564:
236:
488:
Great
Britain, Hotze was soon put in charge of Confederate propaganda in Ireland and in the German kingdoms. However, those nations had gradually passed under the control of Union agents who were provided with considerable funds. In spite of some local successes, Richmond advised Hotze not to focus on those areas because of the enormous amount of energy that this operation would require."
552:
367:
According to Serge
Noirsain of the Confederate Historical Association of Belgium, "Hotze called upon the assistance of professional journalists on the European continent. Filippo Manetta was a long-standing Italian friend of a member of the Confederate diplomatic mission in London, who had lived for
146:
in favor of national independence, echoing the failed
European revolutions of 1848. He also promised that the Confederacy would be a low-tariff nation in contrast to the high-tariff United States, and he emphasized the consequences of cotton shortages for the industrial workers in Britain, as caused
411:
who had fled to
England. Boyd had landed in Liverpool and made her way to London to meet Hotze, upon the recommendation of the Confederacy's Secretary of State. Boyd soon after married Union naval officer Samuel Wylde Hardinge in London on August 24, 1864. Though a shock to many, in light of the
487:
that spread the world news to the French press. By way of intrigues, he managed to make friends with
Auguste Havas and convince him to exploit his exclusive information coming supposedly directly from the New World. Of course he took care not to reveal his true sources...In addition to France and
243:
He arrived in London on
October 5 and came to the determination that the Confederacy needed a strong diplomatic and propaganda effort in Europe. He returned to Richmond and made his argument to the Confederate leadership. On November 14, he was created an agent with the core task of influencing
475:
He continued to draw on negative sentiments related to Union actions against
Confederate attempts to build ironclad ships in Britain and concerns over occasional Union actions against British shipping. He also worked to obtain signatures for petitions for peace and was able to influence French
31:
244:
British public opinion toward supporting the
Confederacy. Hotze was given $ 750 by the Confederate government to influence the British press with pro-Confederate propaganda. Until the end of the war, he made substantial and vigorous activities to this end.
656:
as late as 1881. Following Hotze's death in 1887, Ruby survived her husband by several decades. She continued to live in
England and then moved to Washington, D.C., with her mother Marie Louise who died on October 2, 1898. Ruby was employed in the
368:
a while in
Virginia. Using the same methods as Hotze in England, Manetta managed to successfully infiltrate the Italian media, in particular the Turin press. This complicity produced a profitable exchange of information between
329:
appeared every week on Thursdays. The newspaper cost six pence and thirty shillings for an annual subscription. By the month of July 1864, though sales had been increasing very slowly since 1862, sales revenue of
372:
and the best newspapers on the European market. When sources were available, Hotze developed topics that influenced or helped the Confederate envoys in their official missions. As a result, his columns in
227:, and help with the acquisition of munitions and supplies for the conflict. He went through the North and Canada before his departure, and collected some intelligence on the Union's mobilization efforts.
603:, who had married Marie Louise Hollinger on April 16, 1843, began his military career in Florida in June 1834 before being dismissed as purser on August 15, 1856. Senac had been stationed on Key West's
509:
Shortly after the war, Hotze joined the rifle manufacturing company Martini, Tanner & Co. as senior partner. The company was later renamed Martini, Hotze, & Co. The company operated from the
396:(according to Gladstone's papers, July 31, 1862), where he stressed that the Union and Confederacy could negotiate their boundaries in a mediation effort. As 1862 moved on and after the
1116:
297:, which was perhaps the best Confederate propaganda activity in Europe. It had a circulation of around 2,000 and was distributed primarily in Britain but was also read in
271:
251:
in the United Kingdom, British naval rights, and the rights of smaller nations. He paid English journalists to support the cause and wrote his own pieces in the
156:
293:
142:. He acted as a Confederate agent in Great Britain, attempting to build support for the Southern cause there. Hotze attempted to use liberal arguments of
1172:
1192:
498:
After the war, he refused to return to the United States and remained in Europe working as a journalist, mostly Paris. He returned to London during the
468:, for recognition of the Confederacy. Its failure and withdrawal on July 13, 1863, seemed like the end of hope for diplomatic solutions to Hotze. When
208:
305:, and even sent back to the Union itself. Hotze's realism and subtlety in his propaganda differed with other Confederate agents in Europe like
1187:
181:
171:, where he made important connections through his social skills and intelligence. He had strong racial opinions. In 1856 Hotze was hired by
285:
630:
633:. The Senac family and Moreno family were related through Fernando Moreno (1771–1830), who had married Florentina Senac in 1788 in
1197:
584:
608:
604:
880:
692:
The London Confederates: The Officials, Clergy, Businessmen and Journalists who Backed the American South During the Civil War
192:
In 1858, he went to the southern commercial convention as a delegate for Mobile. He was a secretary for the U.S. legation in
483:
According to Serge Noirsain, Hotze "took time to analyze the routing of information in France. He learned that it was the
678:
669:
in 1891. She died on January 3, 1929, in Washington, D.C., at the age of 84. She is buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery.
