583:, who embraced his biological racism as a way of "proving" the Jews were a "plague" upon modern Romanian life. Like most of Gobineau's followers, Cuza rejected his pessimism as too extreme, but he argued that Romanian people formed out of a fusion between the ancient Dacians and Romans had best preserved the Aryan blood, and that the Jews as a biologically different people simply did not belong in Romania. Cuza, who was deeply impressed with Gobineau, often used his theories and rhetoric of racial degeneration to frame his anti-Semitic arguments about the "Jewish race". Cuza frequently described the Jews were a "plague" upon Romania. He asserted the Romanian people were in the midst of the sort of racial degeneration described by Gobineau, which for Cuza was caused by the Jews. At various times Cuza had been a mentor to various figures on the Romanian radical right such as
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over white men. Whenever whites were in close proximity to blacks and Asians, the result was always miscegenation as white men were seduced by the beauty of Asian and black women, to the detriment of whites. Though not expressly obsessed with antisemitism, Gobineau saw the Jews as praiseworthy for their ability to avoid miscegenation while at the same time depicting them as another alien force for the decay of Aryan Europe. Gobineau thought the development of civilization in other periods was different from that of his own, and speculated that other races might have superior qualities in those civilizations. But, he believed
European civilization represented the best of what remained of ancient civilizations and held the most superior attributes capable for continued survival.
417:, Gobineau had an intensely militaristic view of the world, believing different races were born to hate each other and humans have an innate desire to kill one another. He wrote war was a natural part of the human condition and for a nation: "It will either conquer or be conquered". Gobineau dismissed pacifism, writing: "Even if the friends of universal peace succeeded in making Europe disgusted with war, they would still have to bring about a permanent change in the passions of mankind" and that peace was only possible "if all races were actually gifted, in the same degree, with the same powers". Despite being a diplomat whose nominal job was to achieve French policy goals without resorting to war, and despite his personal distaste for the
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lacking in the analytic rigor, which according to him whites alone were capable of achieving. He asserted the
Chinese were incapable of science because "the spirit of the yellow race is neither profound nor insightful to attain this quality reserved for the white race". Gobineau believed China was a warning to the West of the perils of "democracy"—by which he meant meritocracy. This was because the Chinese state had attempted to promote education for the masses, the rule by the mandarins was meritocratic, and the exams to become a mandarin were open to all literate men. For Gobineau this reflected the racially "stagnant" character of the Chinese.
454:, and parts of Britain derived from the historical development of the Roman, Greek, and Ottoman empires, which had brought the non-Aryan peoples of Africa and the Mediterranean cultures to western and northern Europe. He believed the populations of southern and western Iran, southern Spain and Italy consisted of a degenerative race arising from miscegenation, and the whole of north India consisted of a "yellow" (Asian) race. Gobineau was extremely hostile towards Slavic peoples, especially Russians who, he thought, had become a semi-Asian people as a result of miscegenation under the
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thought. Regarding the "yellows" (Asians) he said they were physically and intellectually mediocre but had an extremely strong materialism that allowed them to achieve certain results. Finally, Gobineau wrote whites were the best and greatest of the three races as they alone were capable of intelligent thought, creating beauty and were the most beautiful. "The white race originally possessed the monopoly of beauty, intelligence and strength" he wrote, and any positive qualities the Asians and blacks possessed was due to subsequent miscegenation.
517:". He believed European civilization would soon be destroyed by a Chinese invasion. Linked to his fear of China was Gobineau's fear of Russia. During his visit to Russia in 1876 he wrote to a friend: "It is undeniable that this country is well on the way to power and aggrandizement" and in 1879 wrote Russia was about to present "the spectacle of the creation of the greatest empire that the Universe will ever have seen". He saw the growth of Russian power as opening the door for a Chinese invasion of Europe, writing to Pedro II in 1879:
894:. Freyre argued that Gobineau was a snobbish Frenchman who looked down upon Brazilians as not measuring up to Europe. This led Freyre to reject the idea that Europe should be the standard for Brazil, arguing the Brazilians had created a new civilization based on an interaction of the descendants of Indians, African slaves and European immigrants that was superior to the Europeans with their obsession with racial purity. Freyre dismissed the writings of Gobineau and Chamberlain as "diffuse, loquacious and wrong".
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808:. Writing in April 1939, Rowbotham declared: "So after nearly a hundred years, the fantastic pessimistic philosophy of the brilliant French diplomat is seized upon and twisted to the use of a mystic demagogue who finds in the idea of the pure Aryan an excuse for thrusting civilization dangerously near back to the Dark Ages." The pessimism of Gobineau's message did not lend itself to political action as he did not believe that humanity could be saved from racial degeneration. Biddiss wrote:
66:. In it he revealed his fear of the revolution being the beginning of the end of aristocratic Europe, with common folk descended from lesser breeds taking over. The poem, set at the time of the revolt in Naples against Spanish rule in 1647 (an allegory for 1848), concerns the eponymous character, a noblewoman on whom Gobineau spends a good five hundred lines tracing her descent from Viking ancestors. It features the lines:
160:. Gobineau used medieval Persian epic poetry, which he treated as completely historically accurate accounts, together with the beauty of Persian women (whom he saw as the most beautiful in the world) to argue that Persians were once great Aryans, but unfortunately the Persians had interbred too often with the Semitic Arabs for their own good. At the same time, Gobineau argued that in
433:, a nation that he had always hated. In a letter to his sister Caroline in October 1854, Gobineau wrote: "After twenty years of a peace that has promoted only corruption and revolution, we find ourselves in a military atmosphere which, from its very beginning, has encouraged many fine things. I consider war, despite its evils, as a blessing."
216:("the mud"). Gobineau questioned the belief that the black and yellow races belong to the same human family as the white race and share a common ancestor. Trained neither as a theologian nor a naturalist, and writing before the popular spread of evolutionary theory, Gobineau took the Bible to be a true telling of human history.
710:, and accepted its premise of an Aryan master race and its denunciation of miscegenation, but he denied humanity was in unstoppable decay. He thought that Christ died for everyone, irrespective of race, and from this drew a hope for a fundamental regeneration of humanity based on acceptance of Christianity. Gobineau visited
873:("The Southern Populations of Brazil") offered lavish praise of Gobineau for his denunciation of miscegenation and his disparaging remarks about black and Indian Brazilians. Vianna's solution was a plan to "Aryanise" Brazil by bringing in millions of fair-skinned European immigrants and thus achieve the "
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His thesis, that the
Germanic Aryans would retain social superiority only if they retained racial purity and didn't dilute their genetic inheritance through mixing with inferior black and yellow strains, became the basis for the political movement called Gobinism at the end of the century; the German
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is a series of "Oriental" short stories set in Persia, Afghanistan and
Central Asia. Its recurring theme is that the character of the people is determined by race. An example is an Uzbek noblewoman, adopted by a Russian officer, retaining the ferocity of her race by attempting to blind his biological
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promoted owed as much to Wagner as it did to
Gobineau for the group rejected Gobineau's pessimism and believed the Aryan race could be saved. Schemann, who was one of the most influential and best known race theorists in Imperial Germany, projected an optimistic message about the future of the Aryan
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Gobineau came to believe race created culture. He argued that distinctions among the three races—"black", "white", and "yellow"—were natural barriers; "race-mixing" breaks those barriers and leads to chaos. Of the three races, he argued blacks were physically very strong but incapable of intelligent
542:". Gobineau praised racist laws meant to restrict Chinese immigration to the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Hawaii and Australia as a good first step, but warned that "European civilization" was so rotten by miscegenation that it was only a matter of time before the Chinese destroyed the West.
