:
1550:
3139:
3065:
3040:
2963:
2828:
2773:
2743:
2703:
2404:
2364:
2310:
2185:
2160:
2005:
2001:
1989:
1979:
1779:(= "from that place"); equivalent adverbs corresponding to the demonstrative pronoun
1376:
1338:
1312:
1231:
1188:
1109:
1101:
248:
236:
224:
204:
200:
3177:
3070:
3050:
2900:
2865:
2783:
2578:
2394:
2300:
2080:
1734:
line "Him that yon soars on golden wing"), which suggested a further distance than
1538:
1208:
1184:
819:
765:
256:
220:
212:
196:
173:
169:
108:
3085:
3006:
2968:
2953:
2833:
2823:
2738:
2733:
2673:
2539:
2509:
1565:
1557:
1224:
990:
777:
244:
1851:), there is a secondary function: referring to items of discourse. For example:
3267:
3225:
3187:
3089:
2818:
2808:
2798:
2693:
2688:
2668:
2663:
2592:
2467:
1491:
769:
228:
1010:
Cognates of "yonder" still exist in some
Northern English and Scots dialects;
3313:
3192:
3011:
2768:
2718:
2698:
2678:
2314:
1698:, where the latter is usually employed as a demonstrative determiner. Author
1534:
1120:
1032:
873:
773:
735:
2385:
1993:
1104:), and whether the object can be pointed to as a whole or only in part. The
3281:
3255:
3245:
3218:
3080:
2813:
2778:
2753:
2708:
2529:
2399:
1487:
605:
and, in
Ukrainian (note that Ukrainian has not only number, but also three
2305:
2288:
2110:. University of Alaska Anchorage Institute of Social and Economic Research
1175:("that over there") – note that Latin has not only number, but also three
2938:
2748:
2627:
2588:
2553:
2544:
2356:
1731:
1723:
1699:
1542:
1490:, distance-based demonstratives exist, but are only used constrastively.
1467:
1388:
65:
2384:
Næss Å, Treis Y, Margetts A (2020). Næss Å, Margetts A, Treis Y (eds.).
800:. English has an archaic but occasionally used three-way distinction of
279:
or third person (objects far from both). So for example, in
Portuguese:
3298:
3197:
3154:
3131:
3055:
2890:
2793:
2763:
2758:
2612:
2607:
2514:
2504:
2494:
2092:
1974:. In Symanzik, Bernhard; Birkfellner, Gerhard; Sproede, Alfred (eds.).
1128:
distinction. This results in a quite elaborated set of demonstratives.
437:
in Armenian (based on the proximal "s", medial "d/t", and distal "n"):
263:
make a three-way distinction. Typically there is a distinction between
80:
1481:
1473:
1446:
1438:
1412:
1398:
1360:
1352:
1344:
3288:
3250:
3030:
2847:
2602:
2548:
2524:
2247:
1739:
1537:
has a special demonstrative for "things just gone out of sight," and
1432:
76:
2084:
3277:
3272:
2427:
1943:
1826:
1417:; its use of the three Classical demonstratives has become mostly
3262:
2978:
2583:
2499:
1644:
240:
96:
57:
1323:, which is an archaic survival of the neuter pronoun from Latin
3240:
2925:
2617:
2597:
1938:
1838:
1031:
There are languages which make a four-way distinction, such as
815:
188:, indicating objects further removed from the speaker (English
1581:
It is relatively common for a language to distinguish between
1068:"that car (over there, away from both of us but rather near)"
963:
Thing Demonstrative plus Distance-marking Place Demonstrative
1470:
languages tend to also have a distance-neutral demonstrative
1418:
1136:
208:
2563:
2476:
1746:, but our speech is fractionally impoverished for its loss.
1647:
stands on its own, replacing rather than modifying a noun:
84:
45:
1888:
refers to "the previously mentioned way", and the pronoun
1131:
2466:
1970:[Demonstrative pronouns in the Slavic languages]
1576:
1553:
has a demonstrative for "things audible but non-visible"
1395:. Modern Mandarin has two main demonstratives, proximal
2079:(1). American Association of Teachers of German: 15–27.