1100:
1029:
988:
961:
917:
890:
865:
716:
662:
176:
1075:
1060:
978:
595:
on July 28, 1815, to Pierre Senac and Agnes Senac, had been the Confederacy's purchasing agent and paymaster in
377:
and their echoes in other well-known newspapers helped consolidate the logic behind the policies of the South".
722:
1045:
412:
Civil War raging back home, the ceremony was nonetheless attended by influential Confederates such as Hotze,
135:
94:
1158:
625:
and it was there that Ruby first met Hotze. The Senacs were related to Angela Sylvania Moreno, the wife of
1090:
1019:
907:
380:
Hotze participated in a number of other important activities to support the south. He assisted in writing
951:
725:
708:
658:
433:
429:
310:
1136:
401:
495:, whose final offer to accept emancipation in exchange for European recognition he flatly rejected.
666:
583:, being presented to Queen Victoria. Ruby had been educated in the United States and had attended
461:
579:
and Marie Louise Hollinger. She had come to England with her parents in 1863 and had appeared at
393:
259:
697:
Bonner, Robert E. "Slavery, Confederate Diplomacy, and the Racialist Mission of Henry Hotze,"
436:
had previously been US Ambassadors; O'Sullivan to Portugal and Williams to the Ottoman Empire.
322:
448:
prompted some sympathy for the south, Hotze attempted to organize pro-Confederacy meetings in
834:
541:
421:
357:
247:
Hotze realized that propaganda effort had to be about more than cotton alone. He appealed to
201:
607:
as Chief Clerk in the 1850s, responsible for the construction and budget of the newly built
337:
finally became sufficient to amortize the total running costs of the paper. The offices of
1182:
1177:
361:
278:
His first piece in the British press was published on February 23,1862, in the influential
8:
499:
457:
381:
551:
1154:
637:, Louisiana. Felix Senac was also the maternal uncle of Confederate Second Lieutenant
592:
397:
212:
143:
139:
1096:
1025:
984:
957:
913:
886:
712:
706:
Henry Hotze, Confederate Propagandist: Selected on Revolution, Recognition, and Race,
445:
933:
848:
817:
800:
783:
617:
enlisted in the Confederate navy on July 22, 1861, and died on January 27, 1866, in
1092:
In the Shadow of the Alabama: The British Foreign Office and the American Civil War
1021:
In the Shadow of the Alabama: The British Foreign Office and the American Civil War
491:
In the long run Hotze's strong feelings about slavery made him averse to work with
425:
404:, Hotze became more frustrated over the course of public opinion in Great Britain.
248:
472:
was withdrawn, Hotze was the only remaining agent for the Confederacy in Britain.