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Paradoxically, although
Gobineau saw hope in the expansion of European power, he did not support the creation of commercial empires with their attendant multicultural milieu. He concluded the development of empires was ultimately destructive to the "superior races" that created them, since they led
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when he is not at work with the staging." Gobineau wrote back to say: "I assure you there is no
Bayreuthian more faithful than I". However, while accepting some of Gobineau's basic views into his theories, Wagner rejected Gobineau's pessimism about the fate of humanity and instead created a concept
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And the
Germanic People, displaying the blond hair of their ancestors, emerged to rule in every corner of the world. Neptune and his trident serve the Anglo-Saxon, their last descendant, and the peopled deserts of young America know the strength of this heroic people. But as to the Romans, Germans,
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Until the Second World War, Gobineau's writings were cited in Brazil in support of the idea that miscegenation caused "physical degeneration" and there must be no interracial sex in Brazil if the
Brazilian people were to have a positive future. By contrast, in reaction to intellectuals like Vianna
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Richard Wagner wrote positively about
Gobineau in his late writings and suggested one could not exclude the correctness of his racial theory. At the same time, he also disagreed with Gobineau's conclusion that miscegenation unavoidably resulted in the decline of the human race and cultures. In his
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as reflecting "democratic degeneration"—namely the chaos that he believed resulted when the mindless masses were allowed political power—which meant that critical reception of Gobineau in France was very mixed. His contempt for ordinary people emerges from his letters, where his preferred term for
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Gobineau described the Aryans as physically extremely beautiful and very tall; of immense intelligence and strength, and endowed with incredible energy, great creativity in the arts and a love of war. Like many other racists, he believed one's looks determined what one did, or in other words, that
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Et les Germains, montrant leur chevelure blonde, Que portaient leurs aïeux, dans tous les coins du monde, Paraissent pour régner. Neptune et son trident, Servent l'Anglo-Saxon, leur dernier descendant, Et les déserts peuplés de la jeune Amérique, Connaissenet le pouvior de ce peuple héroïque, Mais
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developed a set of ideas that were influential during his life and some of them that impacted later social thinkers, such politicians, anthropologists, and sociologists. While still alive, he was a major influence on "Gobinism", also known as Gobineauism, an academic, political and social movement
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What the Russians will have done within ten years will be to have opened towards the West the flood-gates to the vast human horde that we find so ill at ease in China; and it is an avalanche of Chinese and Slavs, mottled with Tartars and Baltic Germans, that will put an end to the stupidities and
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Gobineau asserted that the Aryans had founded the ten great civilizations of the world, writing: "In the ten civilizations no Negro race is seen an initiator. Only when it is mixed with some other, can it even be initiated into a civilization. Similarly, no spontaneous civilization is to be found
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He originally wrote that, given the past trajectory of civilization in Europe, white race miscegenation was inevitable and would result in growing chaos. Despite his opinion that whites were the most beautiful of the races, he believed Asian and black women had immense powers of sexual attraction
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Though a proud Frenchman, Gobineau was cosmopolitan and regarded himself as part of a cultured European elite that transcended national loyalties—a good Frenchman but even more so a "good European". Gobineau felt more affinity for fellow aristocrats of other nationalities than he did for French
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All Chinese literature was "puerile", according to Gobineau, as the Chinese lacked the powers of the imagination that allowed Westerners to write great novels. He considered Chinese theater "flat" and Chinese poetry "ridiculous". The "great Chinese scientific works" were "verbose compilations"
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Historians have made much of the significant philosophical gap between the pessimism of Gobineau himself, particularly his insistence that his vision was of mythical Aryans as a fallen and lost people, versus the optimism and themes of rejuvenation of the disciples and members of the Gobinism
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Within the white race, there was a further subdivision between the Aryans, who were the epitome of all that was great about the white race and non-Aryans. Gobineau took the term Aryan ("light one" or "noble one") from Hindu legend and mythology, which describes how the Indian subcontinent was
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His racist ideology, through rooted in social and political concerns and though claiming to explain the nature of society itself, could not on his own terms effect any transformation. But Gobineau unfortunately failed to realize the degree to which such a theory—whatever his own view of its
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have praised him as one of France's greatest novelists. In his native France, he has been and is still often praised by literary critics as a master of French style whose novels were written with elegant verve and a superb sense of irony. French critic Pierre-Louis Rey and British historian
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contained a far more detailed and closely argued explanation for cultural decadence than anything Wagner had written. Indeed, this synthesis of anthropology, theology, linguistics and history was unquestionably the most impressive and ideologically coherent racial analysis produced in the
96:, and that apparently unrelated languages such as English, Irish, Albanian, Italian, Greek, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Kurdish, Persian and so forth were all part of the same family of languages spoken across a wide swath of Eurasia from Ireland to India. The ancient
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wrote a series of books in the 1920s–30s praising miscegenation and the black Brazilian culture, arguing that the fusion of white, black and Indians had given Brazil a distinctive culture and the Brazilian people a distinctive appearance, creating the theory of
353:("The Kingdom of the Hellenes"). In it he argues the achievements of ancient Greece were all due to the Aryans, and there existed no connection between the ancient Greeks and modern Greeks, as the Aryan blood was all gone. After leaving Pedro II in
777:, describing them as "a free, strong, and intelligent people" who succeeded despite the natural disadvantages of the Land of Israel. In his later years, however, he inclined, according to Paul Lawrence Rose, toward "a vague personal antisemitism."
