Arthur de Gobineau

6826: 2400: 748: 2661:, a city largely inhabited by Irish immigrants, Gobineau deployed virtually every anti-Irish cliché in his reports to Paris. He stated the Irish of St. John's were extremely poor, undisciplined, conniving, obstreperous, dishonest, loud, violent, and usually drunk. He described several of the remote fishing settlements he visited in Utopian terms, praising them as examples of how a few hardy, tough people could make a living under very inhospitable conditions. Gobineau's praise for Newfoundland fishermen reflected his viewpoint that those who cut themselves off from society best preserve their racial purity. Despite his normal contempt for ordinary people, he called the Newfoundland fishermen he met "the best men that I have ever seen in the world". Gobineau observed that in these remote coastal settlements, there were no policemen as there was no crime, going on to write: 2748:(1864) ("Treatise of Cuneiform Fragments"). Irwin wrote: "The first treatise is wrong-headed, yet still on this side of sanity; the second later and much longer work shows many signs of the kind of derangement that is likely to infect those who interest themselves too closely in the study of occultism." One of the principal problems with Gobineau's approach to translating the cuneiform texts of ancient Persia was that he failed to understand linguistic change and that Old Persian was not the same language as modern Persian. His books met with hostile reception from scholars who argued that Gobineau simply did not understand the texts he was purporting to translate. 3180: 860: 2605:

ethnic chaos. This chaos is no way unexpected or new: it will produce no further ethnic mixture which has not already been, or cannot be realized on our own continent. Absolutely nothing productive will result from it, and even when ethnic combinations resulting from infinite unions between Germans, Irish, Italians, French and Anglo-Saxons join us in the south with racial elements composed of Indian, Negro, Spanish and Portuguese essence, it is quite unimaginable that anything could result from such horrible confusions, but an incoherent juxtaposition of the most decadent kinds of people.

2790: 3152:, he wrote to his sister Caroline: "This is the pure race of the North—that of the masters", calling the Swedes "the purest branch of the Germanic race". In contrast to France, Gobineau was impressed with the lack of social conflict in Sweden, writing to Dragoumis: "There is no class hatred. The nobility lives on friendly terms with the middle class and with the people at large". Gobineau argued that because of Sweden's remote location in Scandinavia, Aryan blood had been better preserved as compared to France. Writing about the accession of 2933:, informed the Cretans to expect no support from France—they were on their own in taking on the Ottoman Empire. He called the uprising "the most perfect monument to lies, mischief and impudence that has been seen in thirty years". He had no sympathy with the Greek desire to liberate their compatriots living under Ottoman rule; writing to his friend Anton von Prokesch-Osten he noted: "It is one rabble against another". In his elderly years, however, he returned to his original position, supporting Greek irredentist ideas. 2949:, noted for his fiery enthusiasm for liberal causes, had joined the Cretean uprising and had gone to Athens to try to persuade the Greek government to support it. Gobineau had unwisely shown Flourens diplomatic dispatches from Paris showing both the French and Greek governments were unwilling to offend the Ottomans by supporting the Cretan uprising, which Flourens then leaked to the press. Gobineau received orders from Napoleon III to silence Flourens. On 28 May 1868, while Flourens was heading for a meeting with King 2262:. In it he revealed his fear of the revolution being the beginning of the end of aristocratic Europe, with common folk descended from lesser breeds taking over. Reflecting his disdain for ordinary people, Gobineau said French aristocrats like himself were the descendants of the Germanic Franks who conquered the Roman province of Gaul in the fifth century AD, while common French people were the descendants of racially inferior Celtic and Mediterranean people. This was an old theory first promoted in a tract by Count 2559: 2203: 2864: 33: 3072:

fearfully ugly ... Not a single Brazilian has pure blood because of the pattern of marriages among whites, Indians and Negroes is so widespread that the nuances of color are infinite, causing a degeneration among the lower as well the upper classes". He noted Brazilians are "neither hard-working, active nor fertile". Based on all this, Gobineau reached the conclusion that all human life would cease in Brazil within the next 200 years on the grounds of "genetic degeneracy".

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admirable human qualities. Beyond that, they argued that nation and race were the same, and that to be American was to be white. As such, the American translators argued in their introduction that just as various European nations were torn apart by nationality conflicts caused by different "races" living together, likewise ending slavery and granting American citizenship to blacks would cause the same sort of conflicts, but only on a much vaster scale in the United States.

2567: 2215: 3988: 3172:, in Stockholm and became very close to him. Eulenburg was later to recall fondly how he and Gobineau had spent hours during their time in Sweden under the "Nordic sky, where the old world of the gods lived on in the customs and habits of the people as well in their hearts." Gobineau later wrote that only two people in the entire world had ever properly understood his racist philosophy, namely 2987:. However, he did not deny the existence of the ancient Greek nucleus in modern Greeks. Instead, he believed that the Greek race had "absorbed" all of the foreign invaders. The result of this was a strong alloy, since the Greeks had integrated the best traits of the people they came into contact with. He concluded that the Greeks demonstrated all the requisite qualities to earn the accolade " 2422:). He suggests, however, that "nothing proves that at the first redaction of the Adamite genealogies the colored races were considered as forming part of the species"; and, "We may conclude that the power of producing fertile offspring is among the marks of a distinct species. As nothing leads us to believe that the human race is outside this rule, there is no answer to this argument." 534:

journalism and novels, he became more and more pessimistic about the future. Gobineau wrote in a letter to his father: "How I despair of a society which is no longer anything, except in spirit, and which has no heart left". He complained the Legitimists spent their time feuding with one another while the Catholic Church "is going over to the side of the revolution". Gobineau wrote:

2300:("the uprooted")—the criminal, impoverished, drifting men with no real home. Gobineau considered them to be the monstrous products of centuries of miscegenation ready to explode in revolutionary violence at any moment. He was an ardent opponent of democracy, which he stated was mere "mobocracy"—a system that allowed the utterly stupid mob the final say on running the state. 2430:"I will not wait for the friends of equality to show me such and such passages in books written by missionaries or sea captains, who declare some Wolof is a fine carpenter, some Hottentot a good servant, that a Kaffir dances and plays the violin, that some Bambara knows arithmetic … Let us leave aside these puerilities and compare together not men, but groups." 377: 2526:. He came to speak a "kitchen Persian" that allowed him to talk to Persians somewhat. (He was never fluent in Persian as he said he was.) Despite having some love for the Persians, Gobineau was shocked they lacked his racial prejudices and were willing to accept blacks as equals. He criticized Persian society for being too "democratic". 2815:. He wrote the cuneiform texts at the Dur-Sharrukin were Akkadian, that Gobineau did not know what he was talking about, and the only reason he had even written the review was to prove that he had wasted his time reading the book. As Gobineau insistently pressed his thesis, the leading Orientalist in France, Julius von Mohl of the 2891:". However, during his later years, the Greek economy began to grow rapidly; due to this, Gobineau "became so impressed by the Greek economic and social development that he unwittingly acknowledged the benefits of the modern era". After that point, he showed sympathy for the contemporary Greek society building a modern state. 3097:

French were bound to be defeated if they ever fought a major war. At the outbreak of the war with Prussia in July 1870, however, he believed they would win within a few weeks. After the German victory, Gobineau triumphantly used his own country's defeat as proof of his racial theories. He spent the war as the

730:("nobility obligates") as existed in Europe. The American poor suffered worse than the European poor, causing the United States to be a violent society, where greed and materialism were the only values that counted. In general Gobineau was hostile towards people in the Americas, writing that who in the 3007:

Gobineau’s experience of Greece involved permanent controversy between ideology and reality, while reality prevailed. In Greece, Gobineau managed to come to terms with manifestations of modernity, nationalism and economic development... was in a certain sense intellectually "liberated" by Greece and

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was right to stamp out Bábism. Gobineau was one of the first Westerners to examine the esoteric sects of Persia. Though his work was idiosyncratic, he did spark scholarly interest in an aspect of Persia that had been ignored by Westerners until then. His command of Persian was average, his Arabic was

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attracted mostly negative reviews from French critics, which Gobineau used as a proof of the supposed truth of his racial theories, writing "the French, who are always ready to set anything afire—materially speaking—and who respect nothing, either in religion or politics, have always been the world's

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For him the French Revolution, having destroyed the racial basis of French greatness by overthrowing and in many cases killing the aristocracy, was the beginning of a long, irresistible process of decline and degeneration, which could only end with the utter collapse of European civilization. He felt

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Our poor country lies in Roman decadence. Where there is no longer an aristocracy worthy of itself, a nation dies. Our Nobles are conceited fools and cowards. I no longer believe in anything nor have any views. From Louis-Philippe we shall proceed to the first trimmer who will take us up, but only in

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Sweden presented a problem for Gobineau between reconciling his belief in an Aryan master race with his insistence that only the upper classes were Aryans. He eventually resolved this by denouncing the Swedes as debased Aryans after all. He used the fact King Oscar allowed Swedish democracy to exist

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Gobineau's attitudes of contempt for the Brazilian people led him to spend much of his time feuding with the Brazilian elite. In 1870 he was involved in a bloody street brawl with the son-in-law of a Brazilian senator who did not appreciate having his nation being put down. As a result of the brawl,

2842:(a 12th-century poem presenting a legendary story of two Chinese emperors) as factual, reliable accounts of Persia's ancient history. As such, Gobineau began his history by presenting the Persians as Aryans who arrived in Persia from Central Asia and conquered the race of giants known to them as the 2757:

was not published, as the editors had to politely tell him his article was "unpublishable" as it was full of "absurd" claims and vitriolic abuse of his critics. During his second time in Persia, Gobineau spent much time working as an amateur archeologist and gathering material for what was to become

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where Gobineau declared that, though of low intelligence, blacks had certain artistic talents and that a few "exceptional" African tribal chiefs probably had a higher IQ than those of the stupidest whites were not included in the American edition. Nott and Hotze wanted nothing that might give blacks

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Gobineau was less than complimentary about modern Persia. He wrote to Prokesch-Osten that there was no "Persian race" as modern Persians were "a breed mixed from God knows what!". He loved ancient Persia as the great Aryan civilization par excellence, however, noting that Iran means "the land of the

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was an aristocratic caricature of the French poor. In his writings on the French peasantry, Gobineau characteristically insisted in numerous anecdotes, which he said were based on personal experience, that French farmers were coarse, crude people incapable of learning, indeed of any sort of thinking

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In May 1870 Gobineau returned to France from Brazil. In a letter to Tocqueville in 1859 he wrote, "When we come to the French people, I genuinely favor absolute power", and as long as Napoleon III ruled as an autocrat, he had Gobineau's support. Gobineau had often predicted France was so rotten the

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was more suitable to do so at the time. Gobineau advised Paris: "The Greeks will not control the Orient, neither will the Armenians nor the Slav nor any Christian population, and, at the same time, if others were to come—even the Russians, the most oriental of them all—they could only submit to the

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was titled in English. Nott and Hotze retained only the parts relating to the alleged inherent inferiority of blacks. Likewise, they used Gobineau as a way of attempting to establish that white America was in mortal peril despite the fact that most American blacks were slaves in 1856. The two "race

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was the first time Gobineau linked class with race, writing "Monsieur de Marvejols would think of himself, and of all members of the nobility, as of a race apart, of a superior essence, and he believed it criminal to sully this by mixture with plebeian blood." The novel, set against the backdrop of

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as a sign Russia would be the dominant power in Asia, writing: "England, an aging nation, is defending its livelihood and its existence. Russia, a youthful nation, is following its path towards the power that it must surely gain ... The empire of the Tsars is today the power which seems to have the

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harmful influences of this anarchic situation. For me there is no Eastern Question and if I had the honour of being a great government I should concern myself no longer with developments in these areas." In the spring of 1866, Christian Greeks rebelled against the Ottoman Empire on the island of

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In 1861, Gobineau returned to Tehran as the French minister and lived a modest, ascetic lifestyle. He became obsessed with ancient Persia. This soon got out of control as he sought to prove ancient Persia was founded by his much admired Aryans, leading him to engage in what Irwin called "deranged"

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a great and glorious Aryan civilization, now sadly gone. This was to preoccupy him for the rest of his life. Gobineau loved to visit the ruins of the Achaemenid period as his mind was fundamentally backward looking, preferring to contemplate past glories rather than what he saw as a dismal present

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Gobineau saw Persia as a land without a future destined to be conquered by the West sooner or later. For him this was a tragedy for the West. He believed Western men would all too easily be seduced by the beautiful Persian women causing more miscegenation to further "corrupt" the West. However, he

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and disgusted by what he saw as the supine reaction of the European upper classes to the revolutionary challenge. Writing in the spring of 1848 about the news from Germany he noted: "Things are going pretty badly ... I do not mean the dismissal of the princes—that was deserved. Their cowardice and

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to the Swedish throne in 1872 he said: "This country is unique ... I have just seen one king die and another ascend the throne without anyone doubling the guard or alerting a soldier". The essential conservatism of Swedish society also impressed Gobineau as he wrote to Pedro II: "The conservative

