643:, an anthropologist and executive in international policy development, stated that the 2004 law left "legal loopholes" with regard to the Banyarwanda that could lead to them being denied naturalization. Among the issues, according to Jackson are that Article 6 deliberately did not define what ethnic groups inhabited the territory that became the Congo to avoid re-inflaming ethnic tensions. He also stated that interpretation of Article 22, which excluded persons who exploited Congo's wealth during the war, could indiscriminately be applied to all Burundian and Rwandan applicants, as it is a common perception that all Banyarwanda committed such economic crimes. In 2007, when it was discovered that a significant number of officials had multiple nationality, a law was passed in the National Assembly to suspend denaturalization on this basis and allow time to investigate whether a change in the legislation should occur.
456:
foreigners followed the nationality of their husband/father from the moment a marriage was celebrated or a child was born, unless he was of unknown nationality. If his nationality was unknown, Congolese law prevailed. In a modification of the 1895 statute issued on 1 April 1901, to naturalize, foreigners must have reached the age of twenty one, and apply to
Leopold with a request and documents providing proof of their birth, social status, residences, property, marital status, military service or exemption. These were to be accompanied by a statement outlining why he wanted Congolese nationality and why he had left his place of origin. Any foreign documents were required be accompanied by a French translation. If investigation of the documents and the applicant's character confirmed the applicant was acceptable, Leopold would grant naturalization and require an
511:
these migrant workers who had lived in the
Belgian Congo for specified period when the child was born were Congolese under the Civil Code of 1892, as were children born to foreigners in Congo who chose to naturalize at the age of majority. The Belgian Nationality Law of 1922, stipulated that nationality was derived by descent from someone who was born in Belgium and applied only to Belgians with Belgian status. While it did not list provisions for acquiring nationality in the Congo by birth, it had provisions for those residing there to naturalize as Belgians. The Royal decree of 14 December 1932, which remained in force until 1984, brought together nationality legislation from 1922 through 1932. Under its terms nationality could only be inherited through the father for legitimate or children of unknown parentage or the mother if they were illegitimate.
37:
452:. From 1890, reports began circulating criticizing Leopold's management of the Congo and the death and destruction caused by his army. In 1892, a Civil Code was propagated for the Congo, providing nationality for natives of the Congo Free State. It specified under Section 5 that children born within Congo whose parents were foreigners, but domiciled in Congo for a specified period when the child was born were Congolese, as were children born to foreigners in Congo who chose to naturalize at the age of majority. It also provided that though naturalization was personal, if a wife or minor child lost their nationality because the husband/father became Congolese, they would automatically obtain Congolese nationality.
350:, which traded and intermarried with each other. Initially these groups based their socio-political hierarchy on kinship links, with the village headman overseeing the community of his extended family. Typically he was assisted by a council of elders and an electoral council which selected successors. As Luba expanded, it incorporated the Kalundwe, Kanyok, and Kikondja kingdoms. Under the rules of state which developed in the Luba Kingdom from the early eighteenth century, upon the death of the king, his capital became autonomous and was administrated by a council who served a female
577:
nationality law (Décret-Loi du 18 septembre 1965), which specified that legitimate children acquired nationality through their
Congolese fathers and illegitimate children acquired nationality from their Congolese mothers. It allowed foreign wives to acquire Congolese nationality by declaration upon marriage or naturalization of their spouse (Article 11) and required Congolese women to lose their nationality upon marriage to a foreigner or his naturalization in another country, unless she declared within six months that she wished to keep Congolese nationality (Article 18).
282:. From the early fifteenth century, a political system evolved wherein a single person was elected and began representing multiple kanda rather than his own kin to establish cooperation in trade and taxation, so that goods could safely pass among them. Marriage was used to create alliances among various groups and solidify cooperation. As the networks begin kanda grew and power accumulated, weaker groups were absorbed and became subjugated to the ruler. Governors ruled chiefdoms throughout the region extracting
603:
formally renounced it. The Law expressly cancelled
Section 15 of the 1972, nullifying collective naturalizations under the statute for the Banyarwanda, leaving confusion over their status. Provisions which had existed under the 1965 and 1972 Nationality Laws for a court to examine corroborating evidence such as identity cards or previous nationality certificates were struck out of the 1981 statute. Disputes arose as to what ethnic groups were present in the territories of North and
5387:
181:
have no convictions for corruption or sex crimes; have not participated in genocide, terrorism, treason, or war crimes; and have resided in the country for seven years. The acquisition of nationality in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo is restrictive as it requires that applicants have performed distinguished service to the nation or that naturalization will benefit the state. Applications must be approved by both the
227:, if they were born in the territory, and there are no provisions allowing them to renounce their nationality. Those who have previously lost their nationality may reacquire it if they meet the conditions to naturalize and have maintained ties to the nation. Nationality may be lost in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for having dual nationality or for fraud in a naturalization petition.
253:
December 1961 Law concerning obtaining
Belgian nationality which required that persons born in the Belgian Congo prior to independence to reside in Belgium for three years prior to 30 June 1960 to attain nationality and the 1984 Nationality Code which required a two-year residency for Congolese to obtain Belgian nationality. The opposite conclusion was reached in 2018 by the
486:
2 February 1910, all indigenous persons were to be governed by customary law, meaning that their civil rights differed from the civil rights of persons born in
Belgium, but all were subjects of the sovereign state. This practice led to sectarianism, as by 1917, there were 6,096 separate chiefdoms with different rules of which colonial officials had to try to administer.
639:
It provided means for the individual acquisition, rather than a collective naturalization for any group, of nationality through adoption, option, or naturalization, subject to the approval by the
National Assembly. Under the terms of the 2004 Nationality Law, derivative nationality through marriage was equalized for men and women.
358:, previous sovereign. Successor kings relocated to new capitals located near river basins, to enable them to manage commerce. In the Lunda Empire, the administration also was founded on kinship ties, but under their system an heir inherited the identity of his successor, including his family members and socio-political roles.
265:) in 2016. According to the appellate ruling, persons born in the Congo between 1908 and independence in 1960 were Belgian non-citizen nationals because there was a sole sovereign state administering two territories, thus their nationality was identical and dependent upon residing in Belgian territory.
593:
taking control of the government. The constitution promulgated in 1967, by Mobutu provided in
Article 46 that nationality was to be governed according to the Nationality Law. In that regard, on 26 March 1971, he decreed law 71-020 which provided that all Banyarwanda who had resided in the Congo prior
366:
disrupted the authority of the rulers to monopolize trade networks and led to invasion by peoples who were not native to the region. By the end of the 1880s, factional conflict and slave raiding had contributed to the decline of the kingdoms. Simultaneously in Europe, there was widespread belief that
247:
Differing rulings have occurred in judicial cases in
Belgium regarding whether Congolese nationals can recover their Belgian nationality. Under Article 24 of the 1984 Nationality Code, as amended in 2000 and 2012, a person who had, but lost other than by renunciation, their Belgian nationality, could
691:
Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland indicates that Article 5 of the 2004 Nationality Law allowed women equal ability to pass on their nationality to their children; however, Article 30 stipulated that women were denaturalized upon marriage to a foreigner. In the text of the 2004 Nationality Law,
556:
Upon gaining independence, Congolese Belgians lost their Belgian nationality on 30 June 1960. Under the terms of the Congolese Constitution of that year, those who had Congolese nationality by origin were descended of an ethnic group with a legitimate claim to land which was present in the territory
485:
and were willing to abide by the Civil Code. Under the terms of the Belgian Nationality Law of 1909, persons who were Belgian nationals domiciled in the colonies followed Belgian law, which required descent from a Belgian father and unity of nationality for members of a family. By a decree issued on
463:
Initially, the registration system was effective, as it granted benefits to inhabitants, but it fell into disuse and people reverted to their customary practices. A Decree of 21 June 1904, affirmed that all Congolese nationals retained their nationality as long as they remained in the territory. Two
180:
Naturalization can be granted to persons who have resided in the territory for a sufficient period of time to confirm they speak a language commonly in use in the country and understand the customs and traditions of the society. General provisions are that applicants have good character and conduct;
638:
was formed. The Transitional Government propagated a new nationality law. It defined those with Congolese nationality of origin as those who were descended of an ethnic group in the country at the independence of the territory, children born to Congolese parents, and children born within the Congo.