534:" ("A Judgment on the Present World"), which was translated into German by Cosima Wagner. With a foreword by Wagner himself, Gobineau here warned the Chinese would soon overwhelm and destroy Western civilization. Gobineau also called his essay
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Some, however, may argue that even though, superficially, the race debates of the 1930s seemed to have moved on from the Gobineauism of the nineteenth century, they had not done so decisively enough to be considered as an altogether new
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becoming popular in France. The book had been published in four volumes (each about 1,000 pages long) in 1853–55, and remained out of print for decades. In 1884, just after the war with China began, the second and third editions of the
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are known to have used in ancient times. This included groups classified by language like the Celts, Slavs and the Germans. Gobineau later came to use and reserve the term Aryan only for the "Germanic race", and described the Aryans as
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Although Gobineau himself was concerned with a scholarly examination of the mechanics of human social life rather than with racist political programs, his theory of racial determinism, which in time developed into a movement called
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Gobineau argued Chinese civilization had been created by a group of Aryan conquerors from India who had brought the indigenous Malay people living there under their heel. Though he had read almost everything written in French about
258:, Gobineau says the purpose of the novel is to advance the theory "that there are no longer classes, that there are no longer peoples, but only—in the whole of Europe—certain individuals who float like the wreckage upon the flood".
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among the yellow races; and when the Aryan blood is exhausted stagnation supervenes". Gobineau, mindful of his own supposed noble and Frankish descent classified the Germanic peoples as being the Aryans in Europe.
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of the Ottoman Empire. He took his friend on a guided tour of Athens, a city he called "heaven on earth" due to its ruins. Inspired by his last visit to Greece, Gobineau began to write what became his 1878 book
838:(long skulled) people of northern Europe were the best and greatest race in the entire world. He wrote that Brazil could become a great nation by having a huge influx of German immigrants who would achieve the
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By the close of the nineteenth century, Gobinism had become a powerful cult with important adherents. A supreme Germany peopled by blond geniuses was a tempting ideal to which few compatriots resisted homage.
844:(racial whitening) of Brazil. In 1912, Romero praised Gobineau in an essay for "admirable, genius-like vision" and his "wise words that merit every consideration" before launching what the American historian
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Between the pessimism of Gobineau and the regenerative optimism of those who, in preaching 'Gobinism', came to make use of his doctrines there is of course a vast gulf. But it is not altogether unbridgeable.
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in European civilization. He continually referred to past empires in Europe and their attendant movement of non-white peoples into European homelands, in explaining the ethnography of the nations of Europe.
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Gobineau was undoubtedly the most influential academic racist of the nineteenth century. His writings strongly affected such intellectuals as Wanger and Nietzsche and inspired a social movement known as
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No one, for example, espoused the glorification of a superior Germanic race more fervently than Richard Wagner, and no one was a more enthusiastic proponent of "Gobineauism's" view of Jewish inferiority.
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Gobinism became one of the central veins of European reaction; adapted by Houston Stewart Chamberlain ('the spiritual founder of the Third Reich') and Alfred Rosenberg, it became part of Nazi philosophy.
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Gobineau was undoubtedly the most influential academic racist of the nineteenth century. His writings strongly affected such intellectuals as Wanger and Nietzsche and inspired a social movement known as
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impotence—might be capable of use and adaptation by others to affect society and history. His work would in time be plundered by racists with an interest in preaching explicitly reformatory doctrines.
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The consistent antinational trend of Gobinism served to equip the enemies of French democracy and, later, of the Third Republic, with real or fictitious allies beyond the frontiers of their country
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with their tales of Aryan heroes were of major interest to scholars attempting to trace the origins of the Indo-European peoples. Gobineau believed the white race had originated somewhere in
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painting. Much of the imagery appears drawn from Gobineau's anti-Asian writings, via his friend Prince Philip von Eulenburg who helped with turning Wilhelm II's sketch into the painting.
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race while accepting Gobineau's basic idea about an Aryan master race. Schemann was the man who popularized Gobineau in Germany and it was largely through him, rather than reading the
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at Paris. He is also known to students of Babism for having written the first and most influential account of the movement, displaying a fairly accurate knowledge of its history in
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indeed to the civilization of Europe. The United States, which fears a yellow invasion from the direction of California, will gain little from all this. Europe will lose everything!
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Gobineau's primary thesis was that European civilization flowed from Greece to Rome, and then to Germanic and contemporary civilization. He thought this corresponded to the ancient
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have both decried the tendency of French critics to sever Gobineau the racist from Gobineau the novelist, maintaining his novels reflect his racial theories just as much as the
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and identified themselves with Gobineau's Aryans. He was often mentioned in CUP journals and in 1911 a journal dedicated to promoting the CUP's take on Gobineau was founded in
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were published in Paris. This was a direct result of the war, as many French people suddenly became interested in a book that portrayed such an unflattering picture of Asians.
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led to immediate revival of interest in Gobineau's anti-Asian writings in France. Several French newspapers reprinted the French original of Gobineau's 1881 article in the
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Soon to become fashionable in German intellectual circles, his theories gave birth to Gobinism, a racist extrapolation of his views about the superiority of the white race
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to popularize Gobineau's racial theories in Germany. Gobineau, in turn, was greatly impressed with Wagner's music and unusually for a Frenchman, he became a member of the
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is unique as his only novel to feature non-white protagonists. In common with his other novels, its message is fundamentally pessimistic, but it allows Gobineau's intense
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382:. Wagner was very interested in Gobineau's racial theories, and many of his writings from the period show Gobineau's influence. Field wrote that "Gobineau's chief work,
300:, he attacks the entire idea of morality as the basis of action, arguing that a superior few should not be governed by any set of universal moral values. As such, Pope
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German nationalists ... found "Gobinism" made to order. Accounts of this period show that "Gobinism" became the rage of Germany. Langer speaks of "Gobineau Societies".
725:(Gobineau Society) to promote Gobineau's theories in Germany, spawning the Gobinism movement. Schemann was close to Cosima Wagner and was inspired by her to found the
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commoners. The Czech historian Ivo Budil called him "... a cosmopolitan thinker who did not feel wholly French", and who was obsessed with ancient Greece and Persia.
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is concerned with a few exceptionally talented people who are examples of "ethnic persistence" in Europe surrounded by vast masses of morons. In his introduction to
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1338:, p. 294. (The Germanic race was also regarded by Gobineau as beautiful, honourable and destined to rule: 'cette illustre famille humaine, la plus noble'. While
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were mandatory reading in German schools under the Third Reich. Gobineau's fundamental pessimism with the best days of the Aryans long gone was of little use to
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He argued Chinese culture was "without beauty and dignity"; the Chinese were "lacking in sentiments beyond the humblest notion of physical utility", and Chinese
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and Hindu legends about the conquering Aryan heroes reflected folk memories of this migration. In turn, the whites had broken into three sub-races, namely the
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beautiful people created beautiful art while ugly people created ugly art. He attributed much of the economic turmoil in France to pollution of the races.
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was largely inspired by the movement. Some historians believe the influence of Gobinism was still affecting racial discourse into the mid-20th-century.