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Gobineau was unpopular in Brazil. His letters to Paris show his complete contempt for everybody in Brazil, regardless of their nationality (except for the Emperor Pedro II), with his most damning words reserved for Brazilians. He wrote about Brazil: "Everyone is ugly here, unbelievably ugly, like

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had planned the migration of the Aryans into Europe making him responsible for the "grandeur" of medieval Europe. For Gobineau, Cyrus the Great was the greatest leader in history, writing: "Whatever we ourselves are, as Frenchmen, Englishmen, Germans, Europeans of the nineteenth century, it is to

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Gobineau encouraged Eulenburg to promote his theory of an Aryan master-race, telling him: "In this way you will help many people understand things sooner." Later, Eulenburg was to complain all of his letters to Gobineau had to be destroyed because "They contain too much of an intimately personal

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In 1832, although nominally independent, Greece had become a joint Anglo-French-Russian protectorate. As such the British, French and Russian ministers in Athens had the theoretical power to countermand any decision of the Greek cabinet. Gobineau repeatedly advised against France exercising this

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and Gobineau wanted to see both places for himself. His mission was to keep Persia out of the Russian sphere of influence, but he cynically wrote: "If the Persians ... unite with the western powers, they will march against the Russians in the morning, be defeated by them at noon and become their

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became one of Gobineau's best friends. He was a reactionary Austrian soldier and diplomat who hated democracy and saw himself as a historian and orientalist, and for all these reasons Gobineau bonded with him. It was during these periods that Gobineau began to write less often to his old liberal

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In 1869, Gobineau was appointed the French minister to Brazil. At the time, France and Brazil did not have diplomatic relations at an ambassadorial level, only legations headed by ministers. Gobineau was unhappy the Quai d'Orsay had sent him to Brazil, which he viewed as an insufficiently grand

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had tried to send Gobineau to the French legation in Beijing. He objected that as a "civilized European" he had no wish to go to an Asian country like China. As punishment, Walewski sent Gobineau to Newfoundland, telling him he would be fired from the Quai d'Orsay if he refused the Newfoundland

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They are a very mixed assortment of the most degenerate races in olden-day Europe. They are the human flotsam of all ages: Irish, crossbreed Germans and French and Italians of even more doubtful stock. The intermixture of all these decadent ethnic varieties will inevitably give birth to further

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Aryans" in Persian. Gobineau was less Eurocentric than one might expect in his writings on Persia, believing the origins of European civilization could be traced to Persia. He criticized western scholars for their "collective vanity" in being unable to admit to the West's "huge" debt to Persia.

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Gobineau is a man of about 55, with grey hair and moustache, dark rather prominent eyes, sallow complexion, and tall figure with brisk almost jerky gait. In temperament he is nervous, energetic in manner, observant, but distrait, passing rapidly from thought to thought, a good talker but a bad

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As most Brazilians have a mixture of Portuguese, African and Indian ancestry, Gobineau saw the Brazilian people, whom he loathed, as confirming his theories about the perils of miscegenation. He wrote to Paris that Brazilians were "a population totally mixed, vitiated in its blood and spirit,

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I am not sorry to have seen once in my life a sort of Utopia. A savage and hateful climate, a forbidding countryside, the choice between poverty and hard dangerous labour, no amusements, no pleasures, no money, fortune and ambition being equally impossible—and still, for all this, a cheerful

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His family background made him a supporter of the House of Bourbon, but the nature of the Legitimist movement dominated by factious and inept leaders drove Gobineau to despair, leading him to write: "We are lost and had better resign ourselves to the fact". In a letter to his father, Gobineau

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In this "age of national mediocrity" as Gobineau described it, with society going in a direction he disapproved of, the leaders of the cause to which he was committed being by his own admission foolish and incompetent, and the would-be aristocrat struggling to make ends meet by writing hack

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beyond the most rudimentary level of thought. As the American critic Michelle Wright wrote, "the peasant may inhabit the land, but they are certainly not part of it". Wright further noted the very marked similarity between Gobineau's picture of the French peasantry and his view of blacks.

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was part of a "revolt" by the Aryan Persians against the Semitic Arabs, seeing a close connection between Shia Islam and Persian nationalism. His understanding of Persia was distorted and confused. He mistakenly believed Shi'ism was practiced only in Persia, and that in Shi'ism the Imam

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His views about modern Greeks were paradoxical and ambiguous; he stated his ideas somewhat vaguely and confusedly, basing them only on general information. He wrote that the Greek people had generally lost a lot of the "Aryan blood" responsible for "the glory that was Greece" due to

2908:. However, later on, he advised against French support for the irredentist Greek aspirations, writing the Greeks could not replace the Ottoman Empire, and if the Ottoman Empire should be replaced with a greater Greece, only Russia would benefit. He no longer believed that a revived " 3235:. As the de Gobineau family first appeared in history in late 15th century Bordeaux, and Ottar Jarl—who may or may not have been a real person—is said to have lived in the 10th century, Gobineau had to resort to a great deal of invention to make his genealogy work. For him, the 3270:, and it was for these reasons he continued to nominally observe Catholicism. Gobineau told his friend the Comte de Basterot that he wanted a Catholic burial only because the de Gobineaus had always been buried in Catholic ceremonies, not because of any belief in Catholicism. 2356:

of the German Confederation that sat in Frankfurt—also known as the "Confederation Diet"—Gobineau wrote: "The Diet is a business office for the German bureaucracy—it is very far from being a real political body". Gobineau hated the Prussian representative at the Diet, Prince

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around the globe as a source of regret. Gobineau often attacked King Louis-Phillipe for his pro-British foreign policy, writing that he had "humiliated" France by allowing the British Empire to become the world's dominant power. However, reports on the poor economic state of

3112:("What Happened to France in 1870") explaining the French defeat was due to racial degeneration, which no publisher chose to publish. He argued the French bourgeoisie were "descended from Gallo-Roman slaves", which explained why they were no match for an army commanded by 725:

About the United States, Gobineau wrote: "The only greatness is that of wealth, and as everyone can acquire this, its ownership is independent of any of the qualities reserved to superior natures". Gobineau wrote the United States lacked an aristocracy, with no sense of

361:, ("the Citizen King") to power. He promised to reconcile the heritage of the French Revolution with the monarchy. Given his family's history of supporting the Bourbons, the young Gobineau regarded the July Revolution as a disaster for France. His views were those of a 2685:("Religions and Philosophies in Central Asia"), an account of his travels in Persia and encounters with the various esoteric Islamic sects he discovered being practiced in the Persian countryside. His mystical frame of mind led him to feel in Persia what he called " 2722:

by the Persian state, which was determined to uphold Shia Islam as the state religion. Gobineau approved of the persecution of the Babi. He wrote they were "veritable communists" and "true and pure supporters of socialism", as every bit as dangerous as the French

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nobility. Gobineau wrote about July Monarchy France: "Money has become the principle of power and honour. Money dominates business; money regulates the population; money governs; money salves consciences; money is the criterion for judging the esteem due to men".

704:: "The destruction of their agriculture, trade and finances, the inevitable consequence of long civil disorder, did not at all seem to them a price too high to pay for what they had in view. And yet who would want to claim that the half-barbarous inhabitants of 2594:

such as: "The Negro is the most humble and lags at the bottom of the scale. The animal character imprinted upon his brow marks his destiny from the moment of his conception". Much to Gobineau's intense annoyance, Nott and Hotze abridged the first volume of the

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greatest future ... The Russian people are marching steadfastly towards a goal that is indeed known but still not completely defined". Gobineau regarded Russia as an Asian power and felt the inevitable triumph of Russia was a triumph of Asia over Europe.

767:. As with his mother, Gobineau was never entirely certain if his wife, and hence his two daughters had black ancestors or not, as it was a common practice for French slave masters in the Caribbean to take a slave mistress. Gobineau's opposition to 2374:

In his own lifetime, Gobineau was known as a novelist, a poet and for his travel writing recounting his adventures in Iran and Brazil rather than for the racial theories for which he is now mostly remembered. However, he always regarded his book

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s. He praised the "remarkable character" of Hanoverian men and likewise commended Hanoverian society as having "an instinctive preference for hierarchy" with the commoners always deferring to the nobility, which he explained on racial grounds.

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knows nothing of kings, princes and nobles?-that on those semi-virgin lands, in human societies born yesterday and scarcely yet consolidated, no one has the right or the power to call himself any greater than the very least of its citizens?"

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to support himself. As a writer and journalist, he struggled financially and was forever looking for a wealthy patron willing to support him. As a part-time employee of the Post Office and a full-time writer, Gobineau was desperately poor.

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and did not try to rule as an absolute monarch as evidence the House of Bernadotte were all weak and cowardly kings. By 1875, Gobineau was writing, "Sweden horrifies me" and wrote with disgust about "Swedish vulgarity and contemptibility".

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At the same time, he regarded French society under the House of Orléans as corrupt and self-serving, dominated by the "oppressive feudalism of money" as opposed to the feudalism of "charity, courage, virtue and intelligence" held by the

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are known to have used in ancient times. This included groups classified by language like the Celts, Slavs and the Germans. Gobineau later came to use and reserve the term Aryan only for the "Germanic race", and described the Aryans as

2925:. Three emissaries arrived in Athens to ask Gobineau for French support for the uprising, saying it was well known that France was the champion of justice and the rights of "small nations". As France was heavily engaged in the war in 2385:) as his masterpiece and wanted to be remembered as its author. A firm reactionary who believed in the innate superiority of aristocrats over commoners—whom he held in utter contempt—Gobineau embraced the now-discredited doctrine of 3116:. Gobineau attacked Napoleon III for his plans to rebuild Paris writing: "This city, pompously described as the capital of the universe, is in reality only the vast caravanserai for the idleness, greed and carousing of all Europe." 763:. She had pressed for a hasty marriage as she was pregnant by their mutual friend Pierre de Serre who had abandoned her. As a practicing Catholic, she did not wish to give birth to an illegitimate child. Monnerot had been born in 2643:

led to an Anglo-French commission being sent to Newfoundland to find a resolution to the dispute. Gobineau was one of the two French commissioners dispatched to Newfoundland, an experience that he later recorded in his 1861 book

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for rejecting "a firm and natural authority, a power rooted in national liberty", predicting that without order imposed by an absolute monarchy, she was destined to sink into a state of perpetual revolution. He was dismissive of

207:, who translated his book into English. They omitted around 1,000 pages of the original book, including those parts that negatively described Americans as a racially mixed population. Inspiring a social movement in Germany named 2656:

Gobineau hated Newfoundland, writing to a friend in Paris on 26 July 1859: "This is an awful country. It is very cold, there is almost constant fog, and one sails between pieces of floating ice of enormous size." In his time in

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Gobineau had a low opinion of Islam, a religion invented by the Arab Mohammed. He viewed him as part of the "Semitic race", unlike the Persians whose Indo-European language led him to see them as Aryans. Gobineau believed that

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values, the disintegration of his parents' marriage, his mother's open relationship with her lover, her fraudulent acts, and the turmoil imposed by being constantly on the run and living in poverty were all very traumatic.

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Gobineau's ideas were influential in a number of countries, especially Romania, Ottoman Empire, Germany, and Brazil, both during his lifetime and after his death. He was a main influence to the first modern elaboration of

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Like many other European romantic conservatives, Gobineau looked back nostalgically at an idealized version of the Middle Ages as an idyllic agrarian society living harmoniously in a rigid social order. He loathed modern

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Magdeleine de Gobineau abandoned her husband for her children's tutor Charles de La Coindière. Together with her lover she took her son and two daughters on extended wanderings across eastern France, Switzerland and the

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ruled over a mixed population of ethnic Germans, Magyars, Italians, Slavic peoples, etc., and it was inevitable such a multi-ethnic society would go into decline, while the "purely German" Prussia was destined to unify

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on 19 July 1868 for the treacherous way he had treated a fellow Frenchman fighting for Greek freedom. With French public opinion widely condemning the minister in Athens, Gobineau was recalled to Paris in disgrace.

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So the brain of a Huron Indian contains in undeveloped form an intellect which is absolutely that same as an Englishman or a Frenchman! Why then, in the course of the ages has he not then invented printing or steam

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apes". His only friend during his time in Rio was Emperor Pedro II, whom Gobineau praised as a wise and great leader, noting his blue eyes and blond hair as proof that Pedro was an Aryan. The fact Pedro was of the

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For leaving his post in Stockholm without permission to join the Emperor Pedro II on his European visit, Gobineau was told in January 1877 to either resign from the Quai d'Orsay or be fired; he chose the former.