505:
passed a Bill for the Government of Ruanda-Urundi, which stipulated that though administered by the Governor-General of the Belgian Congo, Ruanda-Urundi was to be on an equal footing with the Congo and was to remain autonomous. With regard to the nationality of the inhabitants of the territory, the
480:
the Belgian Parliament decreed that it had a separate government from Belgium and that Belgians, registered Congolese, and foreigners had civil rights under law. It provided that Congolese who were not registered followed customary law. Congolese nationality was no longer mentioned in the bill, nor
629:
The Nationality Law Articles 2, 8, and 28, which now became part of the Family Code, were modified by a decree (Law N°. 197) on 29 January 1999, to comply with the transition of reorganizing the country under the 1997 Constitutional Decree (Law No. 005) and affixing the authority of the Democratic
468:
and slavery, customary law was to be allowed in place of the European system if it was more convenient. Chiefs were allowed to establish varied marital practices, land distribution methods, and in general provide for the welfare of their specific communities in exchange for demands upon them which
403:
completed an east-west trek across the African continent, charting the Congo. News of his travels reached Leopold, who began making plans to hire Stanley to help him acquire territory in the Congo. Disinterest for colonizing by Britain and the United States, led Stanley to accept an offer in 1878,
378:
and became the first European to cross Africa from east to west. News of his travels in the region reported that the region had potential for commercial and economic development. As he explored, Cameron had made agreements with the local chiefs to allow the British to develop commerce. Britain was
598:
on 27 October 1971. On 5 January 1972, under Law 72-002 the date of residence was modified to 1 January 1950, depriving any Banyarwanda who arrived after that date of their Zairian nationality. Under the 1972 statute, women automatically lost their Zairian nationality upon marriage to a foreigner
535:. Periodic revolts had occurred in the 1930s and 1940s, but none seriously challenged Belgian rule. In the 1950s activists in Burundi and Rwanda began to press for self-determination and independence. In the Congo, minor reforms began, such as the introduction of secular education, the opening of
510:
were neither subjects, nationals, nor citizens of Belgium, but remained subjects of their respective native chiefs. They were given identity cards upon arrival in Congo, because they had no nationality, but no agreement between the two areas addressed the question of nationality. Children born to
3543:
Van Dyne, Frederick (July 1914). "Reviewed Work: Commentaire de la Loi du 17 Juin 1909, Ayant pour Objet l'Acquisition et la Perte de la Nationalite Belge by Fernand Glesner" [Reviewed Work: Commentary on the Law of June 17, 1909, Concerning the Acquisition and Loss of Belgian Nationality by
602:
Law 81-002 of 29 June 1981 reset the qualification date for nationality to 1885 and gave women the same rights as men to pass their nationality to their children. It changed the effect of marriage upon nationality, stating that women automatically retained their original nationality unless they
514:
From 1932, a Belgian wife or child could refuse automatic acquisition of nationality by making a formal declaration. In the case of a wife, her declaration had to be made within six months of marriage and in the case of a child, before the age of twenty-three. From 1937 to the mid 1950s, under a
408:
to disguise his funding and sole authority to make decisions about the development of the Congo. Stanley traveled through the Congo securing treaties from over 450 local chiefs, granting Leopold's private company their lands and a trade monopoly over them in exchange for a minimal share of trade
322:
was able to restore the unified kingdom in 1715, by proposing that succession shift through various kinship groups, the peace was insecure and war reignited in 1730. By the mid-eighteenth century British and French traders had developed ports in the region and diverted much of the trade to ports
361:
Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Luba rulers expanded their authority and spheres of control. Over the same period, the Lunda affiliated groups created a network of interconnected, though independent states without a strong central authority. The two states interacted and
252:
ruled (Case n°C.10.0394.F) that Congolese-Belgians who had lost Belgian nationality at independence, were not entitled to reacquire Belgian nationality because their status was not defined in the nationality laws but in the Civil Code of the Congo. Further, the court weighed the terms of the 22
313:
invaded the kingdom. In the 1620s the Dutch began trading in the region at a time when the economic and political power were shifting from the centralized government to the provinces. Different factions of the kingdom established relationships with varying European powers throughout the early
576:
was adopted which defined those who were Congolese as part of a tribe of the Congo prior to 18 October 1908, when Belgium acquired the territory from Leopold. This meant that Banyarwanda who arrived in Congo as imported laborers after 1908 lost their nationality. In 1965, the Congo adopted a
527:), forced migrations to the Congo took place because of overpopulation and famine in Ruanda-Urundi. In Congo, though living conditions had improved, the government remained centralized under the colonial administration with little representative input from the Congolese natives. There was no
455:
A civil statute enacted on 4 May 1895 established procedures for registration of people in the colony. Under its terms, nationality was acquired through birth in the territory to Congolese parents, by naturalization, or through option. Under Title II, Articles 8 and 12, wives and children of
391:
with the object of convincing the dignitaries of Europe that his motives for acquiring a colony in Africa were humanitarian and scientific. At the conference, to which he had invited those most involved in exploring and studying the geography of Africa, Leopold proposed forming the
3026:
396:, or the International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of the Congo to centralize and disseminate information about the efforts being made in Africa. The proposal was approved by the conference delegates and Leopold was elected president of the organization.
107:, as amended; the Congolese Nationality Code, and its revisions; the Congolese Civil Code; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
367:
the slave trade could be ended by diverting trade way from slaves and toward other goods and materials. Intervention in Africa was seen as not only a means to provide humanitarian protection, but also a means of developing new markets with valuable raw materials.
599:
unless within six months of the marriage they declared that they wanted to retain their nationality of origin. A foreign woman marrying a Zairian national or married to a man who naturalized could obtain nationality by renouncing her nationality of origin.
616:
ruled in their favor, restoring their nationality, setting aside their removal from parliament, and validating the certificates of nationality and identity cards they had previously received under the Ministry of the Interior. At the conclusion of the
672:
in Brussels regarding an update to the nationality law in 1904. Two twenty-first century court decisions have come to opposite conclusions as to whether at that time, Congolese nationals had already been granted the status of non-citizen nationals of
607:
in 1885 and whether all Banyarwanda should be required to go through the naturalization process. Two legal challenges were made to the 1981 statute, by politicians Mutiri Muyongo and Kalegamire Nyirimigabo, which had excluded them from serving in
464:
decrees issued in 1906 attempted to recognize customary law for indigenous person. The Decree of 3 June, recognized that each native person was part of a chieftainship and the Circular of 16 August, specified that with the exceptions of
667:
that the nationality laws in effect in the Congo at that time were the 1892 Civil Code and the 1901 naturalization decree. In 1929, via Despatch No. 432, additional information was provided to the Secretary of State from the American
481:
was naturalization, only registration, but it provided that inhabitants of the Congo were Belgian nationals who had Congolese status, that is non-citizen nationals of Belgium. Registration was open to persons who had assimilated into
437:
assented to Leopold's becoming head of the new state, but specifically clarified that it was in a personal capacity and neither on behalf of Belgium nor under his role as Belgian king. He drafted a constitution, established his own
133:, by birth abroad to parents with Congolese nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization.
696:, indicates that the 1981 revision of the Nationality Law equalized prior gender discrimination in the requirements of children's derivative nationality and the 2004 Law eliminated gender discrepancies in marriage provisions.
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3721:
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goods. In 1884, his mission complete, Stanley returned to Europe. Leopold diplomatically maneuvered among world powers to gain recognition of his sovereignty over the area which he and Stanley claimed. At the
3744:
141:
Nationality can be acquired in the Democratic Republic of the Congo at birth or later in life through naturalization. Congolese naturalization is typically granted on the basis of either adoption or choice.
3978:
404:
from Leopold to explore and establish a colony. The following year, Leopold quietly bought out all of the other shareholders of the Committee for Studies of the Upper Congo, using the private
3305:
621:, Mobutu was deposed, Zaire became the Democratic Republic of the Congo again in May 1997, and Zairian nationals were granted blanket nationality regardless of where they were residing.
640:
635:
4737:
4642:
3313:
3293:
2929:
3697:
362:
shared a trade network with their rulers redistributing tributes and resources among their clients and subjects. The arrival of the Portuguese and introduction of the
472:
In 1908, after years of negotiations, Leopold was forced to cede the Congo to the Belgian state, in exchange for the government's agreement to assume his 110-million-
248:
reacquire it if at any time during their life, when they were a national of Belgium, they resided for at least one year in Belgium. In 2011, a judgment issued in the
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4470:
3732:
4777:
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and thousands of refugees from Rwanda fled into the Congo. That year serious riots began in the Congo, which would lead to independence by the middle of 1960.