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was a "resume of practices and maxims strongly reminiscent of what the moralists of Geneva and their educational books are pleased to recommend as the
729:. It was a small group, but it exercised much intellectual influence, and in this way popularized the theory of an Aryan master-race in Germany. The
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Despite his highly negative assessment of Brazilians, Gobineau became a hero to certain Brazilian intellectuals. In a 1906 essay, the intellectual
471:, he believed the origins of Chinese civilization were in southern China. He posited the Aryans from India had first arrived there rather than the
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When the Nazis adopted Gobineau's theories, they edited his work extensively to make it conform to their views, much as they did in the case of
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933:. An addendum to that work is a bad translation of the Bab's Bayan al-'Arabi, the first Babi text to be translated into a European language.
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458:. He described the Slavs as "a stagnant marsh in which all superior ethnic strains after a few hours of triumph found themselves engulfed".
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conquered at some time in the distant past by the Aryans. This is generally believed to have reflected folk memories of the arrival of the
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formed in 19th-century Germany. An ethnically pro-Germanic, anti-national and particularly anti-French ideology, the movement influenced
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According to his theories, the mixed populations of Spain, most of France and Italy, most of Southern Germany, most of Switzerland and
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observed it was striking the contrast between the fundamental optimism and triumphant tone expressed by Chamberlain in his 1899 book
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borrowed much of Gobineau's ideology. However, although a central figure in the development of degeneration theory, Gobineau was not
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of regeneration, wherein it would return to its past purity by embracing his version of Christianity influenced by the philosophy of
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peoples into the Indian subcontinent. In the 19th century, there had been much public interest in the discovery by Orientalists like
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265:(1876), which concerns the impact of miscegenation in modern Asia as reflected in the life stories of a diverse group of people.
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His philosophy of racial aristocracy led to the doctrine of Gobinism popular with propagandists of the pan-Germanic movement.
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Rose, Paul Lawrence. (2013). "Renan versus Gobineau: Semitism and Antisemitism, Ancient Races and Modern Liberal Nations".
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Among the groups which Gobineau classified as Aryan were the Hindus, Iranians, Hellenes, Celts, Slavs and Germanic people.
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The German composer Richard Wagner, whom Gobineau befriended late in his life, shown in a photograph taken in Paris, 1867
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warning about the imminent Chinese threat to European civilization. Likewise, the Franco-Chinese war led to the
396:. Cosima Wagner wrote to Gobineau in May 1881 to tell him: "My husband is quite at your service, always reading
200:. By doing so, he presented a racist theory in which Aryans—that is Germanic people—were all that was positive.
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2015:
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Blue, Gregory (1999). "Gobineau on China: Race Theory, the "Yellow Peril" and the Critique of Modernity"".
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Drayton, Richard (2011). "Gilberto Freyre and the Twentieth-Century Rethinking of Race in Latin America".
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recognizes Gobineau as the person who obtained the only complete manuscript of the early history of the
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In the last years of his life Gobineau was consumed with the fear of what was later to be known as the "
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It remains a matter of dispute whether Gobineau's ideas were also incorporated into Wagner's last opera
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Chamberlain's writings and the political movement of Gobineauism had a direct bearing on Nazi ideology.
486:("ultimate") of the good: economy, moderation, prudence, the art of making a profit and never a loss".
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to the mixing of distinct races. Instead, he saw the later period of the 19th century imperialism as a
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peoples. The latter were the Aryans of Hindu legends and were the best and greatest of all the whites.
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movement. It has been suggested that the spawning of Gobinism went on to majorly influence all future
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During his visit to Rome, Gobineau met and befriended the German composer Richard Wagner and his wife
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Shocked by the Revolution of 1848, Gobineau first expressed his racial theories in his 1848 epic poem
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Gobineau's theories were a major influence on the Romanian radical anti-Semitic politician Professor
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by the end of the nineteenth century, with powerful and influential followers, specifically in the
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New Shape of Ethics?: Reflections on Ethical Values in Post-modern American Cultures and Societies
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Despite his pride in being French, Gobineau often attacked many aspects of French life under the
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Honorary Aryans: National-Racial Identity and Protected Jews in the Independent State of Croatia
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about the future of the Aryans vs. the relentlessly downbeat and gloomy message of Gobineau's
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Biddiss, Michael D. (1997). "History as Destiny: Gobineau, H. S. Chamberlain and Spengler".
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Ancient Persia in Western History: Hellenism and the Representation of the Achaemenid Empire
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Besides promoting racism, Gobineau also wrote several well received novels. Writers such as
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Romains, Allemands, Gaulois, Pour en finir, Ce qui n'est pas Germain est créé pour servir.
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308:, precisely because of the utterly ruthless way in which he advanced the interests of the
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the blacks and Asians had intermixed to create the sub-race of the Malays. He classified
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having the misfortune to be surrounded by an endless multitude of debased inferiors. In
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Drummond, Elizabeth (2005). "Schemann, Ludwig (1852–1938)". In Levy, Richard S. (ed.).
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So that the reader not be left in ignorance as to who the Aryans are, Gobineau stated,
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1882:"Fantasies of Degeneration: Some Remarks on Racial Anti-Semitism in Interwar Romania"
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daughter while an Afghan prince rises far above the rest because of his Aryan blood.
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862:(pictured), a Brazilian minister, was highly influenced by Gobineau's racist beliefs
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was emphasized within Gobinism to ideologically bridge to the later Nazi movement.
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A Shameful Act – The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility
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1975:
891:
886:
845:
835:
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689:
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652:
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valley which all Chinese sources regard as the "cradle" of Chinese civilization.
379:
165:
85:
2239:
Bermbach, Udo, "Wagner und Gobineau: Zur Geschichte eines Missverständnisses",
2160:
2141:, had an enormous influence upon the subsequent development of racial theories.
911:
877:" of Brazil. Vianna served as the education minister under the dictatorship of
866:
859:
608:
430:
345:
337:
332:
In 1876, Gobineau accompanied his close friend Pedro II on his trip to Russia,
293:
161:
133:
39:
2568:
796:
did borrow Gobineau's idea about an Aryan master race. The American historian
672:
described as "Gobineau Societies", Gobinism was later adapted by the likes of
2980:
2609:
Father of Racist Ideology: The Social and Political Thought of Count Gobineau
1349:
1079:
985:
852:
population as a racially degenerate people who should disappear from Brazil.
644:
592:
588:
365:
289:
288:, Gobineau again highlights the theme of a few gifted "Aryan" heroes such as
230:
192:
2828:
Evangelist of race : The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain
694:
238:
1948:
770:
758:
681:
628:
538:("What is Happening in Asia") "the sequel and the present condition of the
514:
479:
472:
455:
422:
402:
358:
301:
234:
177:
173:
105:
2684:
2600:
Wagner's Parsifal: An Appreciation in the Light of His Theological Journey
2891:
2200:
766:
526:
In 1881, Gobineau published an article in Richard Wagner's newspaper the
426:
270:
97:
75:
Gauls, to put it briefly, those who are not German are created to serve.