404:. As those ambitions were unrealized, Gobineau developed a sense of faded glory as he grew up in a city that had been built to be the dominant hub for Europe's trade with Asia. This dream went unrealized, as 822:

was elected president of the republic in 1848. However, he came to support Bonaparte as the best man to preserve order, and in 1849, when Tocqueville became Foreign Minister, his friend Gobineau became his

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from 1,600 pages in the French original down to 400 in English. At least part of the reason for this was because of Gobineau's hostile picture of Americans. About American white people, Gobineau declared:

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Gobineau stated he was writing about races, not individuals: examples of talented black or Asian individuals did not disprove his thesis of the supposed inferiority of the black and Asian races. He wrote:

3266:. He was very interested in the pagan religion of the Vikings, which seemed more authentically Aryan to him. For him, maintaining his Catholicism was a symbol of his reactionary politics and rejection of 3574:

Gobineau was undoubtedly the most influential academic racist of the nineteenth century. His writings strongly affected such intellectuals as Wanger and Nietzsche and inspired a social movement known as

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with aristocratic heroes who by their very existence uphold all of the values Gobineau felt were worth celebrating like honor and creativity against a corrupt, soulless middle class. His 1847 novel

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disappeared everything that had lived and flourished with them went too; wealth, gallantry, art and liberty, there remained nothing but a fertile land and an incomparable sky". Gobineau denounced

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much preferable to his own time. Someone who knew Gobineau as a teenager described him as a romantic, "with chivalrous ideas and a heroic spirit, dreaming of what was most noble and most grand".

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into English. Champions of slavery, they found in Gobineau's anti-black writings a convenient justification for the "peculiar institution". Nott and Hotze found much to approve of in the

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lack of political faith make them scarcely interesting. But the peasants, there they are nearly barbarous. There is pillage, and burning, and massacre—and we are only at the beginning."

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worse. Since there were few Western Orientalists who knew Persian, however, Gobineau was able to pass himself off for decades as a leading Orientalist who knew Persia like no one else.

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where his mother and her lover were staying. He became fluent in German. As a staunch supporter of the House of Bourbon, his father was forced to retire from the Royal Guard after the

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of Brazil's slaves. As slavery was the basis of Brazil's economy, and Brazil had the largest slave population in the Americas, Pedro II was unwilling to abolish slavery at this time.

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committed to a Catholic France ruled over by the House of Bourbon. In 1831, de Gobineau's father took custody of his three children, and his son spent the rest of his adolescence in

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Gobineau's primary thesis was that European civilization flowed from Greece to Rome, and then to Germanic and contemporary civilization. He thought this corresponded to the ancient

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in the fall of 1851 as acting Chargé d'Affaires, and was impressed by the "traces of real nobility" he said he saw at the Hanoverian court. Gobineau especially liked the blind King

3281:, a lonely and embittered man whose principal friends were the Wagners and Eulenburg. He saw himself as a great sculptor and attempted to support himself by selling his sculpture. 3080:

left Gobineau assured he had no African or Indian blood. Gobineau wrote: "Except for the Emperor there is no one in this desert full of thieves" who was worthy of his friendship.

2879:

in the Greek countryside in search of ruins. Gobineau seduced two sisters in Athens, Zoé and Marika Dragoumis, who became his mistresses; Zoé remained a lifelong correspondent.

7886: 4541:("The Germanic race was provided with all the energy of the Aryan race"). We see, then, that he presents a racist theory in which the Aryans, or Germans, are all that is good. 3052:

that decimated the population of Brazil on a regular basis. Gobineau's major duties during his time in Brazil from March 1869 to April 1870 were to help mediate the end of the

2714:, with the faith of the Prophet being a cover over a society that still preserved many pre-Islamic features. Gobineau also described the savage persecution of the followers of 2666:

outlook, a kind of domestic well-being of the most primitive kind. But this is what succeeds in enabling men to make use of complete liberty and to be tolerant of one another.

325:. To support herself, she turned to fraud (for which she was imprisoned). His mother became a severe embarrassment to Gobineau, who never spoke to her after he turned twenty. 392:

Gobineau disliked his father, whom he dismissed as a boring and pedantic army officer incapable of stimulating thought. Lorient had been founded in 1675 as a base for the

2492:

was really an anti-capitalist's portrait of the money-grubbing French middle class" while "the sensual, unintelligent and violent negro" that Gobineau portrayed in the

3048:, which disgusted him. From that moment on he detested Brazil, which he saw as a culturally backward and unsanitary place of diseases. He feared falling victim to the 7685: 3132:

Despite his embittered view of the world and misanthropic attitudes, Gobineau was capable of displaying much charm when he wanted to. He was described by historian

6867: 2875:, which with Tehran were the only cities he was stationed in that he liked, he spent his time writing poetry and learning about sculpture when not traveling with 5894: 4510:, p. 294. (The Germanic race was also regarded by Gobineau as beautiful, honourable and destined to rule: 'cette illustre famille humaine, la plus noble'. While 551:. Tocqueville praised Gobineau in a letter: "You have wide knowledge, much intelligence, and the best of manners". He later gave Gobineau an appointment in the 7701: 3013: 458:

In September 1835, Gobineau left for Paris with fifty francs in his pocket aiming to become a writer. He moved in with an uncle, Thibaut-Joseph de Gobineau, a

3247:

comprised a trilogy, what the French critic Jean Caulmier called "a poetic vision of the human adventure", covering the universal history of all races in the

3105:

department. After the Prussians occupied Trie, Gobineau established good relations with them and was able to reduce the indemnity imposed on Oise department.

3060:. He did so and was equally successful in negotiating an extradition treaty between the French Empire and the Empire of Brazil. He dropped hints to Emperor 2887:

to Greece as bringing about "the complete decay of a barbarous land" while accusing the French of being guilty of introducing the Greeks to "the most inept

2823:

and other mystical theories, lacked "scientific rigor", and the most favorable thing he could say was that he admired the "artistry" of Gobineau's thesis.

248:. His mother, Anne-Louise Magdeleine de Gercy, was the daughter of a non-noble royal tax official. The de Gercy family lived in the French Crown colony of 3224:

is a 12,000 verse epic poem published posthumously in 1887 which concludes with its protagonists drowning in the blood of the Chinese they have killed.

462:

with an "unlimited" hatred of Louis-Philippe. Reflecting his tendency towards elitism, Gobineau founded a society of Legitimist intellectuals called

2245: 1532: 3595: 2414:

published in 1855, Gobineau ultimately accepts the prevailing Christian doctrine that all human beings shared the common ancestors Adam and Eve (

2953:, he was intercepted by Gobineau who had him arrested by the legation guards, put into chains and loaded onto the first French ship heading for 3997:, A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book, vol. 123: Nineteenth-Century French Fiction Writers: Naturalism and Beyond, 1860–1900, Tulane University: 2622:

that blacks were essentially a type of vicious animal, rather than human beings, and would always pose a danger to whites. The passages of the

1432: 267:, the date on which the Bastille was captured-which goes to prove how opposites may come together". As a boy and young man, Gobineau loved the 3157:

feeling is amongst the most powerful in the national spirit and these people relinquish the past only step by step and with extreme caution".

244:

Gobineau came from an old well-established aristocratic family. His father, Louis de Gobineau (1784–1858), was a military officer and staunch

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power, writing Greece was "the sad and living evidence of European ineptness and presumptuousness". He attacked the British attempt to bring

2381: 1482: 176: 6310:

Stewart, Charles (2003). "Syncretism as a dimension of nationalist discourse in modern Greece". In Shaw, Rosalind; Stewart, Charles (eds.).

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really deserve to sit as supreme legislators, in the places which they have contested against their masters with such pleasure and energy".

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the Hundred Days of 1815, concerns the disastrous results when an aristocrat Octave de Ternove unwisely marries the daughter of a miller.

614: 3216:("History of Ottar Jarl, Norwegian Pirate and Conqueror of Normandy and his Descendants") and completed the first half of his epic poem 7637: 452: 5956: 2399: 1736: 7661: 2353: 3262:

During his time in Sweden, although remaining outwardly faithful to the Catholic Church, Gobineau privately abandoned his belief in

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greatest cowards in matters of science". However, events such as the expansion of European and American influence overseas and the

626:

were a source of satisfaction for Gobineau as he asserted: "It is Ireland which is pushing England into the abyss of revolution".

7118: 6853: 6840: 2689:" ("a certain pleasure") as nowhere else in the world did he feel the same sort of joy he felt when viewing the ruins of Persia. 747: 7846: 7841: 7253: 7080: 1512: 1323: 7901: 7881: 2830:("History of the Persians") in 1869. In it he did not attempt to distinguish between Persian history and legends treating the 2740:

Only with his studies in ancient Persia did Gobineau come under fire from scholars. He published two books on ancient Persia,

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Among the groups which Gobineau classified as Aryan were the Hindus, Iranians, Hellenes, Celts, Slavs and Germanic people.

3227:

In 1879, Gobineau attempted to prove his own racial superiority over the rest of the French with his pseudo-family history

3088:. Rather than suffer the humiliation of this happening to the French minister the Quai d'Orsay promptly recalled Gobineau. 2238: 1654: 7916: 7805: 7096: 2485:

argued that Gobineau projected his fear and hatred of the French middle and working classes onto Asian and Black people.

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forced sometimes to abandon his racial schemes and stereotypes and accept the diversity and contradictions of real life.

6637: 6361: 6300: 6254: 5990: 5929: 5914: 5879: 5778: 5746: 3567: 2762:, a book that Irwin called "a monument to learned madness". Gobineau was always very proud of it, seeing the book as a 623: 6528:

Magee, Bryan (2002). "The Tristan Chord". New York: Owl Books (UK Title: "Wagner and Philosophy", Penguin Books Ltd.).

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to whites, may have stemmed from his own personal anxieties that his mother or his wife might have African ancestry.

5635: 3457: 7677: 6333:"Byzantinism and Hellenism : remarks on the racial origin and the intellectual continuity of the Greek nation" 3993: 1522: 2819:, was forced to intervene in the dispute to argue that Gobineau's theories, which were to a large extent based on 7896: 7871: 6820: 2999:

In 1868, Gobineau wrote that, without Greece, he would not have been able to do many of the things that he did ("

2231: 1912: 841: 581:

was one of the most prestigious journals in Paris, and being published in it put Gobineau in the same company as

2460:. By doing so, he presented a racist theory in which Aryans—that is Germanic people—were all that was positive. 613:

Gobineau's writings on international politics were generally as negative as his writings on France. He depicted

7866: 7669: 7533: 7483: 7468: 7106: 6906: 5871: 2518:

allies by evening". Gobineau's time was not taxed by his diplomatic duties, and he spent time studying ancient

1273: 760: 521:

complained of "the laxity, the weakness, the foolishness and—in a word—the pure folly of my cherished party".

103: 7693: 6911: 2942: 1223: 1165: 602: 256:) for a time in the 18th century. Gobineau always feared he might have black ancestors on his mother's side. 665:(the German Customs Union) was making the Prussian middle-class more powerful. Gobineau was critical of the 188:

and that aristocrats possessed more Aryan genetic traits because of less interbreeding with inferior races.

7593: 7258: 6663: 6447:

Blue, Gregory (1999). "Gobineau on China: Race Theory, the 'Yellow Peril,' and the Critique of Modernity,"

6392: 5827:

Blue, Gregory (1999). "Gobineau on China: Race Theory, the "Yellow Peril" and the Critique of Modernity"".

3187:, published while he was in Sweden. The book reflected his long-standing interest in Persia and the Orient. 3169: 2002: 1874: 1338: 900: 6521:

Kale, Steven (2010). "Gobineau, Racism, and Legitimism: A Royalist Heretic in Nineteenth-Century France,"

6011:

Drayton, Richard (2011). "Gilberto Freyre and the Twentieth-Century Rethinking of Race in Latin America".

7911: 7906: 7856: 7308: 7273: 7223: 6590: 6549: 5770: 4546: 3467: 3445: 3411: 3329: 3318: 2009: 1824: 1303: 1198: 1128: 705: 220: 6472: 309:, Louis de Gobineau was rewarded for his loyalty to the House of Bourbon by being made a captain in the 7725: 7619: 7438: 6893: 6532: 6246: 3911:

Richter, Melvin (1958). "The Study of Man. A Debate on Race: The Tocqueville-Gobineau Correspondence,"

3587: 3128:

listener. He is a savant, novelist, poet, sculptor, archaeologist, a man of taste, a man of the world."

2991:". Gobineau, indeed, admired the modern Greeks, considering them the "educators" of the Balkan people. 2855:

Cyrus that we owe it", going on to call Cyrus as "the greatest of the great men in all human history".