613:
5413:
3934:
3601:
Effect of Marriage upon Nationality: Hearings before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization House of Representatives, 70th Congress, First Session
3052:
186:
104:
3889:
3966:
3823:
3795:
609:
76:
44:
3950:
3884:. Permanent Mandates Commission: Minutes of the Seventh Session Held at Geneva from October 19th to October 30th, 1925 (Report). Geneva, Switzerland:
2541:
2527:
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114:, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as
693:
4412:
2460:
Bostoen, Koen; Brinkman, Inge (2018). "Introduction: Cross-Disciplinary Approaches to Kongo History". In Bostoen, Koen; Brinkman, Inge (eds.).
211:
Minor children can be automatically naturalized when their parent acquires nationality, if they have resided in the country for five years; or
3414:
Sohier, Antoine (1953). "Le statut personnel des autochtones au Congo Belge" [The Personal Status of Natives in the Belgian Congo].
239:. There is a moratorium in place since 2007 regarding depriving persons of their Congolese nationality if they have multiple nationalities.
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3167:
531:
for the Congolese population, few opportunities for them in the colonial system, and the government offered suppressed all opposition, by
5152:
3091:. Vol. V. Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century (2000 Reprint ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 588–607.
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4016:
2648:
2537:
3085:
Nziem, Ndaywel è (1992). "20. The Political System of the Luba and Lunda: Its Emergence and Expansion". In Ogot, Bethwell A. (ed.).
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3946:
3912:
3867:
3712:(Special). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: 29–50. 25 April 2003.
3743:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 18 September 1965.
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Lars-Christopher Huening (March 2013). "Making use of the past: the Rwandophone question and the 'Balkanisation of the Congo'".
4998:
4442:
4344:
4271:
3355:
Sandifer, Durward V. (April 1935). "A Comparative Study of Laws Relating to Nationality at Birth and to Loss of Nationality".
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on 20 July 1922, prompting colonial administrators to transplant tens of thousands of the inhabitants of Ruanda-Urundi to the
301:
In 1491, they sent a fleet including priests, soldiers and builders, who after making their way to the capital, baptized king
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2974:
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2516:
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19:
3216:
Reeves, Jesse S. (January 1909). "The Origin of the Congo Free State, Considered from the Standpoint of International Law".
3908:
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2996:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Steering Committee of the Congo Fraternity and Peace Association.
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in 1885, when the Congo Free State was founded. The provision left confusion over the status of the imported laborers from
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36:
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under their control. The chiefs of the Kongo became increasingly less important and their authority disintegrated.
100:
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5133:
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unwilling to ratify the agreements and annex the territory at the time, but the economic opportunity appealed to
208:
The legal spouse of a Congolese national can obtain nationality through marriage after seven years of matrimony;
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4161:
4009:
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3119:
692:
Article 5 is a definition list of terms and Article 30 concerns the recovery of nationality. Further, academic
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any other nationality. Besides foreigners meeting the criteria, other persons who may be naturalized include:
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4276:
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Response on Procedure and Conditions for Congolese Nationals of Rwandan Origin to Reinstate Their Nationality
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4081:
3942:
2566:
2382:
Boehme, Olivier (2005). "The Involvement of the Belgian Central Bank in the Katanga Secession, 1960–1963".
249:
2529:
A Collection of Nationality Laws of Various Countries as Contained in Constitutions, Statutes and Treaties
1770:
201:
Children born to foreigners in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, who are still residing in the DRC at
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5194:
5113:
5108:
5088:
5033:
5023:
4988:
4717:
4637:
4572:
4369:
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539:, and in 1957 allowing Africans to take part in municipal elections. In 1959, ethnic conflict led to the
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4897:
4727:
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4607:
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4407:
4389:
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309:, the kingdom weakened and saw a succession of short-lived monarchs reign between 1545 and 1568, when
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572:. It existed for two years, before being abolished and reunited with the Congolese state. In 1964, a
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490:
254:
3021:
and considered an expert on the Congo Crisis when he was interviewed in 2010 by the United Nations:
2692:
The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis
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3652:(1 Supplemental). Washington, D. C.: American Society of International Law: 76–87. January 1909.
3191:
Petit, Pierre (2005). "Luba: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries". In Shillington, Kevin (ed.).
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2603:
2533:
573:
3764:"Départment des affaires étrangères: Justice – Code Civil, des personnes (Décret du 4 mai 1895)"
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area of Belgian Congo to work on agricultural plantations and as miners. On 21 August 1925, the
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4171:
3766:[Department of Foreign Affairs: Justice — Civil Code, Persons (Decree of 4 May 1895)].
3774:(5 Supplement). Brussels, Belgium: F. Hayez, printer to the Royal Academy: 138–208. May 1895.
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4374:
3735:[Decree-Law of 18 September 1965 Regarding the Organic Law of Congolese Nationality]
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from the new republic and with support from the Belgian government, declared the independent
380:
371:
305:, who took the name João, and five of his leading chieftains. After the death of João's son,
3733:"Décret-Loi du 18 septembre 1965 portant Loi organique relative a la nationalité congolaise"
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2628:
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236:
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Adoptees who have been legally adopted by at least one parent who was a Congolese national.
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2910:
2504:
European Atrocity, African Catastrophe: Leopold II, the Congo Free State and Its Aftermath
2421:
Boelaert, E. (1951). "L'Histoire de l'Immatriculation" [History of Registration].
8:
5310:
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The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706
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Gauhar, Fasih Raghib (2009). "The United States and Overthrowing of Democracy in Congo".
536:
3967:"Secretary-General Appoints Stephen Jackson of Ireland UN Resident Coordinator in Kenya"
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to its independence regained their nationality. The name of the country was changed to
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3312:(in French). Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: Equipe droits européens et migrations: 16–20.
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The Kongo Kingdom: The Origins, Dynamics and Cosmopolitan Culture of an African Polity
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3885:
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3775:
3713:
3689:
3677:
3661:
3628:
3605:
3583:
3567:
3522:
3488:
3465:
3443:
3427:
3406:
3394:
3378:
3341:
3277:
3265:
3249:
3202:
3177:
3152:
3123:
3092:
2970:
2938:
2914:
2891:
2881:
2845:
2833:
2825:
2800:"Of 'Doubtful Nationality': Political Manipulation of Citizenship in the D. R. Congo"
2746:
2721:
2700:
2677:
2661:
2632:
2607:
2576:
2545:
2512:
2493:
2479:
2448:
2432:
2409:
2393:
2161:
410:
319:
306:
164:
2188:
1663:
1648:
992:
5234:
3653:
3559:
3514:
3370:
3244:
3239:
3231:
3148:
2873:
2817:
2471:
2284:
2220:
2218:
849:
807:
631:
586:
569:
562:
422:
339:
291:
2146:
5315:
4025:
3464:(11th printing ed.). Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press.
2966:
2565:. In Bauböck, Rainer; Ersbøll, Eva; Groenendijk, Kees; Waldrauch, Harald (eds.).
2526:
Flournoy, Richard W. Jr.; Hudson, Manley O. (1929). "Belgium and Belgian Congo".
618:
520:
482:
426:
405:
335:
331:
315:
283:
279:
258:
202:
96:
3879:"Seventh Meeting: Held at Geneva on Thursday, October 22nd, 1925, at 10.30 a.m."
3815:
3787:
3617:
Yoder, John C. (2005). "Luba: Origins and Growth". In Shillington, Kevin (ed.).
2624:
The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society since 1800
2215:
235:
The government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo does not typically allow
154:
Children born anywhere who have at least one parent who is a Congolese national;
5346:
5246:
3974:
3790:[Law N° 04/024 of 12 November 2004 Relative to Congolese Nationality].
2764:
444:
421:
On 5 May 1885, Leopold issued a royal decree naming his new private colony the
278:
In the region, inhabitants were typically arranged in lineage groups, known as
3681:
3587:
3447:
3398:
3269:
2895:
2837:
2821:
2681:
2568:
Acquisition and Loss of Nationality: Policies and Trends in 15 European States
2452:
2413:
612:
because of the loss of their nationality. In 1996, Zaire's highest court, the
5407:
5376:
5325:
5257:
4799:
3665:
3609:
3571:
3431:
3382:
3253:
2829:
2738:
King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa
2665:
2590:
2562:
2549:
2436:
2397:
2335:
558:
494:
477:
473:
355:
224:
158:
129:
3863:
3779:
3717:
3479:
United States Office of Personnel Management Investigation Services (2001).