1662:
There are six common demonstrative pronouns in English:
724:
In Nandi (Kalenjin of Kenya, Uganda and Eastern Congo):
1478:, which is etymologically a checked-tone derivation of
1084:
These four-way distinctions are often termed proximal,
631:он той чоловік, он та жінка, он те яблуко, он ті яблука
628:"that man", "that woman", "that apple", "those apples"
620:"this man", "this woman", "this apple", "these apples"
1871:
I said her dress looked hideous. She didn't like that.
1116:
are particularly well known for their many contrasts.
1880:
refers to the sentence being spoken, and the pronoun
163:
158:
2361:
The Mother Tongue: English & How it Got that Way
316:
Further oppositions are created with place adverbs.
2267:"A Grammar of Trio: A Cariban Language of Suriname"
180:, indicating objects close to the speaker (English
2179:
2130:"A short introduction to Belhare and its speakers"
2105:
1968:"Demonstrativpronomina in den slavischen Sprachen"
1383:caused it to develop into its colloquial use as a
75:Demonstrative constructions include demonstrative
27:Words indicating which object is being referred to
2383:
1444:
1436:
1391:and subsequently its standard use as a copula in
3311:
2127:
1495:
1479:
1471:
1341:had three main demonstrative pronouns: proximal
433:"yon ukulele (over there, away from both of us)"
329:"this apple (next to me or next to you-and-me)"
1901:) refers to something previously spoken, while
818:has also a three-way distinction in its formal
312:"that apple (over there, away from both of us)"
267:or first person (objects near to the speaker),
1139:had several sets of demonstratives, including
1027:(that shop that is/used to be down the street)
517:"yon apple (over there, away from both of us)"
396:"yon apple (over there, away from both of us)"
2452:
2226:
2207:
2147:
2145:
1458:
1452:
1422:
1410:
1404:
1396:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1342:
2363:. New York: William Morrow. pp. 63–64.
2070:
1799:. A similar relationship exists between the
1427:continues to be used with some frequency in
857:
845:
833:
2151:
997:, but it is used only in formal registers.
623:той чоловік, та жінка, те яблуко, ті яблука
615:цей чоловік, ця жінка, це яблуко, ці яблука
2459:
2445:
2142:
1714:Today we have two demonstrative pronouns,
1375:demonstrative pronoun that reasserted the
60:, their meaning depending on a particular
2398:
2351:
2349:
2304:
1861:This is what I mean: I am happy with him.
1179:. The third set of Latin demonstratives (
985:"this girl here" ~ "that girl over there"
2289:"Morphological Orthodoxy in Yupik-Inuit"
2286:
1750:
2180:Yip, Po-Ching; Rimmington, Don (2004).
2073:Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German
1132:Demonstrative series in other languages
1095:
14:
3312:
2355:
2346:
2287:Woodbury, Anthony C. (February 2004).
2242:
1962:
1884:refers to what is about to be spoken;
1702:laments the "losses along the way" of
1577:Demonstrative determiners and pronouns
271:or second person (objects near to the
147:as substitutes for the pronoun use of
2440:
946:Distance-marking Thing Demonstrative
2377:
2246:
2204:
2157:Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar
1365:(this or that). The frequent use of
738:has a three-way distinction between
2432:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2043:
2025:from the original on 24 August 2012
1866:That way of looking at it is wrong.
1832:
1619:substantival demonstrative pronouns
858:
846:
834:
349:"that apple (close to you-and-me)"
99:, which stand independently (as in
24:
2393:. Berlin: Language Science Press.
2264:
1615:independent demonstrative pronouns
1245:Portuguese
728:Chego chu, Chego choo, Chego chuun
164:Distal and proximal demonstratives
159:Contrasts in demonstrative systems
25:
3331:
2421:
2254:. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
1599:adjectival demonstrative pronouns
1319:, etc.) also occasionally employ
1078:"that car (over there, far away)"
989:A distal demonstrative exists in
2182:Chinese: A Comprehensive Grammar
2108:"Central Yup'ik and the Schools"
1506:has two spatial demonstratives:
2428:Demonstratives & Indexicals
2321:
2280:
2258:
2236:
2223:
2217:
1496:
1480:
1472:
1445:
1437:
1242:Spanish
2227:
2208:
2198:
2173:
2121:
2099:
2064:
2037:
1956:
1919:
1411:
1405:
1397:
13:
1:
1949:
1357:(that), and distance-neutral
1019:"That shop across the street"
880:), the non-selective deictic
1755:Many languages have sets of
1591:determinative demonstratives
1183:, etc.), developed into the
1114:Sino-Tibetan language family
776:also make this distinction.
