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Groulx's conception of the French
Canadians as race resembles his Roman Catholic conception of the Jews as a Holy Nation and God's Chosen People. As he explained in his diary, the French were "l'Israël des temps nouveaux choisi par Dieu pour être le suprême boulevard de la foi du Christ venu, l'épée
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is a book by
Canadian novelist Mordecai Richler. Published in 1992, it parodied the evolution of language policy in Quebec, and spoofed the Canadian province of Quebec's language laws that restrict the use of the English-language. The book, a best-seller, grew out of a lengthy article published in a
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In this context, Groulx could be seen as playing a role analogous to the biblical prophets, denouncing the worship of the false gods of secularism, modernity and urban culture while calling his people back to what he understood as their true heritage. The French-Canadian "nation" whose suffering,
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has made him a controversial figure. Groulx's supporters have declared that his antisemitism has to be understood in the context of his conservative
Catholic beliefs. Groulx perceived adherents of religions different from his own Catholic church as being opposed to his religion. While Groulx was
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Groulx posited the existence of the French-Canadians as a heroic pure-blooded race that had been degraded by conquest, and lured away from their birth-right by foreign influences; the negative aspects of which he identified with Jews, as well as with the
English and Americans.
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documented Lionel Groulx's antisemitism as expressed in his writings from 1929 to 1939. Delisle wrote that Groulx's writings were rampant with various attacks against the Jewish people; blaming Jews for what Groulx viewed as his own society's social, and other ills.
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and heavily documented by archivist David Rome, but because of the controversy over his alleged expressed hatred of the Jewish people that
Delisle's writing brought to the forefront, some individuals raised the issue of the appropriateness of having a prominent
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In his lifetime, Groulx made the following statement: "L'antisémitisme, non seulement n'est pas une solution chrétienne; c'est une solution négative et niaise." ("Not only is antisemitism not a christian solution; it is a negative and silly solution.")
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Groulx's writings and views are virtually unknown outside of Quebec; however, he has been recognized as having a profound influence on French Quebec, its representatives, and its politicians. His anti-semitism had been noted by historians such as
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Richler faced a great deal of criticism from Quebec nationalists in the French media and some in
English-Canada. Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe rose in the House of Commons to call Richler "a racist of the worst kind".
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However, Delisle's work has also been criticized for allegedly altering or misquoting many of her actual citations of Groulx's work, criticisms with which
Delisle has strongly disagreed. One such critic is
104:, who agrees with the basic premise that Groulx expressed antisemitic opinions, but who strongly disagrees with Delisle over the importance of Groulx' antisemitism to his overall body of thought.
335:. This prominent Metro station, a hub in the city's subway network, continues to bear Groulx's name, although a campaign has been launched to rename the station after the Montreal jazz pianist
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et le bouclier de la justice catholique" ('Israel of the new times chosen by God to be the ultimate bulwark of the faith of Christ's coming, the sword and the shield of
Catholic justice).
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Groulx imagined, had been ordained by God, was part of a divine plan as he saw it, to bring the "true faith," in his conception of Roman
Catholicism, to the North American continent.
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Some historians have claimed that, while studying in Europe between 1906 and 1909, Groulx fell under the influence of disciples of the prominent 19th century French racist
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is the name given by academics to an historical controversy in
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The Traitor and the Jew: Anti-Semitism and the Delirium of Extremist Right-Wing Nationalism in French Canada from 1929-1939
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MP, called for the book to be banned, and for Richler to be prosecuted for disseminating hate propaganda.
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The writings of Lionel Groulx also espoused the idea of ethnic superiority. His pedagogical novel,
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and hoped Quebec would find strong leadership. The occupation of that role by a politician like
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on several pre-World War II Quebec personalities, notably against the priest-historian
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Consequently, in November 1996, a request was made to the executive committee of the
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took its title from a journal in France of the same name founded and edited by the
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and helped bring French war criminals to safety in Quebec after the war ended.
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opposed to all non-Catholics, Groulx had expressed a particular hatred of
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in Europe; as outlined by historians Abella and Troper in their study
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382:"Mordecai Richler would have enjoyed Montreal memorial controversy"
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Groulx was opposed to admitting, even temporarily, Jews fleeing
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after Maurras' movement was condemned by the Vatican in 1926.
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in particular. Groulx opposed immigration to Canada by Jews,
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1990s Canadian controversy about accusations of antisemitism
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404:, april 1993,; quoted by Gary CALDWELL, op.cit., p. 242.
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because they are inhabited by two different souls."
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Oh Canada! Oh Quebec! Requiem for a Divided Country
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451:1993 controversies
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