342:, around 1680. The area was dotted with agricultural chiefdoms, such as the
314:
seventeenth century. A succession dispute in 1665, plunged the kingdom into
257:
regarding a case (2017/AR/701) brought in the French-speaking Family Court (
5272:
3487:. Washington, D. C.: American Immigration Lawyers Association. p. 55.
3017:
2431:(1). Coquilhatville, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Honoré Vinck: 6–12.
590:
457:
439:
347:
343:
327:
310:
3888:. 10 November 1925. pp. 52–60. Report C.648.M237.1925 VI C.P.M. 328.
3518:
2877:
2475:
287:
5330:
5288:
3915:. January 2006. COD100961.FE. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021
3329:
2760:
516:
375:
295:
115:
111:
3858:(3–4). Brussels, Belgium: Librairie Falk fils: 23–25. March–April 1901.
3788:"Loi n° 04/024 du 12 novembre 2004 relative à la nationalité congolaise"
3439:
3073:
2673:
2444:
3941:
3907:
3673:
3579:
3390:
3284:
3261:
3141:. In Dorman, Sarah Rich; Hammett, Daniel Patrick; Nugent, Paul (eds.).
2736:
2553:
2405:
2197:
1001:
860:
816:
604:
498:
351:
55:
3618:
3459:
3192:
3086:
3015:
The author Tshidibi Ngondavi was the editor-in-chief of the newspaper
2765:
Country of Origin Information Report: Democratic Republic of the Congo
2715:
2461:
3818:[Law N° 1981/002 of 29 June 1981 about Zairian Nationality].
3641:
3624:
3595:
3198:
2813:
2742:
2508:
1776:
565:
383:. In 1876, he hosted an International Geographical Conference at the
3657:
3563:
3374:
3334:"Nationality and Citizenship in a Changing European and World Order"
3235:
3144:
Making Nations, Creating Strangers: States and Citizenship in Africa
294:
in 1483 it was the most powerful kingdom in the western part of the
5298:
5264:
3994:
3943:
Responses to Information Requests: Democratic Republic of the Congo
682:
Foundlings were assumed to have Belgian fathers under the 1932 law.
465:
388:
123:
121:
Congolese nationality is typically obtained under the principle of
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2019:
2017:
1884:
1508:
1164:
3139:"The Politics of Citizenship in the Democratic Republic of Congo"
2311:
168:
3965:
2341:
2203:
3700:[Office of the President of the Republic: Family Code]
3027:"POLITICS-DR CONGO: Foreign Troops Pose Threat to Peace Accord"
2041:
2014:
1937:
1896:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1693:
1128:
660:
636:
Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1968:
1966:
1964:
1614:
1612:
1568:
1460:
1092:
3816:"Loi n° 1981/002 du 29 juin 1981 sur la nationalité zaïroise"
3511:
Stones Left Unturned: Law and Transitional Justice in Burundi
1580:
1520:
1472:
595:
3308:[The 'Belgians of Congolese status' Were Belgians].
1717:
413:
of 1884–1885 Leopold gained their endorsement of his plans.
290:, a Portuguese explorer, first established contact with the
127:, i.e. by birth in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, or
3698:"Cabinet du Président de la République: Code de la famille"
2299:
1961:
1925:
1821:
1809:
1609:
1378:
1376:
1188:
1116:
714:
663:, Angola, provided information in Dispatch No. 148 to the
561:, which would remain an issue of conflict. On 11 July, the
3642:"Bill Providing for the Government of the Belgian Congo".
3513:. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Intersentia. pp. 17–38.
3285:
Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland (31 August 2011).
2274:
2272:
2257:
1236:
1152:
3504:"1 - Burundi's Legacy of Large-Scale Human Rights Abuses"
2388:(33). Madison, Wisconsin: African Studies Program of the
1857:
1758:
1746:
1532:
1496:
1484:
1448:
1176:
1014:
1012:
1010:
944:
3846:[Naturalization – Order (Decree of 4 May 1895)]
2937:(3rd ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: African Minds.
2323:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
1949:
1833:
1785:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1436:
1373:
1224:
1031:
1029:
1027:
242:
3706:
Journal Officiel de la République Démocratique du Congo
3292:(Report). Cahersiveen, Ireland: Irish Legal Aid Board.
2347:
2269:
1874:
1872:
1070:
1068:
448:, and administered the territory as if it were his own
3604:. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
2176:
2060:
2029:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1424:
1412:
1349:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1007:
922:
920:
881:
871:
869:
839:
837:
743:
741:
416:
286:, passing a portion on to the main ruler. By the time
171:
discovered in the territory whose parents are unknown.
2245:
2127:
2108:
2096:
1845:
1797:
1734:
1705:
1636:
1592:
1556:
1544:
1325:
1284:
1260:
1212:
1200:
1053:
1041:
1024:
782:
780:
3340:. Turku, Finland: Turku Law School. pp. 30–60.
2359:
2233:
2084:
2072:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1869:
1272:
1248:
1140:
1104:
1080:
1065:
968:
956:
797:
795:
753:
433:). As was required by the Belgian Constitution, the
105:
Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
64:
Loi No. 04/024 Relative à la Nationalité Congolaise
1908:
1400:
1388:
1361:
1337:
1313:
1296:
980:
932:
917:
905:
866:
834:
738:
546:
3796:Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1624:
893:
822:
777:
765:
726:
346:, Kalundwe, Kanincin, Kanyok, Mpimin, Nsanga, and
77:Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
45:Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3877:
3842:
3762:
3306:"Les 'Belges de statut congolais' étaient Belges"
1902:
1890:
1684:
1669:
1654:
792:
5405:
3933:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3852:Bulletin Officiel de l'Etat Indépendant du Congo
3844:"Naturalisation – Arrêté (Décret du 4 mai 1895)"
3768:Bulletin Officiel de l'Etat Indépendant du Congo
3696:
3136:
3105:
3051:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2290:
2209:
2054:
2023:
157:Children born in the country to parents who are
150:Those who acquire nationality at birth include:
3814:
3786:
3731:
2459:
2317:
2224:
2167:
2152:
1098:
273:
3033:. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022
2561:Foblets, Marie-Claire; Loones, Sander (2006).
2525:
1943:
1728:
1699:
4010:
2602:(3rd ed.). Haywards Heath, West Sussex:
2560:
1972:
1931:
1815:
136:
5157:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
3165:
3116:African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy
2571:. Vol. 2: Country Analyses. Amsterdam:
2198:Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 2006
1134:
1122:
1002:Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland 2011
861:Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 2020
817:Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland 2011
205:may obtain nationality of origin by request;
5414:Law of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3501:
2962:Citizenship in Africa: The Law of Belonging
2759:
2263:
1863:
4017:
4003:
2734:
2649:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1764:
1586:
1574:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1382:
634:began in 1998 and ended in 2003, when the
318:eventually fracturing the kingdom. Though
35:
3243:
2902:
1242:
3623:. Vol. 2. H-O. New York, New York:
3542:
3454:
3354:
3197:. Vol. 2. H-O. New York, New York:
3166:Oliver, Roland; Atmore, Anthony (2001).
3108:"12. United States Policy towards Zaire"
2983:
2597:
2420:
2121:
1851:
1827:
1618:
1603:
1194:
759:
3947:Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
3913:Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
3911:(Report) (in French). Ottawa, Ontario:
3303:
2903:Malu-Malu, Jean-Jacques Arthur (2002).
2797:
2627:(2nd ed.). Houndmills, Hampshire:
2353:
2305:
2278:
1955:
1839:
1791:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1018:
493:established Belgian administration for
5406:
3413:
3304:Renauld, Bernadette (September 2018).
3215:
2988:[The Question of Nationality]
2859:
2713:
2645:
2620:
2381:
2182:
2102:
2090:
2066:
2035:
1803:
1752:
1740:
1711:
1642:
1562:
1550:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1218:
1206:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1110:
1086:
1074:
218:
3998:
3830:from the original on 11 February 2021
3645:American Journal of International Law
3616:
3556:American Society of International Law
3547:American Journal of International Law
3478:
3367:American Society of International Law
3358:American Journal of International Law
3328:
3228:American Society of International Law
3219:American Journal of International Law
3190:
3084:
2958:
2927:
2688:
2500:
2365:
2342:UN Sustainable Development Group 2021
2329:
2251:
2239:
2140:
2078:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1919:
1878:
1778:American Journal of International Law
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1367:
1355:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1230:
986:
974:
962:
950:
938:
926:
911:
899:
887:
875:
843:
828:
801:
786:
771:
747:
732:
720:
525:Mission d'immigration des Banyarwanda
243:Re-acquisition of Belgian nationality
20:Republic of the Congo nationality law
4024:
3802:from the original on 1 February 2018
3594:
3316:from the original on 3 February 2021
2984:Ngondavi, Tshidibi (February 2002).