2649: 1812: 1701: 1552: 1442: 6611: 6487: 2274:(the commoners) were of "Gaulish" blood. Born after the French Revolution had destroyed the idealized 2258:

Shocked by the Revolution of 1848, Gobineau first expressed his racial theories in his 1848 epic poem

1604: 7403: 7353: 7125: 6816: 6131: 6076: 3555: 3388: 3340: 3323: 3214:

Histoire de Ottar Jarl, pirate norvégien conquérant du pays de Bray en Normandie et de sa descendance

2361:, because of his advances towards Madame Gobineau. By contrast, the Austrian representative, General 1933: 1904: 1869: 1782: 393: 3001:

Sans la Grèce, je n'aurais pas fait beaucoup de choses que j'ai faites. La Grèce y est pour beaucoup

2168: 1629: 7775: 7543: 7368: 7056: 6936: 6876: 6573:

Rowbotham, Arnold H. “Gobineau and the Aryan Terror.” The Sewanee Review 47, no. 2 (1939): 152–65.

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Summarizing Mosse's argument, Davies argued that: "The self-serving, materialistic oriental of the

2362: 2263: 2158: 1802: 1422: 985: 556: 310: 6427:

Biddiss, Michael D. (1970). "Prophecy and Pragmatism: Gobineau's Confrontation with Tocqueville,"

6356:

Wilkshire, Michael (1993). "Introduction: Gobineau and Newfoundland". In Michael Wilkshire (ed.).

6332: 1721: 1353: 466:("the elect"), which included himself, the painter Guermann John (German von Bohn) and the writer 317:. The pay for a Royal Guardsman was very low, and the de Gobineau family struggled on his salary. 7233: 6618: 6480: 6419:

The Victorian Reinvention of Race: New Racisms and the Problem of Grouping in the Human Sciences,

4483: 3514: 3231:. It begins with the line "I descend from Odin", and traces his supposed descent from the Viking 3022: 1997: 1844: 1542: 1462: 1358: 1061: 634: 4450:

Honorary Aryans: National-Racial Identity and Protected Jews in the Independent State of Croatia

3012:

Gobineau's legacy in Greece after his death was ambivalent. The Greek philologist and historian

1243: 924: 7578: 7333: 7193: 6648: 6429: 5907: 5738: 3559: 3548: 3478: 3334: 2474: 2349: 2337: 1926: 1859: 1787: 1040: 849: 642: 638: 6389:

Nigger Peasants from France: Missing Translations of American Anxieties on Race and the Nation

2063: 859: 423:, a fellow student recalled: "All of his aspirations were towards the East. He dreamt only of 7717: 7573: 7553: 7498: 7130: 6292: 6032: 3932: 3487: 2640: 2285: 2148: 1864: 1686: 1393: 1138: 1096: 1077: 990: 594: 569: 548: 7358: 6437:

Biddiss, Michael D. (1997). "History as Destiny: Gobineau, H. S. Chamberlain and Spengler,"

5788:

Biddiss, Michael D. (1997). "History as Destiny: Gobineau, H. S. Chamberlain and Spengler".

2042: 7876: 7831: 7826: 7770: 7488: 7453: 7268: 3496: 3120: 2444: 2271: 2056: 1562: 1472: 1298: 1175: 1052: 879: 574: 447:. He read Arab, Turkish and Persian tales in translation, becoming what the French call a " 322: 115: 5651: 2719: 2312:

as the First Secretary. During his time in Switzerland Gobineau wrote the majority of the

1741: 1133: 590: 586: 8: 7433: 7383: 7328: 7208: 6944: 6600:

Sorokin, Pitirim A. (1928). "Anthropo-Racial, Selectionist, and Hereditarist School." In

6421: 5982: 5556: 3957:

Tessitore, Aristide (2005). "Tocqueville and Gobineau on the Nature of Modern Politics,"

3200:. His time in Stockholm was a very productive period from a literary viewpoint. He wrote 2913: 2710:. Based on his own experiences, Gobineau believed the Persians did not really believe in 2513:

the following year. The histories of Persia and Greece had played prominent roles in the

2324: 2207: 1839: 1834: 1671: 1614: 1160: 1066: 905: 171: 136: 7478: 7213: 2802: 2794: 2049: 1897: 1696: 794:

Gobineau's novels and poems of the 1830s–40s were usually set in the Middle Ages or the

350: 7598: 7528: 7388: 7243: 7019: 6375: 6275: 6266: 6207: 6145: 6111: 6048:

Drummond, Elizabeth (2005). "Schemann, Ludwig (1852–1938)". In Levy, Richard S. (ed.).

6036: 6028: 5943: 5854: 5846: 5815: 5807: 4537:

So that the reader not be left in ignorance as to who the Aryans are, Gobineau stated,

4453: 4435: 4413: 3179: 3153: 3061: 2950: 2884: 2288:

was finishing; industrialization and urbanization were a complete disaster for Europe.

2153: 2101: 2077: 1981: 1919: 1582: 1572: 1502: 1378: 1293: 1148: 1143: 874: 815: 807: 650: 573:

was published on 15 April 1841. Gobineau's article was about the Greek statesman Count

306: 2770:. Gobineau had often traveled from Tehran to the Ottoman Empire to visit the ruins of 1691: 1676: 1492: 1278: 719: 7741: 7629: 7588: 7513: 7428: 7398: 7298: 7167: 7140: 7113: 7014: 6885: 6811: 6794: 6553: 6495: 6365: 6344: 6317: 6296: 6250: 6230: 6214: 6188: 6135: 6080: 6057: 6040: 5986: 5933: 5910: 5875: 5858: 5819: 5774: 5742: 5704: 5560: 4487: 4457: 3563: 3543: 3345: 3148:

In May 1872, Gobineau was appointed the French minister to Sweden. After arriving in

3077: 2811: 2753: 2531: 2505:

In 1855, Gobineau left Paris to become the first secretary at the French legation in

2386: 2358: 2163: 2122: 1706: 1644: 1634: 1333: 1203: 1035: 670: 419:

was known in Europe in the 19th century. While studying at the Collège de Bironne in

290: 260: 192: 140: 7313: 6691:

La Formation de le Pensée de Gobineau et l'Essai sur l'Inégalité des Races Humaines,

4528:, a racial designation of a race, which Gobineau specified as 'la race germanique'). 2706:. He was unaware that Shia Islam only became the state religion of Persia under the 2348:

In January 1854, Gobineau was sent as First Secretary to the French legation at the

2308:

From November 1849 to January 1854 Gobineau was stationed at the French legation in

2108: 1318: 1208: 7568: 7563: 7538: 7518: 7283: 6994: 6830: 6604: 6103: 6020: 5838: 5799: 5731: 2946: 2909: 2899: 2895: 2783: 2523: 2115: 1854: 1772: 1716: 1711: 1363: 1283: 1218: 1213: 655: 400:

had grand ambitions for making France the dominant political and economic power in

354: 283: 60: 32: 6024: 2280:

of his imagination, Gobineau felt a deep sense of pessimism regarding the future.

2276: 1666: 1116: 7603: 7558: 7448: 7418: 7293: 7278: 7218: 7155: 7051: 6845: 6835: 6545:

Was Hitler a Darwinian?: Disputed Questions in the History of Evolutionary Theory

6543: 6311: 6001: 5733:

A Shameful Act – The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility

3617: 2851: 2778:

in what is now northern Iraq. The ruins of Khorsabad are Assyrian, built by King

2707: 2583: 2366:

friend Tocqueville and more often to his new conservative friend Prokesch-Osten.

2342: 1972: 1963: 1940: 1767: 1726: 1661: 1609: 1452: 1388: 1348: 1313: 1238: 1228: 1016: 886: 825: 666: 567:

In 1841, Gobineau scored his first major success when an article he submitted to

552: 512:. At one point in the early 1840s, Gobineau was writing an article every day for 440: 385: 346: 329: 131: 6807: 6707: 6625: 6157:

Gobineau, Arthur de (1970). "Events in Asia". In Michael Biddiss, London (ed.).

2898:", Gobineau was initially in favor of Greek expansionism; he was a supporter of 2173: 1746: 7548: 7508: 7458: 7443: 7423: 7373: 7338: 7323: 7303: 7288: 7160: 7101: 6954: 3998: 3173: 3053: 3041: 2917: 2575: 2142: 1849: 1731: 1681: 1398: 1308: 1263: 1233: 1170: 1025: 980: 915: 630: 618: 508: 498: 467: 409: 328:

For the young de Gobineau, committed to upholding traditional aristocratic and

249: 216: 200: 64: 5726: 2863: 1639: 1624: 1258: 451:" ("rubbish orientalist"). In 1835, Gobineau failed the entrance exams to the 297:'s secret police but was freed when the Allies took Paris in 1814. During the 7820: 7780: 7583: 7523: 7493: 7473: 7413: 7378: 7363: 7348: 7318: 7263: 7188: 6999: 6979: 6969: 6656: 6643: 6348: 5767:

Father of Racist Ideology: The Social and Political Thought of Count Gobineau

5708: 4521: 3469:

The Renaissance: Savonarola. Cesare Borgia. Julius II. Leo X. Michael Angelo,

3363: 3028: 2984: 2888: 2782:

in 717 BC, but Gobineau decided the ruins were actually Persian and built by

2771: 2452: 2267: 2219: 2035: 1807: 1777: 1649: 1383: 1268: 1248: 1089: 1030: 772: 697: 479: 163: 6379: 6149: 6073:

Evangelist of race : The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain

1797: 7760: 7463: 7248: 7034: 6989: 6984: 6926: 6901: 6696:

Devaux, Philippe (1937–38). "L'Aristotélisme et le Vitalisme de Gobineau,"

3436: 3263: 3133: 3065: 3056:

and seek compensation after Brazilian troops looted the French legation in

3049: 3045: 2930: 2876: 2871:

In 1864, Gobineau became the French minister to Greece. During his time in

2789: 2636: 2482: 2478: 1990: 1403: 1373: 1368: 1343: 1328: 1180: 1082: 948: 819: 752: 598: 555:(the French foreign ministry) while serving as foreign minister during the 539:

order to pass us on to another. For we are without fibre and moral energy.

298: 264: 212: 7172: 5947: 5842: 5758:

Wagner's Parsifal: An Appreciation in the Light of His Theological Journey

3084:

Pedro II asked Paris to have his friend recalled, or he would declare him

955: 7800: 7790: 7393: 7203: 7150: 7024: 6964: 6959: 6202: 5979:

The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire

3505: 2988: 2966: 2904: 2579: 2180: 1123: 1009: 941: 936: 910: 795: 687: 617:

as a nation motivated entirely by hatred and greed and the extent of the

582: 489: 459: 444: 420: 416: 381: 314: 268: 204: 196: 181: 147: 6279: 5850: 4539:

La race germanique était pourvue de toute l'énergie de la variété ariane

4417: 4401: 3136:

as "a man of grace and charm" who would have made a perfect diplomat in

3057: 7795: 7785: 7503: 7408: 7238: 7228: 7198: 7041: 7009: 6974: 6916: 6583: 6574: 6516: 6503: 6115: 5811: 5692: 4549:. Comparative Literature Section.; University of Oregon. 1967, page 342 3301: 3267: 3232: 3165: 2820: 2728: 2694: 2635:

In 1859, an Anglo-French dispute over the French fishing rights on the

2419: 2415: 1071: 1045: 764: 661: 547:

Gobineau struck up a friendship and had voluminous correspondence with

483: 376: 362: 276: 228: 224: 144: 3192:

nature". During his time in Sweden, Gobineau became obsessed with the

2091: 7046: 3398: 3149: 2954: 2838: 2832: 2779: 2724: 2558: 2519: 2070: 997: 962: 735: 731: 397: 342: 185: 151: 6107: 5803: 2715: 2335:

Reflecting his lifelong interest in the Orient, Gobineau joined the

7765: 7145: 6722:

O Inimigo do Século – Um Estudo Sobre Arthur de Gobineau 1816–1882,

6053: 6050:

Antisemitism A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution

5891:

Arthur Gobineau and Greece. A view of a man of letters and diplomat

5175: 5173: 5171: 3290: 3197: 2703: 2084: 1153: 931: 895: 370: 294: 287: 272: 245: 208: 159: 155: 6243:

The Kaiser and his Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany

2936: 341:

Gobineau spent the early part of his teenage years in the town of

7735:

An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus

7068: 7063: 7029: 7004: 6921: 5961: 4517: 3297: 3193: 2327:

whom he saw as a "philosopher-king" and to whom he dedicated the

2320: 1004: 768: 709: 675: 428: 366: 167: 6612:"Count Arthur de Gobineau and the Crystallization of Nordicism." 5168: 2648:("Voyage to Newfoundland"). In 1858, the Foreign Minister Count 2392: 415:

As a young man, Gobineau was fascinated with the Orient, as the

16:

French diplomat and writer known for racial theories (1816–1882)

7135: 6949: 6313:

Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism: The Politics of Religious Synthesis

5652:"Arthur de Gobineau | French diplomat, writer, and ethnologist" 2926: 2872: 2506: 2434:

Gobineau argued that race was destiny, declaring rhetorically:

2389:

to justify aristocratic rule over racially inferior commoners.