2945:
2692:
1367:
La race germanique était pourvue de toute l'énergie de la variété ariane
425:
as bringing greatness back to France. In 1854, Gobineau approved of the
2870:
2653:
1377:. Comparative Literature Section.; University of Oregon. 1967, page 342
1087:
1063:
907:
827:
580:
137:
51:
320:
781:
2862:
2645:
2808:
2805:
Antisemitism A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution
2733:
Arthur Gobineau and Greece. A view of a man of letters and diplomat
2180:
philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche used it to create his ideal of the
711:
620:
429:, writing that France would gain much prestige by declaring war on
392:
354:
109:
664:
Becoming popular in German intellectual cliques, particularly the
498:
2544:
2517:
2156:
Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth
1345:
849:
546:
451:
129:
101:
47:
834:
and Houston Stewart Chamberlain as having proved that the blond
357:, Gobineau traveled to Rome, Italy, for a private audience with
915:
762:
333:
309:
117:
113:
2037:
Empire and Emancipation: Power and Liberation on a World Scale
2073:
The Invisible Wall: Germans and Jews - A Personal Exploration
1340:
1249:. J. B. Lippincott & Co, Philadelphia (1856), pp. 337–338
624:
468:
188:
125:
1924:
Architects of Ideas: The Story of the World's Great Thinkers
187:
culture, which earlier anthropologists had misconceived as "
2955:
Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought
2930:
Rowbotham, Arnold (1939). "Gobineau and the Aryan Terror".
2849:
Fortier, Paul (Autumn 1967). "Gobineau and German Racism".
1421:
1419:
1417:
1385:
1383:
1260:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Culture and Myth
1239:
655:, who also made the first German translation of Gobineau's
640:
157:
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1448:
1446:
1414:
1380:
2737:
Prague Papers on the History of International Relations
2529:
2317:
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1620:
1610:
1608:
1583:
1581:
1467:
1465:
990:
Imperialism: Part Two Of The Origins Of Totalitarianism
595:; his influence was considerable in 1930s–40s Romania.
2485:
2473:
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2413:
1905:
1903:
1860:
1858:
1845:
1843:
1804:
1792:
1777:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1723:
1711:
1651:
1632:
1554:
1227:
1215:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1118:
623:. Committee members called the homeland of the Turks
549:
led to war breaking out between France and China. The
505:("Peoples of Europe, guard your dearest goods," 1895)
2500:
2305:
1828:
1489:
1443:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1203:
1174:
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1152:
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918:, who was put to death by the Persian authorities in
147:
2369:
2290:
1605:
1578:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1462:
1431:
1106:
603:
Gobineau's theories had a profound influence on the
2743:
2550:
2523:
1900:
1855:
1840:
1816:
1750:
1738:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1566:
1186:
717:In 1894, the Wagnerite and anti-Semitic journalist
2895:
2744:Burke, Peter; Pallares-Burke, Maria LĂşcia (2008).
2572:
2257:
2106:Nineteenth-century Literature Criticism, Volume 17
1506:
1395:
1373:. by American Comparative Literature Association.
1147:
1130:
1980:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 11: Gioni - Harem I
1094:
706:("Heroism and Christianity"), Wagner praised the
680:to forge elements of Nazi philosophy. Gobineau's
315:
156:He believed Aryans had also moved into India and
2978:
1275:
714:, the home of Wagner, shortly before his death.
421:, Gobineau very much welcomed the militarism of
639:Historians have described Gobinism as becoming
2710:Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania
931:Religions et philosophies dans l'Asie centrale
902:Although in no way espousing his beliefs, the
2746:Gilberto Freyre: Social Theory in the Tropics
1247:The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races
949:
792:("ethnic") thinkers. Several of them such as
658:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
2633:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
2152:
848:called a "violent polemic" against Brazil's
413:Despite having failed the entrance exams to
2125:
1308:The Modern Origins of the Early Middle Ages
503:Völker Europas, wahrt eure heiligsten Güter
493:
219:
2356:, translated by Adrian Collins. New York:
2066:
1945:Simone De Beauvoir: The Woman and Her Work
611:had originated from the land north of the
340:. Gobineau introduced him to both Emperor
2929:
2455:
1974:
1939:
1425:
1389:
1209:
885:who cited Gobineau, the Brazilian writer
2952:
2884:The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
2802:
2494:
2328:
2031:
1921:
1875:
1873:
1352:, "Aryan" became, partly because of the
1305:
854:
564:Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines
559:Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines
497:
384:Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines
370:Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines
368:. Wagner was greatly impressed with the
319:
2848:
2765:
2629:
2606:
2538:
2511:
2479:
2467:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2340:
2311:
1798:
1786:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1500:
1483:
1456:
1437:
1221:
1124:
1112:
569:
545:In 1884, the French efforts to conquer
461:
14:
2979:
2194:
2126:Pyzik, Teresa; Sikora, Tomasz (2000).
2103:
1375:Modern Language Association of America
984:
753:
2890:
2877:
2825:
2730:
2707:
2567:
2299:
2252:
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1909:
1888:from the original on 23 December 2015
1879:
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1864:
1614:
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1548:
1524:
1471:
1233:
1061:
1019:
261:Another one of his literary works is
2668:
2597:
2227:
2009:
1849:
1834:
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1810:
1771:
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1732:
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1572:
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1197:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1141:
1100:
647:movement. The Gobineau Association (
532:Ein Urteil ĂĽber die jetzige Weltlage
224:
871:As populações meridionais do Brasil
802:The Foundations of the 19th Century
408:
24:
1336:The Cambridge Companion to Tacitus
148:Focus on Aryans as a superior race
57:
25:
3003:
2880:Gobineau the Would be Orientalist
1926:. New Home Library. p. 359.
598:
2012:The Intellectual Basis of Nazism
1276:Nevenko Bartulin (4 July 2013).
955:Race and Racism: An Introduction
925:. The manuscript is held by the
914:, written by Hajji Mirzâ Jân of
312:family in defiance of morality.
2551:Burke & Pallares-Burke 2008
2524:Burke & Pallares-Burke 2008
2400:
2363:
2346:
2233:
2188:
2146:
2119:
2097:
2060:
2025:
2003:
1984:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
1968:
1933:
1915:
1884:. Institute of Human Sciences.
1359:
1328:
1298:
1269:
1252:
897:
775:Essai sur l'inégalité des races
605:Committee of Union and Progress
2714:University of Pittsburgh Press
2408:Historia de la TeorĂa PolĂtica
2104:Harris, Laurie Lanzen (1988).