7:
2387:Demonstratives in discourse
2106:Steven A. Jacobson (1984).
1932:
1611:substantival demonstratives
601:"that (by you) one's house"
339:"that apple (next to you)"
184:), and the other series is
10:
3336:
3294:Syntax–semantics interface
1836:
1726:'s day there was a third,
1607:independent demonstratives
1024:"Yon shop down the street"
866:) 'that man' (over there).
788:, as well as the pronouns
423:"that ukulele (near you)"
3206:
3168:
3130:
3102:
2977:
2924:
2846:
2636:
2571:
2562:
2475:
2128:Balthasar Bickel (1998).
1688:Southern American English
1595:adjectival demonstratives
1583:demonstrative determiners
1556:While most languages and
1459:
1453:
1423:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1343:
993:, cognate to the English
959:"this girl" ~ "that girl"
720:"that apple (over there)"
107:). The demonstratives in
2714:Exceptional case-marking
2329:"Demonstrative Pronouns"
2159:. Vancouver: UBC Press.
1912:
1763:are the adverbs such as
1587:demonstrative adjectives
1297:
1291:
1276:
1270:
1259:
1253:
386:"that apple (near you)"
302:"that apple (near you)"
168:Many languages, such as
1856:This sentence is short.
1686:Some dialects, such as
1589:(sometimes also called
1562:Indo-European languages
1393:Modern Standard Chinese
1311:Some forms of Spanish (
1163:("that near you"); and
490:"that apple (near you)"
2520:Initial-stress-derived
2400:10.5281/zenodo.4054814
2245:, p. 64), citing
2205:Qian, Nairong (2007).
1748:
1603:demonstrative pronouns
1545:, has three words for
1429:modern written Chinese
1230:With the exception of
1119:The demonstratives in
1106:Eskimo–Aleut languages
1058:"that car (near you)"
901:and the selective one
878:Scandinavian languages
195:Other languages, like
3031:Inclusive / Exclusive
2306:10.3765/bls.v30i2.906
2252:The Story of Language
2184:. London: Routledge.
2153:Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
1808:interrogative adverbs
1801:interrogative pronoun
1775:(= "to that place"),
1771:(= "at that place"),
1757:demonstrative adverbs
1751:Demonstrative adverbs
1712:
1333:All of that is broken
2050:Gramática Descritiva
1767:(= "at that time"),
1638:I like those houses.
1541:, a language of the
1500:, which is neutral.
1096:Non-distal contrasts
95:) and demonstrative
2911:Relative subsective
2804:Regular / Irregular
2649:Andative / Venitive
2485:Abstract / Concrete
1633:This apple is good.
1486:. In lects such as
1177:grammatical genders
977:dieses Mädchen hier
607:grammatical genders
547:"this one's father"
2470:and their features
2468:Lexical categories
2265:Carlin, Eithne B.
2044:Manosso, Radamés.
1829:for a full table.
1605:(sometimes called
1317:Andalusian Spanish
1151:("this near me");
640:and, in Japanese:
521:and, in Georgian:
127:, and the archaic
62:frame of reference
3307:
3306:
3112:Casally modulated
3017:Formal / Informal
2906:Pure intersective
2856:Anti-intersective
2842:
2841:
2789:Preterite-present
2410:978-3-96110-287-7
1905:(or occasionally
1897:(or occasionally
1628:modifies a noun:
1568:, notably in the
1558:language families
1339:Classical Chinese
1313:Caribbean Spanish
1307:
1306:
1189:Romance languages
1185:definite articles
981:dieses Mädchen da
574:"that one's wife"
79:or demonstrative
66:abstract concepts
16:(Redirected from
3327:
2886:Non-intersective
2569:
2568:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2415:
2414:
2402:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2046:"Demonstrativos"
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2017:
1973:
1964:Kordić, Snježana
1960:
1926:
1923:
1833:Discourse deixis
1643:A demonstrative
1624:A demonstrative
1499:
1498:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1463:, respectively.