714: 629:

According to Gobineau, the growing power and aggressiveness of

432: 424: 302: 5555:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: 3976: 2566: 143:

and "racial demography", and for developing the theory of the

6501:

House, Roy Temple (1923). "Gobineau, Nietzsche, and Spiess,"

4512: 4390:. J. B. Lippincott & Co, Philadelphia (1856), pp. 337–338 3588:"Arthur de Gobineau French Diplomat, Writer, and Ethnologist" 3395:

Comte de Gobineau and Orientalism: Selected Eastern Writings,

2922: 2775: 2711: 2542:(1858) ("Memoire on the Social State of Today's Persia") and 2448: 2293: 2029: 778: 692: 682: 436: 405: 253: 83: 6743:

Le Comte Arthur de Gobineau, Étude Biographique et Critique,

5578: 5576: 5127: 5125: 2681:

theories about Persia's history. In 1865 Gobineau published

2447:

culture, which earlier anthropologists had misconceived as "

659:. But he worried increasing economic growth promoted by the 7621:

An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People

6750:

O Inimigo Cordial do Brasil: O Conde de Gobineau no Brasil,

6289:

Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought

6264:

Rowbotham, Arnold (1939). "Gobineau and the Aryan Terror".

6094:

Fortier, Paul (Autumn 1967). "Gobineau and German Racism".

4432:

In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Culture and Myth

4380: 3278: 3102: 2309: 401: 388:(pictured) had a strong influence on Gobineau in his youth. 5605: 5603: 5534: 5532: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5471: 5469: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5415: 5413: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5304: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5202: 5200: 4243: 4241: 4239: 3989:"Joseph-Arthur de Gobineau (14 July 1816-13 October 1882)" 2751:

Gobineau's article attempting to rebut his critics in the

439:". Gobineau loved Oriental tales by the French translator 293:

to escape from France. As punishment he was imprisoned by

5573: 5425: 5236: 5122: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5044: 5042: 4858: 4856: 4733: 4672: 4670: 4634: 4632: 4600: 3929:

The European Revolution and Correspondence with Gobineau,

3801: 3799: 2699: 562: 5674: 5672: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5093: 5091: 4745: 4687: 4685: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4297: 4295: 4282: 4280: 4112: 4110: 4037: 4035: 4010: 4008: 3895: 3893: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3753: 3751: 3709: 3707: 2797:(pictured) regarded Gobineau's Persian work as nonsense. 649:

He had mixed feelings about the German states, praising

5895:

Prague Papers on the History of International Relations

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A Gentleman in the Outports: Gobineau and Newfoundland,

3196:

and became intent on proving he was descended from the

2735: 482:, Gobineau made his living writing serialized fiction ( 7887:

People involved in race and intelligence controversies

7703:

The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy

6128:

A Gentleman in the Outports: Gobineau and Newfoundland

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Les religions et les philosophies dans l'Asie centrale

6792:

Arthur de Gobineau, Inventeur du Racisme (1816–1882),

6511:

Irwin, Robert. “Gobineau, the Would-Be Orientalist.”

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The Dancing Girl of Shamakha and other Asiatic Tales,

2846:. Gobineau also added his own racial theories to the 2826:

Continuing his Persian obsession, Gobineau published

2609:

Highly critical passages like this were removed from

2481:" could be saved. The German-born American historian 633:

were a cause for concern. He regarded the disastrous

37:

Portrait of Count Arthur Joseph de Gobineau, c. 1860s

6358:

Gentleman in the Outports: Gobineau and Newfoundland

5957:"Γκομπινώ. ― εφ. Eλεύθερον Bήμα, 28 Δεκεμβρίου 1936" 5248: 5071: 5024: 5000: 4981: 4969: 4957: 4934: 4903: 4868: 4644: 4612: 4564: 4265: 4221: 3859: 3811: 3775: 3719: 3670: 3651: 3632: 6785:

Impérialismes; la Conception Gobinienne de la Race,

5901: 5553:

The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History

5517: 3685: 2341:in 1852 and got to know several Orientalists, like 6875: 6206: 5902:Burke, Peter; Pallares-Burke, Maria Lúcia (2008). 5730: 4545:. by American Comparative Literature Association. 4365: 4206: 3944:Beloff, Max (1986). "Tocqueville & Gobineau," 3547: 3251:, to the history of the Aryan branch in Persia in 2477:led Gobineau to alter his opinion to believe the " 2303: 2270:(the aristocracy) was of "Frankish" blood and the 832: 605:who were all published regularly in that journal. 6471:Grimes, Alan P. & Horwitz, Robert H. (1959). 6464:Gillouin, Rene (1921). "Mystical Race Theories," 2553: 305:. After Napoleon's final overthrow following the 282:Gobineau's father was committed to restoring the 7818: 6836:Gobineau, Joseph Arthur de: Encyclopædia Iranica 6591:"The Life and Work of Count Arthur de Gobineau." 4447: 5926:Infected Christianity: A Study of Modern Racism 3413:Typhaines Abbey: A Tale of the Twelfth Century, 3307: 2937:Recall to France as a result of Cretan uprising 2463: 211:, his works were also influential on prominent 135:; 14 July 1816 – 13 October 1882) was a French 6705:La Vie et les Prophéties du Comte de Gobineau, 5868:Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania 3320:The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races, 3003:"). According to anthropologist Ivo T. Budil: 2540:Mémoire sur l'état social de la Perse actuelle 2412:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races, 2296:, a city he called a "giant cesspool" full of 1793:National Centre of Independents & Peasants 1433:Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism 231:, who later edited and re-published his work. 7647:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 6861: 6459:Arthur de Gobineau, an Intellectual Portrait, 5904:Gilberto Freyre: Social Theory in the Tropics 4388:The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races 2611:The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races 2405:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 2394:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 2382:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 2369: 2239: 1483:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 177:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 6440:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6330: 5791:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5637:Arthur de Gobineau: An Intellectual Portrait 5179: 3494:The Crimson Handkerchief: and other Stories, 3031:whose words and actions were misunderstood. 2530:was obsessed with ancient Persia, seeing in 2178: 2007: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1945: 1931: 1917: 1895: 1114: 1087: 1050: 1014: 995: 946: 922: 884: 608: 191:Gobineau's writings were quickly praised by 4480:The Modern Origins of the Early Middle Ages 4399: 2969:condemning Gobineau in an opinion piece in 2744:(1858) ("Readings of Cuneiform Texts") and 2509:, Persia (modern Iran). He was promoted to 771:, which he held always resulted in harmful 653:as a conservative society dominated by the 7639:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question 6868: 6854: 6616:Race: A History of Modern Ethnic Theories, 2246: 2232: 779:Early diplomatic work and theories on race 751:Portrait of Gobineau's wife, Clémence, by 234: 31: 7663:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century 6355: 6263: 6178: 5582: 4847: 4811: 4799: 4787: 2574:In 1856, two American "race scientists", 2284:what the French Revolution had begun the 6715:Le Comte Arthur de Gobineau et la Grèce, 6684:Gobineau: Biographie. Mythes et Réalité, 6568:The Literary Works of Count de Gobineau, 6541: 6286: 6172:The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 6156: 6122: 6047: 5329: 5310: 5286: 4835: 4823: 4524:, "Aryan" became, partly because of the 4477: 3982: 3277:Gobineau spent his last years living in 3178: 2862: 2788: 2588:Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines 2565: 2557: 2398: 2377:Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines 746: 375: 263:, Gobineau later wrote: "My birthday is 139:who is best known for helping introduce 6841:Joseph-Arthur (Comte de) Gobineau: UQAC 6646:(1940). "The Growth of the Race Idea," 6635:Arthur de Gobineau and the Short Story, 6488:"Race as a Factor in Political Theory." 6309: 6093: 6010: 5976: 5954: 5787: 5764: 5621: 5609: 5594: 5538: 5511: 5492: 5475: 5460: 5443: 5419: 5404: 5392: 5380: 5368: 5353: 5341: 5298: 5257: 5218: 5206: 5191: 5143: 5131: 5065: 5048: 5018: 4897: 4862: 4676: 4638: 4558: 4359: 4342: 4330: 4313: 4301: 4286: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4128: 4116: 4101: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4053: 4041: 4026: 4014: 3970: 3899: 3884: 3853: 3832: 3769: 3757: 3742: 3730: 3679: 3664: 3645: 3416:Claxton, Remsen and Haffelfinger, 1869. 3284: 3064:that French public opinion favored the 2630: 2618:scientists" argued on the basis of the 2538:His time in Persia inspired two books: 814:As a Legitimist, Gobineau disliked the 170:who, in the immediate aftermath of the 7819: 7254:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 6386: 6003:Greece and the Great Powers, 1863-1875 5999: 5923: 5633: 5230: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4703: 4691: 4606: 4594: 4582: 4570: 4547:Modern Language Association of America 4271: 4259: 4247: 4230: 3459:Mademoiselle Irnois and Other Stories, 3183:An illustration from Gobineau's novel 3101:(mayor) of the little town of Trie in 1908:(formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge) 789: 563:Breakthrough with Kapodistrias article 443:, often saying he wanted to become an 6849: 6201: 6165: 6070: 5888: 5865: 5725: 5690: 5678: 5550: 5431: 5242: 5162: 5116: 5097: 5082: 5033: 5006: 4994: 4975: 4963: 4951: 4928: 4916: 4885: 4661: 4623: 3872: 3820: 3805: 3790: 3713: 3698: 3542: 3462:University of California Press, 1988. 3360:Gobineau: Selected Political Writing, 3326:, 1856 (rep. by Garland Pub., 1984). 3220:while serving as minister to Sweden. 3143: 3110:Ce qui est arrivé à la France en 1870 3034: 2858: 2675: 2670: 2188:Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau 785:Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau 130: 6827:Works by or about Arthur de Gobineau 6513:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 6240: 6159:Gobineau Selected Political Writings 5826: 5755: 5544: 5523: 4374: 4215: 3536: 3123:who met Gobineau described him thus: 2736:Criticism of Gobineau's Persian work 681:Gobineau was also pessimistic about 223:, the Romanian politician Professor 7837:19th-century French anthropologists 7806:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness 6602:Contemporary Sociological Theories, 6331:Vacalopoulos, Ap (1 January 1968). 3429:Vol. XX, Merrill & Baker, 1899. 3091: 1948:Union Nationale Inter-universitaire 154:. Known to his contemporaries as a 13: 6757:Le Style des Pléiades de Gobineau, 6638:University of North Carolina Press 6627:The Vitalism of Count de Gobineau, 6400: 5955:Dimaras, Konstantinos Th. (1936). 4508:The Cambridge Companion to Tacitus 3376:The French Encounter with Africans 3356:Educational Society's Press, 1865. 3354:Method of Reading Cuneiform Texts, 2977: 435:, ready to make the pilgrimage to 271:, which he saw as a golden age of 14: 7928: 7711:The Myth of the Twentieth Century 7631:The Outline of History of Mankind 6801: 6778:Gobineau et l'Histoire Naturelle, 6771:Gobineau und die Deutsche Kultur, 6745:Faculté de Lettres de Strasbourg. 6168:Gobineau the Would be Orientalist 6126:(1993). Michael Wilkshire (ed.). 3628:from the original on 17 May 2013. 3378:, William B. Cohen, Bloomington: 2500: 2403:Cover of the original edition of 1830:French Agrarian and Peasant Party 700:, writing with references to the 473: 95:Novelist, diplomat, travel writer 7679:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics 6653:Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 283–317. 6595:The German Doctrine of Conquest, 6492:A History of Political Theories, 5684: 5644: 5627: 4448:Nevenko Bartulin (4 July 2013). 3994:Dictionary of Literary Biography 3598:from the original on 1 July 2016 3425:"The History of Gamber-Ali." In 3422:D. Appleton and Company, 1878 . 2807:Traité des écritures cunéiformes 2760:Traité des écritures cunéiformes 2746:Traité des écritures cunéiformes 2546:(1859) ("Three Years in Asia"). 2213: 2201: 858: 7892:Proponents of scientific racism 7852:Ambassadors of France to Greece 6734:Lacretelle, Jacques de (1924). 6362:McGill-Queen's University Press 6181:The Language of the Third Reich 6006:. Institute for Balkan Studies. 5930:McGill-Queen's University Press 5719: 4531: 4500: 4470: 4441: 4424: 4400:D'souza, dinesh (Autumn 1995). 4393: 3951: 3948:, Vol. LXVII, No. 1, pp. 29–31. 3938: 3921: 3905: 3255:to his own family's history in 2805:published a scathing review of 2742:Lectures des textes cunéiformes 2718:and of the new religion of the 2304:Time in Switzerland and Germany 1913:Initiative and Liberty Movement 833:Racial theories and aristocrats 7671:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples 6877:Historical definitions of race 6457:Dreher, Robert Edward (1970). 6183:. Translated by Martin Brady. 5872:University of Pittsburgh Press 5634:Dreher, Robert Edward (1970). 3610: 3580: 3342:The Inequality of Human Races, 3331:The Inequality of Human Races, 3312: 2994: 2786:some two hundred years later. 2554:Josiah C. Nott and Henry Hotze 806:Gobineau was horrified by the 685:, writing: "Shortly after the 492:periodicals. He wrote for the 336: 1: 7847:19th-century French novelists 7842:19th-century French diplomats 7695:The Passing of the Great Race 6729:Gobineau's Rassenphilosophie, 6566:Rowbotham, Arnold H. (1929). 6033:10.5699/portstudies.27.1.0043 6025:10.5699/portstudies.27.1.0043 3529: 3108:Later, Gobineau wrote a book 3044:during the riotously sensual 603:Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve 259:Reflecting his hatred of the 7594:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer 6762:Schemann, Ludwig (1913–16). 6755:Riffaterre, Michael (1957). 6664:University of Missouri Press 6633:Valette, Rebecca M. (1969). 6542:Richards, Robert J. (2013). 6523:Modern Intellectual History, 6515:26, no. 1/2 (2016): 321–32. 6477:Modern Political Ideologies, 6287:Skidmore, Thomas E. (1993). 5765:Biddiss, Michael D. (1970). 3961:Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 631–657. 3618:"Gobineau, Joseph Arthur de" 3308:Works in English translation 3170:Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg 3040:posting. Gobineau landed in 2702:is much more venerated than 2464:Reaction to Gobineau's essay 1875:Union for a Popular Movement 1523:The Future of Intelligentsia 449:un orientaliste de pacotille 301:the de Gobineau family fled 7: 7862:French conspiracy theorists 7309:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt 7274:Houston Stewart Chamberlain 7224:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 6817:Works by Arthur de Gobineau 6736:Quatre Études sur Gobineau, 6624:Spring, Gerald Max (1932). 6550:University of Chicago Press 6360:. Carleton Library Series. 6179:Klemperer, Victor (2000) . 6071:Field, Geoffrey G. (1981). 5771:Littlehampton Book Services 4478:Ian Wood (September 2013). 4402:"Is Racism a Western Idea?" 3488:Doubleday, Page and Company 3472:G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1913 . 3446:Harcourt, Brace and Company 2885:Westminster-style democracy 2867:Arthur de Gobineau c.(1865) 761:Clémence Gabrielle Monnerot 742: 541:Money has killed everything 412:and not the French empire. 221:Houston Stewart Chamberlain 104:Clémence Gabrielle Monnerot 10: 7933: 7917:French expatriates in Iran 7902:Writers from Île-de-France 6764:Gobineau: eine Biographie, 6589:Seillière, Ernest (1914). 6486:Haskins, Frank H. (1924). 6473:"Elitism: Racial Elitism." 6247:Cambridge University Press 5640:. University of Wisconsin. 3556:W. W. Norton & Company 3405: 3370:The World of the Persians, 3362:Michael D. Biddiss (ed.), 3324:J. B. Lippincott & Co. 3288: 3164:In 1874, Gobineau met the 2945:, a young French academic 2650:Alexandre Colonna-Walewski 2370:Gobineau's racial theories 1813:VIA, the Way of the People 1553:The Tears of the White Man 1443:The Genius of Christianity 782: 759:In 1846, Gobineau married 637:by the British during the 478:In the later years of the 239: 7882:People from Ville-d'Avray 7753: 7612: 7404:Georges Vacher de Lapouge 7181: 7079: 6935: 6892: 6883: 6769:Schemann, Ludwig (1934). 6610:Snyder, Louis L. (1939). 6579:Schemann, Ludwig (1979). 6387:Wright, Michelle (1999). 6132:Carleton University Press 6077:Columbia University Press 6000:Dontas, Domna N. (1966). 5756:Bell, Richard H. (2013). 3985:Brosman, Catharine Savage 3389:Carleton University Press 3027:considered him a genuine 2535:and even bleaker future. 2266:. He had argued that the 1934:Nouvelle Action Royaliste 609:On international politics 557:Second Republic of France 394:French East India Company 124:Joseph Arthur de Gobineau 109: 99: 91: 72: 47:Joseph Arthur de Gobineau 42: 30: 23: 7776:History of anthropometry 7544:Charles Gabriel Seligman 7369:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman 7057:Sinodonty and Sundadonty 6783:Spiess, Camille (1917). 6748:Raeders, George (1988). 6727:Kleinecke, Paul (1902). 6703:Dreyfus, Robert (1905). 6689:Buenzod, Janine (1967). 6674:Works in other languages 6619:Longmans, Green & Co 6461:University of Wisconsin. 6450:Journal of World History 6417:Beasley, Edward (2010). 6241:Röhl, John C.G. (1994). 5977:Domeier, Norman (2015). 5830:Journal of World History 3983:Richards, E. J. (1992), 3523:Howard Fertig Pub., 1978 3427:The Universal Anthology, 3380:Indiana University Press 3206:Les Nouvelles Asiatiques 2965:in France with novelist 2363:Anton von Prokesch-Osten 2264:Henri de Boulainvilliers 2010:Service d'Action Civique 1423:Considerations on France 986:Catholic social teaching 840:This article is part of 820:Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte 818:and was displeased when 734:does not know "that the 579:La Revue des Deux Mondes 7234:Daniel Garrison Brinton 6776:Smith, Annette (1984). 6741:Lange, Maurice (1924). 6531:Rahilly, A. J. (1916). 6481:Oxford University Press 6444:Sixth Series, Vol. VII. 6213:. New York: Owl Books. 5981:. Martlesham, Suffolk: 5656:Encyclopedia Britannica 5551:Crean, Jeffrey (2024). 4484:Oxford University Press 4430:Mallory, J. P. (1991), 3959:The Review of Politics, 3927:Alexis de Tocqueville, 3515:Oxford University Press 2929:Gobineau, speaking for 2916:. He believed that the 2208:Conservatism portal 1998:Independent Republicans 1845:Independent Republicans 1543:Violence and the Sacred 1463:St Petersburg Dialogues 453:St. Cyr military school 235:Early life and writings 180:. In it he argued that 7897:Theoretical historians 7872:French anthropologists 7579:Thomas Griffith Taylor 7334:Reginald Ruggles Gates 6790:Thomas, Louis (1941). 6787:E. Figuière & Cie. 6766:2 Vol., K. J. Trübner. 6720:Gahyva, Helga (2002). 6693:Librairie A. G. Nizet. 6682:Boissel, Jean (1993). 6649:The Review of Politics 6533:"Race and Super-Race," 6430:The Historical Journal 6166:Irwin, Robert (2016). 6096:Comparative Literature 5691:Buber, Martin (1945). 4543:Comparative literature 3933:Doubleday Anchor Books 3257:Histoire de Ottar Jarl 3245:Histoire de Ottar Jarl 3229:Histoire de Ottar Jarl 3188: 3130: 3010: 2868: 2798: 2668: 2607: 2571: 2563: 2475:unification of Germany 2441: 2432: 2407: 2350:Free City of Frankfurt 2179: 2008: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1946: 1932: 1918: 1905:Carrefour de l'Horloge 1896: 1860:Rally for the Republic 1788:Future with Confidence 1115: 1088: 1051: 1015: 996: 947: 923: 885: 851:Conservatism in France 756: 639:First Anglo-Afghan War 545: 488:) and contributing to 431:; he called himself a 389: 219:, Wagner's son-in-law 141:scientific race theory 7867:French male novelists 7719:Annihilation of Caste 7623:in Different Climates 7574:William Graham Sumner 7554:Samuel Stanhope Smith 7499:James Cowles Prichard 7131:Racial discrimination 6738:Á la Lampe d'Aladdin. 