1055:
1013:
978:
943:
316:Friendship with Richard Wagner
13:
1:
2788:10.5699/portstudies.27.1.0043
2780:10.5699/portstudies.27.1.0043
2354:The Inequality of Human Races
2016:University of Wisconsin Press
936:
919:
826:cited Gobineau together with
769:. He may be characterised as
2953:Skidmore, Thomas E. (1993).
2607:Biddiss, Michael D. (1970).
2386:10.1080/01916599.2012.724549
2153:Macgillivray, J. A. (2000).
1922:Trattner, Ernest R. (1942).
1880:Turda, Marius (April 2003).
7:
2826:Field, Geoffrey G. (1981).
2613:Littlehampton Book Services
2132:University of Silesia Press
1306:Ian Wood (September 2013).
794:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
692:of the period. Nietzsche's
674:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
10:
3008:
2560:
2266:W. W. Norton & Company
2033:Pieterse, Jan P. Nedervene
1031:W. W. Norton & Company
634:
574:
436:
372:and he used his newspaper
304:is presented as a hero in
120:, the Middle East and the
38:and intellectuals such as
2832:Columbia University Press
2598:Bell, Richard H. (2013).
2373:History of European Ideas
2352:Gobineau, Arthur (1915).
994:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
832:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
817:
704:Heldentum und Christentum
651:) was founded in 1894 by
2672:Journal of World History
959:Rowman & Littlefield
668:, in the phenomena that
250:. Gobineau's 1874 novel
220:Other views and writings
2902:. New York: Owl Books.
2406:Sabine, George (1988).
1312:Oxford University Press
1258:Mallory, J. P. (1991),
585:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
351:Le Royaume des Hellènes
94:Indo-European languages
2878:Irwin, Robert (2016).
2851:Comparative Literature
2195:Samiei, Sasan (2014).
2068:Blumenthal, W. Michael
1371:Comparative literature
1062:Buber, Martin (1945).
951:Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn
927:Bibliothèque Nationale
910:religious movement of
863:
815:
733:that Schemann and the
587:, the poet-politician
536:Ce qui se fait en Asie
524:
510:
342:Alexander II of Russia
325:
77:
29:The French aristocrat
2959:Duke University Press
2916:Wagner and Philosophy
2807:. Santa Barbara, CA:
2708:Bucur, Maria (2010).
2685:10.1353/jwh.2005.0003
2260:The Mismeasure of Man
2010:Cerf, Jay H. (1951).
1334:A. J. Woodman, 2009,
1068:Jewish Social Studies
1026:The Mismeasure of Man
858:
810:
670:Walter Charles Langer
519:
501:
323:
68:
46:and the precursor of
2243:9/1 (2013), 243–258.
784:. Extracts from the
746:was promoted in the
735:Gobineau Vereinigung
727:Gobineau Vereinigung
723:Gobineau Vereinigung
649:Gobineau-Vereinigung
615:and migrated across
570:Legacy and influence
462:Chinese civilization
444:degenerative process
387:pre-Darwinian era."
278:Nouvelles Asiatiques
271:affection for Persia
267:Nouvelles Asiatiques
263:Nouvelles Asiatiques
170:South-Eastern Europe
2987:History of academia
2731:Budil, Ivo (2008).
2358:G. P. Putnam's Sons
2343:, pp. 341–350.
1941:Crossland, Margaret
1629:, pp. 123–135.
1602:, pp. 379–380.
1264:Thames & Hudson
754:Influence on Nazism
613:Great Wall of China
276:Despite its title,
191:"—a term that only
180:as racially mixed.
172:, the Middle East,
122:Indian subcontinent
44:Friedrich Nietzsche
36:German nationalists
2933:The Sewanee Review
2768:Portuguese Studies
2712:. Pittsburgh, PA:
2434:, pp. 350–51.
2254:Gould, Stephen Jay
2230:, p. 123-135.
2041:Praeger Publishing
1813:, pp. 116–17.
1774:, pp. 115–16.
1735:, pp. 110–11.
1720:, pp. 109–10.
1344:was originally an
1282:Palgrave Macmillan
1021:Gould, Stephen Jay
864:
555:Bayreuther Blätter
528:Bayreuther Blätter
511:
419:House of Bonaparte
375:Bayreuther Blätter
326:
284:In his 1877 novel
273:to shine through.
244:Michael D. Biddiss
198:la race germanique
112:and the blacks in
31:Arthur de Gobineau
2918:, Penguin Books,
2898:The Tristan Chord
2818:978-1-85109-439-4
2446:, pp. 345–6.
1837:, pp. 118–9.
1672:, pp. 162–3.
1563:, pp. 151–2.
1486:, pp. 341–2.
1321:978-0-19-965048-4
1291:978-1-137-33912-6
1236:, pp. 322–3.
1183:, pp. 101–2.
1171:, pp. 100–1.
869:in his 1920 book
225:Novels and essays
16:(Redirected from
2999:
2992:Social movements
2972:
2949:
2913:
2901:
2887:
2882:. Vol. 26.
2874:
2845:
2822:
2799:
2762:
2748:. New York, NY:
2740:
2727:
2704:
2665:
2626:
2603:
2602:. Cascade Books.
2594:
2579:. New York, NY:
2578:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2541:, pp. 43–4.
2536:
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2007:
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1976:Yarshater, Ehsan
1972:
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1245:J. A. Gobineau:
1243:
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1207:
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1128:
1127:, pp. 65–6.
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947:
924:
921:
875:embranquecimento
841:embranquecimento
678:Alfred Rosenberg
507:The Yellow Peril
409:Gobineau and war
212:common folk was
98:Hindu scriptures
21:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
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2977:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2910:
2863:10.2307/1769493
2842:
2819:
2759:
2750:Peter Lang Ltd.
2724:
2646:10.2307/3679271
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2161:Hill & Wang
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2102:
2098:
2088:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2043:. p. 250.
2030:
2026:
2018:. p. 106.
2008:
2004:
1994:
1973:
1969:
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1322:
1314:. p. 107.
1303:
1299:
1292:
1274:
1270:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1224:, pp. 123.
1220:
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1204:
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1004:
983:
979:
969:
961:. p. 109.
948:
944:
939:
922:
900:
892:Lusotropicalism
887:Gilberto Freyre
846:Thomas Skidmore
836:dolichocephalic
820:
756:
742:directly, that
719:Ludwig Schemann
690:racial theories
666:Bayreuth Circle
653:Ludwig Schemann
637:
601:
577:
572:
551:Sino-French War
496:
464:
439:
411:
380:Bayreuth Circle
318:
227:
222:
166:Southern Europe
150:
60:
58:Racial theories
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3005:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2974:
2973:
2968:978-0822313205
2967:
2957:. Durham, NC:
2950:
2940:(2): 152–165.
2927:
2908:
2888:
2875:
2857:(4): 341–350.