1462:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1426:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1239:
1238:
1014:"This shop here"
968:das Mädchen hier
861:
860:
849:
848:
837:
836:
261:Sri Lankan Tamil
174:Standard Chinese
83:, which qualify
42:
41:
21:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3320:Parts of speech
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3202:
3164:
3126:
3098:
3026:Gender-specific
2973:
2920:
2838:
2724:Germanic strong
2632:
2558:
2471:
2465:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2354:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2285:
2281:
2274:eithnecarlin.nl
2269:
2263:
2259:
2241:
2237:
2222:
2218:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2150:
2143:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2104:
2100:
2085:10.2307/3529001
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2052:(in Portuguese)
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2013:
1986:
1971:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1845:that (building)
1841:
1835:
1753:
1579:
1566:Yupik languages
1551:Tiriyó language
1349:(this), distal
1134:
1098:
864:ðaːlika arrajul
824:Modern Standard
722:
712:
704:
695:
685:
677:
668:
658:
650:
603:
593:
585:
576:
566:
558:
549:
539:
531:
519:
509:
501:
492:
482:
474:
465:
455:
447:
413:"this ukulele"
343:Aquela maçã ali
166:
161:
39:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3270:
3268:Procedure word
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3226:Complementizer
3223:
3222:
3221:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:Gender-neutral
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2987:Bound variable
2983:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:Ambitransitive
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2423:
2422:External links
2420:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2376:
2369:
2345:
2320:
2299:(2): 151–171.
2279:
2257:
2235:
2216:
2197:
2190:
2172:
2165:
2141:
2120:
2098:
2063:
2036:
1984:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1876:In the above,
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1837:Main article:
1834:
1831:
1752:
1749:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1578:
1575:
1435:uses proximal
1379:before a noun
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1133:
1130:
1112:branch of the
1097:
1094:
1092:, and distal.
1082:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1007:
1004:
987:
986:
983:
974:
972:das Mädchen da
961:
960:
957:
951:dieses Mädchen
870:
869:
868:
867:
855:
843:
840:haːðaː arrajul
746:"this here"),
705:
697:
696:
678:
670:
669:
651:
643:
642:
638:
637:
634:
633:
632:
626:
625:
624:
618:
617:
616:
609:in singular):
586:
578:
577:
559:
551:
550:
532:
524:
523:
502:
494:
493:
475:
467:
466:
448:
440:
439:
435:
434:
431:
430:
429:
421:
420:
419:
411:
410:
409:
398:
397:
394:
393:
392:
384:
383:
382:
374:
373:
372:
361:
360:
357:
356:
355:
353:Aquela maçã lá
347:
346:
345:
337:
336:
335:
327:
326:
325:
323:Essa maçã aqui
314:
313:
310:
309:
308:
300:
299:
298:
290:
289:
288:
229:Serbo-Croatian
165:
162:
160:
157:
31:Demonstratives
26:
18:Demonstratives
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3332:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:Interrogative
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Interrogative
3148:
3146:
3145:Demonstrative
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3094:Prepositional
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Strong / Weak
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Interrogative
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:Demonstrative
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Prepositional
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2949:Interrogative
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Demonstrative
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:Germanic weak
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:Frequentative
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:Autocausative
2657:
2655:
2654:Anticausative
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Transgressive
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2412:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2370:0-688-07895-8
2366:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2231:
2220:
2212:
2201:
2193:
2191:0-415-15032-9
2187:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2166:0-7748-0541-2
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2131:
2124:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2021:
2016:
2015:CROSBI 447083
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1985:3-8300-0714-0
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:this sentence
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1657:I like those.
1655:
1653:
1652:This is good.
1650:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1571:
1570:Chevak Cup’ik
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:Cree language
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1518:(with this),
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1448:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1414:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:mesioproximal
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:Northern Sami
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1006:"yonder girl"
1005:
1003:
1002:jenes Mädchen
1000:
999:
998:
996:
992:
984:
982:
978:
975:
973:
969:
966:
965:
964:
958:
956:
952:
949:
948:
947:
944:
942:
940:
935:
933:
928:
926:
921:
919:
914:
912:
907:
905:
900:
898:
893:
891:
886:
884:
879:
875:
874:Modern German
865:
856:
854:) 'that man'.
853:
852:ðaːka arrajul
844:
842:) 'this man'.