1630:
175:
3873:from the original on 6 August 2021.
3750:from the original on 6 October 2017
3727:from the original on 1 August 2021.
3299:from the original on 29 April 2017.
3062:Review of African Political Economy
3003:from the original on 14 August 2017
417:Belgian colonial period (1885–1960)
374:completed his quest to explore the
230:
13:
3953:from the original on 1 August 2021
3137:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2007).
3106:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (1985).
2954:from the original on 26 June 2021.
2798:Jackson, Stephen (November 2007).
2785:from the original on 1 August 2021
2600:Fransman's British Nationality Law
263:Tribunal de la famille francophone
193:. Upon approval an applicant must
14:
5430:
3981:from the original on 13 June 2021
3895:from the original on 17 July 2021
5386:
5385:
4107:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3971:UN Sustainable Development Group
3287:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3025:Juakali Kambale (8 April 2003).
2776:Government of the United Kingdom
685:
676:
659:In 1925, the American Consul in
547:Post-independence (1960–present)
101:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5252:Birth aboard aircraft and ships
3949:. 30 March 2020. COD200186.FE.
3620:Encyclopedia of African History
3194:Encyclopedia of African History
3031:Inter Press Service News Agency
2986:"La question de la nationalité"
2374:
653:
624:
517:Banyarwanda Immigration Mission
5089:Federated States of Micronesia
4453:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
3822:(in French). Kinshasa, Zaire:
3338:Law Under Exogenous Influences
3120:University of California Press
223:Congolese nationals cannot be
189:, before being granted by the
1:
3485:Citizenship Laws of the World
3424:Université libre de Bruxelles
3172:. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire:
2466:. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire:
703:
394:International African Society
5370:British Overseas Territories
3794:(in French). Kinshasa, DRC:
3114:; Sklar, Richard L. (eds.).
2812:(5). Abingdon, Oxfordshire:
1173:, pp. 144–145, 150–151.
708:
580:
551:
533:jailing political dissidents
476:debt. Upon establishing the
274:African Kingdoms (1400–1885)
7:
5240:Renunciation of citizenship
3945:(Report). Ottawa, Ontario:
3741:Citizenshiprightsafrica.org
3147:. Leiden, The Netherlands:
2864:. In Dalziel, Nigel (ed.).
2720:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2697:University of Chicago Press
1099:Bostoen & Brinkman 2018
469:benefited the common good.
338:emerged after 1500 and the
145:
110:The legal means to acquire
10:
5435:
3502:Vandeginste, Stef (2010).
3336:. In Suksi, Markku (ed.).
3174:Cambridge University Press
3169:Medieval Africa, 1250–1800
2866:The Encyclopedia of Empire
2573:Amsterdam University Press
2468:Cambridge University Press
1944:Flournoy & Hudson 1929
1729:Flournoy & Hudson 1929
1700:Flournoy & Hudson 1929
506:1925 bill stipulated that
268:
255:Brussels' Court of Appeals
137:Acquisition of nationality
17:
5365:
5339:
5281:
5222:
5175:
5076:
4966:
4793:
4786:
4555:
4480:
4337:
4330:
4039:
4032:
3088:General History of Africa
2931:Citizenship Law in Africa
2822:10.1080/13621020701605792
2735:Hochschild, Adam (2012).
2598:Fransman, Laurie (2011).
1973:Foblets & Loones 2006
1932:Foblets & Loones 2006
1816:Foblets & Loones 2006
491:League of Nations mandate
460:to the Congo Free State.
431:État Indepéndant du Congo
399:In 1877, Welsh explorer,
326:To the east, between the
103:. It is regulated by the
93:Congolese nationality law
82:
72:
50:
43:
34:
30:Congolese Nationality Law
29:
4087:Central African Republic
3481:"Congo (Formerly Zaire)"
3422:(2). Brussels, Belgium:
3118:. Berkeley, California:
3110:. In Bender, Gerald J.;
2860:Macola, Giacomo (2016).
2689:Gibbs, David N. (1991).
2385:African Economic History
1517:, pp. 141, 144–145.
1135:Oliver & Atmore 2001
1123:Oliver & Atmore 2001
646:
18:Not to be confused with
5185:Commonwealth of Nations
3973:. Geneva, Switzerland:
3554:(3). Washington, D.C.:
3538:(subscription required)
3365:(2). Washington, D.C.:
3245:2027/mdp.39015073398615
3226:(1). Washington, D.C.:
2959:Manby, Bronwen (2018).
2928:Manby, Bronwyn (2016).
2855:(subscription required)
2658:Indian History Congress
2604:Bloomsbury Professional
2534:Oxford University Press
2390:University of Wisconsin
723:, pp. 24, 37, 134.
630:Republic of Congo. The
4999:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3627:. pp. 3546–3550.
3544:Fernand Glesner].
3533: – via
3201:. pp. 3550–3556.
2850: – via
2532:. New York, New York:
2501:Ewans, Martin (2002).
1903:League of Nations 1925
1891:League of Nations 1925
524:
430:
262:
5382:Partially recognized.
4247:São Tomé and Príncipe
3519:10.1017/9781839700767
2878:10.1002/9781118455074
2870:John Wiley & Sons
2714:Hilton, Anne (1985).
2695:. Chicago, Illinois:
2621:Freund, Bill (1998).
2476:10.1017/9781108564823
2210:Nzongola-Ntalaja 1985
2055:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007
2024:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007
585:On 25 November 1965,
515:program known as the
508:Ruandan-Rundi natives
381:Leopold II of Belgium
372:Verney Lovett Cameron
354:, believed to be the
5321:Second-class citizen
5294:Multiple citizenship
4763:United Arab Emirates
4397:(Kingdom of Denmark)
3977:. 26 February 2021.
3798:. 12 November 2004.
3122:. pp. 225–238.
3112:Coleman, James Smoot
2909:(in French). Paris:
2852:Taylor & Francis
2717:The Kingdom of Kongo
2656:. New Delhi, India:
2629:Macmillan Publishers
2318:Nationality Law 2004
1577:, pp. 180, 218.
1469:, pp. 106, 112.
1161:, pp. 113, 119.
953:, pp. 104, 112.
587:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
458:oath of faithfulness
401:Henry Morton Stanley
183:Council of Ministers
5311:Permanent residency
5230:Loss of citizenship
5205:Caribbean Community
4458:Trinidad and Tobago
4443:St. Kitts and Nevis
4345:Antigua and Barbuda
3824:Government of Zaire
2862:"Luba–Lunda states"
2805:Citizenship Studies
2575:. pp. 63–104.
2308:, pp. 489–490.
1830:, pp. 673–674.
1755:, pp. 179–180.
1621:, pp. 251–252.
1589:, pp. 194–196.
1529:, pp. 151–153.
1481:, pp. 114–116.
1233:, pp. 588–589.
1197:, pp. 202–203.
1185:, pp. 199–202.
1137:, pp. 172–173.
537:Lovanium University
219:Loss of nationality
86:Current legislation
4385:Dominican Republic
3151:. pp. 69–80.
2868:. Chichester, UK:
2774:(Report). London:
2424:Annales Aequatoria
2332:, pp. 55, 66.
665:Secretary of State
614:Court of Cassation
541:Rwandan Revolution
503:Belgian Parliament
450:proprietary colony
250:Court of Cassation
165:Abandoned children
5401:
5400:
5375:Open border with
5218:
5217:
5072:
5071:
4551:
4550:
4471:US Virgin Islands
4398:
4122:Equatorial Guinea
3886:League of Nations
3634:978-1-57958-455-9
3528:978-1-83970-076-7
3494:978-1-57370-110-5
3471:978-0-521-59370-0
3456:Thornton, John K.
