Proto-Indo-European mythology

4174: 8201: 8996: 3450: 9203:, p. 2: "If there was an Indo-European language, it follows that there was a people who spoke it: not a people in the sense of a nation, for they may never have formed a political unity, and not a people in any racial sense, for they may have been as genetically mixed as any modern population defined by language. If our language is a descendant of theirs, that does not make them 'our ancestors', any more than the ancient Romans are the ancestors of the French, the Romanians, and the Brazilians. The Indo-Europeans were a people in the sense of a linguistic community. We should probably think of them as a loose network of clans and tribes, inhabiting a coherent territory of limited size. ... A language embodies certain concepts and values, and a common language implies some degree of common intellectual heritage." 6084: 3614: 4318: 5208: 6962: 5320: 8337: 8471: 10453:Ṛta, for example, is impersonal. ... Pande defines Rta as 'the ideal principle in ordering, the paradigmatic principle of ultimate reality'. Rta is the great criterion of the Rgveda, the standard of truth both for individual instances of human morality and for cosmic order and truth. The god Varuna is the guardian and preserver of the Rta, although Varuna also must abide its rules. Rta is more passive than the active god of christianity, but nevertheless it encompasses the order of the sacrifice, the physical order of the universe and the moral law. 7586: 5394: 30: 6179: 6188: 5076: 3065: 6389:("burning"). Both the ritual fires set in the temples of Vesta and the domestic fires of ancient India were circular, rather than the square form reserved for public worship in India and for the other gods in Roman antiquity. Additionally, the custom that the bride circles the hearth three times is common to Indian, Ossetian, Slavic, Baltic, and German traditions, while a newly born child was welcomed into a Greek household when the father circled the hearth carrying it in the 69: 3780:: his flesh usually becomes the earth, his hair grass, his bone yields stone, his blood water, his eyes the sun, his mind the moon, his brain the clouds, his breath the wind, and his head the heavens. The traditions of sacrificing an animal to disperse its parts according to socially established patterns, a custom found in Ancient Rome and India, has been interpreted as an attempt to restore the balance of the cosmos ruled by the original sacrifice. 4553:). Although certain individual deities were charged with the supervision of justice or contracts, in general the Indo-European gods did not have an ethical character. Their immense power, which they could exercise at their pleasure, necessitated rituals, sacrifices and praise songs from worshipers to ensure they would in return bestow prosperity to the community. The idea that gods were in control of the nature was translated in the suffix 3343:("Third") who ensured the continuity of the original sacrifice. Regarding the primordial state that may have preceded the creation process, West notes that the Vedic, Norse and, at least partially, the Greek traditions give evidence of an era when the cosmological elements were absent, with similar formulae insisting on their non-existence: "neither non-being was nor being was at that time; there was not the air, nor the heaven beyond it" ( 8789:. In both accounts, an authority figure forces the evil entity into submission by inserting his hand into the being's orifice (in Fenrir's case the mouth, in Ahriman's the anus) and losing or impairing it. Fenrir and Ahriman fulfill different roles in their own mythological traditions and are unlikely to be remnants of a Proto-Indo-European "evil god"; nonetheless, it is clear that the "binding myth" is of Proto-Indo-European origin. 8158:, or a hero somehow associated with thunder. His enemy the serpent is generally associated with water and depicted as multi-headed, or else "multiple" in some other way. Indo-European myths often describe the creature as a "blocker of waters", and his many heads get eventually smashed by the thunder-god in an epic battle, releasing torrents of water that had previously been pent up. The original legend may have symbolized the 5472:

other is seen as a healer or concerned with domestic duties. In most tales where they appear, the Divine Twins rescue the Dawn from a watery peril, a theme that emerged from their role as the solar steeds. At night, the horses of the sun returned to the east in a golden boat, where they traversed the sea to bring back the Sun each morning. During the day, they crossed the sky in pursuit of their consort, the morning star.

1871: 15879: 2957: 5564:("to encompass, cover"). Worunos may have personified the firmament, or dwelled in the night sky. In both Greek and Vedic poetry, Ouranos and Varuna are portrayed as "wide-looking", bounding or seizing their victims, and having or being a heavenly "seat". In the three-sky cosmological model, the celestial phenomena linking the nightly and daily skies is embodied by a "Binder-god": the Greek 6593: 9155: 6412: 8096: 3139:. Early scholars of comparative mythology such as Friedrich Max Müller stressed the importance of Vedic mythology to such an extent that they practically equated it with Proto-Indo-European myths. Modern researchers have been much more cautious, recognizing that, although Vedic mythology is still central, other mythologies must also be taken into account. 8867:; when the lie is finally exposed, Hippolytus is already dead. According to Mallory and Adams, the legend "places limitations on the achievement of warrior prowess, isolates the hero from time by cutting off his generational extension, and also re-establishes the hero's typical adolescence by depriving him of a role (as father) in an adult world". 4240:) of the exiled archdemon, then springs up, and the two forces come together to annihilate each other in a cataclysmic battle. The myth ends with the interruption of the cosmic order and the conclusion of a temporal cyclic era. In the Norse and Iranian traditions, a cataclysmic "cosmic winter" precedes the final battle. 4258:, each having its own deities, social associations and colors (white, dark and red, respectively). Deities of the diurnal sky could not transgress the domain of the nocturnal sky, inhabited by its own sets of gods and by the spirits of the dead. For instance, Zeus cannot extend his power to the nightly sky in the 6569:. Mallory and Adams however note that while the lexical correspondence is probable, "there is really no evidence for a specific river goddess" in Proto-Indo-European mythology "other than the deification of the concept of 'river' in Indic tradition". Some have also proposed the reconstruction of a sea god named 6739:("Protector") as a pastoral god guarding roads and herds. He may have had an unfortunate appearance, a bushy beard and a keen sight. He was also closely affiliated with goats or bucks: Pan has goat's legs while goats are said to pull the car of Pūshān (the animal was also sacrificed to him on occasion). 11278:) does not mean 'heaven' but either 'god' in general or the Sun-god. The Greek Zeus is king of the gods and the supreme power in the world, his influence extending everywhere and into most spheres of life. There is little reason, however, to think that the Indo-European Dyeus had any such importance." 5942:

in some traditions (oak being among the densest of trees is most prone to lightning strikes). He is often portrayed in connection with stone and (wooded) mountains, probably because the mountainous forests were his realm. The striking of devils, demons or evildoers by Perkʷunos is a motif encountered

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opposition. They generally hold that the mental structure of all human beings is designed to set up opposing patterns in order to resolve conflicting elements. This approach tends to focus on cultural universals within the realm of mythology rather than the genetic origins of those myths, such as the

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or husbandmen (associated with fertility and craftsmanship), on the basis that many historically known groups speaking Indo-European languages show such a division. Dumézil's theory had a major influence on Indo-European studies from the mid-20th century onwards, and some scholars continue to operate

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is described as weaving a child's fate at its birth. Although she is usually only one goddess, the Láima sometimes appears as three. The three spinning fate goddesses appear in Slavic traditions in the forms of the Russian Rožanicy, the Czech and Slovak Sudičky, the Bulgarian Narenčnice or Urisnice,

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has been reconstructed as the Proto-Indo-European god of lightning and storms. It either meant "the Striker" or "the Lord of Oaks", and he was probably represented as holding a hammer or a similar weapon. Thunder and lightning had both a destructive and regenerative connotation: a lightning bolt can

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The Ritual School, which first became prominent in the late nineteenth century, holds that Proto-Indo-European myths are best understood as stories invented to explain various rituals and religious practices. Scholars of the Ritual School argue that those rituals should be interpreted as attempts to

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in Hittite mythology, who were said to preside over the individual destinies of human beings. They often appear in mythical narratives alongside the goddesses Papaya and Istustaya, who, in a ritual text for the foundation of a new temple, are described sitting holding mirrors and spindles, spinning

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relationship is linguistically difficult to justify. While stories of elves, satyrs, goblins and giants show recurrent traits in Indo-European traditions, West notes that "it is difficult to see so coherent an overall pattern as with the nymphs. It is unlikely that the Indo-Europeans had no concept

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Represented as young men and the steeds who pull the sun across the sky, the Divine Twins rode horses (sometimes they were depicted as horses themselves) and rescued men from mortal peril in battle or at sea. The Divine Twins are often differentiated: one is represented as a young warrior while the

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Gods had several titles, typically "the celebrated", "the highest", "king", or "shepherd", with the notion that deities had their own idiom and true names which might be kept secret from mortals in some circumstances. In Indo-European traditions, gods were seen as the "dispensers" or the "givers of

4217:). The subjects are treated unjustly by the new ruler, forced to erect fortifications while the archdemon instead favors outsiders, on whom his support relies. After a particularly heinous act, the archdemon is exiled by his subjects and takes refuge among his foreign relatives. A new leader (Norse 3553:

is only taking back what rightfully belongs to his people, those who sacrifice properly to the gods. The myth has been interpreted either as a cosmic conflict between the heavenly hero and the earthly serpent, or as an Indo-European victory over non-Indo-European people, the monster symbolizing the

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has also received a great deal of scholarly attention, as it is linguistically the most conservative and archaic of all surviving branches, but has so far remained frustrating to researchers because the sources are so comparatively late. Nonetheless, Latvian folk songs are seen as a major source of

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Although the name of a particular smith god cannot be linguistically reconstructed, smith gods of various names are found in most Proto-Indo-European daughter languages. There is not a strong argument for a single mythic prototype. Mallory notes that "deities specifically concerned with particular

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and their language did not yet make formal distinctions between masculine and feminine, although it is likely that each deity was already conceived as either male or female. Most of the goddesses attested in later Indo-European mythologies come from pre-Indo-European deities eventually assimilated

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is another possible equivalent entity. Based on these different traditions, Yaroslav Vassilkov postulated a proto-Indo-European wind deity which "was probably marked by ambivalence, and combined in itself both positive and negative characteristics". This god is hypothesized to have been linked to

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The legend of the King and Virgin involves a ruler saved by the offspring of his virgin daughter after seeing his future threatened by rebellious sons or male relatives. The virginity likely symbolizes in the myth the woman that has no loyalty to any man but her father, and the child is likewise

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shows three mother goddesses, with two of them holding distaffs. Tenth-century German ecclesiastical writings denounce the popular belief in three sisters who determined the course of a man's life at his birth. An Old Irish hymn attests to seven goddesses who were believed to weave the thread of

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and, in Latvian folk songs, the dead must cross a marsh rather than a river. Traditions of placing coins on the bodies of the deceased in order to pay the ferryman are attested in both ancient Greek and early modern Slavic funerary practices; although the earliest coins date to the

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as the god of both terrestrial and celestial fires. He embodied the flames of the sun and the lightning, as well as the forest fire, the domestic hearth fire and the sacrificial altar, linking heaven and earth in a ritual dimension. Another group of cognates deriving from the

5743:, is portrayed as the vast and dark house of mortals, in contrast with Dyēws, the bright sky and seat of the immortal gods. She is associated with fertility and growth, but also with death as the final dwelling of the deceased. She was likely the consort of the sky father, 9028:, the horse sacrifice is performed on behalf of the warrior class or to a warrior deity, and the dismembered pieces of the animal eventually goes to different locations or deities. Another reflex may be found in a medieval Irish tradition involving a king-designate from 4397:. Diversely personified, they were frequently seen as fulfilling multiple functions, while Proto-Indo-European goddesses shared a lack of personification and narrow functionalities as a general characteristic. The most well-attested female Indo-European deities include 8883:

and further developed by Jarich G. Oosten (1985), is based on the comparison of Indic and Norse mythologies. In both traditions, gods and demons must cooperate to find a sacred drink providing immortal life. The magical beverage is prepared from the sea, and a serpent

6499:, venerated collectively as "the Waters" or divided into "Rivers and Springs". The cults of fountains and rivers, which may have preceded Proto-Indo-European beliefs by tens of thousands of years, was also prevalent in their tradition. Some authors have proposed 8681:

A myth of the War of the Foundation has also been proposed, involving a conflict between the first two functions (the priests and warriors) and the third function (fertility), which eventually make peace in order to form a fully integrated society. The Norse

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craft specializations may be expected in any ideological system whose people have achieved an appropriate level of social complexity". Nonetheless, two motifs recur frequently in Indo-European traditions: the making of the chief god's distinctive weapon (

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is probably also related. Although he is not usually thought of as a storm deity in the conventional sense, Heracles bears many attributes held by other Indo-European storm deities, including physical strength and a penchant for violence and gluttony.

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Due to his celestial nature, Dyēus is often described as "all-seeing", or "with wide vision" in Indo-European myths. It is unlikely however that he was in charge of the supervision of justice and righteousness, as it was the case for the Zeus or the

6474:, are portrayed as beautiful but also dangerous creatures. Similar to the Baltic nymph-like Laumes, they have the habit of abducting children. The beautiful and long-haired Laumes also have sexual relations and short-lived marriages with men. The 5680:

note however that "these functions are much too generic to support the supposition of a distinct PIE 'consort goddess' and many of the 'consorts' probably represent assimilations of earlier goddesses who may have had nothing to do with marriage."

5254:, "Sky Daughter". Depicted as opening the gates of Heaven when she appears at the beginning of the day, Hausōs is generally seen as never-ageing or born again each morning. Associated with red or golden cloths, she is often portrayed as dancing. 3189:, are generally interpreted as having Indo-European origins, while the remaining have seen more disparate interpretations. Influence from Siberian, Turkic and even Near Eastern beliefs, on the other hand, are more widely discussed in literature. 6431:

Based on the similarity of motifs attested over a wide geographical extent, it is very likely that Proto-Indo-European beliefs featured some sorts of beautiful and sometimes dangerous water goddesses who seduced mortal men, akin to the Greek

4501:), likewise the source of words for "man, human being" in various languages. Proto-Indo-Europeans believed the gods to be exempt from death and disease because they were nourished by special aliments, usually not available to mortals: in the 3494:

first suffers at his hands, but the hero eventually manages to overcome the monster, fortified by an intoxicating drink and aided by the Sky-Father. He eventually gives the recovered cattle back to a priest for it to be properly sacrificed.

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Scholars generally agree that the cult of the hearth dates back to Proto-Indo-European times. The domestic fire had to be tended with care and given offerings, and if one moved house, one carried fire from the old to the new home. The

3012:, a contemporary member of the Ritual School, argues for instance that the Proto-Indo-Europeans believed that every sacrifice was a reenactment of the original sacrifice performed by the founder of the human race on his twin brother. 5754:

prayer; and Slavic peasants described Zemlja-matushka, Mother Earth, as a prophetess that shall offer favorable harvest to the community. The unions of Zeus with Semele and Demeter is likewise associated with fertility and growth in

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were three goddesses who presided over the births of children and whose names were Nona ("Ninth"), Decuma ("Tenth"), and Morta ("Death"). They too were said to spin destinies, although this may have been due to influence from Greek

3146:. The Romans possessed a very complex mythological system, parts of which have been preserved through the characteristic Roman tendency to rationalize their myths into historical accounts. Despite its relatively late attestation, 5644:'s consort Dione display a jealous and quarrelsome disposition under provocation. A second descendant may be found in Dia, a mortal said to unite with Zeus in a Greek myth. The story leads ultimately to the birth of the 3056:. It also offers refinements of the trifunctional system by highlighting the oppositional elements present within each function, such as the creative and destructive elements both found within the role of the warrior. 3165:

and Near Eastern cultures, which overwhelms what little Indo-European material can be extracted from it. Consequently, Greek mythology received minimal scholarly attention until the first decade of the 21st century.

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provide sufficient evidence to solidly attest that she was probably worshipped, but no specific name for her can be lexically reconstructed. Vague remnants of this goddess may also be preserved in the Greek goddess

3298:, "some elements of the are distinctively Indo-European", but the reconstruction proposed by Lincoln "makes too unprovable assumptions to account for the fundamental changes implied by the Scandinavian version". 5750:. The duality is associated with fertility, as the crop grows from her moist soil, nourished by the rain of Dyēws. The Earth is thus portrayed as the giver of good things: she is exhorted to become pregnant in an 8963:

The reconstructed cosmology of the Proto-Indo-Europeans shows that ritual sacrifice of cattle, the cow in particular, was at the root of their beliefs, as the primordial condition of the world order. The myth of

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The motif of the "death of a son", killed by his father who is unaware of the relationship, is so common among the attested traditions that some scholars have ascribed it to Proto-Indo-European times. In the

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Anthony, David W.; Brown, Dorcas R. (2019). "Late Bronze Age midwinter dog sacrifices and warrior initiations at Krasnosamarskoe, Russia". In Olsen, Birgit A.; Olander, Thomas; Kristiansen, Kristian (eds.).

3276:. Although some thematic parallels can be made with traditions of the Ancient Near East, and even Polynesian or South American legends, Lincoln argues that the linguistic correspondences found in descendant 8954:

nature of priesthood, while the other is involved in religious sanction to human society (especially contracts), a theory supported by common features in Iranian, Roman, Scandinavian and Celtic traditions.

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the first king as social classes emerge from his anatomy (priesthood from his head, the warrior class from his breast and arms, and the commoners from his sexual organs and legs). Although the European and

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manipulate the universe in order to obtain its favours. This interpretation reached the height of its popularity during the early twentieth century, and many of its most prominent early proponents, such as

17943: 7527:. Mallory and Adams reject this reconstruction on linguistic grounds. Likewise, some researchers have found it more plausible that Mars was originally a storm deity, while the same cannot be said of Ares. 6584:, meaning "sea". Mallory and Adams also reject this reconstruction as having no basis, asserting that the "lexical correspondence is only just possible and with no evidence of a cognate sea god in Irish." 4114:

is probably a reflex of this belief, and the idea of crossing a river to reach the Underworld is also present throughout Celtic mythologies. Several Vedic texts contain references to crossing a river (the

7505:. Both inflict disease from afar thanks to their bows, both are known as healers, and both are specifically associated with rodents: Rudra's animal is the "rat mole" and Apollo was known as a "rat god". 9015:

for the renewal of kingship involving the ritual mating of a queen or king with a horse, which was then sacrificed and cut up for distribution to the other participants in the ritual. In both the Roman

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is deified as a highly active, assertive, and sometimes aggressive element; the fire and water are deified as cosmic elements that are also necessary for the functioning of the household; the deified

3225:) is probably a later import from North Asiatic cosmologies: "The Greek myth might be derived from the Near East, and the Indic and Germanic ideas of a pillar from the shamanistic cosmologies of the 4173: 8978:. After recovering the wealth of the people, Trito eventually offers the cattle to the priest in order to ensure the continuity of the cycle of giving between gods and humans. The word for "oath", 8200: 3605:

is discussed. In this interpretation, the primordial being may have self-sacrificed, or have been divided in two, a male half and a female half, embodying a prototypal separation of the sexes.

2945:. Nonetheless, scholars of comparative mythology have attempted to reconstruct aspects of Proto-Indo-European mythology based on the existence of linguistic and thematic similarities among the 7108:

has been reconstructed as a deity in charge of welfare and the community, connected to the building and maintenance of roads or pathways, but also with healing and the institution of marriage.

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across the sky on a horse-driven chariot is a common motif among Indo-European myths. While it is probably inherited, the motif certainly appeared after the introduction of the wheel in the

15284: 15269:– Supplementum 1. A. Kozubová – E. Makarová – M. Neumann (ed.): Ultra velum temporis. Venované Jozefovi Bátorovi k 70. narodeninám. Nitra: Archeologický ústav SAV, 2020. pp. 575–582. 5348:

are reconstructed as the Proto-Indo-European deity of the Sun and deity of the Moon respectively. Their gender varies according to the different mythologies of the Indo-European peoples.