841:
832:
831:
830:
829:
828:
825:
821:
817:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
761:
757:
754:"this"), and
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:Ancient Greek
733:
730:
729:
725:
721:
718:
715:
711:
708:
703:
700:
694:
691:
688:
684:
681:
676:
673:
667:
664:
661:
657:
654:
649:
646:
641:
635:
630:
629:
627:
622:
621:
619:
614:
613:
612:
611:
610:
608:
602:
599:
596:
592:
589:
584:
581:
575:
572:
569:
565:
562:
557:
554:
548:
545:
542:
538:
535:
530:
527:
522:
518:
515:
512:
508:
505:
500:
497:
491:
488:
485:
481:
478:
473:
470:
464:
461:
458:
454:
451:
446:
443:
438:
432:
428:
427:kēlā ʻukulele
425:
424:
422:
418:
417:kēnā ʻukulele
415:
414:
412:
408:
407:Kēia ʻukulele
405:
404:
403:
402:
401:
400:in Hawaiian:
395:
391:
388:
387:
385:
381:
378:
377:
376:"this apple"
375:
371:
368:
367:
366:
365:
364:
358:
354:
351:
350:
348:
344:
341:
340:
338:
334:
331:
330:
328:
324:
321:
320:
319:
318:
317:
311:
307:
304:
303:
301:
297:
294:
293:
292:"this apple"
291:
287:
284:
283:
282:
281:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:, along with
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
104:
98:
94:
92:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
32:
19:
3282:Pro-sentence
3256:Onomatopoeia
3246:Interjection
3219:Measure word
3144:
3002:Distributive
2991:
2896:Postpositive
2876:Intersective
2870:
2829:Unaccusative
2774:Performative
2744:Intransitive
2704:Ditransitive
2530:Noun adjunct
2386:
2379:
2360:
2357:Bryson, Bill
2336:. Retrieved
2332:
2323:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2273:
2260:
2251:
2243:Bryson (1990
2238:
2225:
2224:Pan, Wuyun.
2219:
2206:
2200:
2181:
2175:
2156:
2133:. Retrieved
2123:
2112:. Retrieved
2101:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2049:
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
1975:
1958:
1921:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:this (table)
1848:
1844:
1842:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1555:
1546:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1488:Shanghainese
1465:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1298:
1292:
1277:
1271:
1260:
1254:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1118:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1030:
1009:
1001:
994:
988:
980:
976:
971:
967:
962:
954:
950:
945:
938:
937:
931:
930:
924:
923:
917:
916:
910:
909:
903:
902:
896:
895:
889:
888:
882:
881:
871:
863:
851:
839:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
786:cet homme-là
785:
782:cet homme-ci
781:
764:
759:
751:
743:
734:
731:
727:
726:
723:
719:
716:
713:
709:
706:
701:
698:
693:"that apple"
692:
689:
686:
682:
679:
674:
671:
666:"this apple"
665:
662:
659:
655:
652:
647:
644:
639:
604:
600:
598:magisi saxli
597:
595:მაგისი სახლი
594:
590:
587:
582:
579:
573:
570:
567:
563:
560:
555:
552:
546:
543:
540:
536:
533:
528:
525:
520:
516:
514:ayn khndzorë
513:
510:
506:
503:
498:
495:
489:
487:ayd khndzorë
486:
483:
479:
476:
471:
468:
463:"this apple"
462:
460:ays khndzorë
459:
456:
452:
449:
444:
441:
436:
426:
416:
406:
399:
389:
380:Codesta mela
379:
369:
362:
352:
342:
333:Essa maçã aí
332:
322:
315:
305:
295:
285:
276:
268:
264:
194:
189:
185:
181:
177:
167:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