3347:978-951-29-0284-2
3310:Cahiers de l'EDEM
3208:978-1-57958-455-9
3158:978-90-04-15790-3
3129:978-0-520-05628-2
2976:978-1-5099-2078-5
2944:978-1-928331-08-7
2920:978-2-84586-233-3
2911:Éditions Karthala
2906:Le Congo-Kinshasa
2887:978-1-118-45507-4
2752:978-1-4472-1135-8
2727:978-0-19-822719-9
2706:978-0-226-29071-3
2613:978-1-84592-095-1
2582:978-90-5356-921-4
2518:978-0-7007-1589-3
2485:978-1-108-47418-4
2470:. pp. 1–16.
2320:, pp. 2, 10.
2173:, pp. 91–93.
1958:, pp. 16–17.
1946:, pp. 29–35.
1893:, pp. 54–55.
1842:, pp. 18–19.
1794:, pp. 17–18.
1782:, pp. 76–77.
1702:, pp. 43–44.
1690:, pp. 23–25.
1686:Bulletin Officiel
1671:Bulletin Officiel
1656:Bulletin Officiel
1433:, pp. 41–42.
1421:, pp. 39–40.
1358:, pp. 28–29.
1245:, pp. 78–79.
890:, pp. 8, 88.
670:Chargé d'affaires
411:Berlin Conference
320:Pedro IV of Kongo
307:Afonso I of Kongo
187:National Assembly
176:By naturalization
90:
89:
5426:
5389:
5388:
5235:Denaturalization
5124:Papua New Guinea
5109:Marshall Islands
4791:
4790:
4396:
4335:
4334:
4037:
4036:
4026:Nationality laws
4019:
4012:
4005:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3938:
3932:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3883:
3874:
3872:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3826:. 29 June 1981.
3811:
3809:
3807:
3783:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3703:
3693:
3638:
3613:
3591:
3539:
3532:
3508:
3498:
3475:
3451:
3410:
3351:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3300:
3298:
3291:
3281:
3247:
3212:
3187:
3162:
3149:Brill Publishers
3133:
3102:
3077:
3056:
3050:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3002:
2994:Ethno-Net Africa
2991:
2980:
2955:
2953:
2936:
2924:
2899:
2856:
2849:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2769:
2756:
2731:
2710:
2685:
2642:
2617:
2594:
2557:
2522:
2497:
2456:
2417:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2292:Journal Officiel
2288:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2264:Home Office 2006
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2165:
2159:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2125:
2119:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1864:Vandeginste 2010
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1667:
1661:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1005:
999:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
864:
858:
847:
841:
832:
826:
820:
814:
805:
799:
790:
784:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
736:
733:& USOPM 2001
730:
724:
718:
697:
689:
683:
680:
674:
657:
632:Second Congo War
574:new constitution
570:State of Katanga
563:Katanga Province
423:Congo Free State
292:Kingdom of Kongo
237:dual nationality
231:Dual nationality
39:
27:
26:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5419:Nationality law
5404:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5361:
5335:
5316:Right of return
5277:
5214:
5177:
5171:
5134:Solomon Islands
5068:
5034:Northern Cyprus
5029:North Macedonia
4962:
4797:
4782:
4547:
4476:
4326:
4028:
4023:
3993:
3984:
3982:
3956:
3954:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3916:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3881:
3870:
3847:
3833:
3831:
3805:
3803:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3736:
3724:
3701:
3658:10.2307/2212033
3635:
3564:10.2307/2187513
3537:
3529:
3506:
3495:
3472:
3375:10.2307/2190490
3348:
3319:
3317:
3296:
3289:
3236:10.2307/2186209
3209:
3184:
3159:
3130:
3099:
3059:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3034:
3024:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2989:
2977:
2967:Hart Publishing
2951:
2945:
2934:
2921:
2888:
2854:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2767:
2753:
2728:
2707:
2639:
2614:
2583:
2519:
2486:
2377:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:Nationality Law
2223:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:Nationality Law
2166:
2162:
2154:Nationality Law
2151:
2147:
2139:
2128:
2120:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1775:
1771:
1765:Hochschild 2012
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1683:
1679:
1668:
1664:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1593:
1587:Hochschild 2012
1585:
1581:
1575:Hochschild 2012
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1539:Hochschild 2012
1537:
1533:
1527:Hochschild 2012
1525:
1521:
1515:Hochschild 2012
1513:
1509:
1503:Hochschild 2012
1501:
1497:
1491:Hochschild 2012
1489:
1485:
1479:Hochschild 2012
1477:
1473:
1467:Hochschild 2012
1465:
1461:
1455:Hochschild 2012
1453:
1449:
1443:Hochschild 2012
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1383:Hochschild 2012
1381:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1334:, pp. 3–4.
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1297:
1293:, p. 3552.
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1269:, p. 3548.
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1101:, pp. 1–2.
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1025:
1017:
1008:
1000:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
918:
910:
906:
898:
894:
886:
882:
874:
867:
859:
850:
842:
835:
827:
823:
815:
808:
800:
793:
785:
778:
770:
766:
758:
754:
750:, pp. 4–6.
746:
739:
731:
727:
719:
715:
711:
706:
701:
700:
690:
686:
681:
677:
658:
654:
649:
641:Stephen Jackson
627:
619:First Congo War
589:led a military
583:
554:
549:
483:Western culture
435:Belgian Chamber
419:
406:holding company
336:Kingdom of Luba
332:Lake Tanganyika
276:
271:
245:
233:
221:
178:
148:
139:
97:nationality law
73:Enacted by
68:
65:
60:
59:
23:
12:
11:
5:
5432:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5383:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5296:
5291:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:Naturalization
5244:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5200:Nordic Council
5197:
5192:
5190:European Union
5187:
5181:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5153:American Samoa
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5064:United Kingdom
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4967:Rest of Europe
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4833:Czech Republic
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4795:European Union
4788:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4341:
4339:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4312:Western Sahara
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4102:Congo Republic
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4021:
4014:
4007:
3999:
3992:
3991:
3975:United Nations
3963:
3939:
3905:
3875:
3840:
3812:
3784:
3760:
3729:
3694:
3639:
3633:
3614:
3592:
3540:
3535:Cambridge Core
3527:
3499:
3493:
3476:
3470:
3452:
3411:
3352:
3346:
3326:
3301:
3282:
3213:
3207:
3188:
3182:
3163:
3157:
3134:
3128:
3103:
3097:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3057:
2981:
2975:
2956:
2943:
2925:
2919:
2900:
2886:
2857:
2795:
2763:(April 2006).
2757:
2751:
2732:
2726:
2711:
2705:
2686:
2643:
2637:
2618:
2612:
2595:
2581:
2558:
2523:
2517:
2498:
2484:
2457:
2418:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2358:
2356:, p. 491.
2346:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2283:
2281:, p. 483.
2268:
2256:
2254:, p. 124.
2244:
2232:
2214:
2212:, p. 225.
2202:
2187:
2185:, p. 873.
2175:
2160:
2145:
2143:, p. 123.
2126:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2069:, p. 199.
2059:
2040:
2038:, p. 198.
2028:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1881:, p. 223.
1868:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1806:, p. 187.
1796:
1784:
1769:
1767:, p. 447.
1757:
1745:
1743:, p. 179.
1733:
1716:
1714:, p. 181.
1704:
1692:
1677:
1675:, p. 142.
1662:
1660:, p. 139.
1647:
1645:, p. 180.
1635:
1623:
1608:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1565:, p. 115.
1555:
1553:, p. 116.
1543:
1541:, p. 155.
1531:
1519:
1507:
1505:, p. 130.
1495:
1493:, p. 126.
1483:
1471:
1459:
1457:, p. 102.
1447:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1295:
1283:
1281:, p. 593.
1271:
1259:
1257:, p. 589.
1247:
1243:Malu-Malu 2002
1235:
1223:
1221:, p. 223.
1211:
1209:, p. 210.
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1125:, p. 168.
1115:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1023:
1021:, p. 490.
1006:
991:
979:
977:, p. 109.
967:
965:, p. 113.
955:
943:
931:
916:
904:
892:
880:
865:
848:
833:
821:
806:
791:
776:
764:
752:
737:
725:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
699:
698:
684:
675:
651:
650:
648:
645:
626:
623:
582:
579:
553:
550:
548:
545:
445:Force Publique
418:
415:
303:Nzinga a Nkuwu
275:
272:
270:
267:
244:
241:
232:
229:
220:
217:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
177:
174:
173:
172:
162:
155:
147:
144:
138:
135:
88:
87:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
67:
66:
63:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
41:
40:
32:
31:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5431:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5394:
5393:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5377:Schengen Area
5374:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5326:Statelessness
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5258:Ius sanguinis
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5211:
5210:African Union
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:organizations
5176:International
5174:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5149:United States
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4893:Liechtenstein
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4800:Schengen Area
4796:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4463:United States
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:Guinea-Bissau
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4015:
4013:
4008:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3854:(in French).