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Wolfe, Susan J.; Stanley, Julia Penelope (January 1980). "Linguistic problems with patriarchal reconstructions of Indo-European culture: A little more than kin, a little less than kind".

5247:. In these three branches plus a fourth (Italic), the reluctant dawn-goddess is chased or beaten from the scene for tarrying. An ancient epithet designating the Dawn appears to have been 4336:(4500–4000) had a two-gender system which originally distinguished words between animate and inanimate, a system used to separate a common term from its deified synonym. For instance, 8118: 6099:

Although the linguistic evidence is restricted to the Vedic and Balto-Slavic traditions, scholars have proposed that Proto-Indo-Europeans conceived the fire as a divine entity called

8333:. The depiction of dragons hoarding a treasure (symbolizing the wealth of the community) in Germanic legends may also be a reflex of the original myth of the serpent holding waters. 6836:

Although the name of the divinities are not cognates, a horse goddess portrayed as bearing twins and in connection with fertility and marriage has been proposed based on the Gaulish

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prohibited copulation with animals, they made an exception of horses or mules. In both the Celtic and Indic traditions, an intoxicating brewage played a part in the ritual, and the

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Various schools of thought exist regarding possible interpretations of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European mythology. The main mythologies used in comparative reconstruction are

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contains a gate, generally guarded by a multi-headed (sometimes multi-eyed) dog who could also serve as a guide and ensured that the ones who entered could not get out. The Greek

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The mythology of the Proto-Indo-Europeans is not directly attested and it is difficult to match their language to archaeological findings related to any specific culture from the

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versions differ on this matter, Lincoln argues that the primeval cow was most likely sacrificed in the original myth, giving birth to the other animals and vegetables, since the

3206:) was perceived as a vast, flat and circular continent surrounded by waters ("the Ocean"). Although they may sometimes be identified with mythical figures or stories, the stars ( 14581:(1982). "From swords in the earth to the sword in the stone: A possible reflection of an Alano-Sarmatian rite of passage in the Arthurian tradition". In Polomé, Edgar C. (ed.). 15544: 3177:

has very rarely been examined in an Indo-European context and infrequently discussed in regards to the nature of the ancestral Indo-European mythology. At least three deities,

16186: 3803:) and Jewish versions depend on the Iranian, and a Chinese version of the myth has been introduced from Ancient India. The Armenian version of the myth of the First Warrior 8154:

of some sort. Although the details of the story often vary widely, several features remain remarkably the same in all iterations. The protagonist of the story is usually a

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The realm of death was generally depicted as the Lower Darkness and the land of no return. Many Indo-European myths relate a journey across a river, guided by an old man (

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The vocabulary of law ... is not extensive in Proto-Indo-European and much of the concept 'law' derives from that of 'order' or 'what is fitting'. For example, we have

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Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text. Part II: Bibliography, Indexes

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fleeing from her husband Vivásvat when she assumed the form of a mare. Vivásvat metamorphosed into a stallion and of their intercourse were born the twin horses, the

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Some myths are also securely dated to Proto-Indo-European times, since they feature both linguistic and thematic evidence of an inherited motif: a story portraying a

9254:"Classic" is defined by David W. Anthony as the proto-language spoken after the Anatolian split, and "Archaic" as the common ancestor of all Indo-European languages. 3150:

is still considered one of the three most important of the Indo-European mythologies for comparative research, due to the vast bulk of surviving Icelandic material.

8564:('Descendant of the Waters') who dwells in waters, and whose powers must be ritually gained or controlled by a hero who is the only one able to approach it. In the 16632: 16481: 6642:, Vāta being associated with the stormy winds and described as coming from everywhere ("from below, from above, from in front, from behind"). Similarly, the Vedic 5969:

are confined to the European continent, and he could have been a motif developed later in Western Indo-European traditions. The evidence include the Norse goddess

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Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European dragon-slaying myth appear in most Indo-European poetic traditions, where the myth has left traces of the formulaic sentence

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Proto-Indo-Europeans may have believed that the peripheral part of the earth was inhabited by a people exempt from the hardships and pains that arise from the

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are also depicted as alluring maidens with long golden or green hair who like young men and can do harm if they feel offended. The Albanian mountain nymphs,

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as the Proto-Indo-European god of the waters. The name literally means "Grandson of the Waters". Linguists reconstruct his name from that of the Vedic god

16728: 8892:) is involved in the quest. The gods and demons eventually fight over the magical potion and the former, ultimately victorious, deprive their enemy of the 5800:, his cult may have subsumed aspects of an earlier chief deity who was. The Earth and Heaven couple is however not at the origin of the other gods, as the 15241:. Edited by Skoglund Peter, Ling Johan, and Bertilsson Ulf. Oxford; Philadelphia: Oxbow Books, 2017. pp. 144–71. www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dpgg.10. 15182:

Gjerde, Jan Magne. "A Boat Journey in Rock Art 'from the Bronze Age to the Stone Age – from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age' in Northernmost Europe." In:

16743: 9003:, featuring a man with a belt, axes, and testicles to symbolize the warrior; dated to the middle of the third millennium BC and associated with the late 6275:

and giver of life), sustain the continuity between life and afterlife and between the generations. The divine power of fire is used by Albanians for the

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Although the sun was personified as an independent deity, the Proto-Indo-Europeans also visualized the sun as the "lamp of Dyēws" or the "eye of Dyēws";

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has been reconstructed as the Proto-Indo-European goddess of the dawn. In three traditions (Indic, Greek, Baltic), the Dawn is the "daughter of heaven",

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in antiquity, being the most prominent god of the pantheon when week day names were formed in the Albanian language. In Albanian tradition, the fire –

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springs forth from it with fiery hair and a fiery beard and eyes that blaze as suns. In a ninth-century Norwegian poem by the poet Thiodolf, the name

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There was a fundamental opposition between the never-aging gods dwelling above in the skies and the mortal humans living beneath on the earth. Earth (

18176: 16900: 16456: 15540: 3186: 15186:. Edited by Skoglund Peter, Ling Johan, and Bertilsson Ulf. Oxford; Philadelphia: Oxbow Books, 2017. pp. 113-43. www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dpgg.9. 14927:

Treimer, Karl (1971). "Zur Rückerschliessung der illyrischen Götterwelt und ihre Bedeutung für die südslawische Philologie". In Henrik Barić (ed.).

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is said to blind all those who gaze into it. In an old Armenian poem, a small reed in the middle of the sea spontaneously catches fire and the hero

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Other frequent epithets include the "All-Bearing One", the one who bears all things or creatures, and the "mush-nourishing" or the "rich-pastured".

16930: 4431: 8164:, a clash between forces of order and chaos. The dragon or serpent loses in every version of the story, although in some mythologies, such as the 7397:. Many of these goddesses give their name to the fifth day of the week, Friday. They are also very well known in lesser form such as the Germanic 5938:

cleave a stone or a tree, but is often accompanied with fructifying rain. This likely explains the strong association between the thunder-god and

4616:(PIE) from many types of sources. Some of the proposed deity names are more readily accepted among scholars than others. According to philologist 4205:, usually coming from a different and inimical paternal line, assumes the position of authority among the community of the gods or heroes (Norse 8932:, associated with the archaic Proto-Indo-European language, had already shown archeological evidence for the sacrifice of domesticated animals. 4640:, wind, water, fire; and terrestrial presences such as the Rivers, spring and forest nymphs, and a god of the wild who guards roads and herds". 2968:

The Meteorological or Naturist School holds that Proto-Indo-European myths initially emerged as explanations for natural phenomena, such as the

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and used to hang a star in the sky; when he dies, his thread snaps and his star falls as a meteor. In Latvian folk songs, a goddess called the

6868:. The Irish goddess Macha gave birth to twins, a mare and a boy, and the Welsh figure Rhiannon bore a child who was reared along with a horse. 5513:) and they often have stories about them in which they "accompany" the Sun goddess, because of the close orbit of the planet Venus to the sun. 2984:. Rituals were therefore centered around the worship of those elemental deities. This interpretation was popular among early scholars, such as 2749:. Although the mythological motifs are not directly attested – since Proto-Indo-European speakers lived in preliterate societies – scholars of 1854: 15127:

Witczak, Krzysztof T. and Kaczor, Idaliana 1995. «Linguistic Evidence for the Indo-European Pantheon», in: J. Rybowska, K. T. Witczak (eds.),

4427:

It is not probable that the Proto-Indo-Europeans had a fixed canon of deities or assigned a specific number to them. The term for "a god" was

15599: 15357:

Ivanov, Viatcheslav; Toporov, Vladimir (1970). "Le Mythe Indo-Européen du Dieu de l'Orage Poursuivant le Serpent: Reconstruction du Schéma".

4303:("Land of the Young"), a mythical region located in the western sea where "happiness lasts forever and there is no satiety"; or the Germanic 16170: 8662:

with the Indic Mādhāvi (whose name designates either a spring flower, rich in honey, or an intoxicating drink), both deriving from the root

3252:

There is no scholarly consensus as to which of the variants is the most accurate reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European cosmogonic myth.

1818: 17178: 8125: 3521:

seem to be the protagonists of "a myth of the sovereign function, establishing the model for later priests and kings", while the legend of

3040:

under its framework, although it has also been criticized as aprioristic and too inclusive, and thus impossible to be proved or disproved.

1942: 10677:

Themis' children clearly show her to be a divine principle of natural and political order, a principle humans and gods alike need to obey.

9036:

before bathing with the parts of the sacrificed animal. The Indic ritual likewise involved the symbolic marriage of the queen to the dead

8875:

Although the concept of elevation through intoxicating drink is a nearly universal motif, a Proto-Indo-European myth of the "cycle of the

7207:

The Gaulish given name Ariomanus, possibly translated as "lord-spirited" and generally borne by Germanic chiefs, is also to be mentioned.

6903:. Furthermore, the three Fates appear in nearly every other Indo-European mythology. The earliest attested set of fate goddesses are the 6291:, and protection from big storms. The Albanian fire worship and rituals are associated with the cult of the Sun, the cult of the hearth ( 3527:

should be interpreted as "a myth of the warrior function, establishing the model for all later men of arms". The myth indeed recalls the

3161:

in western culture, Greek mythology is generally seen as having little importance in comparative mythology due to the heavy influence of

1016: 17972: 15904: 10409: 9107:

into the sea at the end of his career, and weapons were frequently thrown into lakes, rivers or bogs as a form of prestige offering in

7585: 5113:

Dyēws is, by far, the most well-attested of all the Proto-Indo-European deities. As the gateway to the gods and the father of both the

3449: 6144:

was revered as the "Mother of Fire" by the Latvians. Tenth-century Persian sources give evidence of the veneration of fire among the

5289:, who was associated with a festival in spring which later gave its name to a month, which gave its name to the Christian holiday of 3547:

epic myths and most likely as a moral justification for the practice of raiding among Indo-European peoples. In the original legend,

3182: 6083: 14893:. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series. Vol. 11. Washington D.C., United States: Institute for the Study of Man. 8594:

for fire. Even the Greek tradition contains possible allusions to the myth of a fire-god dwelling deep beneath the sea. The phrase

3427:

thus becomes the first priest after initiating sacrifice as the primordial condition for the world order, and his deceased brother

9876:"Argimpasa – Scythian goddess, patroness of shamans: a comparison of historical, archaeological, linguistic and ethnographic data" 6783:

suggested that the Proto-Indo-Europeans may have believed in a set of helper deities, whom he reconstructed based on the Germanic

6014:) is also a probable cognate. The evidence could extend to the Vedic tradition if one adds the god of rain, thunder and lightning 8785:'s bowels by reaching his hand up Ahriman's anus and pulling out his brother's corpse, only for his hand to become infected with 5281:

is a reflection of the Greek Eos, but the original Roman dawn goddess may have continued to be worshipped under the cultic title

3534:

of the cosmos between the priest (in both his magical and legal aspects), the warrior (the Third Man), and the herder (the cow).

9362:‘be pleasing, one’s own’ (see above) and it provides the wife of the Germanic god Oðinn with a name, e.g. ON Frigg (cf. also ON 18197: 17936: 15809:

Ranero, Anna M. (1996). "'That Is What Scáthach Did Not Teach Me:' "Aided Óenfir aífe" and an Episode from the "Mahābhārata"".

6366:, a term likely given under a slightly distorted guise, as she might represent a feminine participial form corresponding to an 5656:, the spouse of Zeus. The reconstruction is however only attested in those two traditions and therefore not secured. The Greek 5121:), Dyēws was a prominent deity in the pantheon. He was however likely not their ruler, or the holder of the supreme power like 2964:, a prominent early scholar on the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European religion and a proponent of the Meteorological School. 2862:, respectively—and could therefore represent late additions that did not spread throughout the various Indo-European dialects. 2757:, based on the assumption that parts of the Proto-Indo-Europeans' original belief systems survived in the daughter traditions. 14534: 7093:, three old women who appear three days after a child is born and determine its fate, using language reminiscent of spinning. 6660:

Loka (also called Indraloka)—while the other deity Vāta represents a more violent sort of wind and is instead associated with

4297:("Beyond the North Wind"), where the sun shines all the time and the men know "neither disease nor bitter old age"; the Irish 3963:

personifies the cosmic order and the rules of lawful conduct which derived from it, and the Vedic code of lawful conduct, the

3213:) were not bound to any particular cosmic significance and were perceived as ornamental more than anything else. According to 3173:

are considered relatively conservative in regards to Proto-Indo-European cultures, retaining a similar lifestyle and culture,

17897: 17654: 16331: 16202: 15897: 15835: 15723: 15704: 15611: 15376: 15296: 15220: 15021: 14997: 14976: 14952: 14898: 14877: 14853: 14829: 14805: 14781: 14757: 14736: 14708: 14682: 14592: 14568: 14523: 14518:. Vol. VII: Contributions to Comparative Mythology: Studies in Linguistics and Philology, 1972–1982. Walter de Gruyter. 14470: 14408: 14384: 14360: 14339: 14293: 14269: 14248: 14203: 14181: 14120: 14079: 13970: 13632: 13506: 13231: 12769: 11901: 11859: 11545: 11521: 10882: 10855: 10759: 10670: 10446: 10421: 10392: 9849: 9633: 7631: 2866: 1825: 1797: 15172: 7449:. Her names derive from the verbal roots "decay, rot", and they are both associated with the decomposition of human bodies. 5397:

Pair of Roman statuettes from the third century AD depicting the Dioscuri as horsemen, with their characteristic skullcaps (

5383:

are a set of twin brothers found throughout nearly every Indo-European pantheon who usually have a name that means 'horse',

5301:

has been taken as an indication that a similar goddess was also worshipped in southern Germany. The Lithuanian dawn goddess

4517:

ever lives ... he needs no food; wine is to him both drink and meat". Sometimes concepts could also be deified, such as the

2869:

associated with thunder and slaying a multi-headed serpent to release torrents of water that had previously been pent up; a

17516: 17228: 16528: 15511:

Leroy, Marie-Magdeleine (1982). "A propos de Pieds d'or: la claudication du forgeron indo-européen en Europe occidentale".

15211:

Kristiansen, Kristian (2010). "Rock Art and Religion: The Sun Journey in Indo-European Mythology and Bronze Age Rock Art".

7118:(a "member of one's own group", "one who belongs to the community", in contrast to an outsider), also at the origin of the 676: 8946:

The king as the high priest would have been the central figure in establishing favourable relations with the other world.

6051:

and (Zeus) Keraunos. According to Jackson, "they may have arisen as the result of fossilisation of an original epithet or

17967: 16178: 15285:

The Death-Sun and the Misidentified Bird-Barge: A Reappraisal of Bronze Age Solar Iconography and Indo-European Mythology

8904:

Proto-Indo-European religion was centered on sacrificial rites of cattle and horses, probably administered by a class of

2717: 2602: 2574: 1892: 1782: 6966: 3256:'s reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European motif known as "Twin and Man" is supported by a number of scholars such as 17501: 17069: 16366: 16194: 8777:, only for Fenrir to bite off Týr's hand when he discovers he cannot break his bindings, and the Iranian myth in which 7074:

A Lithuanian folktale recorded in 1839 recounts that a man's fate is spun at his birth by seven goddesses known as the

1847: 1804: 735: 14480:

Jackson, Peter (2002). "Light from Distant Asterisks. Towards a Description of the Indo-European Religious Heritage".

14449:

Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and a Proto-Culture

3501:

is now the first warrior, maintaining through his heroic actions the cycle of mutual giving between gods and mortals.

18202: 17491: 14917: 14430: 14315: 14224: 10698: 6800:

of such creatures, but we cannot define with any sharpness of outline what their conceptions were." A wild god named

68: 8543:

suggests that the serpent-slaying myth morphed into a folktale motif of a frog or toad blocking the flow of waters.

3015:

The Functionalist School, by contrast, holds that myths served as stories reinforcing social behaviours through the

6212:), which appear on traditional tattooing of the western Balkans, has been interpreted as a symbol of the fire god, 2950: 2534: 1811: 575: 15627:

Anderson, R. T.; Norouzalibeik, Vahid (2008). "Father-Son Combat: An Indo-European Typescene and its Variations".

7170:

seems to denote the wider tribal network or alliance, and is invoked in a prayer against illness, magic, and evil.

6895:

the destinies of mankind. Although such fate goddesses are not directly attested in the Indo-Aryan tradition, the

3306:, symbolizing the primordial state from which the universe arises, is found in many Indo-European creation myths. 2953:. Different schools of thought have approached the subject of Proto-Indo-European mythology from different angles. 14444: 6795:. Although this proposal is often mentioned in academic writings, very few scholars actually accept it since the 5405:

In most traditions, the Horse Twins are brothers of the Sun Maiden or Dawn goddess, and the sons of the sky god,

4252:, the Proto-Indo-European sky is composed of three "heavens" (diurnal, nocturnal and liminal) rotating around an 3774:

Many Indo-European beliefs explain the origin of natural elements as the result of the original dismemberment of

3053: 86: 15306:

Wachter, Rudolf (1997). "Das indogermanische Wort für 'Sonne' und die angebliche Gruppe der l/n-Heteroklitika".

12745:, "Zu diesen ṛbhu, albus, . . . stellt sich nun aber entschieden das ahd. alp, ags. älf, altn. âlfr, und . . ." 6953:

records that Klotho sings of the past, Lachesis of the present, and Atropos of the future. In Roman legend, the

18207: 18146: 17669: 17384: 17113: 16733: 10534:'love, praise'). More closely associated with ritual propriety is the Italic-Indo-Iranian isogloss that yields 8716:) that finally ends with the Vanir coming to live among the Æsir. Shortly after the mythical founding of Rome, 6374:"the Burning one". The sacral or domestic hearth can likewise be found in the Greek and Roman hearth goddesses 2124: 2087: 1667: 1442: 846: 3043:

The Structuralist School argues that Proto-Indo-European mythology was largely centered around the concept of

18217: 17258: 17091: 16131: 15928: 8941: 6481:

are irresistible creatures with golden hair wooing mortal men and causing them to perish for love. The Norse

5672:

are often depicted as the protectress of marriage and fertility, or as the bestowal of the gift of prophecy.