6713:Faÿ, Bernard (1930). 6293:Duke University Press 6227:Wagner and Philosophy 6052:. Santa Barbara, CA: 5924:Davies, Alan (1988). 5866:Bucur, Maria (2010). 5843:10.1353/jwh.2005.0003 5697:Jewish Social Studies 4506:A. J. Woodman, 2009, 3550:The Mismeasure of Man 3497:Harper & Brothers 3420:Romances of the East, 3397:Geoffrey Nash (ed.), 3182: 3125: 3005: 2866: 2793:French archaeologist 2792: 2663: 2602: 2569: 2561: 2436: 2428: 2402: 2286:Industrial Revolution 2169:Immigrant criminality 2149:Clerical philosophers 1865:Republican Federation 1533:The Reign of Quantity 1224:Blanc de Saint-Bonnet 1139:Thermidorian Reaction 1097:Traditional authority 901:Political Catholicism 750: 595:Alphonse de Lamartine 570:Revue des deux Mondes 549:Alexis de Tocqueville 536: 379: 227:, and leaders of the 113:Christine de Gobineau 7771:Great chain of being 7489:Ludwig Hermann Plate 7454:Samuel George Morton 7269:Samuel A. Cartwright 7119:in the United States 6607:., pp. 219–308. 6422:Taylor & Francis 5983:Boydell & Brewer 4406:The American Scholar 3454:Geoffrey Bles, 1947. 3433:Five Oriental Tales, 3285:Legacy and influence 3208:("The New Asians"), 3121:Wilfrid Scawen Blunt 3014:Konstantinos Dimaras 2801:French archeologist 2646:Voyage à Terre-Neuve 2631:Time in Newfoundland 2319:He was stationed in 2159:French–German enmity 1563:The Tyranny of Guilt 1473:Democracy in America 1176:Second French Empire 925:Révolution nationale 702:wars of independence 575:Ioannis Kapodistrias 323:Grand Duchy of Baden 116:Diane de Guldencrone 7727:The Races of Europe 7655:The Races of Europe 7434:Dominick McCausland 7384:Thomas Henry Huxley 7329:Stanley Marion Garn 7209:Robert Bennett Bean 6937:Historical concepts 6698:Revue Franco-belge, 6686:Berg International. 6525:Volume 7, Issue 01. 6124:Gobineau, Arthur de 5889:Budil, Ivo (2008). 5557:Bloomsbury Academic 5434:, pp. 321–332. 4742:, pp. 839–845. 4609:, pp. 831–852. 4436:Thames & Hudson 3931:John Lukacz (ed.), 3485:The Lucky Prisoner, 3479:G. P. Putnam's Sons 3335:G. P. Putnam's Sons 3253:Histoire des Perses 3241:Histoire des Perses 3185:Nouvelle Asiatiques 2914:Russian imperialism 2848:Histoire des Perses 2828:Histoire des Perses 2774:at Khorsabad, near 2522:texts and learning 2451:"—a term that only 2064:La Nation française 1840:Movement for France 1835:French Social Party 1655:Political positions 1645:Le Pen (Jean-Marie) 1274:Fustel de Coulanges 1166:Bourbon Restoration 1161:Second White Terror 906:Christian democracy 790:Embittered royalist 669:, writing that the 408:became part of the 172:Revolutions of 1848 7912:French eugenicists 7907:White supremacists 7857:Counts of Gobineau 7599:Alexander Winchell 7529:Henric Sanielevici 7389:Calvin Ira Kephart 7359:Hans F. K. Günther 7344:Arthur de Gobineau 7244:Alice Mossie Brues 7141:Racial stereotypes 6700:December/Janvier . 6536:The Dublin Review, 6267:The Sewanee Review 6013:Portuguese Studies 5870:. Pittsburgh, PA: 5383:, pp. 210–11. 5245:, p. 153-154. 5182:, p. 104-105. 4754:, pp. 838–39. 4516:was originally an 4454:Palgrave Macmillan 4420:– via JSTOR. 4001:, pp. 101–117 3544:Gould, Stephen Jay 3476:The Golden Flower, 3204:("The Pleiades"), 3189: 3144:Minister to Sweden 3035:Minister to Brazil 2959:L'affaire Flourens 2869: 2859:Minister to Greece 2799: 2687:un certain plaisir 2676:Minister to Persia 2671:Ministerial career 2584:white supremacists 2572: 2564: 2458:la race germanique 2408: 2354:Federal Convention 2154:European New Right 2078:Le Figaro Magazine 2043:Famille chrétienne 1920:La Manif pour tous 1573:The French Suicide 1199:Barbey d'Aurevilly 1149:Companions of Jehu 1144:First White Terror 991:Counter-revolution 875:French nationalism 816:House of Bonaparte 808:Revolution of 1848 757: 635:retreat from Kabul 485:romans-feuilletons 390: 307:Battle of Waterloo 25:Arthur de Gobineau 7814: 7813: 7743:The Race Question 7589:John H. Van Evrie 7514:William Z. Ripley 7484:Charles Pickering 7429:Felix von Luschan 7399:Robert E. Kuttner 7299:Charles Davenport 7168:Whiteness studies 6894:Color terminology 6886:Scientific racism 6812:Project Gutenberg 6808:Works by Gobineau 6795:Mercure de France 6605:Harper & Bros 6597:Maunsel & Co. 6559:978-0-226-05893-1 6496:Macmillan Company 6323:978-1-134-83395-5 6245:. Cambridge, UK: 6229:, Penguin Books, 6209:The Tristan Chord 6194:978-0-8264-9130-5 6063:978-1-85109-439-4 5566:978-1-350-23394-2 5313:, pp. 30–31. 5180:Vacalopoulos 1968 5134:, pp. 194–5. 4931:, pp. 325–6. 4718:, pp. 837–8. 4585:, pp. 60–61. 4493:978-0-19-965048-4 4463:978-1-137-33912-6 4262:, pp. 59–60. 4250:, pp. 57–58. 3918:(2), pp. 151–160. 3808:, pp. 321–2. 3716:, pp. 133–4. 3622:iranicaonline.com 3372:J. Gifford, 1971. 3346:William Heinemann 3086:persona non-grata 3078:House of Braganza 2850:, explaining how 2817:Société Asiatique 2812:Journal asiatique 2766:that rivaled the 2754:Journal asiatique 2544:Trois ans en Asie 2532:Achaemenid Persia 2511:chargé d'affaires 2387:scientific racism 2359:Otto von Bismarck 2338:Société Asiatique 2256: 2255: 2220:France portal 2164:French Revolution 2123:Valeurs actuelles 1630:de La Tour du Pin 1503:What Is a Nation? 1134:War in the Vendée 671:House of Habsburg 591:Philarète Chasles 587:Théophile Gautier 291:Polignac brothers 261:French Revolution 193:white supremacist 184:were superior to 121: 120: 7924: 7622: 7569:Lothrop Stoddard 7564:Morris Steggerda 7539:Ilse Schwidetzky 7534:Heinrich Schmidt 7519:Alfred Rosenberg 7479:Isaac La Peyrère 7284:Carleton S. Coon 7259:Charles Caldwell 7214:François Bernier 7097:in Latin America 6870: 6863: 6856: 6847: 6846: 6831:Internet Archive 6752:Paz & Terra. 6563: 6494:Chap. XIII, The 6409:Works in English 6396: 6391:. Vol. 22. 6383: 6352: 6327: 6306: 6283: 6260: 6224: 6212: 6198: 6175: 6170:. Vol. 26. 6162: 6153: 6119: 6090: 6067: 6044: 6007: 5996: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5951: 5920: 5906:. New York, NY: 5898: 5885: 5862: 5823: 5784: 5761: 5760:. Cascade Books. 5752: 5737:. New York, NY: 5736: 5713: 5712: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5571: 5570: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5496: 5490: 5479: 5473: 5464: 5458: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5261: 5255: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5166: 5160: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5120: 5114: 5101: 5095: 5086: 5080: 5069: 5063: 5052: 5046: 5037: 5031: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4866: 4860: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4680: 4674: 4665: 4659: 4642: 4636: 4627: 4621: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4535: 4529: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4445: 4439: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4397: 4391: 4386:J. A. Gobineau: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4363: 4357: 4346: 4345:, pp. 91–2. 4340: 4334: 4328: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4290: 4284: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4234: 4228: 4219: 4213: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4179:, pp. 60–1. 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4155:, pp. 44–5. 4150: 4144: 4143:, pp. 42–3. 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4105: 4104:, pp. 37–8. 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4056:, pp. 24–6. 4051: 4045: 4039: 4030: 4029:, pp. 20–1. 4024: 4018: 4012: 4003: 4002: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3955: 3949: 3942: 3936: 3925: 3919: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3857: 3851: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3809: 3803: 3794: 3788: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3717: 3711: 3702: 3696: 3683: 3677: 3668: 3662: 3649: 3643: 3630: 3629: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3553: 3540: 3168:German diplomat 3092:Return to France 3026: 2947:Gustave Flourens 2900:Ioannis Kolettis 2896:Eastern Question 2803:Paul-Émile Botta 2795:Paul-Émile Botta 2784:Darius the Great 2727:. He agreed the 2248: 2241: 2234: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2184: 2116:Radio Courtoisie 2097: 2013: 1994: 1985: 1976: 1967: 1951: 1937: 1923: 1909: 1901: 1898:Action Française 1870:Resistance Party 1855:Rally for France 1783:The Nationalists 1773:Debout la France 1620:de Chateaubriand 1588: 1578: 1568: 1558: 1548: 1538: 1528: 1518: 1508: 1498: 1493:The Ancient City 1488: 1478: 1468: 1458: 1448: 1438: 1428: 1254:de Chateaubriand 1120: 1093: 1078:Social hierarchy 1056: 1020: 1001: 952: 928: 890: 862: 852: 837: 836: 494:Union Catholique 351:House of Orléans 349:of 1830 brought 284:House of Bourbon 134: 132:[ɡɔbino] 129: 79: 56: 54: 35: 21: 20: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7921: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7749: 7687:Castes in India 7608: 7604:Ludwig Woltmann 7559:Herbert Spencer 7449:Lewis H. Morgan 7419:Cesare Lombroso 7294:Jan Czekanowski 7279:Sonia Mary Cole 7219:Renato Biasutti 7177: 7156:Nazism and race 7075: 7052:Proto-Mongoloid 6931: 6888: 6879: 6874: 6804: 6661:Race and State, 6560: 6466:The Living Age, 6454:Vol. 10, No. 1. 6434:Vol. 13, No. 4. 6403: 6401:Further reading 6372: 6324: 6303: 6257: 6221: 6195: 6142: 6108:10.2307/1769493 6087: 6064: 5993: 5967: 5965: 5940: 5917: 5908:Peter Lang Ltd. 5882: 5804:10.2307/3679271 5781: 5749: 5722: 5717: 5716: 5689: 5685: 5677: 5670: 5660: 5658: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5632: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5510: 5499: 5491: 5482: 5474: 5467: 5459: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5367: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5285: 5264: 5256: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5217: 5213: 5205: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5178: 5169: 5161: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5123: 5115: 5104: 5096: 5089: 5081: 5072: 5064: 5055: 5047: 5040: 5032: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4915: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4869: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4645: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4536: 4532: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4486:. p. 107. 4475: 4471: 4464: 4446: 4442: 4429: 4425: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4366: 4358: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4293: 4285: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4237: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4115: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4006: 3981: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3956: 3952: 3943: 3939: 3926: 3922: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3860: 3852: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3812: 3804: 3797: 3789: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3720: 3712: 3705: 3697: 3686: 3678: 3671: 3663: 3652: 3644: 3633: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3570: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3408: 3315: 3310: 3293: 3287: 3176:and Eulenburg. 3146: 3094: 3037: 3016: 2997: 2980: 2978:Views on Greeks 2943:Cretan uprising 2939: 2912:" could thwart 2861: 2852:Cyrus the Great 2738: 2678: 2673: 2633: 2556: 2503: 2466: 2397: 2372: 2343:Julius von Mohl 2306: 2252: 2214: 2212: 2202: 2200: 2193: 2192: 2137: 2129: 2128: 2095: 2025: 2017: 2016: 1973:Cercle Proudhon 1964:Camelots du Roi 1941:Student Cockade 1907: 1888: 1880: 1879: 1803:The Republicans 1768:Alliance Royale 1760: 1752: 1751: 1650:Le Pen (Marine) 1600: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1576: 1566: 1556: 1546: 1536: 1526: 1516: 1506: 1496: 1486: 1476: 1466: 1456: 1446: 1436: 1426: 1417: 1409: 1408: 1194: 1186: 1185: 1171:Ultra-royalists 1110: 1102: 1101: 1017:Noblesse oblige 976: 968: 967: 887:Nouvelle Droite 870: 850: 835: 826:chef de cabinet 792: 787: 781: 745: 728:noblesse oblige 667:Austrian Empire 631:Imperial Russia 611: 577:. At the time, 565: 476: 441:Antoine Galland 386:Antoine Galland 347:July Revolution 339: 286:and helped the 242: 237: 199:Americans like 127: 114: 87: 81: 77: 76:13 October 1882 68: 58: 52: 50: 49: 48: 38: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7930: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7739: 7731: 7723: 7715: 7707: 7699: 7691: 7683: 7675: 7667: 7659: 7657:(Ripley, 1899) 7651: 7643: 7635: 7627: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7549:Giuseppe Sergi 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7509:Gustaf Retzius 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7459:Josiah C. Nott 7456: 7451: 7446: 7444:Ashley Montagu 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7424:Bertil Lundman 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7374:Earnest Hooton 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7339:George Gliddon 7336: 7331: 7326: 7324:Francis Galton 7321: 7316: 7314:Anténor Firmin 7311: 7306: 7304:Joseph Deniker 7301: 7296: 7291: 7289:Georges Cuvier 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7161:Racial hygiene 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7128: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7104: 7094: 7085: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7044: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6952: 6947: 6941: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6898: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6873: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6824: 6814: 6803: 6802:External links 6800: 6799: 6798: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6668: 6667: 6657:Voegelin, Eric 6654: 6644:Voegelin, Eric 6641: 6631: 6622: 6608: 6598: 6587: 6577: 6571: 6564: 6558: 6539: 6529: 6526: 6519: 6509: 6499: 6484: 6469: 6462: 6455: 6445: 6435: 6425: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6384: 6370: 6353: 6343:(1): 101–126. 6337:Balkan Studies 6328: 6322: 6307: 6302:978-0822313205 6301: 6291:. Durham, NC: 6284: 6274:(2): 152–165. 6261: 6256:978-1316529829 6255: 6238: 6219: 6199: 6193: 6176: 6163: 6154: 6140: 6120: 6102:(4): 341–350. 6091: 6085: 6068: 6062: 6045: 6008: 5997: 5992:978-1571139122 5991: 5974: 5952: 5938: 5921: 5916:978-1906165093 5915: 5899: 5886: 5881:978-0822961260 5880: 5863: 5824: 5785: 5780:978-0297000853 5779: 5762: 5753: 5748:978-0805079326 5747: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5703:(2): 137–148. 5683: 5681:, p. 151. 5668: 5643: 5626: 5624:, p. 233. 5614: 5612:, p. 232. 5599: 5597:, p. 230. 5587: 5585:, p. 154. 5583:Rowbotham 1939 5572: 5565: 5559:. p. 13. 5543: 5541:, p. 229. 5528: 5516: 5514:, p. 171. 5497: 5495:, p. 228. 5480: 5478:, p. 226. 5465: 5463:, p. 225. 5448: 5446:, p. 265. 5436: 5424: 5422:, p. 214. 5409: 5407:, p. 213. 5397: 5395:, p. 211. 5385: 5373: 5371:, p. 210. 5358: 5356:, p. 208. 5346: 5344:, p. 207. 5334: 5315: 5303: 5301:, p. 201. 5291: 5262: 5247: 5235: 5223: 5221:, p. 132. 5211: 5209:, p. 133. 5196: 5194:, p. 191. 5184: 5167: 5165:, p. 150. 5148: 5146:, p. 192. 5136: 5121: 5119:, p. 149. 5102: 5100:, p. 154. 5087: 5085:, p. 153. 5070: 5068:, p. 193. 5053: 5051:, p. 195. 5038: 5036:, p. 147. 5023: 5021:, p. 187. 5011: 5009:, p. 331. 4999: 4997:, p. 330. 4980: 4978:, p. 329. 4968: 4966:, p. 328. 4956: 4954:, p. 327. 4933: 4921: 4919:, p. 326. 4902: 4900:, p. 186. 4890: 4888:, p. 325. 4867: 4865:, p. 199. 4852: 4848:Wilkshire 1993 4840: 4838:, p. 106. 4828: 4826:, p. 104. 