3853:
3845:
3841:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3770:(in French).
3769:
3765:
3761:
3746:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3708:(in French).
3707:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3418:(in French).
3417:
3416:Civilisations
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3183:0-521-79024-7
3179:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3098:92-3-101711-X
3094:
3090:
3089:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3013:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2933:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2638:1-55587-805-9
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2591:j.ctt46n00f.6
2588:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2368:, p. 98.
2367:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2296:, p. 37.
2295:
2293:
2287:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2266:, p. 19.
2265:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2242:, p. 55.
2241:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2158:, p. 90.
2157:
2155:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2122:Ngondavi 2002
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2105:, p. 23.
2104:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2081:, p. 60.
2080:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2057:, p. 74.
2056:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2026:, p. 71.
2025:
2020:
2018:
2011:, p. 59.
2010:
2005:
1999:, p. 57.
1998:
1993:
1987:, p. 55.
1986:
1981:
1975:, p. 69.
1974:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1934:, p. 68.
1933:
1928:
1922:, p. 42.
1921:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1905:, p. 57.
1904:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1866:, p. 18.
1865:
1860:
1853:
1852:Boelaert 1951
1848:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1828:Van Dyne 1914
1824:
1818:, p. 67.
1817:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1731:, p. 44.
1730:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1633:, p. 18.
1632:
1627:
1620:
1619:Sandifer 1935
1615:
1613:
1605:
1604:Boelaert 1951
1600:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1445:, p. 81.
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1409:, p. 35.
1408:
1403:
1397:, p. 34.
1396:
1391:
1385:, p. 84.
1384:
1379:
1377:
1370:, p. 33.
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1195:Thornton 2009
1191:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1149:, p. 73.
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1113:, p. 50.
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1089:, p. 33.
1088:
1083:
1077:, p. 32.
1076:
1071:
1069:
1062:, p. 19.
1061:
1056:
1050:, p. 17.
1049:
1044:
1038:, p. 16.
1037:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1003:
998:
996:
989:, p. 97.
988:
983:
976:
971:
964:
959:
952:
947:
941:, p. 57.
940:
935:
929:, p. 66.
928:
923:
921:
914:, p. 87.
913:
908:
901:
896:
889:
884:
878:, p. 88.
877:
872:
870:
862:
857:
855:
853:
846:, p. 50.
845:
840:
838:
831:, p. 54.
830:
825:
818:
813:
811:
803:
798:
796:
789:, p. 48.
788:
783:
781:
774:, p. 34.
773:
768:
761:
760:Fransman 2011
756:
749:
744:
742:
735:, p. 55.
734:
729:
722:
717:
713:
695:
694:Bronwyn Manby
688:
679:
671:
666:
662:
656:
652:
644:
642:
637:
633:
622:
620:
615:
611:
606:
600:
597:
592:
588:
578:
575:
571:
567:
564:
560:
559:Ruanda-Urundi
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
512:
509:
504:
500:
496:
495:Ruanda-Urundi
492:
487:
484:
479:
478:Belgian Congo
475:
470:
467:
461:
459:
453:
451:
447:
446:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
414:
412:
407:
402:
397:
395:
390:
386:
382:
377:
373:
368:
365:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
321:
317:
312:
311:Jaga warriors
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
266:
264:
260:
256:
251:
240:
238:
228:
226:
225:denaturalized
213:
210:
207:
204:
200:
199:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
170:
166:
163:
160:
156:
153:
152:
151:
143:
134:
132:
131:
130:jus sanguinis
126:
125:
119:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
62:
61:
58:
57:
49:
46:
42:
38:
33:
28:
25:
21:
16:
5391:
5357:Soviet Union
5352:Ancient Rome
5347:Nazi Germany
5273:Repatriation
5263:
5256:
5223:By procedure
4758:Turkmenistan
4713:Saudi Arabia
4277:South Africa
4262:Sierra Leone
4106:
4067:Burkina Faso
4033:By continent
3983:. Retrieved
3970:
3955:. Retrieved
3917:. Retrieved
3897:. Retrieved
3855:
3851:
3832:. Retrieved
3819:
3804:. Retrieved
3791:
3771:
3767:
3752:. Retrieved
3740:
3709:
3705:
3649:
3643:
3619:
3600:
3551:
3545:
3510:
3484:
3460:
3419:
3415:
3362:
3356:
3337:
3330:Rosas, Allan
3318:. Retrieved
3309:
3223:
3217:
3193:
3168:
3143:
3115:
3087:
3065:
3061:
3035:. Retrieved
3030:
3018:Le Potentiel
3016:
3005:. Retrieved
2993:
2961:
2930:
2905:
2865:
2809:
2803:
2787:. Retrieved
2771:
2737:
2716:
2691:
2653:
2647:
2623:
2599:
2567:
2563:"2. Belgium"
2552:– via
2528:
2503:
2462:
2428:
2422:
2383:
2375:Bibliography
2361:
2354:Jackson 2007
2349:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2306:Jackson 2007
2301:
2291:
2286:
2279:Jackson 2007
2259:
2247:
2235:
2225:
2205:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2153:
2148:
2098:
2093:, p. 2.
2086:
2074:
2062:
2031:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1956:Renauld 2018
1951:
1939:
1927:
1898:
1886:
1859:
1854:, p. 7.
1847:
1840:Renauld 2018
1835:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1792:Renauld 2018
1787:
1777:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1707:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1606:, p. 6.
1582:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1363:
1351:
1346:, p. 5.
1339:
1327:
1322:, p. 3.
1315:
1310:, p. 2.
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1060:Renauld 2018
1055:
1048:Renauld 2018
1043:
1036:Renauld 2018
1019:Jackson 2007
1004:, p. 1.
982:
970:
958:
946:
934:
907:
902:, p. 8.
895:
883:
824:
819:, p. 2.
804:, p. 6.
767:
762:, p. 4.
755:
728:
716:
687:
678:
655:
628:
625:1997–present
601:
584:
555:
513:
488:
471:
462:
454:
443:
440:private army
420:
398:
385:Palais Royal
369:
360:
356:reincarnated
340:Lunda Empire
328:Kwango River
325:
300:
277:
246:
234:
222:
179:
149:
140:
128:
122:
120:
109:
92:
91:
83:
54:
24:
15:
5331:Travel visa
5289:Citizenship
5114:New Zealand
4958:Switzerland
4913:Netherlands
4723:South Korea
4703:Philippines
4683:North Korea
4563:Afghanistan
4467:Puerto Rico
4390:El Salvador
4282:South Sudan
4167:Ivory Coast
3929:cite report
3558:: 673–676.
3426:: 179–187.
3369:: 248–279.
3068:(135): 30.
2816:: 481–500.
2761:Home Office
2660:: 869–879.
2536:. pp.
2183:Gauhar 2009
2103:Boehme 2005
2091:Boehme 2005
2067:Freund 1998
2036:Freund 1998
1804:Sohier 1953
1753:Sohier 1953
1741:Sohier 1953
1712:Sohier 1953
1643:Sohier 1953
1563:Reeves 1909
1551:Reeves 1909
1344:Macola 2016
1332:Macola 2016
1320:Macola 2016
1308:Macola 2016
1219:Hilton 1985
1207:Hilton 1985
1183:Hilton 1985
1171:Hilton 1985
1159:Hilton 1985
1147:Hilton 1985
1111:Hilton 1985
1087:Hilton 1985
1075:Hilton 1985
591:coup d'état
376:Congo Basin
364:slave trade
296:Congo Basin
116:citizenship
112:nationality
5408:Categories
5044:San Marino
5024:Montenegro
4989:Azerbaijan
4903:Luxembourg
4768:Uzbekistan
4738:Tajikistan
4643:Kyrgyzstan
4638:Kazakhstan
4598:East Timor
4573:Bangladesh
4395:Greenland
4370:Costa Rica
4272:Somaliland
4257:Seychelles
4222:Mozambique
4207:Mauritania
4192:Madagascar
4147:The Gambia
4082:Cape Verde
3682:7021504706
3596:Wold, Emma
3588:5545358086
3448:5545122920
3399:7376570663
3270:5545360664
3230:: 99–118.