4118: 1882: 1840: 681: 419: 305: 15143:

Blažek, Václav. "The Indo-European motif of "Celestial wedding": the solar bride and lunar bridegroom". In:

7485:("the one who steals"), who took the heavenly fire away from the gods to bring it to mankind, and the Vedic 7333:

means "wife" or "beloved wife" and has descendant forms in many Indo-European languages. It is ancestral to

6492:

A wide range of linguistic and cultural evidence attest the holy status of the terrestrial (potable) waters

4509:, "the gods, of course, neither eat nor drink. They become sated by just looking at this nectar", while the 2768:—linguistic siblings from a common origin—and associated with similar attributes and body of myths: such as 18019: 18014: 17997: 17496: 16225: 16136: 16126: 16120: 15920: 14173:

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World

10504:'fit' which had already shifted to an association with cosmic order by the time of Indo-Iranians (e.g. Lat 8725: 7381:. Freyja is possibly worshipped under the name Perun in southern Slavic-speaking areas. In Albanian she is 5522: 5390:, although the names are not always cognate, and no Proto-Indo-European name for them can be reconstructed. 5314: 5223: 4613: 4333: 3613: 2746: 2559: 2524: 1878: 1100: 603: 414: 409: 404: 299: 3019:

justification of a traditional order. Scholars of the Functionalist School were greatly influenced by the

18212: 17193: 17137: 16320: 10237: 9181: 8864: 8557:

Another reconstructed myth is the story of the fire in the waters. It depicts a fiery divine being named

8111: 7694: 7119: 7071:

destiny, which demonstrates that these spinster fate-goddesses were present in Celtic mythology as well.

6526: 6205: 6126: 5716:

is associated with fertility and growth on the one hand, and with death and the underworld on the other.

5147:

The Greek god Zeus and the Roman god Jupiter both appear as the head gods of their respective pantheons.

3443: 2569: 1947: 1417: 912: 613: 492: 478: 459: 9115:. Reflexes of an ancestral cult of the magical sword have been proposed in the legends of Excalibur and 5693:. This native animism is still reflected in the Indo-European daughter cultures. In Norse mythology the 4317: 18232: 18141: 16074: 15941: 15936: 14818:(1986). "The Background of Germanic Cosmogonic Myths". In Brogyanyi, Bela; Krömmelbein, Thomas (eds.). 8503: 8483: 6970: 6529:, Mallory and Adams nonetheless still reject him as a Proto-Indo-European deity on linguistic grounds. 6268: 6256: 5701:. Trees have a central position in Indo-European daughter cultures, and are thought to be the abode of 5398: 5110:

Regarded as the Sky or Day conceived as a divine entity, and thus the dwelling of the gods, the Heaven,

4210: 3068:

Scheme of Indo-European language dispersals from c. 4000 to 1000 BCE according to the widely held

2996:, this school lost most of its scholarly support in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. 2988:, who saw all myths as fundamentally solar allegories. Although recently revived by some scholars like 2564: 755: 713: 313: 17: 15476: 15239:

North Meets South: Theoretical Aspects on the Northern and Southern Rock Art Traditions in Scandinavia

15237:

Lahelma, Antti. "The Circumpolar Context of the 'Sun Ship' Motif in South Scandinavian Rock Art". In:

15184:

North Meets South: Theoretical Aspects on the Northern and Southern Rock Art Traditions in Scandinavia

5207: 2317: 17892: 17298: 17079: 16881: 16587: 16297: 16141: 8456: 7236:'s hammer) by a special artificer, and the craftsman god's association with the immortals' drinking. 6961: 6444:

are said to frequent forest lakes, rivers, trees, and mountains. They are of outstanding beauty, and

5970: 5430: 5359: 2214: 1457: 1422: 1095: 399: 15407: 8654:

are generally cited as possible reflexes of an inherited Proto-Indo-European motif. The Irish queen

5830:, the Zoroastrian concept of 'earth'; Zemes Māte ("Mother Earth"), one of the goddesses of death in 5319: 3125:

One of the earliest attested and thus one of the most important of all Indo-European mythologies is

18131: 17987: 17108: 16969: 16491: 16220: 16153: 16094: 15961: 9310:("Due"), but M. L. West notes that these names may be the result of classical influence from Plato. 8815:, who was raised abroad in Scotland, unknowingly confronts his father and is killed in the combat; 7425: 7058: 4378: 3796: 3737: 3531: 3020: 2662: 1717: 1607: 1427: 958: 790: 741: 637: 439: 394: 389: 309: 15386:

Robert D. Miller II (2016). "Iconographic Links between Indic and Ancient West Asian Storm Gods".

15213:

Representations and Communications: Creating an Archaeological Matrix of Late Prehistoric Rock Art

15067:

Calin, D. "Dictionary of Indo-European Poetic and Religious Themes", Les Cent Chemins, Paris 2017.

9828:

Macaulay, G. C. (1904). The History of Herodotus, Vol. I. London: Macmillan & Co. pp. 313–317.

4008:("What skilful artificer made the regions of light and dark?"), the name of the Vedic creator god 2877:, one of whom sacrifices the other in order to create the world; and probably the belief that the 18126: 18049: 17581: 16565: 16523: 12718:(a collection of articles), publ. by Innsbrucker Beitrage zur Sprachwissenschaft, Innsbruck, 1981 9242: 8336: 6688: 5175: 4455: 3664: 3656: 3238: 3157:

information in the process of reconstructing Proto-Indo-European myth. Despite the popularity of

2754: 2710: 1888: 1612: 1339: 449: 444: 434: 78: 15582: 15274: 11823: 8992:("to go"), after the practice of walking between slaughtered animals as part of taking an oath. 8728:

to eventually incorporate the Sabines into the founding tribes of Rome. In Vedic mythology, the

8159: 17800: 17726: 17706: 17576: 17511: 17440: 17208: 17016: 16947: 16851: 16496: 16359: 15956: 14962: 14418: 9143:

custom of thrusting swords into the earth and worshiping them as "Mars" in the 4th century AD.

6420: 5781: 5698: 4617: 3979: 3214: 2993: 2949:, religious practices, and myths of various Indo-European peoples. This method is known as the 2889: 2679: 2547: 2519: 2199: 2134: 1602: 1574: 1358: 1260: 1026: 872: 496: 334: 226: 165: 120: 60: 52: 18100: 16041: 15671: 14987: 13622: 12732: 7551: 6460:, the Parik take the form of beautiful women who dance amid nature. The Slavonic water nymphs 18166: 18044: 17469: 17447: 17188: 16866: 16723: 16662: 16582: 16550: 16325: 16246: 15770: 15454: 15416: 14440: 11267:(Dyéus) for 'heaven (Heaven)' In Anatolian the picture is a little different The reflex of 10870: 8971:, the first warrior, involves the liberation of cattle stolen by a three-headed entity named 7872: 7593: 7128: 6882: 6607:

Evidence for the deification of the wind is found in most Indo-European traditions. The root

6339: 5324: 4201:

that describes the end of the world following a cataclysmic battle. The story begins when an

2750: 2642: 2463: 2401: 2359: 2204: 1749: 1578: 486: 482: 467: 463: 33: 18034: 18024: 16030: 14400:

Mythe et épopée: L'idéologie des trois fonctions dans les épopées des peuples indo-européens

12348: 8552: 7497:. A medical god has been reconstructed based on a thematic comparison between the Indic god 6402: 5725: 5549:) as the nocturnal sky and benevolent counterpart of Dyēws, with possible cognates in Greek 4492:. In contrast, human beings were synonymous of "mortals" and associated with the "earthly" ( 4309:("Glittering Plains"), a land situated beyond the Ocean where "no one is permitted to die". 3824:, denoting 'what is fitting, rightly ordered', and ultimately deriving from the verbal root 17837: 17566: 17506: 17203: 17183: 17026: 16979: 16910: 16895: 16871: 16856: 16829: 16770: 16279: 16252: 16146: 16064: 15996: 15974: 15113: 14331:

Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental

12602:"Some Indo-Iranian mythological motifs in the art of the Novosvobodnaya ('Majkop') culture" 10023:, p. 144: "The cosmic egg found here is also found in many Indo-European mythologies." 9169: 9136: 9053: 8330: 7984: 7442: 6931:, the Moirai are said to "give mortal men both good and ill" and their names are listed as 6546: 6039:("thunder") stems a group of cognates found in the Germanic, Celtic and Roman thunder-gods 5702: 5476: 5445: 4601: 3575:, both forming indeed a pair of complementary beings entwined together. The Germanic names 3477:, the celestial gods then offer cattle as a divine gift, which is stolen by a three-headed 3049: 2742: 2647: 2609: 2458: 2391: 2386: 2364: 2194: 2164: 2097: 1995: 1960: 1695: 1660: 973: 656: 608: 545: 515: 473: 453: 317: 171: 15761:

Jendza, Craig (2013). "Theseus the Ionian in Bacchylides 17 and Indo-Iranian Apam Napat".

11674:, 10 (1&2), pp. 137–166; who references D. Ward (1968) "The Divine Twins". 10875:

The Indian Theogony: A Comparative Study of Indian Mythology from the Vedas to the Puranas

4291:("White Island"), whose inhabitants shine white like the moon and need no food; the Greek 3920:, which means 'to put, lay down, establish', but also 'speak, say; bring back'. The Greek 3809:

depends on the Iranian, and the Roman reflexes were influenced by earlier Greek versions.

3031:

class (encompassing both the religious and social functions of the priests and rulers), a

2114: 841: 8: 18227: 18029: 17902: 17629: 17624: 17571: 17541: 17536: 17420: 17096: 17021: 16984: 16785: 16682: 16466: 16284: 16274: 16001: 15737: 15399: 14554: 14234: 9324: 8579: 8429: 8147: 7926: 7699: 7678: 7041: 6892: 6677: 6522: 6518: 6288: 6149: 6133: 5884:

respectively, are less secured. The commonest epithets attached to the Earth goddess are

5487: 5126: 4593: 4504: 4140:, this may provide evidence of an ancient tradition of giving offerings to the ferryman. 4069: 3883: 3299: 3226: 3162: 3044: 3005: 3001: 2761: 2552: 2539: 2227: 2129: 2067: 1980: 1920: 968: 963: 859: 783: 748: 671: 661: 520: 221: 216: 185: 15477:"Tarquins de Rome et idéologie indo-européenne: (I) Tarquin l'Ancien et le dieu Vulcain" 8470: 8138:

One common myth found in nearly all Indo-European mythologies is a battle ending with a

7467:. Both are the son of a cudgel-bearer or an archer, and both are known as "fashioners" ( 7182: 6069:

may be a thematic echo of Perkʷunos, since he originally had thunderer characteristics.

5527:

Although the etymological association is often deemed untenable, some scholars (such as

5502: 18039: 17842: 17746: 17561: 17474: 17452: 17335: 17283: 17223: 17118: 16876: 16844: 16834: 16795: 16790: 16760: 16750: 16607: 16006: 15850: 15814: 15578: 15557:"Variations on the Indo-European 'Fire and Water' Mytheme in Three Alchemical Accounts" 15520: 15499: 15446: 15403: 15345: 15315: 15226: 15199: 15160: 14659: 14651: 14622: 14578: 14497: 11510: 9176: 9081: 8950:

suggested that the religious function was represented by a duality, one reflecting the

8532:

which have similar meaning. As such it was equated with the earlier Babylonian serpent

8475: 8417: 8381: 8274: 8029: 8002: 7908: 7710: 7560: 7338: 7277: 6715: 6577: 6457: 6449: 6344: 6223: 6078: 5866: 5839: 5591: 5550: 5491: 5278: 4597: 4568: 4185: 4111: 3897: 3349:), "there was not sand nor sea nor the cool waves; earth was nowhere nor heaven above; 2925: 2921: 2703: 2614: 2597: 2411: 2371: 2327: 2299: 2174: 2144: 2139: 2077: 2072: 2052: 2042: 2020: 1985: 1964: 1937: 1927: 1674: 1625: 1559: 1543: 1168: 821: 560: 246: 151: 146: 15667: 15109: 14890:

The Anthropomorphic Stelae of the Ukraine: The Early Iconography of the Indo-Europeans

14815: 14767: 14394: 14370: 13498:

The Luwian Population Groups of Lycia and Cilicia Aspera During the Hellenistic Period

11808: 9076:

Scholars have reconstructed a Proto-Indo-European cult of the weapons, especially the

8947: 8880: 5528: 4443:, which denoted the bright sky or the light of day. It has numerous reflexes in Latin 3528: 3295: 3024: 2259: 2179: 18222: 18009: 17462: 17325: 17305: 17213: 17130: 17125: 17101: 17001: 16994: 16962: 16957: 16824: 16819: 16807: 16765: 16627: 16597: 16352: 16269: 15991: 15858: 15831: 15828:

Tamil Temple Myths: Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian Saiva Tradition

15719: 15700: 15607: 15573: 15556: 15450: 15372: 15292: 15270: 15216: 15040: 15017: 14993: 14972: 14948: 14913: 14894: 14873: 14849: 14825: 14801: 14777: 14753: 14732: 14704: 14697: 14678: 14663: 14626: 14588: 14564: 14519: 14466: 14426: 14404: 14380: 14356: 14335: 14311: 14289: 14288:. Translated by Palmer, Elizabeth. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press. 14265: 14244: 14220: 14199: 14177: 14116: 14075: 13966: 13628: 13502: 13227: 12765: 11897: 11855: 11541: 11517: 10878: 10851: 10755: 10704: 10694: 10666: 10442: 10417: 10388: 10245: 9845: 9629: 9225: 9135:

practice of worshiping swords as manifestations of "Ares" in the 5th century BC, and

9124: 9108: 8929: 8838: 8518: 8460: 8409: 8365: 8290: 8217: 8151: 8036: 7962: 7890: 7800: 7782: 7771: 7350: 7178: 7076: 6857: 6379: 6359: 6244: 5855: 5831: 5460: 5422: 5202: 3890: 3717: 3622: 3360: 3174: 3085:

3 (black) Yamnaya culture expansion (Pontic-Caspian steppe, Danube Valley) (late PIE)

3069: 3027:, which postulates a tripartite ideology reflected in a threefold division between a 2917: 2853: 2448: 2436: 2381: 2279: 2269: 2264: 2222: 2159: 2082: 2062: 2057: 2047: 2032: 2010: 1990: 1956: 1932: 1688: 1654: 1646: 1590: 1584: 1566: 1537: 1516: 1502: 1494: 1264: 1125: 1065: 1047: 988: 983: 978: 945: 940: 769: 632: 281: 274: 267: 253: 239: 199: 178: 115: 107: 37: 17218: 15278: 14587:. Journal of Indo-European Studies, Institute for the Study of Man. pp. 53–68. 14195:

Tracing the Indo-Europeans: New evidence from archaeology and historical linguistics

12570: 10752:

Death Gods: An Encyclopedia of the Rulers, Evil Spirits, and Geographies of the Dead

7408:

There are also masculine forms of this deity, Greek Priapos, borrowed into Latin as

6456:("Water-Peter"), who has daughters of extraordinary beauty and with golden hair. In 5509:. The horse twins could have been based on the morning and evening star (the planet 2416: 17884: 17825: 17674: 17659: 17649: 17360: 17330: 17198: 17084: 17074: 17011: 16800: 16777: 16755: 16602: 16476: 16461: 16026: 16016: 16011: 15951: 15946: 15795: 15751: 15683: 15653: 15568: 15491: 15436: 15428: 15395: 15362: 15094: 15089: 14722: 14643: 14614: 14489: 14325: 14279: 13671: 13010: 11804: 10639: 9264: 9221: 9217: 9160: 8951: 8575: 8499: 8464: 8441: 8393: 8099: 8077: 8040: 7955: 7755: 7662: 7642: 7516: 7433: 7297: 7143: 7053: 7035: 6945: 6888: 6475: 6304: 6296: 6264: 6066: 5986: 5768: 5677: 5661: 5625: 5393: 4386: 3832: 3745: 3373: 3269: 3265: 3153: 2913: 2905: 2893: 2674: 2529: 2453: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2376: 2337: 2332: 2309: 2252: 2232: 2209: 2189: 2169: 2154: 2005: 2000: 1970: 1952: 1682: 1632: 1449: 1255: 1143: 1083: 1060: 1003: 998: 935: 922: 917: 907: 580: 193: 141: 133: 126: 18095: 18059: 15966: 8311: 8171:

myth, the hero or the god dies with his enemy during the confrontation. Historian

5826:, a Lithuanian goddess of earth celebrated as the bringer of flowers; the Avestan 4088: 2858:, are only attested in a limited number of traditions—Western (i.e. European) and 29: 18171: 18161: 18136: 18121: 18085: 18080: 18002: 17830: 17778: 17698: 17531: 17402: 17340: 17278: 17233: 17006: 16952: 16937: 16861: 16839: 16812: 16738: 16577: 16570: 16560: 16418: 16379: 16344: 15774: 15658: 15641: 15458: 15432: 15011: 14966: 14942: 14938: 14928: 14888: 14867: 14843: 14819: 14795: 14771: 14747: 14726: 14672: 14582: 14558: 14513: 14460: 14398: 14374: 14350: 14329: 14283: 14259: 14238: 14214: 14193: 14171: 14108: 14069: 13960: 13496: 13247: 11891: 11849: 10660: 9839: 9112: 9012: 9004: 8856: 8825: 8757: 8507: 8392:, huge multi-headed fire-spitting serpents associated with water and storms. The 8294: 8240: 8165: 8047: 7883: 7845: 7818: 7737: 7486: 7287: 6812: 6729: 5926: 5838:

Mati Syra Zemlya ("Mother Moist Earth"); the Greek Chthôn (Χθών), the partner of

5835: 5756: 5595: 5415: 5298: 5170:, a minor ancestor figure mentioned in only a few hymns, and in the Illyrian god 4467: 4299: 4280: 3697: 3644: 3618: 3294:

make it very likely that the myth has a Proto-Indo-European origin. According to

3158: 3147: 3143: 3126: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2669: 2468: 2406: 2294: 2284: 2274: 2247: 2239: 2184: 2119: 2109: 2102: 2092: 2025: 2015: 1975: 1763: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1703: 1639: 1618: 1596: 1181: 1070: 993: 902: 835: 776: 642: 374: 359: 349: 344: 260: 232: 17928: 15190:

Huld, Martin E. (1986). "Proto- and post-Indo-European designations for 'sun'".

14749:

The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World

10616:'lie', i.e. 'that which is laid out', and thus the concept is pan-Indo-European. 8236:, which has been causing a drought by trapping the waters in his mountain lair. 6310:

In other traditions, as the sacral name of the dangerous fire may have become a

5738: 5713: 5362:

about 3500 BC, and is therefore a late addition to Proto-Indo-European culture.

5277:

appears prominently in early Greek poetry and mythology. The Roman dawn goddess

5020: 4685: 4625: 4410: 4304: 3989:

also denotes a divine or cosmic creation, as attested by the Hittite expression

3201: 2882: 2785: 18151: 17917: 17912: 17874: 17634: 17355: 17315: 17310: 17293: 17288: 17142: 17031: 16657: 16292: 16230: 16099: 16084: 16046: 16036: 16021: 15889: 15672:"Les bylines de Michajlo Potyk et les légendes indo-européennes de l'ambroisie" 15230: 15007: 14512:(1985). "Linguistic Evidence in Comparative Mythology". In Stephen Rudy (ed.). 14509: 14303: 13676: 12809:

O'Brien, Steven (1982). "Dioscuric elements in Celtic and Germanic mythology".