102:
100:
90:
88:
74:
53:
49:
37:
30:
29:
3231:Conjunction
2997:Disjunctive
2934:Conjunctive
2881:Nominalized
2784:Predicative
2628:Verbal noun
2579:Attributive
2248:Pell, Mario
1730:(as in the
1724:Shakespeare
1700:Bill Bryson
1690:, also use
1543:Philippines
1510:(this) and
1468:Northern Wu
1466:Similarly,
1451:instead of
1443:and distal
1421:, although
1409:and distal
1090:mesiodistal
1048:"this car"
955:das Mädchen
390:Quella mela
370:Questa mela
306:Aquela maçã
81:determiners
35:abbreviated
3299:Yes and no
3214:Classifier
3198:Possessive
3160:Quantifier
3155:Possessive
3132:Determiner
3104:Adposition
3076:Resumptive
3061:Reciprocal
3056:Possessive
3036:Indefinite
2964:Pronominal
2916:Subsective
2891:Possessive
2861:Collateral
2834:Unergative
2824:Transitive
2739:Inchoative
2734:Impersonal
2674:Catenative
2613:Participle
2608:Infinitive
2540:Relational
2510:Collective
2490:Adjectival
2333:US English
2135:2009-03-16
2114:2007-05-24
1950:References
1626:determiner
1492:Suzhounese
1389:Han period
1373:resumptive
1265:masculine
1191:, such as
1108:, and the
1062:Duot biila
1052:Diet biila
690:sono ringo
663:kono ringo
571:imisi coli
568:იმისი ცოლი
544:amisi mama
541:ამისი მამა
511:այն խնձորը
484:այդ խնձորը
457:այս խնձորը
233:Macedonian
217:Portuguese
77:adjectives
48:, such as
3289:Prop-word
3251:Ideophone
3178:Discourse
3117:Inflected
3066:Reflexive
3041:Intensive
2848:Adjective
2819:Stretched
2809:Separable
2799:Reflexive
2694:Denominal
2689:Defective
2669:Captative
2664:Auxiliary
2603:Gerundive
2593:Nonfinite
2515:Countable
2315:2377-1666
2002:224110091
1740:adjective
1722:, but in
1504:Hungarian
1433:Cantonese
1419:idiomatic
1381:predicate
1282:feminine
1072:Dot biila
1042:Dát biila
876:(and the
859:ذلك الرجل
847:ذاك الرجل
835:هذا الرجل
820:Classical
762:"that").
717:ano ringo
296:Essa maçã
286:Esta maçã
273:addressee
253:Ukrainian
3314:Category
3278:Pro-verb
3273:Pro-form
3170:Particle
3122:Stranded
3071:Relative
3051:Personal
2969:Relative
2954:Locative
2944:Genitive
2769:Negative
2699:Deponent
2679:Compound
2359:(1990).
2250:(1949).
2228:吴语指示（代）词
2155:(1995).
2020:Archived
1994:55730212
1966:(2002).
1944:Pro-form
1933:See also
1886:that way
1827:pro-form
1806:and the
1684:neither.
1526:prefix:
1232:Romanian
1187:in most
1102:Malagasy
507:khndzorë
480:khndzorë
453:khndzorë
265:proximal
249:Japanese
237:Georgian
225:Armenian
205:Hawaiian
178:proximal
145:that one
141:this one
97:pronouns
70:anaphora
3263:Preverb
3140:Article
3086:Subject
2979:Pronoun
2814:Stative
2779:Phrasal
2754:Lexical
2709:Dynamic
2684:Copular
2584:Converb
2500:Animacy
2338:July 6,
2093:3529001
2029:6 April
2010:3434530
1819:whither
1773:thither
1645:pronoun
1539:Ilocano
1387:by the
1377:subject
1303:neuter
1248:gender
1209:Spanish
1126:spatial
1110:Kiranti
766:Spanish
760:ekeînos
756:ἐκεῖνος
275:), and
257:Bengali
221:Italian
213:Spanish
197:Finnish
170:English
109:English
93:coat on
87:(as in
58:deictic
3241:Coverb
3236:Copula
3090:Object
3007:Donkey
2926:Adverb
2901:Proper
2866:Common
2749:Labile
2618:Supine
2598:Gerund
2589:Finite
2554:Verbal
2545:Strong
2535:Proper
2407:
2367:
2313:
2209:上海话大词典
2188:
2163:
2091:
2056:27 May
2008:
2000:
1992:
1982:
1939:Deixis
1839:Deixis
1825:. See
1823:whence
1793:hither
1777:thence