4816: 4812:Wilkshire 1993 4804: 4800:Wilkshire 1993 4792: 4788:Wilkshire 1993 4780: 4778:, p. 847. 4768: 4766:, p. 846. 4756: 4744: 4732: 4730:, p. 838. 4720: 4708: 4706:, p. 837. 4696: 4694:, p. 833. 4681: 4679:, p. 183. 4666: 4664:, p. 324. 4643: 4641:, p. 182. 4628: 4626:, p. 323. 4611: 4599: 4597:, p. 839. 4587: 4575: 4563: 4561:, p. 148. 4551: 4530: 4499: 4492: 4469: 4462: 4456:. p. 23. 4440: 4423: 4392: 4379: 4364: 4347: 4335: 4318: 4306: 4291: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4235: 4220: 4205: 4193: 4181: 4169: 4157: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4106: 4094: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4046: 4031: 4019: 4004: 3999:The Gale Group 3975: 3963: 3950: 3937: 3920: 3904: 3889: 3877: 3875:, p. 135. 3858: 3837: 3825: 3823:, p. 322. 3810: 3795: 3793:, p. 134. 3774: 3762: 3747: 3735: 3718: 3703: 3701:, p. 133. 3684: 3669: 3650: 3631: 3609: 3592:britannica.com 3579: 3569:978-0393314250 3568: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3525: 3524: 3518: 3512:Sons of Kings, 3500: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3455: 3452:Tales of Asia, 3449: 3440: 3430: 3417: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3392: 3383: 3373: 3367: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3338: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3289:Main article: 3286: 3283: 3210:La Renaissance 3174:Richard Wagner 3145: 3142: 3119:In 1871, poet 3093: 3090: 3054:Paraguayan War 3042:Rio de Janeiro 3036: 3033: 2996: 2993: 2979: 2976: 2938: 2935: 2918:Ottoman Empire 2860: 2857: 2737: 2734: 2729:Peacock Throne 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2632: 2629: 2582:, both ardent 2576:Josiah C. Nott 2562:Josiah C. Nott 2555: 2552: 2502: 2501:Time in Persia 2499: 2465: 2462: 2418:as opposed to 2396: 2391: 2371: 2368: 2305: 2302: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2243: 2236: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2210: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2143:Archeofuturism 2138: 2136:Related topics 2135: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2119: 2112: 2109:Nouvelle École 2105: 2098: 2088: 2081: 2074: 2067: 2060: 2053: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1986: 1977: 1968: 1953: 1952: 1943: 1938: 1929: 1927:March for Life 1924: 1915: 1910: 1902: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1850:Party of Order 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1579: 1569: 1559: 1549: 1539: 1529: 1519: 1509: 1499: 1489: 1479: 1469: 1459: 1449: 1439: 1429: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1394:de Tocqueville 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1085: 1080: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1043: 1038: 1036:French culture 1033: 1028: 1026:Ethnopluralism 1023: 1022: 1021: 1012: 1002: 993: 988: 983: 981:Anti-communism 977: 974: 973: 970: 969: 966: 965: 960: 959: 958: 953: 944: 939: 929: 920: 919: 918: 916:Ultramontanism 913: 908: 898: 893: 892: 891: 882: 871: 868: 867: 864: 863: 855: 854: 846: 845: 834: 831: 791: 788: 783:Main article: 780: 777: 744: 741: 619:British Empire 610: 607: 564: 561: 514:La Quotidienne 509:Revue de Paris 499:La Quotidienne 475: 474:Early writings 472: 468:Maxime du Camp 359:Le roi citoyen 355:Louis-Philippe 338: 335: 250:Saint-Domingue 241: 238: 236: 233: 217:Richard Wagner 201:Josiah C. Nott 119: 118: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 82: 80:(aged 66) 74: 70: 69: 65:Hauts-de-Seine 59: 46: 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7929: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7781:Miscegenation 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7584:Paul Topinard 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7524:Benjamin Rush 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7494:Alfred Ploetz 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7474:Oscar Peschel 7472: 7470: 7469:Roger Pearson 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7439:John Mitchell 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7414:Carl Linnaeus 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7379:Julian Huxley 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7364:Ernst Haeckel 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7349:Madison Grant 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7319:Eugen Fischer 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7264:Petrus Camper 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7189:Louis Agassiz 7187: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7020:Mediterranean 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6878: 6871: 6866: 6864: 6859: 6857: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6796: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6775: 6773:B.G. Teubner. 6772: 6768: 6765: 6761: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6500: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6371:9780886292140 6367: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6316:. Routledge. 6315: 6314: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6236: 6235:0-14-029519-4 6232: 6228: 6222: 6220:0-8050-7189-X 6216: 6211: 6210: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6141:9780886292140 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6086:0-231-04860-2 6082: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6005: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5939:9780773506510 5935: 5931: 5927: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5837:(1): 93–139. 5836: 5832: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5639: 5638: 5630: 5623: 5618: 5611: 5606: 5604: 5596: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5577: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5526:, p. 54. 5525: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5494: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5477: 5472: 5470: 5462: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5445: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5414: 5406: 5401: 5394: 5389: 5382: 5377: 5370: 5365: 5363: 5355: 5350: 5343: 5338: 5332:, p. 31. 5331: 5330:Skidmore 1993 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5312: 5311:Skidmore 1993 5307: 5300: 5295: 5289:, p. 30. 5288: 5287:Skidmore 1993 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5259: 5254: 5252: 5244: 5239: 5233:, p. 32. 5232: 5227: 5220: 5215: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5193: 5188: 5181: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5164: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5145: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5126: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5099: 5094: 5092: 5084: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5067: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5050: 5045: 5043: 5035: 5030: 5028: 5020: 5015: 5008: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4977: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4953: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4899: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4864: 4859: 4857: 4850:, p. 21. 4849: 4844: 4837: 4836:Gobineau 1993 4832: 4825: 4824:Gobineau 1993 4820: 4814:, p. 10. 4813: 4808: 4801: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4686: 4678: 4673: 4671: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4573:, p. 60. 4572: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4527: 4523: 4522:Indo-Iranians 4520:used only by 4519: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4503: 4495: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4465: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4383: 4377:, p. 98. 4376: 4371: 4369: 4362:, p. 92. 4361: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4344: 4339: 4333:, p. 91. 4332: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4316:, p. 90. 4315: 4310: 4304:, p. 89. 4303: 4298: 4296: 4289:, p. 82. 4288: 4283: 4281: 4274:, p. 59. 4273: 4268: 4261: 4256: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4233:, p. 57. 4232: 4227: 4225: 4218:, p. 99. 4217: 4212: 4210: 4203:, p. 62. 4202: 4197: 4191:, p. 61. 4190: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4167:, p. 44. 4166: 4161: 4154: 4149: 4142: 4137: 4131:, p. 39. 4130: 4125: 4119:, p. 38. 4118: 4113: 4111: 4103: 4098: 4092:, p. 37. 4091: 4086: 4080:, p. 42. 4079: 4074: 4068:, p. 24. 4067: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4044:, p. 34. 4043: 4038: 4036: 4028: 4023: 4017:, p. 33. 4016: 4011: 4009: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3973:, p. 47. 3972: 3967: 3960: 3954: 3947: 3941: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3917: 3914: 3908: 3902:, p. 21. 3901: 3896: 3894: 3887:, p. 17. 3886: 3881: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3856:, p. 16. 3855: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3835:, p. 15. 3834: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3772:, p. 13. 3771: 3766: 3760:, p. 20. 3759: 3754: 3752: 3745:, p. 11. 3744: 3739: 3733:, p. 12. 3732: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3682:, p. 14. 3681: 3676: 3674: 3667:, p. 19. 3666: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3648:, p. 45. 3647: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3535: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3364:Jonathan Cape 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3138:Ancien Régime 3135: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3089: 3087: 3081: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3032: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2985:miscegenation 2975: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2963:cause célèbre 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2889:Voltairianism 2886: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2865: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2772:Dur-Sharrukin 2769: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2586:, translated 2585: 2581: 2577: 2568: 2560: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2454: 2453:Indo-Iranians 2450: 2446: 2445:Indo-European 2440: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2401: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2345:, very well. 2344: 2340: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2301: 2299: 2298:les déracinés 2295: 2289: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2278: 2277:Ancien Régime 2273: 2269: 2268:Second Estate 2265: 2261: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2211: 2209: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2051: 2050:L'Écho du Sud 2047: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1887:Organisations 1884: 1883: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1808:Soyons libres 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1778:French Future 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1756: 1755: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1304:de La Mennais 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1193:Intellectuals 1190: 1189: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1117:Ancien Régime 1113: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1090:Souverainisme 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1031:Family values 1029: 1027: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1000: 999: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 978: 972: 971: 964: 961: 957: 954: 951: 950: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 934: 933: 930: 927: 926: 921: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 902: 899: 897: 894: 889: 888: 883: 881: 878: 877: 876: 873: 872: 866: 865: 861: 857: 856: 853: 848: 847: 843: 839: 838: 830: 828: 827: 821: 817: 812: 809: 804: 801: 797: 786: 776: 774: 773:miscegenation 770: 766: 762: 754: 749: 740: 737: 733: 729: 723: 721: 717: 716: 711: 707: 703: 699: 698:Latin America 694: 690: 689: 684: 679: 677: 672: 668: 664: 663: 658: 657: 652: 647: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 620: 616: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 571: 560: 558: 554: 550: 544: 542: 535: 531: 528: 527:ancien-régime 522: 518: 515: 511: 510: 505: 501: 500: 495: 491: 487: 486: 481: 480:July Monarchy 471: 469: 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C. Cuza 137:aristocrat 53:1816-07-14 7173:Négritude 7102:in Brazil 7047:Mongoloid 6955:Caucasoid 6581:Gobineau, 6508:11 April. 6468:No. 4015. 6349:2241-1674 6185:Continuum 6041:161917205 5859:143762514 5820:163004517 5709:0021-6704 5524:Röhl 1994 4438:, p. 125. 4375:Blue 1999 4216:Blue 1999 3946:Encounter 3575:Gobinism. 3399:Routledge 3150:Stockholm 2961:became a 2955:Marseille 2839:Kush Nama 2833:Shahnameh 2780:Sargon II 2613:, as the 2520:cuneiform 2352:. Of the 2096:(Defunct) 2071:Le Figaro 1635:de Gaulle 1610:de Bonald 1513:The Crowd 1354:d'Orcival 1229:de Bonald 1204:Bainville 1154:Muscadins 1129:Feuillant 998:Dirigisme 963:Sarkozysm 956:Orléanism 736:New World 732:Old World 398:Louis XIV 384:tales of 265:July 14th 186:commoners 152:Nordicism 7766:Eugenics 7146:Colorism 7092:in India 7000:Ethiopid 6980:Atlantid 6970:Armenoid 6823:(Canada) 6780:E. Droz. 6759:E. Droz. 6659:(1997). 6479:Vol. V, 6393:Callaloo 6280:27535529 6205:(2002). 6054:ABC-CLIO 5851:20078751 5729:(2006). 4418:41212409 3626:Archived 3624:. 2012. 3596:Archived 3546:(1996). 3508:, 1928. 3499:, 1927 . 3490:, 1926 . 3481:, 1924 . 3348:, 1915 . 3291:Gobinism 3154:Oscar II 3140:France. 3062:Pedro II 3058:Asunción 3046:Carnival 2951:George I 2902:and his 2836:and the 2708:Safavids 2704:Muhammad 2325:George V 2085:Le Point 2057:La Croix 2036:Éléments 2003:Hussards 1712:Pompidou 1697:Poincaré 1687:Pécresse 1677:Maréchal 1672:MacMahon 1453:The Pope 1399:Veuillot 1319:Lemaître 1314:Lefebvre 1239:Bruckner 1067:Nativism 932:Royalism 896:Gaullism 880:Integral 842:a series 743:Marriage 429:minarets 396:as King 371:Brittany 343:Inzligen 330:Catholic 313:of King 295:Napoleon 288:royalist 273:chivalry 252:(modern 246:royalist 209:Gobinism 174:, wrote 160:diplomat 156:novelist 110:Children 67:, France 7754:Related 7182:Writers 7126:Passing 7069:Negrito 7064:Negroid 7035:Turanid 7030:Semites 7005:Hamites 6990:Dinaric 6985:Caspian 6829:at the 6724:IUPERJ. 6116:1769493 5962:To Vima 5812:3679271 4518:endonym 3987:(ed.), 3935:, 1959. 3517:, 1966. 3448:, 1926. 3439:, 1925. 3406:Fiction 3401:, 2008. 3391:, 1993. 3382:, 1980. 3366:, 1970. 3337:, 1915. 3298:Zionism 3194:Vikings 3114:Junkers 2809:in the 2524:Persian 2410:In his 2321:Hanover 2092:Présent 1982:Civitas 1956:Defunct 1819:Defunct 1759:Parties 1747:Zemmour 1732:Schuman 1727:Sarkozy 1702:Poisson 1682:Messmer 1667:Malraux 1662:Maurras 1605:Bellamy 1349:Maurras 1329:Madiran 1324:Le Play 1279:Dumézil 1234:Boutang 1214:Barruel 1109:History 1005:Elitism 800:Ternove 769:slavery 718:on the 715:gauchos 712:or the 710:Algarve 708:or the 706:Castile 676:Germany 656:Junkers 651:Prussia 624:Ireland 615:Britain 504:L'Unité 425:mosques 410:British 367:Lorient 240:Origins 168:elitist 128:French: 86:, Italy 7745:(1950) 7737:(1943) 7721:(1936) 7713:(1930) 7705:(1920) 7697:(1916) 7689:(1916) 7681:(1911) 7673:(1907) 7665:(1899) 7649:(1855) 7641:(1849) 7633:(1785) 7625:(1744) 7136:Racism 7025:Nordic 7015:Iranid 6965:Arabid 6960:Alpine 6950:Capoid 6907:Bronze 6731:Haack. 6556: 6378: 6368: 6347: 6320: 6299: 6278: 6253: 6233: 6217: 6191: 6148: 6138: 6114: 6083: 6060: 6039: 6031: 5989: 5946: 5936: 5913: 5878: 5857: 5849: 5818: 5810: 5777: 5745: 5707: 5563: 4490: 4460: 4416: 3566: 3239:, the 3222:Amadis 3218:Amadis 2927:Mexico 2873:Athens 2716:Bábism 2507:Tehran 2439:power? 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Arthur de Gobineau

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