11893:

Fairies, Demons, and Nature Spirits: 'Small Gods' at the Margins of Christendom

9029: 8893: 8630: 8361: 8353: 8266: 8209: 7879: 7838: 7685: 7394: 7190: 6103: 6048: 3675: 3544: 3273: 3048:

fundamental and binary opposition rooted in the nature of marriage proposed by

2791: 2352: 2347: 2304: 2289: 2149: 2037: 1508: 1375: 1250: 808: 762: 730: 666: 157: 15862: 15367: 14493: 8889: 8812: 8302: 7748: 6732:. Both were worshipped as pastoral deities, which led scholars to reconstruct 4532:(connected with ἀρή, "ruin, destruction"); or the Vedic protector of treaties 3678:

high priest of the 9th century AD. From the name of the sacrificed First King

18191: 18156: 17795: 17554: 17320: 17273: 16677: 16622: 16617: 16545: 16451: 16069: 15080: 15044: 14863: 14718: 14692: 14602: 12728: 9864:

Bessonova, S. S. 1983. Religioznïe predstavleniia skifov. Kiev: Naukova dumka

9621: 9320: 9216:, dative form of Pan in the Arcadian Greek dialect, and personal names Puso ( 9018: 9000: 8816: 8684: 8495: 8172: 7775: 7730: 7671: 7446: 7181:(the mythical name of the Irish) after he helped conquer the island from the 6900: 6780: 6702: 6629: 6489:

and Lycian Eliyãna can likewise be regarded as reflexes of the water nymphs.

6367: 6088: 5819: 5731: 5673: 5144:

duo; but he was suited to serve at least as a witness to oaths and treaties.

5134: 5079: 4572: 4533: 4265: 3997: 3856: 3565: 3464: 3435: 3315: 3261: 3253: 3242: 3142:

Another of the most important source mythologies for comparative research is

3016: 3009: 2874: 2870: 2496: 2486: 2441: 1768: 1232: 1148: 865: 723: 585: 339: 17457: 15784:"Cú Chulainn and Il'ya of Murom: Two Heroes, and Some Variations on a Theme" 15687: 15604:

Le sort des Gâthâs. Études iraniennes in memoriam Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin

13270:

Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World

12758:

Elves in Anglo-Saxon England: Matters of Belief, Health, Gender and Identity

11494:

O'Brien, Steven. "Dioscuric Elements in Celtic and Germanic Mythology". In:

10601:) though the same kind of semantic development is seen in Germanic (e.g. NE 8823:; the Germanic hero Hildebrant inadvertently kills his son Hadubrant in the 8748:

as the third function and the conquering Greeks as the first two functions.

8433: 7915: 7021:

are three cosmic goddesses of fate who are described sitting by the well of

6178: 5464: 5075: 3035:

class (connected with the concepts of violence and bravery), and a class of

2985: 2961: 555: 17992: 17907: 17847: 17810: 17711: 17664: 17526: 17479: 17350: 15747: 14791: 12970: 12964: 10708: 10249: 9041: 8804: 8740:(the second function), who is eventually coerced into letting them in. The 8733: 8498:

can be interpreted as a retelling of the serpent-slaying myth. The Deep or

8491: 8058: 8054: 7969: 7726: 7605: 7424:

The Proto-Indo-Europeans may also have had a goddess who presided over the

7033:, who are sometimes also described as spinning. Old English texts, such as 7013: 7007: 6542: 6471: 6461: 6338:

was the sacral and hearth fire, often personified and honored as a god. In

6272: 6227: 6213: 6187: 6153: 6019: 5801: 5772: 5629: 5494: 5486:(whose names mean "stallion" and "horse"), the Celtic "Dioskouroi" said by 5380: 5374: 5282: 5114: 4991: 4773: 4648:

The most securely reconstructed genealogy of the Proto-Indo-European gods (

4629: 4128: 3414: 3355: 3091:

4B-C (blue & dark blue): Bell Beaker; adopted by Indo-European speakers

3064: 2942: 2859: 2808: 2804: 2619: 1900: 1387: 1225: 699: 570: 369: 364: 354: 15495: 14451:. Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 80. Berlin: M. De Gruyter. 13289:, translated by Stallybrass), George Bell and Sons, London, 1883. PAge 303 12632:

Festskrift tillägnad Hugo Pipping pȧ hans sextioȧrsdag den 5 November 1924

10589: 10550: 10525: 9371: 9272:

narrates that creator Ohrmazd fashioned the sun "whose horses were swift".

8565: 7353:

takes her place. Her name is not cognate at all, but Norse descendants of

7275: 6788: 6237:– is evidently contained in the week day name that was dedicated to him – 6117: 6109: 6060: 5759:. This pairing is further attested in the Vedic pairing of Dyáus Pitā and 5583: 5452: 5262: 5163: 5155: 4537: 4502: 4465: 4284: 4152: 4116: 4049: 4009: 3964: 3937:, literally 'that which is established'. This notion of 'Law' includes an 3925: 3839: 3334:("Twin"), as the progenitors of the world and humankind, and a hero named 18054: 16511: 16396: 16089: 15733: 15247:"Antimachus's Enigma on Erytheia, the Latvian Sun-goddess and a Red Fish" 14839: 14456: 14376:

Archaic Roman Religion: With an Appendix on the Religion of the Etruscans

12733:"Die sprachvergleichung und die urgeschichte der indogermanischen völker" 12711: 11350:

Green, Miranda J. (1990). "Pagan Celtic Religion: Archaeology and Myth".

9286: 9092: 9061: 8848: 8762: 8713: 8626: 8600: 8540: 8401: 8221: 8155: 7865: 7766: 7635: 7597: 7174: 6896: 6760: 6747: 6406: 6390: 6300: 6145: 5751: 4612:

Linguists have been able to reconstruct the names of some deities in the

4567:), which signified "lord of". According to West, it is attested in Greek 4525: 4325: 4321: 4286: 4249: 4219: 4198: 4132: 4040:

appears to be connected with ritualistic laws, as suggested by the Latin

3439: 3350: 3257: 2989: 2838: 2830: 2824: 2764:

includes a number of securely reconstructed deities, since they are both

2501: 1363: 1349: 1313: 1021: 15854: 15818: 15524: 15503: 15349: 15319: 15203: 15164: 13680:; translated by J. Hutchison; London: David Nutt, 57–59 Long Acre, 1901. 11214: 11212: 9303: 9173:, the comparison of Greek deities to Germanic, Roman, and Celtic deities 8168: 5978: 5944: 4589: 550: 18116: 17869: 17852: 17790: 17639: 17586: 17549: 17435: 16687: 16667: 16506: 16406: 16104: 15716:

Die Musik nach dem Chaos: der Schöpfungsmythos der europäischen Vorzeit

14655: 14634:

Lincoln, Bruce (August 1976). "The Indo-European Cattle-Raiding Myth".

14501: 13272:, by J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006 9268: 9064:

has also compared the Vedic name of the tradition with the Gaulish god

8741: 8571: 8445: 7569: 7531: 7482: 7387:, Christianized as St. Prendi. J. Grimm refers to an Old Bohemian form 6856:

appearing as a stallion, and she gave birth to a daughter and a horse,

6536: 6514: 6348:("the Hearth Mother") is the goddess protector of the domestic hearth ( 6311: 6284: 6162: 5343: 5171: 5165: 4293: 4254: 4178: 4144: 4103: 4084: 3768: 3402: 3218: 2878: 2834: 2815: 2652: 2491: 1326: 1240: 1118: 883: 16518: 15800: 15783: 15441: 13265: 13263: 13261: 9080:, which holds a central position in various customs and myths. In the 8617:

faithful only to his royal grandfather. The legends of the Indic king

7173:

In the mythical stories of the founding of the Irish nation, the hero

6136:

sources report that Lithuanian priests worshipped a "holy Fire" named

5994: 17820: 17815: 17783: 17766: 17425: 16989: 16642: 16637: 16401: 11209: 9841:

The Deer Goddess of Ancient Siberia: A Study in the Ecology of Belief

9282: 9132: 9128: 9096: 9084: 9024: 8843: 8389: 8349: 8225: 7937: 7811: 7793: 7721: 7703: 7653: 7627: 7306: 7283: 7135: 7086: 7063: 7026: 6721: 6633: 6558: 6453: 6355: 6252: 6052: 5931: 5906:("Mother Broad One"), attested in the Vedic and Old English formulas 5843: 5790: 5776: 5709: 5506: 5498: 5334: 5091: 5007: 4637: 4419: 4202: 4166:("spotted"). Bruce Lincoln has proposed a third cognate in the Norse 4062: 3410: 3303: 3170: 2844: 2778: 2624: 1529: 1306: 1298: 1291: 1284: 1270: 1138: 17982: 15845:

Varenne, Jean (1977). "Agni's Role in the Ṛgvedic Cosmogonic Myth".

15300: 15246: 15072: 12649: 12601: 12067: 12065: 11382: 11107: 11105: 10644: 10627: 9875: 8744:

has also been interpreted as a reflex of the myth, with the wealthy

8729: 7343: 7312: 6865: 5823: 5694: 5437: 5286: 5070: 5033: 4791: 3711: 17751: 17741: 17736: 17521: 16555: 16501: 16486: 16471: 16375: 15718:. Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck. 15699:. Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck. 14869:

Archaeology & Language. The Puzzle of the Indo-European Origins

14647: 14618: 13986: 13984: 13982: 13829: 13827: 13390: 13388: 13258: 12912: 12142: 12140: 11300: 11298: 11296: 9996: 9116: 9037: 8774: 8639: 8373: 8369: 8278: 8262: 8257: 8205: 8175:

has proposed that the dragon-slaying tale and the creation myth of

8062: 8022: 7977: 7973: 7897: 7834: 7441:. A decay goddess has also been proposed on the basis of the Vedic 7334: 7272: 7167: 7030: 6998: 6982: 6936: 6853: 6845: 6661: 6566: 6478: 6248: 6209: 6197: 6056: 6015: 5948: 5851: 5574: 5302: 4273: 4181: 4154: 4148: 4137: 4023: 3817:

Linguistic evidence has led scholars to reconstruct the concept of

3764: 3648: 3368: 2765: 2753:

have reconstructed details from inherited similarities found among

2689: 2657: 1472: 1463: 1354: 1155: 1130: 1034: 525: 101: 14797:

The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization

10916: 10914: 10848:

Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds

10074: 10072: 10070: 10068: 9529: 9527: 7315:, that would point to a Proto-Indo-European love god or goddess. 6350: 6292: 4838: 4668: 18064: 17721: 17484: 17345: 16647: 16391: 13222:

Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008).

12882: 12571:"Indo-Iranian Vayu and Gogolean Viy: an old hypothesis revisited" 12200: 12062: 11394: 11102: 9329: 9104: 8860: 8852: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8721: 8717: 8659: 8622: 8605: 8591: 8514: 8487: 8405: 8385: 8345: 8341: 8325: 8306: 7861: 7789: 7717: 7667: 7460: 7429: 7428:

organization of society. Various epithets of the Iranian goddess

7409: 7186: 7151: 6986: 6940: 6861: 6849: 6796: 6764: 6665: 6562: 6486: 6330: 6280: 6119: 6044: 5959: 5896: 5892: 5881: 5815: 5764: 5760: 5690: 5645: 5479: 5258: 5157: 4815:

An alternative genealogy has been proposed by P. Jackson (2002):

4518: 4473: 4394: 4373: 4233:), known as the "silent one" and usually the nephew or grandson ( 4106:. The Greek tradition of the dead being ferried across the river 3847: 3841: 3749: 3693: 3690: 3668: 3629: 3345: 3277: 3131: 3032: 2738: 1896: 1522: 1486: 1479: 1277: 897: 530: 17716: 15179:

II. Lodz: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 1999. pp. 103–122.

13979: 13824: 13385: 13340: 13098: 12137: 11293: 9299: 8855:

in battle who was raised far away on the Orkney Islands; and in

8689: 7022: 6887:

It is highly probable that the Proto-Indo-Europeans believed in

4620:, "the clearest cases are the cosmic and elemental deities: the 4127:("tomb") originally meant "crossing point". In Norse mythology, 18090: 17864: 17805: 17761: 17756: 16974: 16672: 16592: 16540: 15878: 15291:: Rocník CXV. Archeológia 31. Bratislava, 2021. pp. 5–43. 13962:

The War of the Gods: The Social Code in Indo-European Mythology

13942: 13940: 13927: 13925: 13873: 13871: 13869: 13844: 13842: 13713: 13711: 13463: 13461: 13459: 13457: 13252:

Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages

12907: 12520: 12518: 12516: 12514: 12512: 12499: 12497: 12495: 12280: 12278: 11989: 11987: 11985: 11983: 11981: 11627: 11625: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11029: 11027: 11025: 10911: 10887: 10316: 10065: 9903: 9901: 9588: 9524: 9120: 9100: 9088: 9077: 9045: 8909: 8905: 8885: 8834: 8830: 8820: 8808: 8770: 8709: 8644: 8618: 8583: 8533: 8526: 8452: 8425: 8421: 8388:, semi-human divine figures associated with thunders, slay the 8377: 8320: 8316: 8282: 8270: 8252: 8248: 8233: 7995: 7991: 7919: 7901: 7856: 7829: 7807: 7601: 7547: 7520: 7502: 7494: 7464: 7438: 7366: 7161: 6994: 6990: 6978: 6974: 6954: 6932: 6909: 6904: 6848:, with other thematic echos in the Greek and Indic traditions. 6790: 6754: 6725: 6657: 6638: 6600: 6554: 6482: 6441: 6424: 6416: 6375: 6276: 6201: 6167: 5877: 5805: 5669: 5637: 5579: 5569: 5565: 5554: 5490:

to be venerated by Atlantic Celts as a set of horse twins, the

5456: 5290: 5270: 5233: 5215: 5141: 5137: 5118: 5098:

The head deity of the Proto-Indo-European pantheon was the god

5087: 4633: 4488: 4401: 4382: 4027: 4018: 4011: 3966: 3960: 3652: 3602: 3393: 3364: 3178: 3036: 3028: 2798: 2684: 1245: 1199: 718: 535: 15742:, translated by Stallybrass, James Steven, London: Dover, (DM) 15031:

York, Michael (1988). "Romulus and Remus, Mars and Quirinus".

14032: 13420: 13418: 10817: 10815: 10734: 10732: 10730: 10190: 10188: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9665: 9663: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9419: 8766: 7029:. In Old Norse texts, the Norns are frequently conflated with 6912:("Apportioners") are mentioned dispensing destiny in both the 6550: 4451: 4372:). During this period, Proto-Indo-European beliefs were still 3597:, and some myths give a sister to the Vedic Yama, also called 17859: 17731: 17644: 15697:

Elysion: Entstehung und Entwicklung der griechischen Religion

15606:. Acta Iranica 54, Peeters, Leuven – Paris – Walpole: 13-23. 15129:

Collectanea Philologica II in honorem Annae Mariae Komornicka

14821:

Germanic Dialects: Linguistic and Philological Investigations

13178: 13176: 12876: 12176: 12125: 11999: 11851:

Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People

11701:

Ouranos-Varuna – Essai de mythologie comparée indo-européenne

10055: 10053: 10051: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10041: 9992: 9470: 9468: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9394: 9392: 9307: 9140: 8737: 8736:) are blocked from accessing the heavenly circle of power by 8705: 8701: 8510: 8397: 8229: 7951: 7946: 7942: 7933: 7852: 7762: 7689: 7524: 7498: 7413: 7398: 7370: 7362: 7300: 7291: 7217: 7194: 7156: 7123: 7090: 7089:, and the Slovene Rojenice. Albanian folk tales speak of the 7081: 7067: 7018: 6950: 6841: 6837: 6808: 6784: 6706:

life and death through adding and taking breath from people.

6653: 6648: 6467: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6321:

served instead as an ordinary term for fire, as in the Latin

6260: 6208:

patterns from northern Albania (right). The cross (including

6009: 5982: 5809: 5665: 5649: 5633: 5621: 5585: 5510: 5483: 5441: 5409: 5264: 5242: 5219: 5102: 4621: 4585: 4477: 4260: 4170:, although this has been debated as linguistically untenable. 4167: 4123:) in order to reach the land of the dead, and the Latin word 3876: 3864: 3760: 3640: 3418: 3406: 3136: 2956: 2946: 2772: 2734: 2592: 1877:

This article contains characters used to write reconstructed

1344: 1218: 1212: 1194: 565: 540: 14216:

Aryan Idols: Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science

14051: 14049: 14047: 14008: 13937: 13922: 13866: 13854: 13839: 13723: 13708: 13677:

The Ancient East, No. III: The Babylonian and Hebrew Genesis

13454: 13292: 13161: 13059: 12833: 12821: 12530: 12509: 12492: 12384: 12360: 12275: 11978: 11873: 11871: 11776: 11721: 11711: 11709: 11681: 11678:, No. 19. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 11622: 11310: 11022: 11010: 10744: 9898: 7452:

Michael Estell has reconstructed a mythical craftsman named

7056:

referring to them as "the Werdys that we clepyn Destiné" in

6614:("to blow") is at the origin of the two words for the wind: 6592: 4283:. The common motif is suggested by the legends of the Indic 3446:

speakers was closer to that of Proto-Indo-European speakers.

17773: 16187:

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

14674:

Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice

14068:

Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Ivanov, Vjaceslav V. (2010-12-15).

14020: 13602: 13575: 13563: 13551: 13539: 13430: 13415: 13405: 13403: 13375: 13373: 13371: 13369: 13367: 13352: 13127: 13125: 12549: 12547: 12545: 12016: 12014: 11951: 11949: 11936: 11934: 11478: 11476: 10938: 10899: 10812: 10727: 10280: 10256: 10185: 10175: 10173: 10171: 9675: 9660: 9639: 9245:, the lupine pursuer of the moon in Scandinavian mythology. 9099:

back into the lake from which it initially came. The Indic

9033: 8876: 8765:

notes similarities between the Norse myth in which the god

8745: 8697: 8693: 8670: 8655: 8648: 8634: 8574:

is envisioned as a form of fire residing in the waters. In

8437: 8413: 8298: 8244: 8143: 8139: 8018: 8013: 7825: 7744: 7658: 7649: 7402: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7046: 6768: 6643: 6596: 6334: 6111: 6092: 6040: 5974: 5952: 5786: 5657: 5653: 5641: 5582:, associated with the rising and setting of the sun in the 5426: 5122: 5083: 4579: 4529: 4514: 4510: 4445: 4390: 4352: 4269: 4229: 4214: 4206: 4131:

must cross a bridge over the river Giöll in order to reach

4107: 3851: 3700: 3686: 3577: 3453: 2981: 2977: 1911: 1736: 15545:

Le feu dans l'eau, son bestiaire et le serpent criocéphale

13910: 13747: 13735: 13304: 13173: 11370: 11352:

Transactions of the Honourable Society of the Cymmrodorion

10292: 10038: 9772: 9514: 9512: 9480: 9465: 9446: 9409: 9407: 9389: 8598:, meaning "descendants of the beautiful seas", is used in 7085:

the Polish Rodzanice, the Croatian Rodjenice, the Serbian

5594:, whose feast marked the period immediately preceding the 5327:

holding a child in her arms from between 1400 and 1200 BC.