1004:
626:
572:
492:
168:
131:
645:
638:
517:
469:
389:
385:
265:
172:
1166:
771:
Revolution of 1861: The American Civil War in the Age of Nationalist Conflict
740:
Revolution of 1861: The American Civil War in the Age of Nationalist Conflict
580:
465:
306:
196:
in 1858 and 1859, and when he returned, worked as an associate editor of the
164:
1121:
953:
The London Confederates: The Officials, Clergy, Businessmen and Journalists
417:
342:
318:
280:
253:
216:
980:
Persuading John Bull: Union and Confederate Propaganda in Britain, 1860–65
634:
614:
600:
596:
588:
576:
525:
314:
74:
48:
750:
563:
356:
included British authors, as well as Americans living in London such as
653:
649:
449:
413:
408:
618:
453:
235:
167:
in his youth. He became a naturalized citizen in 1855, and lived in
536:
Henry Hotze married Ruby Senac in 1867 at the American Legation in
503:
193:
302:
407:
In London, Hotze took under his wing the famous Confederate spy
211:
when the Civil War began. On May 30, 1861, he became a clerk in
298:
224:
220:
160:
30:
622:
556:
545:
540:. A religious ceremony was held on December 7, 1867, at the
537:
484:
477:
555:
Henry Hotze's wife Ruby Senac Hotze photographed in 1867 in
745:
Oates, Stephen B. "Henry Hotze: Confederate Agent Abroad."
521:
70:
44:
16:
Swiss-American agent of the Confederate States of America
392:
on March 10, 1862. He also had an important dinner with
835:"Historynet.com : Battlefields Beyond (London UK)"
439:
223:
to assist in providing funds for Confederate agents in
284:, the newspaper loyal to then British Prime Minister
1061:"US Congress: House Documents, 13th Congress, p.288"
1005:"The Civil War Research Engine at Dickinson College"
155:He was the son of Rudolph Hotze, a captain in the
976:
733:Confederate Propaganda in Europe, 1861–1865
1164:
661:on July 1, 1890, and then became a clerk in the
644:The Hotze couple and Ruby's mother lived in the
531:
934:"CONFEDERATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION OF BELGIUM"
849:"CONFEDERATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION OF BELGIUM"
818:"CONFEDERATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION OF BELGIUM"
801:"CONFEDERATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION OF BELGIUM"
784:"CONFEDERATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION OF BELGIUM"
621:, Germany. His widow and daughter returned to
1153:"The South's Man in London,' Andre M. Fleche,
1117:"Our family: the Moreno and related families"
349:, the official pro-Union propaganda journal.
187:The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races
182:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
159:, and Sophie Esslinger. He was educated in a
1173:People of Alabama in the American Civil War
905:
878:
130:(September 2, 1833 – April 19, 1887) was a
1193:American expatriates in the United Kingdom
291:In May 1862, he created a weekly journal,
215:to the adjutant general. Secretary of War
29:
147:by the Union blockade of Southern ports.
1074:Senate, United States. Congress (1858).
631:Secretary of the Navy of the Confederacy
575:on January 4, 1844, was the daughter of
562:
550:
234:
150:
1059:House, United States. Congress (1857).
949:
1165:
1076:"US Congress: Senate Documents p. 181"
1073:
977:Thomas e. Sebrell, II (30 July 2014).
587:in Washington until 1858. Her father
1058:
882:Belle Boyd: Siren of the South p. 159
528:on April 19, 1887, at the age of 53.
1188:Swiss emigrants to the United States
1089:Long, Renata Eley (15 August 2017).
1088:
1018:Long, Renata Eley (15 August 2017).
1017:
909:Belle Boyd: Siren of the South p.157
567:Funeral service for Ruby Senac Hotze
440:Last efforts and post-war activities
679:Diplomacy of the American Civil War
93:Unofficial Diplomatic Agent of the
13:
684:
652:in 1871, and were still living in
325:. With a total of sixteen pages,
230:
14:
1209:
1147:
269:, and the financial weekly paper
1198:Proponents of scientific racism
1129:
1109:
1082:
1067:
1052:
1038:
1011:
997:
970:
943:
926:
177:Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau
899:
872:
858:
841:
827:
810:
793:
776:
763:
665:. She was transferred to the
1:
756:
585:Georgetown Visitation Academy
532:Marriage to Ruby Angela Senac
502:and is known to have visited
163:setting and emigrated to the
136:Confederate States of America
95:Confederate States of America
721:Crook, D.P. "Hotze, Henry";
506:for a newspaper assignment.
424:(who had coined the phrase "
7:
912:. Mercer University Press.
885:. Mercer University Press.
726:American National Biography
709:University of Alabama Press
672:
548:by Rev. Crabod, 1st Vicar.