2846:
2840:
2823:
2817:
2800:
2763:
2758:978-1906165093
2757:
2741:
2728:
2723:978-0822961260
2722:
2705:
2666:
2627:
2622:978-0297000853
2621:
2604:
2595:
2590:978-0805079326
2589:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2543:
2528:
2516:
2499:
2484:
2482:, p. 260.
2472:
2470:, p. 348.
2460:
2458:, p. 165.
2456:Rowbotham 1939
2448:
2436:
2424:
2422:, p. 258.
2412:
2410:. Madrid: FCE.
2399:
2380:(4): 528–540.
2362:
2345:
2333:
2331:, p. 640.
2316:
2304:
2302:, p. 154.
2289:
2279:978-0393314250
2278:
2245:
2241:WagnerSpectrum
2232:
2220:
2210:978-1780764801
2209:
2203:. p. 75.
2187:
2174:978-0809030354
2173:
2145:
2134:. p. 65.
2118:
2112:. p. 98.
2096:
2087:978-1887178730
2086:
2059:
2050:978-0275925291
2049:
2024:
2002:
1993:978-0933273719
1992:
1986:. p. 23.
1967:
1958:978-0434149018
1957:
1951:. p. 15.
1932:
1914:
1899:
1869:
1854:
1852:, p. 118.
1839:
1827:
1825:, p. 117.
1815:
1803:
1801:, p. 252.
1791:
1789:, p. 251.
1776:
1764:
1762:, p. 112.
1749:
1747:, p. 111.
1737:
1722:
1710:
1708:, p. 109.
1698:
1696:, p. 105.
1686:
1684:, p. 104.
1674:
1662:
1660:, p. 149.
1650:
1648:, p. 163.
1631:
1619:
1617:, p. 153.
1604:
1592:
1590:, p. 152.
1577:
1575:, p. 115.
1565:
1553:
1551:, p. 151.
1541:
1529:
1527:, p. 153.
1517:
1505:
1488:
1476:
1474:, p. 331.
1461:
1442:
1430:
1428:, p. 161.
1426:Rowbotham 1939
1413:
1394:
1392:, p. 162.
1390:Rowbotham 1939
1379:
1358:
1327:
1320:
1297:
1290:
1284:. p. 23.
1268:
1251:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1210:Rowbotham 1939
1202:
1200:, p. 102.
1185:
1173:
1161:
1159:, p. 101.
1146:
1144:, p. 100.
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1074:(2): 137–148.
1054:
1044:978-0393314250
1043:
1012:
1003:978-0156442008
1002:
996:. p. 54.
986:Arendt, Hannah
977:
968:978-1442274587
967:
941:
940:
938:
935:
899:
896:
879:GetĂşlio Vargas
867:Oliveira Viana
860:Oliveira Viana
819:
816:
755:
752:
636:
633:
600:
599:Ottoman Empire
597:
576:
573:
571:
568:
495:
494:"Yellow Peril"
492:
484:nec plus ultra
463:
460:
438:
435:
410:
407:
355:Constantinople
346:Abdul Hamid II
338:Ottoman Empire
317:
314:
306:La Renaissance
298:La Renaissance
294:Pope Julius II
286:La Renaissance
226:
223:
221:
218:
209:Third Republic
162:Southeast Asia
149:
146:
59:
56:
40:Richard Wagner
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3004:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2924:0-14-029519-4
2921:
2917:
2911:
2909:0-8050-7189-X
2905:
2900:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2841:0-231-04860-2
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2679:(1): 93–139.
2678:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2553:, p. 70.
2552:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2526:, p. 61.
2525:
2520:
2514:, p. 44.
2513:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2497:, p. 56.
2496:
2495:Skidmore 1993
2491:
2489:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2329:Drummond 2005
2325:
2323:
2321:
2314:, p. 79.
2313:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1912:, p. 53.
1911:
1906:
1904:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1867:, p. 56.
1866:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1515:, p. 96.
1514:
1509:
1503:, p. 77.
1502:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1459:, p. 76.
1458:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1411:, p. 97.
1410:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1351:
1350:Indo-Iranians
1348:used only by
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1115:, p. 65.
1114:
1109:
1103:, p. 99.
1102:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1005:
999:
995:
991:
987:
981:
974:
970:
964:
960:
956:
952:
946:
942:
934:
932:
928:
917:
913:
909:
905:
895:
893:
888:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
861:
857:
853:
851:
847:
843:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:SĂlvio Romero
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
751:
749:
745:
744:Gobineauismus
741:
736:
732:
731:Gobineauismus
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
702:1881 article
699:
697:
696:
691:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
659:
654:
650:
646:
645:Pan-Germanism
642:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
596:
594:
593:Ion Antonescu
590:
589:Octavian Goga
586:
582:
567:
565:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
523:
518:
516:
508:
504:
500:
491:
487:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
459:
457:
453:
448:
445:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
406:
404:
399:
395:
394:
388:
385:
381:
377:
376:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
322:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:Cesare Borgia
287:
282:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
236:
232:
231:Marcel Proust
217:
215:
210:
205:
201:
199:
194:
193:Indo-Iranians
190:
186:
185:Indo-European
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
145:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:William Jones
87:
86:Indo-European
81:
76:
72:
67:
65:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
19:
2954:
2937:
2931:
2915:
2897:
2892:Magee, Bryan
2879:
2854:
2850:
2830:. New York:
2827:
2804:
2774:(1): 43–47.
2771:
2767:
2745:
2732:
2709:
2676:
2670:
2637:
2631:
2608:
2599:
2581:Metropolitan
2574:
2569:Akçam, Taner
2546:
2539:Drayton 2011
2519:
2512:Drayton 2011
2480:Biddiss 1970
2475:
2468:Fortier 1967
2463:
2451:
2444:Fortier 1967
2439:
2432:Fortier 1967
2427:
2420:Biddiss 1970
2415:
2407:
2402:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2353:
2348:
2341:Fortier 1967
2336:
2312:Biddiss 1997
2307:
2283:
2259:
2248:
2240:
2235:
2223:
2214:
2196:
2190:
2181:
2178:
2155:
2148:
2138:
2135:
2127:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2091:
2078:Counterpoint
2072:
2062:
2054:
2036:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1979:
1970:
1962:
1944:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1890:. Retrieved
1830:
1818:
1806:
1799:Biddiss 1970
1794:
1787:Biddiss 1970
1767:
1740:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1670:Biddiss 1970
1665:
1658:Biddiss 1970
1653:
1646:Biddiss 1970
1622:
1595:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1501:Biddiss 1997
1484:Fortier 1967
1479:
1457:Biddiss 1970
1440:, p. 3.