4197:

Several traditions reveal traces of a Proto-Indo-European

3396:, accompanied by the primordial cow. To create the world, 16652: 14149: 14147: 14044: 13900: 13898: 13515: 13478: 13476: 13316: 12695: 12693: 12338: 12336: 12236: 12224: 12089: 12077: 11868: 11706: 11574: 11427: 11425: 11423: 11421: 11268: 11261: 11241: 11239: 11197: 11117: 10610: 10595: 10578: 10571: 10556: 10535: 10498: 10491: 10200: 9991:, although he notes that interpretations of the myths of 9760: 9748: 9736: 9724: 9436: 9434: 9354:‘wife’ is almost a term of endearment as it derives from 9091:

is dragged into the sea after his death, and the British

8986: 8979: 8972: 8965: 8663: 8558: 8191: 7509: 7475: 7468: 7453: 7198: 7112: 7102: 6827: 6816: 6801: 6751: 6733: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6570: 6533: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6411: 6383: 6315: 6231: 6100: 6033: 6023: 6006: 5963: 5939: 5900: 5885: 5870: 5859: 5827: 5794: 5744: 5735: 5614: 5607: 5558: 5539: 5532: 5406: 5384: 5352: 5340: 5331: 5274: 5248: 5239: 5230: 5211: 5187: 5148: 5099: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4493: 4437: 4428: 4416: 4407: 4398: 4358: 4341: 4234: 4160: 4094: 4055: 4034: 3983: 3972: 3949: 3931: 3914: 3907: 3869: 3825: 3818: 3753: 3679: 3633: 3569: 3558: 3482: 3457: 3288: 3281: 3207: 3198: 2973: 2969: 2850: 2841: 2821: 2812: 2795: 2782: 2769: 15173:

Dawn and Sun in Indo-European Myth: Gender and Geography

13400: 13364: 13221: 13149: 13122: 13110: 13035: 12992: 12889: 12845: 12542: 12444: 12050: 12026: 12011: 11946: 11931: 11764: 11598: 11562: 11473: 11406: 11358: 11331: 11039: 10864: 10584:'put, establish' but occurs in that meaning only in Grk 10385:

Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon

10168: 10026: 9714: 9712: 8243:. The original motif appears inherited in the legend of 8095: 6628:. The deity is indeed often depicted as a couple in the 6525:. Although such a god has been solidly reconstructed in 6140:, which they tried to maintain in perpetual life, while 4324:

deities Mithra (left) and Ahura Mazda (right) with king

15388:

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft

14848:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 14605:(November 1975). "The Indo-European Myth of Creation". 14352:

Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon

14134: 14132: 13790: 13788: 13786: 13592: 13590: 13086: 13076: 13074: 13025: 13023: 12982: 12980: 12947: 12945: 12943: 12941: 12939: 12937: 12924: 12922: 12668: 12666: 12664: 12612: 12323: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12302: 12290: 11968: 11966: 11964: 11752:

Dunkel, George E. (1988–1990). "Vater Himmels Gattin".

11642: 11640: 11586: 11260:, p. 168: "But in general we may say that MIE had 11160: 11158: 11156: 11092: 11090: 10998: 10986: 10800: 10776: 10764: 10691:

The conception of punishment in early Indian literature

10268: 10096: 9699: 9697: 9628:, p. 260 n. 17. University of Chicago Press, 9539: 9509: 9404: 8621:, saved by his virgin daughter Mādhāvi; the Roman king 8009: 7489:, the mythical bird who "robbed" (found in the myth as 6908:

the king's thread of life. In the Greek tradition, the

5834:; the Hittite Dagan-zipas ("Genius of the Earth"); the 14944:

How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics

14310:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 14261:

Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction

14144: 14088: 13895: 13812: 13771: 13696: 13473: 13442: 13328: 13217: 13215: 13213: 12690: 12678: 12396: 12357:, pp. 68–69, 135, 176–181, 249–261, 274–282, 327. 12333: 12248: 11418: 11236: 10827: 10352: 10304: 10217: 10215: 10144: 10132: 10120: 10014: 10002: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9789: 9787: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9431: 9011:

Proto-Indo-Europeans likely had a sacred tradition of

7160:, and associated with social and marital ties. In the 6852:

transformed herself into a mare when she was raped by

5822:, Great Mother Earth and Earth Goddess, respectively; 5545:(also the eponymous god in the reconstructed dialogue 3795:

has been influential throughout Eurasia following the

15626: 13883: 13641: 12637: 12372: 11919: 11733: 11129: 10974: 10926: 10458: 10364: 10328: 10156: 10084: 9947: 9945: 9709: 9626:

Theorizing myth: Narrative, ideology, and scholarship

8819:

must kill his own son, who was also raised apart, in

8305:, which lived in the waters surrounding the realm of 7373:, which comes from the same Proto-Indo-European root 17392: 17055: 16428: 16075: 15976: 15847:

Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

15338:

Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

15308:

Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics

14129: 13996: 13800: 13783: 13759: 13587: 13527: 13185:"Linguistic evidence for the Indo-European pantheon" 13137: 13071: 13047: 13020: 12977: 12934: 12919: 12857: 12790: 12778: 12661: 12480: 12468: 12456: 12432: 12420: 12408: 12314: 12265: 12263: 12212: 12188: 12113: 12101: 12038: 11961: 11652: 11637: 11610: 11550: 11461: 11449: 11437: 11281: 11251: 11224: 11187: 11185: 11170: 11153: 11141: 11087: 11075: 11051: 10693:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 42–45. 9986: 9980: 9694: 9605: 9603: 9551: 9356: 9348: 9150: 8921: 8913: 8181: 7375: 7355: 7327: 7319: 7261: 7252: 7246: 6815:

Rŭglŭ. Problematic is whether the name derives from

6691: 5606:

Some scholars have proposed a consort goddess named

5186:

in Hittite are not exact descendants of the formula

4576: 4458: 3804: 3790: 3784: 3775: 3704: 3557:

Some scholars have proposed that the primeval being

3548: 3538: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3496: 3489: 3472: 3428: 3422: 3397: 3387: 3381: 3337: 3328: 3320: 15385: 15263:

Séhul a jej podoby v hmotnej kultúre doby bronzovej

13693:. Vol. I. London: Longmans, Green. 1906. pp. 42-46. 13653: 13210: 10962: 10788: 10715: 10340: 10212: 10108: 9930: 9913: 9886: 9799: 9784: 9576: 9492: 8474:Bird (Christ) victorious over the Serpent (Satan), 6108:. "Seen from afar" and "untiring", the Indic deity 5689:The substratum of Proto-Indo-European mythology is 5568:, a transitional deity between Ouranos and Zeus in 4268:

or transitional sky embodies the gate or frontier (

4054:('health and happiness'), with a derived adjective 3696:, king of the golden age and guardian of hell; the 3632:deriving from the Proto-Indo-European First Priest 16374: 15417:"Tracking the Dragon across the Ancient Near East" 15073:"Indo-European Poetics and the Latvian Folk Songs" 14696: 14677:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. 11540:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020. p. 19. 11512:The Meaning of Helen: In Search of an Ancient Icon 11509: 10950: 10877:. Cambridge at the University Press. 1970. p. 71. 10577:, is 'that which is established' and derives from 9942: 8643:; as well as the myth of the Norse virgin goddess 8239:Several variations of the story are also found in 5854:deities of the underworld. The possibilities of a 5697:are for instance reflexes of the native animistic 5497:, a pair of young male brothers worshipped by the 17958: 17164: 15279:https://doi.org/10.31577/slovarch.2020.suppl.1.49 14439: 14379:(1996 ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. 14067: 12564: 12562: 12260: 11182: 10555:'health and happiness') with a derived adjective 10512:'innate feature, nature, fashion', dialectal Grk 10232: 10230: 9600: 9212:Mallory and Adams saw a possible connection with 8506:is said to make the world is translated from the 8187:may actually belong to the same original story. 7493:, "to steal") the hidden fire and gave it to the 6599:, Vedic god of the wind, shown upon his antelope 5305:was still acknowledged in the sixteenth century. 3846:('divine/cosmic law, force of truth, or order'); 3229:and other peoples of central and northern Asia." 18189: 15919: 15151:Cahill, Mary (2015). "'Here Comes the Sun...'". 15114:"A Reader in Comparative Indo-European Religion" 13494: 13183:Witczak, Krzysztof T.; Kaczor, Idaliana (1995). 11916:Paul Friedrich: Proto-Indo-European trees (1970) 10850:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 105. 10479: 10477: 10475: 10473: 6728:was first identified in 1924 by German linguist 5624:with a possible descendant in the Greek goddess 3955:, which in a social context is interpreted as a 3651:, and Manāvī, his sacrificed wife; the Germanic 15147:. 2022, vol. 6, No 1, p. 39-65. ISSN 2426-5349. 14886: 14038: 11538:The bundahišn: The Zoroastrian Book of Creation 11516:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. pp. 46ff. 9615: 9298:The names of the individual Norns are given as 9241:('Moon-Hound', 'Moon's dog'), another name for 7052:Later texts mention the Wyrds as a group, with 5951:, a possible cognate, but also in the Germanic 5214:in her chariot flying over the sea, red-figure 5193:, but they do preserve its original structure. 2885:and could only be reached by crossing a river. 1881:words (for an explanation of the notation, see 14930:Arhiv za Arbanasku starinu, jezik i etnologiju 12721: 12559: 10227: 9563: 8590:, meaning "grandson of the sea", is used as a 7382: 6920:, in which they are given the epithet Κλῶθες ( 6382:, two names that may derive from the PIE root 6251:. He is thought to have been worshiped by the 6238: 5273:honors the dawn goddess Ušå. The dawn goddess 4188:welcoming a soul into his boat, c. 500–450 BC. 3959:: in the Greek daughter culture, the titaness 17944: 16360: 15905: 15356: 15283:Valent, Dušan; Jelinek, Pavol; Lábaj, Ivan. " 15192:Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 14746:Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006). 13182: 12737:Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 10470: 8119: 7405:, charming and seductive beings in folklore. 7049:as a singular power that "weaves" destinies. 6965:Late second-century AD Greek mosaic from the 6899:does contain an allusion comparing fate to a 6646:, the lord of the winds, is connected in the 6541:has been proposed based on the Vedic goddess 3930:both derive from the PIE noun for the 'Law', 2711: 1848: 15811:Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 15642:"The Dog, the Horse and the Creation of Man" 14971:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 14887:Telegrin, D. Ya.; Mallory, James P. (1994). 14752:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 14745: 14717: 14560:Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia 14190: 14014: 13990: 13946: 13931: 13877: 13860: 13848: 13833: 13729: 13717: 13467: 13394: 13346: 13298: 13167: 13104: 13065: 12839: 12827: 12655: 12536: 12524: 12503: 12390: 12366: 12284: 12206: 12158: 12146: 11993: 11794: 11782: 11727: 11631: 11400: 11388: 11325: 11304: 11218: 11069: 11033: 11016: 10944: 10920: 10905: 10893: 10821: 10738: 10483: 10322: 10286: 10262: 10194: 10078: 9968: 9688: 9669: 9654: 9594: 9533: 9486: 9474: 9459: 9425: 9413: 9398: 8773:'s mouth while the other gods bind him with 7508:Some scholars have proposed a war god named 7481:has also been proposed, from the Greek hero 5468:are likewise the "sons of the God" (Dievs). 4357:), while the inanimate, physical entity was 3643:", "ancestor of mankind") include the Indic 3405:and, with the help of heavenly deities (the 3079:1 (black): Anatolian languages (archaic PIE) 2931: 15210: 14933:. Vol. I. R. Trofenik. pp. 27–33. 12808: 11824:"Animism: The Religion of the Tribal World" 11751: 9237:The name Garm also appears in the compound 9123:, said to have been forged by the mythical 8928:) in the hope of winning their favour. The 7388: 6807:has also been proposed, based on the Vedic 4513:states that "on wine alone the weapon-lord 3752:. Cognates stemming from the First Warrior 3371:, but earth nor air nor heaven there was" ( 17951: 17937: 16367: 16353: 16171:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 15912: 15898: 14908:Tirta, Mark (2004). Petrit Bezhani (ed.). 14278: 14109:"Gaulois epomeduos, le maître des chevaux" 11831:International Journal of Frontier Missions 11498:10:1–2 (Spring–Summer, 1982), pp. 117–136. 10382: 8416:. A similar execution is performed by the 8126: 8112: 6860:. Similarly, the Indic tradition tells of 5285:. The Anglo-Saxons worshipped the goddess 5107:, whose name literally means "Sky Father". 3971:, can also be traced back to the PIE root 2718: 2704: 1855: 1841: 1819:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 15799: 15657: 15572: 15440: 15366: 15336:Dandekar, R. N. (1950). "VṚTRAHĀ INDRA". 15108: 14766: 14577: 14324: 14212: 14153: 13627:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 108. 13131: 13116: 12599: 12568: 12242: 12230: 12170: 12166: 11877: 11821: 10643: 9907: 8870: 8455:, where Indo-European influences through 8204:Greek red-figure vase painting depicting 7066:from southwest Germany and a relief from 6314:, the reflexes of the Indo-European root 6166:, who has been interpreted as the son of 5997:, an Albanian thunder-god (from the stem 5891:(the "Broad One"), attested in the Vedic 4377:into the various pantheons following the 4184:attributed to the Tymbos painter showing 3478: 3118:: Armenian, expanding from western steppe 3082:2 (black): Afanasievo culture (early PIE) 15646:Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 15639: 15561:Journal of the American Oriental Society 15335: 15244: 14532: 14508: 13647: 12630:H. Collitz, "Wodan, Hermes und Pushan," 12308: 12182: 11693: 10628:"Aspects of the Early History of Romani" 10236: 9837: 9319:They also, most famously, appear as the 8994: 8732:(representing the third function as the 8676: 8469: 8459:can be seen in mythology, the storm god 8335: 8289:The original motif is also reflected in 8199: 7197:), a reflex of the marital functions of 6960: 6591: 6410: 6082: 5943:in the myths surrounding the Lithuanian 5392: 5318: 5206: 5074: 4316: 4172: 4159:most likely derive from the common noun 3996:("established heaven (and) earth"), the 3831:, 'to fit'. Descendant cognates include 3612: 3448: 3417:), forges both the natural elements and 3097:5C (red): Sintashta (proto-Indo-Iranian) 3063: 2955: 28: 17257: 15844: 15825: 15666: 15600:The Dog(s) of the Zoroastrian Afterlife 15474: 15305: 15079: 14937: 14926: 14862: 14790: 14773:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic 14691: 14670: 14633: 14601: 14553: 14479: 14462:La religion cosmique des Indo-Européens 14417: 14393: 14369: 14348: 14302: 14169: 14106: 14094: 14055: 14026: 14002: 13620: 13608: 13581: 13569: 13557: 13545: 13521: 13482: 13448: 13436: 13424: 13358: 13334: 13322: 13246: 13092: 12699: 12684: 12486: 12402: 12342: 12296: 12254: 12095: 12083: 11925: 11889: 11797:Women's Studies International Quarterly 11715: 11592: 11507: 11431: 11245: 11203: 11176: 10980: 10833: 10662:Hosios: A Semantic Study of Greek Piety 10566:'just right, fitting' and possibly OCS 10407: 10370: 10358: 10334: 10310: 10298: 10206: 10179: 10162: 10150: 10138: 10126: 10059: 10032: 10020: 10008: 9979:agrees with the reconstructed motif of 9972: 9873: 9793: 9582: 8792: 7541: 7419: 7244:Scholars have suggested a common root, 6774: 5601: 4044:('law, right, justice, duty'), Avestan 3689:, god of death and the underworld; the 2837:, respectively. Some deities, like the 1893:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 18190: 15808: 15781: 15760: 15746: 15414: 15328:On storm deities and the dragon combat 15150: 15085:"Indo-European Religions: An Overview" 15013:The Origins of the World's Mythologies 15006: 14992:. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. 14985: 14838: 14814: 14455: 14257: 14233: 13958: 13916: 13904: 13889: 13818: 13777: 13753: 13741: 13702: 13659: 13495:Houwink Ten Cate, Philo H. J. (1961). 13310: 13015:The Legend of Good Women, Hypermnestra 12643: 12618: 11847: 11739: 11687: 11376: 11135: 10956: 10932: 10625: 10464: 10090: 9964: 9951: 9778: 9766: 9754: 9742: 9730: 9718: 9703: 9557: 9545: 9518: 9440: 7325:is a root for beloved/friend, whereas 6720:The association between the Greek god 4528:("Lord Wisdom"); the Greek god of war 4248:In the cosmological model proposed by 17932: 17898:Christianization of saints and feasts 17655:European Congress of Ethnic Religions 17609: 17400: 17256: 17163: 17054: 16708: 16436: 16348: 16332:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 16203:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 15893: 15732: 15713: 15694: 15554: 15510: 15070: 14912:(in Albanian). Tirana: Mësonjëtorja. 14907: 14728:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 12378: 12354: 11854:. Central European University Press. 11349: 10845: 10658: 10436: 8604:4.404 as an epithet for the seals of 8494:, as well as the dragon appearing in 5032: 5030: 5028: 5019: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4863: 4860: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4684: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4436:("celestial"), derived from the root 4243: 4068:('just right, fitting') and possibly 4048:('make ritually pure'), and Sanskrit 3903:('innate feature, nature, fashion'). 3059: 2936: 1826:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 1798:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 15763:The Journal of Indo-European Studies 15629:The Journal of Indo-European Studies 15408:10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.166.1.0141 15400:10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.166.1.0141 15251:The Journal of Indo-European Studies 15189: 15030: 14961: 14138: 13806: 13794: 13765: 13596: 13533: 13409: 13379: 13155: 13143: 13080: 13053: 13041: 13029: 12998: 12986: 12951: 12928: 12895: 12863: 12851: 12796: 12784: 12754: 12727: 12672: 12553: 12474: 12462: 12450: 12438: 12426: 12414: 12327: 12269: 12218: 12194: 12162: 12131: 12119: 12107: 12071: 12056: 12044: 12032: 12020: 12005: 11972: 11955: 11940: 11770: 11658: 11646: 11616: 11604: 11580: 11568: 11556: 11536:Agostini, Domenico; Thrope, Samuel. 11482: 11467: 11455: 11443: 11412: 11364: 11337: 11287: 11257: 11230: 11191: 11164: 11147: 11123: 11111: 11096: 11081: 11057: 11045: 11004: 10992: 10968: 10806: 10794: 10782: 10770: 10721: 10346: 10274: 10221: 10114: 10102: 9976: 9936: 9924: 9892: 9816: 9609: 9503: 9200: 9103:is also instructed to throw his bow 8352:(Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, 7342:"dear, beloved" and Common Germanic 6664:—the god of rain and thunder. Other 5628:. A thematic echo may also occur in 3380:In the creation myth, the first man 16179:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben 15289:Zborník Slovenského národného múzea 14947:. London: Oxford University Press. 14535:"History of Armenia: Chapter XXXIV" 10688: 10545:'law, right, justice, duty' "), Av 7150:, "free man, lord"). The Vedic god 6871: 6160:), occurring under the divine name 5958:The deities generally agreed to be 5793:. Although Odin is not a reflex of 5771:, the Roman pairing of Jupiter and 5475:Other reflexes may be found in the 5059: 4632:; the Sun, the Sun Maiden, and the 4575:("mistress of sunlight"), Germanic 3302:also notes that the concept of the 1783:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 24: 16195:Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon 15053: 14423:Indo-European Language and Culture 14285:Indo-European Language and Society 14074:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 402. 13224:Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon 10530:'right time, order, rule', Toch B 8781:rescues his brother's corpse from 8751: 8720:fights his wealthy neighbours the 8611: 7062:. A goddess spinning appears in a 6822:("rend, tear apart"; akin to Lat. 6767:, and less certainly to Old Norse 5648:after the mating of Dia's husband 5261:are dedicated to the dawn goddess 4588:("goddess of horses"), Lithuanian 4016:, and possibly by the Greek nymph 3667:; and the Persian Manūščihr (from 3504: 3129:, especially the mythology of the 3103:7A (purple): Indo-Aryans (Mittani) 1805:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 25: 18244: 15871: 15484:Revue de l'histoire des religions 15301:https://doi.org/10.55015/PJRB2648 14515:Roman Jakobson: Selected Writings 14115:. Paris: Droz. pp. 291–307. 14111:. In Lambert, Pierre-Yves (ed.). 11703:(Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve, 1934). 10754:. Greenwood Press. 2009. p. 144. 8797: 8637:, and threatened by his sons the 8625:, rescued by his chaste daughter 6876: 6759:which he links to the Slavic god 6750:has proposed a cattle god called 6709: 5684: 4276:) binding the two other heavens. 3247: 3109:(dark yellow): proto-Balto-Slavic 17056:Middle-Eastern and North African 15877: 15583:10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.4.0679 15574:10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.4.0679 15261:Valent, Dušan; Jelinek, Pavol. " 15215:. Oxbow Books. pp. 93–115. 15033:Journal of Indo-European Studies 14240:Etymological Dictionary of Greek 14100: 14061: 13952: 13683: 13665: 13614: 13488: 13275: 13240: 13004: 12957: 12901: 12869: 12811:Journal of Indo-European Studies 12802: 12748: 12705: 12624: 12593: 12152: 11910: 11883: 11841: 11815: 11788: 11745: 11672:Journal of Indo-European Studies 11664: 11530: 11501: 11496:Journal of Indo-European Studies 11488: 11343: 11063: 9340: 9313: 9292: 9275: 9257: 9153: 8633:, father of the legendary queen 8546: 8094: 8070: 7584: 7523:, the companions of the war-god 7369:belong to the race of so-called 7185:. He also provided wives to the 6396: 6222:The name of the fire god in the 6186: 6177: 5955:, a thematic echo of Perkʷunos. 5920: 5895:, the Greek Plataia and Gaulish 5708:In Indo-European tradition, the 3889:('to praise, be pleased with'); 3309: 3106:7B (purple): Indo-Aryans (India) 1869: 1812:Journal of Indo-European Studies 576:Bible translations into Armenian 67: 15177:Studia Indogermanica Lodziensia 15131:, Łódź, 1995. pp. 265–278. 14703:. London: Thames & Hudson. 14699:In Search of the Indo-Europeans 14219:. University of Chicago Press. 14162: 14113:Gaulois et celtique continental 13624:A Critical Companion to Beowulf 10839: 10682: 10652: 10619: 10439:Brahman: A Comparative Theology 10430: 10401: 10376: 9957: 9867: 9858: 9831: 9822: 9248: 9231: 8769:inserts his hand into the wolf 8463:slays the eight-headed serpent 8400:slays his enemy the dragon-god 8197:, meaning " slew the serpent". 7393:, used as a gloss for Venus in 7239: 7154:is frequently mentioned in the 7127:, "noble, hospitable", and the 6742: 6587: 6299:, and the cult of fertility in 6072: 5719: 5516: 5368: 5308: 5196: 4592:("lord of oaks"), and in Roman 3812: 3353:there was, but grass nowhere" ( 3094:5A-B (red): Eastern Corded ware 3088:4A (black): Western Corded Ware 2745:, speakers of the hypothesized 87:List of Indo-European languages 17670:Polytheistic reconstructionism 15830:. Princeton University Press. 15598:Andrés-Toledo, M. Á. (2013). " 14447:(1995). Winter, Werner (ed.). 14176:. Princeton University Press. 14107:Pinault, Georges-Jean (2007). 10570:'actual, true'. 'Law' itself, 10516:'arranging, arrangement', Arm 10244:. Delhi: Ajanta Publications. 9874:Hasanov, Zaur (January 2014). 9206: 9194: 9060:("boil, rejoice, get drunk"). 8833:unknowingly confronts his son 8578:, a well belonging to the god 8513:(Hebrew: תְּהוֹם). Tehom is a 8261:, and possibly in the myth of 7096: 7025:at the foot of the world tree 5876:), at the origin of the Greek 5269:and a single passage from the 4192: 3913:('to fit') is the verbal root 3617:Ancient Roman relief from the 3568:rather than a twin brother of 13: 1: 18198:Proto-Indo-European mythology 17960:Proto-Indo-European mythology 17165:Oceanian and Pacific Islander 16316:Proto-Indo-European mythology 15884:Proto-Indo-European mythology 15533:On the "fire in waters" motif 14968:Indo-European Poetry and Myth 14824:. John Benjamins Publishing. 14264:. John Benjamins Publishing. 14258:Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011). 12575:Studia Orientalia Electronica 11809:10.1016/S0148-0685(80)92239-3 9383: 9334: 8958: 8942:Mithra-Varuna (Indo European) 8935: 8920:) and dedicated to the gods ( 8859:, an intrigue leads the hero 8436:to the fire-spitting monster 7621:Proto-Indo-European mythology 7177:became the first king of the 6065:("Thunderer"). The Roman god 5531:and S. K. Sen) have proposed 5455:) are the "sons of the God" ( 5117:and the goddess of the dawn ( 5064: 4078: 3554:aboriginal thief or usurper. 2731:Proto-Indo-European mythology 1883:Proto-Indo-European phonology 1413:Proto-Indo-European mythology 682:Paleolithic continuity theory 41: 16709: 16226:Proto-Indo-European homeland 15921:Proto-Indo-European language 15826:Shulman, David Dean (2014). 15659:10.7592/FEJF2014.56.berezkin 15555:White, David Gordon (2017). 15549:Nouvelle Mythologie Comparée 15433:10.47979/aror.j.82.2.437-458 15093:. Encyclopedia of Religion. 12606:South Asian Archaeology 1993 12600:Vassilkov, Yaroslav (1994). 12569:Vassilkov, Yaroslav (2001). 11114:, pp. 135–136, 138–139. 10626:Zoller, Claus Peter (2010). 8912:. Animals were slaughtered ( 7307: 7292: 7210: 6553:and the names of the rivers 6283:, including calendar fires, 6267:, give strength to the Sun ( 6001:, "to strike", attached to - 5523:Mitra-Varuna (Indo European) 5224:Staatliche Antikensammlungen 4643: 4614:Proto-Indo-European language 4584:("lord of frenzy"), Gaulish 4334:Proto-Indo-European language 3868:('excellence') via the root 3838:('right, proper'); Sanskrit 3759:("Third") include the Vedic 3663:), mythical ancestor of the 3625:being suckled by a she-wolf. 3543:served as a model for later 3232: 3192: 2747:Proto-Indo-European language 1101:Northern Black Polished Ware 300:Proto-Indo-European language 7: 16321:Proto-Indo-European society 15475:Briquel, Dominique (1998). 15016:. Oxford University Press. 14800:. Oxford University Press. 14533:Kurkjian, Vahan M. (1958). 14039:Telegrin & Mallory 1994 13501:. Brill. pp. 203–220. 12074:, p. 174–175, 178–179. 11822:Halverson, Dean C. (1998). 11508:Meagher, Robert E. (2002). 10590: 10551: 10526: 10416:. Oxford University Press. 