1744:yonder
1732:Milton
1708:yonder
1696:yonder
1682:, and
1601:) and
1385:copula
1225:French
1211:, and
995:yonder
991:German
941:Kleine
934:Kleine
932:dieser
925:dieses
920:Kleine
913:Kleine
899:Kleine
892:Kleine
816:Arabic
810:yonder
808:, and
778:French
752:hoûtos
714:あの リンゴ
687:その リンゴ
660:この リンゴ
583:magisi
580:მაგისი
504:խնձորը
477:խնձորը
450:խնձորը
277:distal
269:medial
259:, and
245:Korean
241:Basque
186:distal
137:yonder
135:, and
44:) are
3207:Other
3188:Modal
3012:Dummy
2764:Modal
2759:Light
2637:Types
2572:Forms
2495:Agent
2391:(pdf)
2270:(PDF)
2089:JSTOR
2023:(PDF)
1998:S2CID
1972:(PDF)
1913:Notes
1907:these
1899:those
1815:where
1797:hence
1769:there
1676:those
1672:these
1564:. In
1520:abban
1516:ezzel
1371:as a
1325:illud
1173:illud
1161:istud
1137:Latin
939:diese
770:Tamil
748:οὗτος
710:ringo
683:ringo
656:ringo
591:saxli
588:სახლი
556:imisi
553:იმისი
529:amisi
526:ამისი
209:Latin
201:Nandi
125:those
121:these
85:nouns
68:) or
46:words
3193:Noun
2939:Flat
2794:Pure
2564:Verb
2549:Weak
2525:Mass
2505:Bare
2477:Noun
2405:ISBN
2365:ISBN
2340:2009
2311:ISSN
2186:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2058:2011
2031:2021
2006:SSRN
1990:OCLC
1980:ISBN
1903:this
1895:that
1890:that
1882:this
1811:when
1804:what
1789:here
1783:are
1781:this
1765:then
1761:that
1736:that
1720:that
1718:and
1716:this
1706:and
1694:and
1680:none
1668:that
1664:this
1547:this
1533:The
1528:amaz
1457:and
1321:ello
1299:isto
1293:esto
1278:esta
1272:esta
1261:este
1255:este
1181:ille
1169:illa
1165:ille
1157:ista
1153:iste
1145:haec
1121:Seri
927:Kind
906:Kind
885:Kind
822:and
806:that
802:this
794:cela
792:and
784:and
774:Seri
772:and
744:hóde
675:sono
648:kono
564:coli
561:ცოლი
537:mama
534:მამა
190:that
182:this
172:and
153:that
149:this
133:yons
117:that
113:this
111:are
103:that
101:Put
91:that
89:Put
54:that
52:and
50:this
2430:at
2395:doi
2301:doi
2081:doi
1785:now
1728:yon
1704:yon
1692:yon
1621:).
1617:or
1597:or
1585:or
1524:am-
1335:).
1223:in
1221:les
1207:in
1205:las
1201:los
1149:hoc
1141:hic
918:die
911:der
904:das
897:die
890:der
883:das
872:In
740:ὅδε
707:リンゴ
702:ano
680:リンゴ
653:リンゴ
499:ayn
496:այն
472:ayd
469:այդ
445:ays
442:այս
192:).
151:or
143:or
129:yon
40:DEM
3316::
3280:/
3092:/
3088:/
3024:/
2591:/
2547:/
2403:.
2348:^
2331:.
2309:.
2297:30
2295:.
2291:.
2272:.
2144:^
2087:.
2075:.
2048:.
2018:.
2012:.
2004:.
1996:.
1988:.
1847:,
1821:,
1817:,
1813:,
1795:,
1791:,
1787:,
1742:,
1710::
1678:,
1674:,
1670:,
1666:,
1613:,
1609:,
1593:,
1512:az
1508:ez
1431:.
1327:.
1315:,
1227:.
1219:,
1217:la
1215:,
1213:le
1203:,
1199:,
1197:la
1195:,
1193:el
1171:,
1167:,
1159:,
1155:,
1147:,
1143:,
1088:,
1035::
979:~
970:~
953:~
936:,
929:,
915:,
908:,
894:,
887:,
812:.
804:,
798:ça
790:ce
768:,
699:あの
672:その
645:この
255:,
251:,
247:,
243:,
239:,
235:,
231:,
227:,
223:,
219:,
215:,
211:,
207:,
203:,
199:,
155:.
131:,
123:,
119:,
115:,
105:on
2460:e
2453:t
2446:v
2413:.
2397::
2373:.
2342:.
2317:.
2303::
2276:.
2232:.
2213:.
2194:.
2169:.
2138:.
2117:.
2095:.
2083::
2077:5
2060:.
2033:.
1497:搿
1482:個
1474:搿
1460:那
1454:這
1447:嗰
1439:呢
1424:此
1413:那
1406:这
1403:/
1399:這
1368:是
1361:是
1353:彼
1345:此
862:(
850:(
838:(
796:/
758:(
750:(
742:(
33:(
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