460:and elsewhere to support a
10:
1214:
906:Scarborough, Ruth (1997).
879:Scarborough, Ruth (1997).
701:51, no. 3 (2005): 288–316.
1095:. Naval Institute Press.
1024:. Naval Institute Press.
950:Bennett, John D. (2008).
542:Church of Saint Augustine
464:resolution, initiated by
402:Emancipation Proclamation
341:were located on London's
108:
100:
89:
81:
55:
37:
28:
21:
866:"Early American History"
476:newspapers by affecting
118:Sophie Essinger (mother)
749:27.2 (1965): 131-154.
432:. Both O'Sullivan and
394:William Ewart Gladstone
272:Money and Market Review
249:anti-American sentiment
219:ordered Hotze to go to
568:
560:
384:'s speech against the
345:, two doors down from
323:Paul Pecquet du Bellet
240:
728:Online February 2000.
566:
554:
358:Albert Taylor Bledsoe
238:
151:Early life and career
134:propagandist for the
115:Rudolf Hotze (father)
1137:"Southern Anthology"
1046:"Southern Anthology"
639:John Lawrence Rapier
571:Ruby Senac, born in
362:John Reuben Thompson
157:French Royal Service
1157:, 20 November 2012
983:. Lexington Books.
868:. 23 December 2014.
731:Cullop, Charles P.
500:Franco-Prussian War
444:After the death of
347:The London American
239:The Index Newspaper
1155:The New York Times
694:(McFarland, 2008).
599:and then Europe.
569:
561:
422:John L. O'Sullivan
398:battle of Antietam
241:
144:self-determination
140:American Civil War
837:. 5 October 2011.
704:Burnett, Lonnie.
699:Civil War History
690:Bennett, John D.
446:Stonewall Jackson
418:John Walker Fearn
125:
124:
41:September 2, 1833
1205:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1001:
995:
994:
974:
968:
967:
947:
941:
940:
938:
930:
924:
923:
903:
897:
896:
876:
870:
869:
862:
856:
855:
853:
845:
839:
838:
831:
825:
824:
822:
814:
808:
807:
805:
797:
791:
790:
788:
780:
774:
767:
516:Hotze died of a
462:House of Commons
426:Manifest Destiny
352:Contributors to
66:
64:
33:
19:
18:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1163:
1162:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1087:
1083:
1072:
1068:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1016:
1012:
1003:
1002:
998:
991:
975:
971:
964:
948:
944:
936:
932:
931:
927:
920:
904:
900:
893:
877:
873:
864:
863:
859:
851:
847:
846:
842:
833:
832:
828:
820:
816:
815:
811:
803:
799:
798:
794:
786:
782:
781:
777:
768:
764:
759:
738:Fleche, Andre.
687:
685:Further reading
675:
646:St Mary Abbotts
627:Stephen Mallory
534:
511:rue de Lisbonne
493:Jefferson Davis
442:
286:Lord Palmerston
260:London Standard
233:
231:Agent in Europe
198:Mobile Register
169:Mobile, Alabama
153:
121:
77:
68:
62:
60:
51:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1211:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1161:
1160:
1149:
1148:External links
1146:
1143:
1142:
1128:
1108:
1101:
1081:
1066:
1051:
1037:
1030:
1010:
996:
989:
969:
962:
942:
925:
918:
898:
891:
871:
857:
840:
826:
809:
792:
775:
769:Andre Fleche,
761:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
743:
736:
729:
719:
702:
695:
686:
683:
682:
681:
674:
671:
667:Weather Bureau
533:
530:
518:stomach cancer
470:James M. Mason
441:
438:
430:James Williams
390:House of Lords
386:Union blockade
311:James Williams
232:
229:
207:He joined the
173:Josiah C. Nott
152:
149:
132:Swiss American
123:
122:
120:
119:
116:
112:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
91:
90:Known for
87:
86:
85:Swiss-American
83:
79:
78:
69:
67:(aged 53)
59:April 19, 1887
57:
53:
52:
43:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1210:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1138:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1102:9781612518374
1098:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1031:9781612518374
1027:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1006:
1000:
992:
990:9780739185117
986:
982:
981:
973:
965:
963:9780786430567
959:
956:. McFarland.