9372: 9182:Proto-Indo-European society 9146: 9095:throws his legendary sword 8688:tells of a war between the 8566: 8412:to the three-headed dragon 8329:, the eponymous hero slays 8247:slaying the hundred-headed 7695:Saint George vs. the Dragon 7276: 6789: 6527:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion 6448:sends them to lure men. In 6440:of fresh waters. The Vedic 6206:Albanian traditional tattoo 6204:(left); early 20th century 6132:("fire") is also attested. 6118: 6110: 6061: 5808:were probably conceived by 5785:, and the Norse pairing of 5584: 5263: 5164: 5156: 4607: 4600:("lord of fire-glare") and 4538: 4503: 4466: 4340:as an active principle was 4285: 4153: 4117: 4050: 4010: 3965: 3926: 3840: 3710:), ancestor of the giants ( 3564:was depicted as a two-fold 3008:, were classical scholars. 1418:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 10: 18249: 18142:Indo European Weapon Cults 17401: 16076: 15977: 15415:Miller, Robert D. (2021). 15359:Échanges et communications 14989:Language in Time and Space 14213:Arvidsson, Stefan (2006). 14170:Anthony, David W. (2007). 13959:Oosten, Jarich G. (1985). 10549:'make ritually pure', Skt 10383:Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008). 9987: 9981: 9357: 9349: 9068:, the "master of horses". 8939: 8922: 8914: 8899: 8879:", originally proposed by 8851:is forced to kill his son 8755: 8550: 8281:'s theft of the cattle of 8182: 7545: 7529: 7376: 7356: 7328: 7320: 7301: 7262: 7253: 7247: 6977:showing the three Moirai: 6971:Paphos Archaeological Park 6880: 6826:"rustic"), or rather from 6713: 6636:is a dual divinity in the 6452:, the waters are ruled by 6400: 6271:, who is worshiped as the 6265:ward off evil and darkness 6076: 5924: 5723: 5699:nature spirits and deities 5520: 5399:Metropolitan Museum of Art 5372: 5323:Possible depiction of the 5312: 5200: 5068: 4524:("wisdom"), worshipped as 4312: 4143:In a recurrent motif, the 4082: 3862:('arrangement'), possibly 3805: 3799:. The Greek, Old Russian ( 3791: 3785: 3776: 3685:("Twin") derive the Indic 3549: 3539: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3497: 3490: 3473: 3429: 3423: 3398: 3388: 3382: 3338: 3329: 3321: 3318:involving twin brothers, * 3236: 714:Domestication of the horse 18109: 18073: 17966: 17893:Christianity and paganism 17883: 17697: 17620: 17616: 17610: 17605: 17413: 17409: 17396: 17383: 17269: 17265: 17252: 17174: 17170: 17159: 17065: 17061: 17050: 16719: 16715: 16704: 16447: 16443: 16437: 16432: 16415: 16387: 16308: 16298:North European hypothesis 16262: 16239: 16213: 16162: 16113: 16057: 15927: 15368:10.1515/9783111698281-028 15171:Dexter, Miriam Robbins. " 14910:Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë 14872:. London: Jonathan Cape. 14584:Homage to Georges Dumézil 14563:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. 14494:10.1163/15685270252772777 13691:Myth, Ritual and Religion 11890:Ostling, Michael (2017). 10441:. Routledge. p. 60. 10242:Vedic mythological tracts 9838:Jacobson, Esther (1993). 9569:Dumézil, Georges (1929). 9127:). Among North Iranians, 8596:"νέποδες καλῆς Ἁλοσύδνης" 8273:slaying the earth-dragon 8232:the multi-headed serpent 7474:). A mythical hero named 7111:It derives from the noun 5178:. The ritual expressions 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5017: 5015: 4997: 4995: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4803: 4801: 4779: 4777: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4102:), in order to reach the 3906:Interwoven with the root 3647:, legendary first man in 3621:showing the infant twins 3608: 2932:Methods of reconstruction 1899:combining characters and 1423:Historical Vedic religion 700:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 18203:Anthropology of religion 18132:Trifunctional hypothesis 16221:Indo-European migrations 15245:Massetti, Laura (2019). 14425:. Blackwell Publishing. 14403:(in French). Gallimard. 14015:Mallory & Adams 2006 13991:Mallory & Adams 1997 13947:Mallory & Adams 1997 13932:Mallory & Adams 1997 13878:Mallory & Adams 1997 13861:Mallory & Adams 2006 13849:Mallory & Adams 1997 13834:Mallory & Adams 1997 13730:Mallory & Adams 1997 13718:Mallory & Adams 2006 13468:Mallory & Adams 2006 13395:Mallory & Adams 2006 13347:Mallory & Adams 2006 13299:Mallory & Adams 2006 13168:Mallory & Adams 1997 13105:Mallory & Adams 2006 13066:Mallory & Adams 1997 12840:Mallory & Adams 1997 12828:Mallory & Adams 1997 12656:Mallory & Adams 2006 12537:Mallory & Adams 2006 12525:Mallory & Adams 2006 12504:Mallory & Adams 2006 12391:Mallory & Adams 1997 12367:Mallory & Adams 2006 12285:Mallory & Adams 1997 12207:Mallory & Adams 2006 12159:Mallory & Adams 1997 12147:Mallory & Adams 1997 11994:Mallory & Adams 1997 11783:Mallory & Adams 1997 11728:Mallory & Adams 1997 11632:Mallory & Adams 1997 11401:Mallory & Adams 2006 11389:Mallory & Adams 2006 11326:Mallory & Adams 2006 11305:Mallory & Adams 1997 11221:, pp. 409, 431–432. 11219:Mallory & Adams 2006 11070:Mallory & Adams 2006 11034:Mallory & Adams 2006 11017:Mallory & Adams 1997 10945:Mallory & Adams 1997 10921:Mallory & Adams 1997 10906:Mallory & Adams 1997 10894:Mallory & Adams 2006 10822:Anthony & Brown 2019 10739:Mallory & Adams 2006 10689:Day, Terence P. (1982). 10484:Mallory & Adams 2006 10414:A Dictionary of Hinduism 10323:Mallory & Adams 1997 10287:Mallory & Adams 1997 10263:Mallory & Adams 1997 10195:Mallory & Adams 1997 10079:Mallory & Adams 2006 9969:Mallory & Adams 2006 9880:Bibliotheca Shamanistica 9689:Mallory & Adams 2006 9670:Mallory & Adams 1997 9655:Mallory & Adams 2006 9595:Mallory & Adams 2006 9534:Mallory & Adams 2006 9487:Mallory & Adams 1997 9475:Mallory & Adams 2006 9460:Mallory & Adams 1997 9426:Mallory & Adams 2006 9414:Mallory & Adams 2006 9399:Mallory & Adams 1997 9187: 9071: 9052:could be related to the 8985:, derives from the verb 8811:, son of the Irish hero 8673:, intoxicating drink"). 8502:from or on top of which 8301:slays the giant serpent 8265:slaying the nine-headed 8228:, as does the Vedic god 8224:slays the giant serpent 7536: 7059:The Legend of Good Women 6521:, and the Old Irish god 6415:A stone sculpture of an 6362:goddess of hearth named 6224:Albanian pagan mythology 6095:, the Vedic god of fire. 5993:) mountains or forests. 5257:Twenty-one hymns in the 5154:is also attested in the 3797:Indo-European migrations 2760:The Proto-Indo-European 1428:Ancient Iranian religion 791:Novotitarovskaya culture 638:Indo-European migrations 18127:Indo-European cosmogony 16240:Artificial compositions 15714:Janda, Michael (2010). 15695:Janda, Michael (2005). 15688:10.3406/slave.1925.7342 15676:Revue des Études Slaves 15640:Berezkin, Yuri (2014). 14986:Winter, Werner (2003). 14671:Lincoln, Bruce (1991). 14541:. University of Chicago 13192:Collectanea Philologica 12658:, pp. 411 and 434. 12134:, p. 240, 244–245. 12008:, p. 180–181, 191. 11391:, pp. 409 and 431. 11270: 11263: 10612: 10605:) and Italic (e.g. Lat 10597: 10580: 10573: 10558: 10537: 10500: 10493: 10437:Myers, Michael (2013). 10408:Johnson, W. J. (2009). 10238:Dandekar, Ramchandra N. 9263:On a related note, the 8988: 8981: 8974: 8967: 8665: 8560: 8448:to the serpent Meichi. 8193: 7515:based on the Roman god 7511: 7477: 7470: 7455: 7200: 7114: 7104: 6943:("Inflexible"). In his 6924:, meaning "Spinners"). 6829: 6818: 6803: 6753: 6735: 6693: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6580:and the Old Irish word 6576:based on the Greek god 6572: 6535: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6385: 6317: 6233: 6148:, and later sources in 6102: 6035: 6025: 6008: 5965: 5902: 5887: 5872: 5861: 5796: 5763:, the Greek pairing of 5746: 5737: 5616: 5609: 5560: 5541: 5534: 5408: 5386: 5354: 5342: 5333: 5250: 5241: 5232: 5189: 5176:Hesychius of Alexandria 5150: 5101: 5090:from the Greek city of 4652:) is given as follows: 4578: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4495: 4460: 4439: 4430: 4418: 4409: 4400: 4360: 4343: 4236: 4162: 4096: 4057: 4036: 3985: 3974: 3951: 3941:principle, denoting an 3933: 3916: 3909: 3871: 3827: 3820: 3755: 3706: 3681: 3660: 3635: 3619:Cathedral of Maria Saal 3571: 3560: 3484: 3459: 3314:Lincoln reconstructs a 3290: 3283: 3239:Indo-European cosmogony 3209: 3200: 3076:Center: Steppe cultures 2852: 2843: 2823: 2814: 2797: 2784: 2771: 2755:Indo-European languages 929:Northern/Eastern Steppe 17801:Religion and mythology 17727:Dying and rising deity 17707:Veneration of the dead 17441:Native American Church 16123:(nouns and adjectives) 15987:Glossary of sound laws 15591:On the canine guardian 15543:; Oudaer, Guillaume. " 15361:. pp. 1180–1206. 15071:Calin, Didier (1996). 14441:Gamkrelidze, Thomas V. 14349:Derksen, Rick (2008). 14334:(in French). Errance. 13621:Orchard, Andy (2003). 13226:. Heidelberg: Winter. 12716:Analecta Indoeuropaea, 11848:Bojtár, Endre (1999). 10871:Bhattacharji, Sukumari 10846:Ogden, Daniel (2013). 10659:Peels, Saskia (2015). 10562:seen certainly in OIr 10520:'ornament, shape', Av 10387:. Brill. p. 198. 9281:Probably the northern 9008: 8479: 8357: 8344:, followed by his son 8213: 7432:and the Roman goddess 7389: 7383: 7311:) and Common Germanic 7002: 6604: 6428: 6421:Padmanabhapuran Palace 6239: 6096: 6087:A pre-3rd century CE, 5977:), the Lithuanian god 5820:Dheu and Zonja e Dheut 5402: 5328: 5227: 5095: 4329: 4264:. In this vision, the 4189: 3626: 3509:According to Lincoln, 3468: 3403:sacrifices his brother 3122: 3100:6 (magenta): Andronovo 2965: 2680:Religion and mythology 1400:Religion and mythology 1359:Medieval Scandinavians 650:Alternative and fringe 45: 18208:Comparative mythology 18167:War of the foundation 16326:Indo-European studies 15782:Miller, Dean (2006). 15496:10.3406/rhr.1998.1132 15267:Slovenská Archeológia 14845:Comparative Mythology 14731:. London: Routledge. 12755:Hall, Alaric (2007). 10665:. Brill. p. 57. 8998: 8726:abducting their women 8677:War of the Foundation 8473: 8339: 8269:and in the legend of 8203: 8194:(h₁e) gʷʰent h₁ógʷʰim 8179:killing the serpent * 7873:Zoroastrian mythology 7594:Comparative mythology 7530:Further information: 6964: 6939:("Apportioner"), and 6883:Fates (Indo European) 6763:, the Lithuanian god 6595: 6414: 6285:sacrificial offerings 6086: 5818:include the Albanian 5396: 5360:Pontic–Caspian steppe 5322: 5293:in English. The name 5210: 5078: 4571:("lord of rain") and 4320: 4176: 3896:('ornament, shape'); 3875:('please, satisfy'); 3801:Poem on the Dove King 3746:Roman foundation myth 3716:); and, most likely, 3616: 3456:, an Indic reflex of 3452: 3067: 2959: 2751:comparative mythology 2643:Comparative mythology 1943:Aboriginal Australian 1750:Indo-European studies 1113:Peoples and societies 34:Trundholm sun chariot 32: 18218:Prehistoric religion 17070:Ancient Near Eastern 16857:Hellenistic religion 16280:Anatolian hypothesis 16253:The king and the god 15886:at Wikimedia Commons 15788:Studia Celto-Slavica 15602:". E. Pirart (ed.). 15513:Ethnologie française 15121:University of Zagreb 15083:(January 18, 2020). 14636:History of Religions 14607:History of Religions 14465:(in French). Archè. 14445:Ivanov, Vjaceslav V. 14419:Fortson, Benjamin W. 14235:Beekes, Robert S. P. 12185:, pp. 6, 19–21. 12161:, pp. 582–583; 11690:, p. 1128–1129. 11403:, pp. 410, 432. 11126:, pp. 129, 162. 10594:'law' (we also have 9975:, pp. 134–135. 9971:, pp. 435–436; 9967:, pp. 285–287; 9366:‘beloved, wife’; OE 9170:Interpretatio graeca 9137:Ammianus Marcellinus 8376:) slays the serpent 7985:Babylonian mythology 7542:Serpent-slaying myth 6889:three fate goddesses 6549:, the Welsh goddess 6545:, the Irish goddess 6263:, with the power to 6018:, although Sanskrit 5652:with the phantom of 5557:, from the PIE root 5547:The King and the God 5444:", the sky-god; the 5351:The daily course of 5315:*Seh₂ul and *Meh₁not 4596:("lord of waters"), 3948:to the cosmic order 3748:by his twin brother 3665:West Germanic tribes 3367:at first, and broad 3135:, the oldest of the 3050:Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze 3021:trifunctional system 2986:Friedrich Max Müller 2962:Friedrich Max Müller 2743:Proto-Indo-Europeans 2741:associated with the 2648:Comparative religion 2610:Legendary progenitor 2088:Continental Germanic 657:Anatolian hypothesis 609:Proto-Indo-Europeans 516:Hittite inscriptions 61:Indo-European topics 17903:Constantinian shift 17625:Neopagan witchcraft 17259:Sub-Saharan African 16289:Outdated theories: 16285:Armenian hypothesis 16275:Schleicher theories 16031:Edgerton's converse 15756:, London: MacMillan 15153:Archaeology Ireland 14579:Littleton, C. Scott 13919:, pp. 119–120. 13756:, pp. 277–279. 13744:, pp. 277–283. 13611:, pp. 429–441. 13584:, pp. 414–441. 13572:, pp. 374–383. 13560:, pp. 460–464. 13548:, pp. 448–460. 13439:, pp. 324–330. 13427:, pp. 299–300. 13412:, pp. 255–257. 13397:, pp. 436–437. 13382:, pp. 255–259. 13361:, pp. 297–301. 13349:, pp. 410–411. 13313:, pp. 133–134. 13283:Deutsche Mythologie 13158:, pp. 154–156. 13044:, pp. 384–385. 13001:, pp. 382–383. 12898:, pp. 380–381. 12854:, pp. 380–385. 12209:, p. 410, 433. 12035:, pp. 181–183. 11583:, p. 187, 189. 11571:, pp. 185–191. 11485:, pp. 217–218. 11415:, pp. 217–227. 11379:, pp. 198–200. 11340:, pp. 166–168. 10785:, pp. 390–391. 10773:, pp. 389–390. 10325:, pp. 129–130. 10301:, pp. 134–136. 10277:, pp. 356–357. 10105:, pp. 355–356. 10062:, pp. 134–135. 9781:, p. 138, 143. 9757:, pp. 228–229. 9745:, pp. 223–228. 9733:, pp. 146–147. 9597:, pp. 429–430. 9536:, pp. 428–429. 9428:, pp. 427–431. 9325:William Shakespeare 9306:("Happening"), and 8348:, kills the dragon 7927:Canaanite mythology 7679:Christian mythology 7459:based on the Greek 7045:1350 f., reference 6150:Old Church Slavonic 6116:is pictured in the 6022:rather predict a *⁠ 5903:Pleth₂-wih₁ Méh₂tēr 5440:) are the "sons of 5425:) are the "sons of 5325:Hittite Sun goddess 5174:, attested once by 4604:("lord of woods"). 4199:eschatological myth 4070:Old Church Slavonic 4002:kə huvāpå raocåscā 3728:, with the initial 3585:were understood as 3386:and his giant twin 3363:and Night and dark 3115:9 (yellow): Iranian 3006:Jane Ellen Harrison 3002:James George Frazer 2849:or the herding-god 2397:Proto-Indo-European 1879:Proto-Indo-European 913:Multi-cordoned ware 784:Mikhaylovka culture 672:Indigenous Aryanism 662:Armenian hypothesis 521:Hieroglyphic Luwian 18213:European mythology 17843:Trees in mythology 17838:Supernatural magic 17747:Magic and religion 16247:Schleicher's fable 15849:. 58/59: 375–386. 15813:. 16/17: 244–255. 15739:Teutonic Mythology 15467:On the smith deity 14029:, p. 364–365. 13993:, p. 452–453. 13836:, p. 331–332. 13287:Teutonic Mythology 13107:, p. 266–269. 12556:, p. 263–264. 12453:, p. 285–288. 12173:, pp. 165–166 12149:, p. 582–583. 12059:, p. 174–176. 12023:, p. 182–183. 11958:, p. 178–179. 11943:, p. 180–181. 11773:, p. 192–193. 11607:, p. 187-191. 11367:, p. 171–175. 11307:, p. 230–231. 11048:, p. 121–122. 11007:, p. 138–139. 10995:, p. 135–136. 10923:, p. 180–181. 10896:, p. 439–440. 10809:, p. 391–392. 10609:'law'), both from 10488:17.4 Law and Order 10209:, pp. 58, 62. 10081:, p. 435–436. 9910:, p. 204–205. 9769:, p. 126–127. 9243:Hati Hróðvitnisson 9177:Neolithic religion 9032:copulating with a 9009: 8829:; and the Iranian 8821:Russian epic poems 8793:Other propositions 8647:offering lands to 8480: 8476:Saint-Sever Beatus 8382:Albanian mythology 8358: 8331:a different dragon 8291:Germanic mythology 8214: 8030:Japanese mythology 8003:Egyptian mythology 7909:Romanian mythology 7711:Albanian mythology 7561:a Mythology series 7420:Other propositions 7166:, the Iranian god 7003: 6989:, standing behind 6775:Other propositions 6724:and the Vedic god 6605: 6429: 6097: 6032:From another root 5869:goddess Damatura ( 5602:Other propositions 5403: 5329: 5228: 5096: 4505:Chāndogya Upaniṣad 4330: 4244:Other propositions 4190: 4075:('actual, true'). 3898:Middle High German 3720:(from Proto-Latin 3627: 3469: 3444:Proto-Indo-Iranian 3421:from his remains. 3217:, the idea of the 3123: 3060:Source mythologies 2966: 2951:comparative method 2937:Schools of thought 2598:Legendary creature 2314:Pacific Northwest 493:Proto-Indo-Iranian 479:Proto-Balto-Slavic 460:Proto-Italo-Celtic 46: 18233:Religious studies 18185: 18184: 18177:Ends of the Earth 17926: 17925: 17691: 17690: 17687: 17686: 17683: 17682: 17601: 17600: 17597: 17596: 17377: 17376: 17373: 17372: 17369: 17368: 17248: 17247: 17244: 17243: 17155: 17154: 17151: 17150: 17046: 17045: 17042: 17041: 16995:Mysteries of Isis 16700: 16699: 16696: 16695: 16342: 16341: 16270:Kurgan hypothesis 15882:Media related to 15837:978-1-4008-5692-3 15801:10.54586/YJKV4327 15725:978-3-85124-227-0 15706:978-3-85124-702-2 15612:978-90-429-2733-9 15421:Archiv Orientální 15378:978-3-11-169828-1 15297:978-80-8060-515-5 15222:978-1-84217-397-8 15023:978-0-19-981285-1 14999:978-3-11-017648-3 14978:978-0-19-928075-9 14954:978-0-19-514413-0 14900:978-0-941694-45-2 14879:978-0-521-35432-5 14855:978-0-8018-3938-2 14831:978-90-272-7946-0 14807:978-0-19-022692-3 14783:978-90-04-17336-1 14759:978-0-19-929668-2 14738:978-1-884964-98-5 14723:Adams, Douglas Q. 14719:Mallory, James P. 14710:978-0-500-27616-7 14693:Mallory, James P. 14684:978-0-226-48200-2 14594:978-0-941694-28-5 14570:978-1-59884-174-9 14555:Leeming, David A. 14525:978-3-11-085546-3 14472:978-2-251-35352-4 14410:978-2-07-026961-7 14386:978-0-8018-5482-8 14362:978-90-04-15504-6 14341:978-2-87772-369-5 14326:Delamarre, Xavier 14295:978-0-87024-250-2 14280:Benveniste, Emile 14271:978-90-272-1185-9 14250:978-90-04-32186-1 14205:978-1-78925-273-6 14183:978-1-4008-3110-4 14122:978-2-600-01337-6 14081:978-3-11-081503-0 13972:978-1-317-55584-1 13634:978-1-84384-029-9 13508:978-90-04-00469-6 13233:978-3-8253-5359-9 12771:978-1-84383-294-2 12764:. Boydell Press. 12634:1924, pp 574–587. 11903:978-1-137-58520-2 11861:978-963-9116-42-9 11699:Georges Dumézil, 11670:Michael Shapiro. 11546:978-0-19-087904-4 11523:978-0-86516-510-6 11206:, pp. 66–67. 10883:978-0-521-05382-2 10857:978-0-19-955732-5 10760:978-0-313-35712-1 10672:978-90-04-30427-7 10448:978-1-136-83565-0 10423:978-0-19-172670-5 10394:978-90-04-16092-7 9851:978-90-04-09628-8 9634:978-0-226-48202-6 9548:, pp. 15–18. 9521:, pp. 14–15. 9443:, pp. 13–15. 9125:Wayland the Smith 9001:Kernosovskiy idol 8930:Khvalynsk culture 8629:; the Irish king 8410:Dobrynya Nikitich 8366:Persian mythology 8319:slays the dragon 8218:Hittite mythology 8136: 8135: 8037:Susanoo no Mikoto 7963:Chinese mythology 7891:Persian mythology 7801:Hurrian mythology 7783:Hittite mythology 7772:Dobrynya Nikitich 7296:, likely related 7077:deivės valdytojos 7005:In the Old Norse 6997:, the parents of 6458:Armenian folklore 6450:Ossetic mythology 5985:, and the Celtic 5981:, the Slavic god 5832:Latvian mythology 5423:Castor and Pollux 5057: 5056: 5053: 5052: 4807: 4806: 4415:, the Earth, and 4393:, or the Iranian 4381:, like the Greek 4022:, presented as a 3924:and the Sanskrit 3744:), killed in the 3623:Romulus and Remus 3471:To the third man 3392:are crossing the 3070:Kurgan hypothesis 3054:Vyacheslav Ivanov 2881:was guarded by a 2728: 2727: 1889:rendering support 1865: 1864: 1126:Anatolian peoples 1096:Painted Grey Ware 984:Nordic Bronze Age 633:Kurgan hypothesis 586:Old Irish glosses 551:Gaulish epigraphy 38:Nordic Bronze Age 16:(Redirected from 18240: 17976: 17953: 17946: 17939: 17930: 17929: 17885:Christianization 17675:Secular paganism 17660:Goddess movement 17630:Cochrane's Craft 17618: 17617: 17607: 17606: 17411: 17410: 17398: 17397: 17394: 17393: 17267: 17266: 17254: 17253: 17172: 17171: 17161: 17160: 17063: 17062: 17052: 17051: 16867:Sacred mysteries 16717: 16716: 16706: 16705: 16445: 16444: 16434: 16433: 16430: 16429: 16419:ethnic religions 16369: 16362: 16355: 16346: 16345: 16079: 16078: 15980: 15979: 15952:Laryngeal theory 15947:Glottalic theory 15942:Centum and satem 15914: 15907: 15900: 15891: 15890: 15881: 15866: 15841: 15822: 15805: 15803: 15778: 15769:(3–4): 431–457. 