1438:Biddiss 1970
1433:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1307:
1300:
1277:
1271:
1259:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1229:
1222:Biddiss 1970
1217:
1205:
1176:
1164:
1125:Biddiss 1970
1120:
1113:Biddiss 1970
1108:
1096:
1071:
1067:
1064:"Moses Hess"
1057:
1048:
1025:
1015:
1007:
989:
980:
972:
954:
945:
930:
904:Baháʼà Faith
901:
898:Baháʼà Faith
883:
874:
870:
865:
840:
821:
811:
805:
801:
798:Paul Fortier
789:
785:
779:
774:
771:philosemitic
759:Adolf Hitler
757:
747:
743:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:founded the
716:
707:
703:
700:
693:
686:
682:antisemitism
663:
656:
648:
638:
602:
591:and Marshal
578:
563:
558:
554:
544:
539:
535:
531:
527:
525:
520:
515:Yellow Peril
512:
506:
502:
488:
483:
480:Confucianism
477:
473:Yellow River
465:
456:Golden Horde
449:
440:
423:Napoleon III
412:
403:Schopenhauer
397:
391:
389:
383:
373:
369:
363:
359:Pope Pius IX
350:
331:
327:
305:
302:Alexander VI
297:
285:
283:
277:
275:
266:
262:
260:
256:Les Pléiades
255:
252:Les Pléiades
251:
247:
235:Jean Cocteau
228:
213:
206:
202:
197:
182:
178:North Africa
174:Central Asia
155:
151:
142:
82:
78:
73:
69:
63:
61:
28:
26:
2914:(UK title:
2268:. pp.
2216:phenomenon.
2201:I.B. Tauris
2163:. pp.
1892:22 December
1033:. pp.
923: 1852
767:antisemitic
607:(CUP). The
427:Crimean War
344:and Sultan
124:; both the
2981:Categories
2640:: 73–100.
2300:Field 1981
2182:Ăśbermensch
1910:Akçam 2006
1865:Bucur 2010
1615:Field 1981
1600:Magee 2002
1588:Field 1981
1561:Budil 2008
1549:Budil 2008
1525:Budil 2008
1472:Irwin 2016
1262:, London:
1234:Irwin 2016
937:References
828:Otto Ammon
695:Ăśbermensch
581:A. C. Cuza
530:entitled "
239:André Gide
64:Manfredine
52:Moses Hess
2796:161917205
2701:143762514
2662:163004517
2394:145204339
2285:Gobinism.
2228:Bell 2013
1850:Blue 1999
1835:Blue 1999
1823:Blue 1999
1811:Blue 1999
1772:Blue 1999
1760:Blue 1999
1745:Blue 1999
1733:Blue 1999
1718:Blue 1999
1706:Blue 1999
1694:Blue 1999
1682:Blue 1999
1627:Bell 2013
1573:Blue 1999
1537:Blue 1999
1513:Blue 1999
1409:Blue 1999
1266:, p. 125.
1198:Blue 1999
1181:Blue 1999
1169:Blue 1999
1157:Blue 1999
1142:Blue 1999
1101:Blue 1999
1080:0021-6704
1050:Gobinism.
782:Nietzsche
641:cult-like
398:The Races
2946:27535529
2894:(2002).
2809:ABC-CLIO
2693:20078751
2571:(2006).
2360:, p. 59.
2256:(1996).
2139:gobinism
2070:(1998).
2035:(1989).
1978:(2004).
1943:(1992).
1886:Archived
1023:(1996).
988:(1968).
953:(2018).
790:völkisch
712:Bayreuth
629:Salonika
621:Anatolia
393:Parsifal
336:and the
138:Japhetic
110:Americas
18:Gobinism
2871:1769493
2654:3679271
2561:Sources
1346:endonym
1088:4464658
850:mulatto
635:Germany
617:Eurasia
575:Romania
547:Vietnam
452:Austria
437:Empires
415:St. Cyr
214:la boue
134:Semitic
130:Hamitic
108:in the
102:Siberia
92:of the
48:Zionism
2965:
2944:
2922:
2906:
2869:
2838:
2815:
2794:
2786:
2755:
2720:
2699:
2691:
2660:
2652:
2619:
2587:
2392:
2276:
2207:
2171:
2084:
2047:
1990:
1955:
1318:
1288:
1086:
1078:
1041:
1000:
965:
916:Kashan
912:Persia
818:Brazil
763:Nazism
431:Russia
366:Cosima
334:Greece
310:Borgia
176:, and
158:Persia
118:Europe
114:Africa
106:Asians
104:, the
2942:JSTOR
2867:JSTOR
2792:S2CID
2784:JSTOR
2697:S2CID
2689:JSTOR
2658:S2CID
2650:JSTOR
2615:Ltd.
2390:S2CID
1949:Arrow
1354:Essai
1084:JSTOR
806:Essai
786:Essai
748:Reich
740:Essai
708:Essai
625:Turan
609:Turks
540:Essai
469:China
248:Essai
189:Aryan
126:Bible
2963:ISBN
2920:ISBN
2904:ISBN
2836:ISBN
2813:ISBN
2753:ISBN
2718:ISBN
2617:ISBN
2585:ISBN
2274:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2110:Gale
2082:ISBN
2045:ISBN
1988:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1894:2015
1341:arya
1316:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1076:ISSN
1039:ISBN
998:ISBN
963:ISBN
908:BábĂ
761:and
676:and
292:and
237:and
136:and
2859:doi
2776:doi
2681:doi
2642:doi
2382:doi
2270:359
1035:359
619:to
54:.
2983::
2961:.
2938:47
2936:.
2865:.
2855:19
2853:.
2834:.
2811:.
2790:.
2782:.
2772:27
2770:.
2735:.
2716:.
2695:.
2687:.
2677:10
2675:.
2656:.
2648:.
2636:.
2611:.
2583:.
2531:^
2502:^
2487:^
2388:.
2378:39
2376:.
2319:^
2292:^
2282:.
2272:.
2264:.
2213:.
2199:.
2177:.
2167:.
2165:39
2159:.
2130:.
2108:.
2090:.
2080:.
2076:.
2053:.
2039:.
2014:.
1996:.
1982:.
1961:.
1947:.
1902:^
1872:^
1857:^
1842:^
1779:^
1752:^
1725:^
1634:^
1607:^
1580:^
1491:^
1464:^
1445:^
1416:^
1397:^
1382:^
1310:.
1280:.
1188:^
1149:^
1132:^
1082:.
1070:.
1066:.
1047:.
1037:.
1029:.
1006:.
992:.
971:.
957:.
920:c.
830:,
661:.
631:.
405:.
361:.
233:,
168:,
132:,
50:,
42:,
2971:.
2948:.
2926:)
2912:.
2886:.
2873:.
2861::
2844:.
2821:.
2798:.
2778::
2761:.
2739:.
2726:.
2703:.
2683::
2664:.
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