955:
954:
946:
935:
929:
921:
919:9780865545557
915:
911:
910:
902:
894:
892:9780865545557
888:
884:
883:
875:
867:
861:
850:
844:
836:
830:
819:
813:
802:
796:
785:
779:
772:
766:
762:
752:
748:
744:
741:
737:
734:
730:
727:
723:
720:
718:
717:0-8173-1620-5
714:
710:
707:
703:
700:
696:
693:
689:
688:
680:
677:
676:
670:
668:
664:
660:
659:Census Office
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
565:
558:
553:
549:
547:
543:
539:
529:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
507:
505:
501:
496:
494:
489:
486:
481:
479:
473:
471:
467:
466:J. A. Roebuck
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:given in the
387:
383:
382:Lord Campbell
378:
376:
371:
365:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
333:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:Edwin De Leon
304:
300:
296:
295:
289:
287:
283:
282:
276:
274:
273:
268:
267:
262:
261:
256:
255:
250:
245:
237:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:Mobile Cadets
205:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
183:
178:
175:to translate
174:
170:
166:
165:United States
162:
158:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
117:
114:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
1131:
1122:FamilySearch
1120:
1111:
1091:
1084:
1069:
1054:
1040:
1020:
1013:
999:
979:
972:
952:
945:
928:
908:
901:
881:
874:
860:
843:
829:
812:
795:
778:
773:(2012) p 84.
770:
765:
746:
739:
732:
705:
698:
691:
663:Signal Corps
643:
613:
570:
535:
515:
510:
508:
497:
490:
485:Havas Agency
482:
480:telegraphs.
478:Havas Agency
474:
443:
406:
379:
374:
369:
366:
353:
351:
346:
343:Fleet Street
338:
334:
331:
326:
319:John Slidell
292:
290:
281:Morning Post
279:
277:
270:
264:
258:
254:Morning Post
252:
246:
242:
217:L. P. Walker
206:
202:John Forsyth
197:
191:
186:
180:
154:
127:
126:
1183:1887 deaths
1178:1833 births
635:New Orleans
615:Felix Senac
609:Fort Taylor
605:Fort Taylor
601:Felix Senac
597:New Orleans
589:Felix Senac
577:Felix Senac
526:Switzerland
315:Felix Senac
200:, owned by
138:during the
128:Henry Hotze
82:Nationality
75:Switzerland
49:Switzerland
23:Henry Hotze
1167:Categories
757:References
654:Kensington
650:Kensington
591:, born in
513:in Paris.
450:Manchester
414:Caleb Huse
409:Belle Boyd
104:Ruby Senac
63:1887-04-20
747:Historian
619:Wiesbaden
593:Pensacola
454:Sheffield
375:The Index
370:The Index
354:The Index
339:The Index
327:The Index
294:The Index
185:entitled
751:in JSTOR
711:, 2008.
673:See also
648:area of
559:, France
504:Istanbul
434:Williams
400:and the
213:Richmond
194:Brussels
458:Preston
428:") and
303:Ireland
109:Parents
61: (
1099:
1028:
987:
960:
916:
889:
742:(2012)
735:(1969)
715:
573:Mobile
321:, and
299:France
266:Herald
263:, the
257:, the
225:Europe
221:London
161:Jesuit
101:Spouse
937:(PDF)
852:(PDF)
821:(PDF)
804:(PDF)
787:(PDF)
623:Paris
581:Court
557:Paris
546:Paris
538:Paris
335:Index
1097:ISBN
1026:ISBN
985:ISBN
958:ISBN
914:ISBN
887:ISBN
713:ISBN
360:and
56:Died
38:Born
544:in
522:Zug
520:in
332:The
179:'s
71:Zug
45:Zug
1169::
1119:.
724:;
641:.
629:,
611:.
524:,
456:,
452:,
420:,
416:,
364:.
317:,
313:,
309:,
301:,
288:.
275:.
204:.
189:.
73:,
47:,
1139:.
1125:.
1105:.
1078:.
1063:.
1048:.
1034:.
1007:.
993:.
966:.
939:.
922:.
895:.
854:.
823:.
806:.
789:.
65:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