2965:. Oxford:
2896:8681961656
2838:4797312848
2741:. London:
2682:7788020193
2554:HeinOnline
2507:. London:
2453:5544851535
2414:7836140738
2366:Manby 2016
2330:Manby 2016
2252:Manby 2016
2240:Manby 2016
2141:Manby 2016
2079:Manby 2016
2009:Gibbs 1991
1997:Gibbs 1991
1985:Gibbs 1991
1920:Manby 2016
1879:Manby 2018
1431:Ewans 2002
1419:Ewans 2002
1407:Ewans 2002
1395:Ewans 2002
1368:Ewans 2002
1356:Ewans 2002
1291:Petit 2005
1279:Nziem 1992
1267:Yoder 2005
1255:Nziem 1992
1231:Nziem 1992
987:Manby 2016
975:Manby 2016
963:Manby 2016
951:Manby 2016
939:Manby 2016
927:Manby 2016
912:Manby 2016
900:Manby 2016
888:Manby 2016
876:Manby 2016
844:Manby 2016
829:Manby 2016
802:Manby 2016
787:Manby 2016
772:Rosas 1994
748:Manby 2016
721:Manby 2016
704:References
610:parliament
605:South Kivu
499:North Kivu
56:Long title
5282:By result
5084:Australia
4898:Lithuania
4728:Sri Lanka
4718:Singapore
4698:Palestine
4608:Indonesia
4543:Venezuela
4488:Argentina
4448:St. Lucia
4433:Nicaragua
4408:Guatemala
4212:Mauritius
3690:246012338
3666:0002-9300
3625:Routledge
3610:237585125
3572:0002-9300
3432:0009-8140
3407:147582097
3383:0002-9300
3278:147100314
3254:0002-9300
3199:Routledge
3047:cite news
3037:26 August
2846:144902646
2830:1362-1025
2814:Routledge
2743:Pan Books
2666:2249-1937
2550:875321407
2509:Routledge
2494:167162148
2437:0304-257X
2398:0145-2258
1631:Wold 1928
709:Citations
581:1965–1997
552:1960–1965
370:In 1875,
316:civil war
288:Diogo Cão
191:President
159:stateless
5392:Category
5304:Internal
5299:Passport
5265:Ius soli
5195:Mercosur
5104:Kiribati
4943:Slovenia
4938:Slovakia
4928:Portugal
4818:Bulgaria
4748:Thailand
4693:Pakistan
4668:Mongolia
4663:Malaysia
4588:Cambodia
4533:Suriname
4523:Paraguay
4508:Colombia
4418:Honduras
4380:Dominica
4355:Barbados
4331:Americas
4322:Zimbabwe
4292:Tanzania
4137:Ethiopia
4132:Eswatini
4112:Djibouti
4077:Cameroon
4062:Botswana
3985:8 August
3979:Archived
3957:1 August
3951:Archived
3919:8 August
3890:Archived
3868:Archived
3864:72892730
3834:8 August
3828:Archived
3820:RefWorld
3806:1 August
3800:Archived
3792:RefWorld
3780:72892730
3754:8 August
3745:Archived
3722:Archived
3718:72892730
3598:(1928).
3458:(2009).
3440:41377511
3332:(1994).
3320:6 August
3314:Archived
3294:Archived
3074:42003302
3007:7 August
2998:Archived
2949:Archived
2789:1 August
2780:Archived
2772:RefWorld
2674:44147734
2445:25838076
2392:: 1–29.
673:Belgium.
529:suffrage
466:polygamy
389:Brussels
284:tributes
203:majority
195:renounce
185:and the
146:By birth
124:jus soli
99:for the
5340:Defunct
5167:Vanuatu
5077:Oceania
5059:Ukraine
5014:Moldova
5004:Georgia
4994:Belarus
4984:Andorra
4979:Armenia
4974:Albania
4933:Romania
4878:Ireland
4873:Iceland
4868:Hungary
4858:Germany
4848:Finland
4843:Estonia
4838:Denmark
4823:Croatia
4813:Belgium
4808:Austria
4773:Vietnam
4673:Myanmar
4658:Lebanon
4568:Bahrain
4538:Uruguay
4513:Ecuador
4493:Bolivia
4423:Jamaica
4403:Grenada
4350:Bahamas
4302:Tunisia
4267:Somalia
4252:Senegal
4237:Nigeria
4227:Namibia
4217:Morocco
4182:Liberia
4177:Lesotho
4127:Eritrea
4097:Comoros
4072:Burundi
4047:Algeria
3899:17 July
3674:2212033
3580:2187513
3391:2190490
3262:2186209
2406:4617603
566:seceded
269:History
169:orphans
95:is the
84:Status:
5144:Tuvalu
5054:Turkey
5049:Serbia
5039:Russia
5019:Monaco
5009:Kosovo
4953:Sweden
4923:Poland
4918:Norway
4888:Latvia
4863:Greece
4853:France
4828:Cyprus
4787:Europe
4753:Turkey
4743:Taiwan
4648:Kuwait
4633:Jordan
4623:Israel
4583:Brunei
4578:Bhutan
4518:Guyana
4498:Brazil
4438:Panama
4428:Mexico
4365:Canada
4360:Belize
4317:Zambia
4307:Uganda
4242:Rwanda
4197:Malawi
4157:Guinea
4052:Angola
4040:Africa
3862:
3778:
3716:
3688:
3680:
3672:
3664:
3631:
3608:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3525:
3491:
3468:
3446:
3438:
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3405:
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3252:
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2579:
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2435:
2412:
2404:
2396:
661:Luanda
521:French
442:, the
427:French
352:medium
334:, the
259:French
5139:Tonga
5129:Samoa
5119:Palau
5099:Nauru
4948:Spain
4908:Malta
4883:Italy
4778:Yemen
4733:Syria
4708:Qatar
4678:Nepal
4628:Japan
4603:India
4593:China
4503:Chile
4481:South
4413:Haiti
4338:North
4287:Sudan
4232:Niger
4187:Libya
4172:Kenya
4152:Ghana
4142:Gabon
4117:Egypt
4057:Benin
3893:(PDF)
3882:(PDF)
3871:(PDF)
3848:(PDF)
3748:(PDF)
3737:(PDF)
3725:(PDF)
3702:(PDF)
3686:S2CID
3670:JSTOR
3576:JSTOR
3507:(PDF)
3436:JSTOR
3403:S2CID
3387:JSTOR
3297:(PDF)
3290:(PDF)
3274:S2CID
3258:JSTOR
3070:JSTOR
3001:(PDF)
2990:(PDF)
2952:(PDF)
2935:(PDF)
2842:S2CID
2783:(PDF)
2768:(PDF)
2670:JSTOR
2587:JSTOR
2542:42–44
2538:27–41
2490:S2CID
2441:JSTOR
2402:JSTOR
647:Notes
596:Zaire
474:franc
348:Ruund
344:Hemba
280:kanda
5161:Guam
5094:Fiji
4798:and
4688:Oman
4653:Laos
4618:Iraq
4613:Iran
4556:Asia
4528:Peru
4375:Cuba
4297:Togo
4202:Mali
4092:Chad
3987:2021
3959:2021
3935:link
3921:2021
3901:2021
3860:OCLC
3836:2021
3808:2021
3776:OCLC
3756:2021
3714:OCLC
3678:OCLC
3662:ISSN
3629:ISBN
3606:OCLC
3584:OCLC
3568:ISSN
3523:ISBN
3489:ISBN
3466:ISBN
3444:OCLC
3428:ISSN
3395:OCLC
3379:ISSN
3342:ISBN
3322:2021
3266:OCLC
3250:ISSN
3203:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3153:ISBN
3124:ISBN
3093:ISBN
3053:link
3039:2022
3009:2021
2971:ISBN
2939:ISBN
2915:ISBN
2892:OCLC
2882:ISBN
2834:OCLC
2826:ISSN
2791:2021
2747:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2701:ISBN
2678:OCLC
2662:ISSN
2633:ISBN
2608:ISBN
2577:ISBN
2546:OCLC
2513:ISBN
2480:ISBN
2449:OCLC
2433:ISSN
2410:OCLC
2394:ISSN
2294:2003
2228:1981
2171:1965
2156:1965
1780:1909
1688:1901
1673:1895
1658:1895
489:The
330:and
161:; or
3654:doi
3560:doi
3515:doi
3371:doi
3240:hdl
3232:doi
2874:doi
2818:doi
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