15757: 15753:The Golden Bough 15743: 15729: 15710: 15691: 15668:Dumézil, Georges 15663: 15661: 15636: 15586: 15576: 15528: 15507: 15481: 15462: 15444: 15411: 15382: 15370: 15353: 15323: 15258: 15234: 15207: 15168: 15136:On solar deities 15124: 15118: 15110:Matasović, Ranko 15105: 15103: 15101: 15090:Encyclopedia.com 15076: 15060:General overview 15048: 15039:(1–2): 153–172. 15027: 15003: 14982: 14958: 14939:Watkins, Calvert 14934: 14923: 14904: 14883: 14859: 14835: 14816:Polomé, Edgar C. 14811: 14787: 14768:Matasović, Ranko 14763: 14742: 14714: 14702: 14688: 14667: 14630: 14598: 14574: 14550: 14548: 14546: 14529: 14505: 14476: 14452: 14436: 14414: 14395:Dumézil, Georges 14390: 14371:Dumézil, Georges 14366: 14345: 14321: 14299: 14275: 14254: 14230: 14209: 14187: 14157: 14151: 14142: 14136: 14127: 14126: 14104: 14098: 14092: 14086: 14085: 14065: 14059: 14058:, p. 24–25. 14053: 14042: 14036: 14030: 14024: 14018: 14012: 14006: 14000: 13994: 13988: 13977: 13976: 13956: 13950: 13944: 13935: 13929: 13920: 13914: 13908: 13902: 13893: 13887: 13881: 13875: 13864: 13858: 13852: 13846: 13837: 13831: 13822: 13816: 13810: 13804: 13798: 13792: 13781: 13775: 13769: 13763: 13757: 13751: 13745: 13739: 13733: 13727: 13721: 13715: 13706: 13700: 13694: 13687: 13681: 13672:Heinrich Zimmern 13669: 13663: 13657: 13651: 13645: 13639: 13638: 13618: 13612: 13606: 13600: 13594: 13585: 13579: 13573: 13567: 13561: 13555: 13549: 13543: 13537: 13531: 13525: 13524:, p. 26–27. 13519: 13513: 13512: 13492: 13486: 13480: 13471: 13465: 13452: 13446: 13440: 13434: 13428: 13422: 13413: 13407: 13398: 13392: 13383: 13377: 13362: 13356: 13350: 13344: 13338: 13332: 13326: 13325:, p. 83-84. 13320: 13314: 13308: 13302: 13296: 13290: 13279: 13273: 13267: 13256: 13255: 13248:de Vaan, Michiel 13244: 13238: 13237: 13219: 13208: 13207: 13205: 13203: 13189: 13180: 13171: 13165: 13159: 13153: 13147: 13141: 13135: 13129: 13120: 13114: 13108: 13102: 13096: 13090: 13084: 13078: 13069: 13063: 13057: 13051: 13045: 13039: 13033: 13027: 13018: 13011:Geoffrey Chaucer 13008: 13002: 12996: 12990: 12984: 12975: 12961: 12955: 12949: 12932: 12926: 12917: 12905: 12899: 12893: 12887: 12880:20.127, 24.209; 12873: 12867: 12861: 12855: 12849: 12843: 12837: 12831: 12825: 12819: 12818: 12806: 12800: 12794: 12788: 12782: 12776: 12775: 12763: 12752: 12746: 12744: 12725: 12719: 12709: 12703: 12697: 12688: 12682: 12676: 12670: 12659: 12653: 12647: 12641: 12635: 12628: 12622: 12616: 12610: 12609: 12597: 12591: 12590: 12588: 12586: 12566: 12557: 12551: 12540: 12534: 12528: 12522: 12507: 12501: 12490: 12484: 12478: 12472: 12466: 12460: 12454: 12448: 12442: 12436: 12430: 12424: 12418: 12412: 12406: 12400: 12394: 12388: 12382: 12376: 12370: 12364: 12358: 12352: 12346: 12340: 12331: 12325: 12312: 12306: 12300: 12294: 12288: 12282: 12273: 12267: 12258: 12252: 12246: 12240: 12234: 12228: 12222: 12216: 12210: 12204: 12198: 12192: 12186: 12180: 12174: 12156: 12150: 12144: 12135: 12129: 12123: 12117: 12111: 12105: 12099: 12098:, p. 75–76. 12093: 12087: 12086:, p. 80–81. 12081: 12075: 12069: 12060: 12054: 12048: 12042: 12036: 12030: 12024: 12018: 12009: 12003: 11997: 11991: 11976: 11970: 11959: 11953: 11944: 11938: 11929: 11923: 11917: 11914: 11908: 11907: 11887: 11881: 11875: 11866: 11865: 11845: 11839: 11838: 11828: 11819: 11813: 11812: 11803:(2–3): 227–237. 11792: 11786: 11780: 11774: 11768: 11762: 11761: 11749: 11743: 11737: 11731: 11725: 11719: 11718:, p. 72–74. 11713: 11704: 11697: 11691: 11685: 11679: 11676:Folklore Studies 11668: 11662: 11656: 11650: 11644: 11635: 11629: 11620: 11614: 11608: 11602: 11596: 11590: 11584: 11578: 11572: 11566: 11560: 11554: 11548: 11534: 11528: 11527: 11515: 11505: 11499: 11492: 11486: 11480: 11471: 11465: 11459: 11453: 11447: 11441: 11435: 11429: 11416: 11410: 11404: 11398: 11392: 11386: 11380: 11374: 11368: 11362: 11356: 11355: 11347: 11341: 11335: 11329: 11323: 11308: 11302: 11291: 11285: 11279: 11273: 11266: 11255: 11249: 11243: 11234: 11228: 11222: 11216: 11207: 11201: 11195: 11189: 11180: 11174: 11168: 11162: 11151: 11145: 11139: 11133: 11127: 11121: 11115: 11109: 11100: 11094: 11085: 11079: 11073: 11067: 11061: 11055: 11049: 11043: 11037: 11031: 11020: 11014: 11008: 11002: 10996: 10990: 10984: 10978: 10972: 10966: 10960: 10954: 10948: 10942: 10936: 10930: 10924: 10918: 10909: 10903: 10897: 10891: 10885: 10868: 10862: 10861: 10843: 10837: 10831: 10825: 10819: 10810: 10804: 10798: 10792: 10786: 10780: 10774: 10768: 10762: 10750:Abel, Ernest L. 10748: 10742: 10736: 10725: 10719: 10713: 10712: 10686: 10680: 10679: 10656: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10623: 10617: 10615: 10600: 10593: 10583: 10576: 10561: 10554: 10540: 10529: 10503: 10496: 10486:, p. 276: " 10481: 10468: 10462: 10456: 10455: 10434: 10428: 10427: 10405: 10399: 10398: 10380: 10374: 10368: 10362: 10356: 10350: 10344: 10338: 10332: 10326: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10302: 10296: 10290: 10284: 10278: 10272: 10266: 10260: 10254: 10253: 10234: 10225: 10219: 10210: 10204: 10198: 10192: 10183: 10182:, p. 63–64. 10177: 10166: 10160: 10154: 10148: 10142: 10136: 10130: 10124: 10118: 10112: 10106: 10100: 10094: 10088: 10082: 10076: 10063: 10057: 10036: 10035:, p. 42–43. 10030: 10024: 10018: 10012: 10006: 10000: 9990: 9989: 9984: 9983: 9961: 9955: 9949: 9940: 9934: 9928: 9922: 9911: 9905: 9896: 9890: 9884: 9883: 9871: 9865: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9835: 9829: 9826: 9820: 9814: 9797: 9791: 9782: 9776: 9770: 9764: 9758: 9752: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9707: 9701: 9692: 9686: 9673: 9667: 9658: 9652: 9637: 9619: 9613: 9607: 9598: 9592: 9586: 9580: 9574: 9567: 9561: 9555: 9549: 9543: 9537: 9531: 9522: 9516: 9507: 9501: 9490: 9484: 9478: 9472: 9463: 9457: 9444: 9438: 9429: 9423: 9417: 9411: 9402: 9396: 9377: 9375: 9360: 9359: 9352: 9351: 9344: 9338: 9336: 9317: 9311: 9296: 9290: 9279: 9273: 9261: 9255: 9252: 9246: 9235: 9229: 9210: 9204: 9198: 9163: 9161:Mythology portal 9158: 9157: 9156: 8991: 8984: 8977: 8970: 8952:magico-religious 8927: 8926: 8919: 8918: 8863:to kill his son 8668: 8576:Celtic mythology 8569: 8563: 8465:Yamata no Orochi 8420:god of thunders 8340:The Hittite god 8251:, as related by 8220:, the storm god 8212:, c. 375–340 BC. 8196: 8185: 8184: 8128: 8121: 8114: 8100:Mythology portal 8098: 8081: 8074: 8041:Yamata no Orochi 7756:Slavic mythology 7643:Jewish mythology 7588: 7579: 7556: 7555: 7514: 7480: 7473: 7458: 7412:; and Old Norse 7401:and the Persian 7392: 7386: 7379: 7378: 7359: 7358: 7331: 7330: 7323: 7322: 7310: 7304: 7303: 7295: 7281: 7268: 7267: 7256: 7255: 7254:*Prëwyâ/*Prëwyos 7250: 7249: 7203: 7183:Tuatha Dé Danann 7142:"noble, chief"; 7117: 7107: 7054:Geoffrey Chaucer 6967:House of Theseus 6872:Societal deities 6832: 6821: 6806: 6794: 6758: 6738: 6696: 6627: 6620: 6613: 6575: 6540: 6532:A river goddess 6517:, the Roman god 6512: 6505: 6498: 6388: 6340:Albanian beliefs 6320: 6305:animal husbandry 6242: 6236: 6190: 6181: 6123: 6115: 6107: 6064: 6055:", as the Vedic 6049:(Jupiter) Tonans 6038: 6028: 6013: 5968: 5905: 5890: 5875: 5864: 5858:goddess Zemelā ( 5799: 5749: 5742: 5678:Douglas Q. Adams 5674:James P. Mallory 5619: 5612: 5590:, and the Roman 5589: 5563: 5544: 5537: 5413: 5389: 5357: 5347: 5338: 5268: 5253: 5246: 5237: 5192: 5169: 5161: 5153: 5106: 5060:Heavenly deities 4821: 4820: 4812: 4811: 4655: 4654: 4583: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4550:déh₃tōr h₁uesuom 4541: 4508: 4500: 4471: 4463: 4442: 4435: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4363: 4346: 4290: 4239: 4165: 4158: 4122: 4101: 4060: 4053: 4039: 4015: 3988: 3977: 3970: 3954: 3936: 3929: 3919: 3912: 3874: 3845: 3830: 3823: 3808: 3807: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3779: 3778: 3767:, and the Norse 3758: 3709: 3684: 3638: 3574: 3563: 3552: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3513: 3500: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3476: 3475: 3462: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3425: 3401: 3400: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3384: 3341: 3340: 3332: 3331: 3324: 3323: 3300:David A. Leeming 3293: 3286: 3272:, and, in part, 3270:David W. Anthony 3266:Douglas Q. Adams 3212: 3205: 3154:Baltic mythology 2857: 2848: 2828: 2819: 2802: 2789: 2779:daylight-sky god 2776: 2720: 2713: 2706: 2675:Pseudo-mythology 2587:Related concepts 1908: 1907: 1895: instead of 1873: 1872: 1857: 1850: 1843: 1698: 1691: 1677: 1670: 1663: 1649: 1642: 1635: 1628: 1621: 1546: 1532: 1525: 1511: 1489: 1482: 1475: 1466: 1301: 1294: 1287: 1280: 1273: 1256:Germanic peoples 1246:Hellenic peoples 1235: 1228: 1221: 1144:Mycenaean Greeks 1133: 1061:Thraco-Cimmerian 959:Globular Amphora 936:Abashevo culture 875: 868: 838: 793: 786: 779: 772: 765: 758: 751: 744: 581:Tocharian script 284: 277: 270: 263: 256: 249: 242: 235: 202: 188: 181: 174: 160: 136: 129: 110: 71: 48: 47: 43: 21: 18248: 18247: 18243: 18242: 18241: 18239: 18238: 18237: 18188: 18187: 18186: 18181: 18172:King and virgin 18162:Binding of evil 18137:Threefold death 18122:Horse sacrifice 18105: 18069: 17970: 17962: 17957: 17927: 17922: 17879: 17779:Myth and ritual 17699:Myth and ritual 17693: 17692: 17679: 17612: 17593: 17546:Turko-Mongolic 17405: 17386: 17379: 17378: 17365: 17261: 17240: 17166: 17147: 17057: 17038: 16711: 16692: 16561:Hindu mythology 16439: 16423: 16421: 16417: 16411: 16383: 16380:modern paganism 16373: 16343: 16338: 16304: 16258: 16235: 16209: 16158: 16114:Parts of speech 16109: 16053: 15923: 15918: 15874: 15869: 15838: 15726: 15707: 15635:(3–4): 269–332. 15541:Sterckx, Claude 15479: 15379: 15231:j.ctt1cd0nrz.10 15223: 15116: 15099: 15097: 15056: 15054:Further reading 15051: 15024: 15008:Witzel, Michael 15000: 14979: 14963:West, Martin L. 14955: 14920: 14901: 14880: 14856: 14832: 14808: 14784: 14760: 14739: 14711: 14685: 14595: 14571: 14544: 14542: 14526: 14510:Jakobson, Roman 14473: 14433: 14411: 14387: 14363: 14342: 14318: 14304:Burkert, Walter 14296: 14272: 14251: 14227: 14206: 14198:. Oxbow Books. 14184: 14165: 14160: 14152: 14145: 14137: 14130: 14123: 14105: 14101: 14093: 14089: 14082: 14066: 14062: 14054: 14045: 14037: 14033: 14025: 14021: 14013: 14009: 14001: 13997: 13989: 13980: 13973: 13957: 13953: 13945: 13938: 13930: 13923: 13915: 13911: 13903: 13896: 13888: 13884: 13876: 13867: 13859: 13855: 13847: 13840: 13832: 13825: 13817: 13813: 13805: 13801: 13793: 13784: 13776: 13772: 13764: 13760: 13752: 13748: 13740: 13736: 13728: 13724: 13716: 13709: 13701: 13697: 13688: 13684: 13670: 13666: 13658: 13654: 13646: 13642: 13635: 13619: 13615: 13607: 13603: 13595: 13588: 13580: 13576: 13568: 13564: 13556: 13552: 13544: 13540: 13532: 13528: 13520: 13516: 13509: 13493: 13489: 13481: 13474: 13466: 13455: 13447: 13443: 13435: 13431: 13423: 13416: 13408: 13401: 13393: 13386: 13378: 13365: 13357: 13353: 13345: 13341: 13333: 13329: 13321: 13317: 13309: 13305: 13297: 13293: 13285:(English title 13280: 13276: 13268: 13259: 13245: 13241: 13234: 13220: 13211: 13201: 13199: 13187: 13181: 13174: 13166: 13162: 13154: 13150: 13142: 13138: 13130: 13123: 13115: 13111: 13103: 13099: 13091: 13087: 13079: 13072: 13064: 13060: 13052: 13048: 13040: 13036: 13028: 13021: 13009: 13005: 12997: 12993: 12985: 12978: 12962: 12958: 12950: 12935: 12927: 12920: 12916:, lines 904–906 12906: 12902: 12894: 12890: 12874: 12870: 12862: 12858: 12850: 12846: 12838: 12834: 12826: 12822: 12807: 12803: 12795: 12791: 12783: 12779: 12772: 12761: 12753: 12749: 12726: 12722: 12710: 12706: 12698: 12691: 12683: 12679: 12671: 12662: 12654: 12650: 12642: 12638: 12629: 12625: 12621:, p. 1149. 12617: 12613: 12598: 12594: 12584: 12582: 12567: 12560: 12552: 12543: 12535: 12531: 12523: 12510: 12502: 12493: 12485: 12481: 12473: 12469: 12461: 12457: 12449: 12445: 12437: 12433: 12425: 12421: 12413: 12409: 12401: 12397: 12389: 12385: 12377: 12373: 12365: 12361: 12353: 12349: 12341: 12334: 12326: 12315: 12307: 12303: 12295: 12291: 12283: 12276: 12268: 12261: 12253: 12249: 12241: 12237: 12229: 12225: 12217: 12213: 12205: 12201: 12193: 12189: 12181: 12177: 12169:, p. 178; 12165:, p. 241; 12157: 12153: 12145: 12138: 12130: 12126: 12118: 12114: 12106: 12102: 12094: 12090: 12082: 12078: 12070: 12063: 12055: 12051: 12043: 12039: 12031: 12027: 12019: 12012: 12004: 12000: 11992: 11979: 11971: 11962: 11954: 11947: 11939: 11932: 11924: 11920: 11915: 11911: 11904: 11888: 11884: 11876: 11869: 11862: 11846: 11842: 11826: 11820: 11816: 11793: 11789: 11781: 11777: 11769: 11765: 11750: 11746: 11738: 11734: 11726: 11722: 11714: 11707: 11698: 11694: 11686: 11682: 11669: 11665: 11657: 11653: 11645: 11638: 11630: 11623: 11615: 11611: 11603: 11599: 11591: 11587: 11579: 11575: 11567: 11563: 11555: 11551: 11535: 11531: 11524: 11506: 11502: 11493: 11489: 11481: 11474: 11466: 11462: 11454: 11450: 11442: 11438: 11430: 11419: 11411: 11407: 11399: 11395: 11387: 11383: 11375: 11371: 11363: 11359: 11348: 11344: 11336: 11332: 11324: 11311: 11303: 11294: 11286: 11282: 11256: 11252: 11244: 11237: 11229: 11225: 11217: 11210: 11202: 11198: 11190: 11183: 11175: 11171: 11163: 11154: 11146: 11142: 11134: 11130: 11122: 11118: 11110: 11103: 11095: 11088: 11080: 11076: 11068: 11064: 11056: 11052: 11044: 11040: 11032: 11023: 11015: 11011: 11003: 10999: 10991: 10987: 10979: 10975: 10967: 10963: 10955: 10951: 10943: 10939: 10931: 10927: 10919: 10912: 10904: 10900: 10892: 10888: 10869: 10865: 10858: 10844: 10840: 10832: 10828: 10820: 10813: 10805: 10801: 10793: 10789: 10781: 10777: 10769: 10765: 10749: 10745: 10737: 10728: 10720: 10716: 10701: 10687: 10683: 10673: 10657: 10653: 10645:10.5617/ao.5352 10632:Acta Orientalia 10624: 10620: 10482: 10471: 10463: 10459: 10449: 10435: 10431: 10424: 10406: 10402: 10395: 10381: 10377: 10369: 10365: 10357: 10353: 10345: 10341: 10333: 10329: 10321: 10317: 10309: 10305: 10297: 10293: 10285: 10281: 10273: 10269: 10261: 10257: 10235: 10228: 10220: 10213: 10205: 10201: 10193: 10186: 10178: 10169: 10161: 10157: 10149: 10145: 10137: 10133: 10125: 10121: 10113: 10109: 10101: 10097: 10089: 10085: 10077: 10066: 10058: 10039: 10031: 10027: 10019: 10015: 10007: 10003: 9962: 9958: 9950: 9943: 9935: 9931: 9923: 9914: 9906: 9899: 9891: 9887: 9872: 9868: 9863: 9859: 9852: 9836: 9832: 9827: 9823: 9815: 9800: 9792: 9785: 9777: 9773: 9765: 9761: 9753: 9749: 9741: 9737: 9729: 9725: 9717: 9710: 9702: 9695: 9687: 9676: 9668: 9661: 9653: 9640: 9620: 9616: 9608: 9601: 9593: 9589: 9581: 9577: 9568: 9564: 9556: 9552: 9544: 9540: 9532: 9525: 9517: 9510: 9502: 9493: 9485: 9481: 9473: 9466: 9458: 9447: 9439: 9432: 9424: 9420: 9412: 9405: 9397: 9390: 9386: 9381: 9380: 9345: 9341: 9318: 9314: 9297: 9293: 9280: 9276: 9262: 9258: 9253: 9249: 9236: 9232: 9211: 9207: 9199: 9195: 9190: 9159: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9119:(the weapon of 9113:Iron Age Europe 9087:, the sword of 9074: 9013:horse sacrifice 9005:Yamnaya culture 8961: 8948:Georges Dumézil 8944: 8938: 8902: 8881:Georges Dumézil 8873: 8857:Greek mythology 8826:Hildebrandslied 8800: 8795: 8760: 8758:Binding of evil 8754: 8752:Binding of evil 8679: 8614: 8612:King and Virgin 8555: 8549: 8508:Biblical Hebrew 8444:god of healing 8297:god of thunder 8277:. The story of 8241:Greek mythology 8132: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8075: 8071: 8048:Aztec mythology 7846:Hindu mythology 7819:Greek mythology 7738:Norse mythology 7616: 7574: 7573: 7554: 7546:Main articles: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7422: 7288:Mycenaean Greek 7266: 7242: 7213: 7099: 6885: 6879: 6874: 6777: 6745: 6730:Hermann Collitz 6718: 6712: 6590: 6409: 6399: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6183: 6182: 6154:worship of fire 6138:Ugnis (szwenta) 6081: 6075: 6059:is also called 5973:(the mother of 5929: 5923: 5757:Greek mythology 5728: 5722: 5687: 5664:, the Germanic 5604: 5596:winter solstice 5529:Georges Dumézil 5525: 5519: 5501:, or the Welsh 5377: 5371: 5317: 5311: 5299:Old High German 5251:Dʰuǵh₂tḗr Diwós 5205: 5199: 5182:in Latvian and 5094:, c 360–340 BC. 5080:Laurel-wreathed 5073: 5067: 5062: 5036: 5023: 5010: 4841: 4809: 4794: 4688: 4671: 4646: 4610: 4542:, "contract"). 4315: 4281:human condition 4246: 4195: 4091: 4083:Main articles: 4081: 3978:. According to 3815: 3611: 3507: 3505:Interpretations 3463:, sitting on a 3442:way of life of 3312: 3296:Edgar C. Polomé 3250: 3245: 3237:Main articles: 3235: 3195: 3175:their mythology 3159:Greek mythology 3148:Norse mythology 3144:Roman mythology 3127:Vedic mythology 3121: 3112:8 (grey): Greek 3062: 3025:Georges Dumézil 2939: 2934: 2867:mythical figure 2807:; his sons the 2794:; his daughter 2733:is the body of 2724: 2695: 2694: 2670:Lower mythology 2638: 2630: 2629: 2588: 2580: 2579: 2515: 2507: 2506: 2482: 2474: 2473: 2324:Plains Indians 2215:Native American 1923: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1887:Without proper 1874: 1870: 1861: 1832: 1831: 1764:Marija Gimbutas 1752: 1742: 1741: 1733:Winter solstice 1723:Horse sacrifice 1694: 1687: 1673: 1666: 1659: 1645: 1638: 1631: 1624: 1617: 1570: 1555: 1542: 1528: 1521: 1507: 1498: 1485: 1478: 1471: 1462: 1453: 1432: 1401: 1393: 1392: 1335: 1322: 1297: 1290: 1283: 1276: 1269: 1231: 1224: 1217: 1208: 1190: 1177: 1164: 1135: 1129: 1114: 1106: 1105: 1079: 1056: 1043: 1031: 1012: 954: 931: 893: 886: 880: 871: 864: 855: 853:Northern Europe 834: 830: 817: 804: 789: 782: 775: 768: 761: 754: 747: 740: 736:Steppe cultures 709: 702: 695: 687: 686: 677:Baltic homeland 651: 647: 643:Eurasian nomads 627: 623: 599: 591: 590: 561:Runic epigraphy 556:Latin epigraphy 511: 503: 502: 440:Proto-Anatolian 424: 379: 375:Thraco-Illyrian 360:Graeco-Phrygian 350:Graeco-Armenian 345:Graeco-Albanian 324: 302: 289: 280: 273: 266: 259: 252: 245: 238: 231: 198: 184: 177: 170: 156: 132: 125: 106: 91: 83: 81: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18246: 18236: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18183: 18182: 18180: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18154: 18152:Death of a son 18149: 18144: 18139: 18134: 18129: 18124: 18119: 18113: 18111: 18107: 18106: 18104: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18083: 18077: 18075: 18071: 18070: 18068: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18037: 18032: 18027: 18022: 18017: 18012: 18007: 18006: 18005: 18000: 17995: 17985: 17979: 17977: 17964: 17963: 17956: 17955: 17948: 17941: 17933: 17924: 17923: 17921: 17920: 17918:Virtuous pagan 17915: 17913:Religio licita 17910: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17889: 17887: 17881: 17880: 17878: 17877: 17875:Animal worship 17872: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17856: 17855: 17850: 17840: 17835: 17834: 17833: 17828: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17787: 17786: 17781: 17771: 17770: 17769: 17764: 17759: 17749: 17744: 17739: 17734: 17729: 17724: 17719: 17714: 17709: 17703: 17701: 17695: 17694: 17689: 17688: 17685: 17684: 17681: 17680: 17678: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17652: 17647: 17642: 17637: 17635:Feri Tradition 17632: 17627: 17621: 17614: 17613: 17603: 17602: 17599: 17598: 17595: 17594: 17592: 17591: 17590: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17569: 17559: 17558: 17557: 17552: 17544: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17524: 17519: 17514: 17509: 17504: 17499: 17494: 17489: 17488: 17487: 17482: 17477: 17467: 17466: 17465: 17460: 17450: 17445: 17444: 17443: 17438: 17430: 17429: 17428: 17423: 17414: 17407: 17406: 17391: 17389: 17381: 17380: 17375: 17374: 17371: 17370: 17367: 17366: 17364: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17338: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17302: 17301: 17296: 17291: 17286: 17276: 17270: 17263: 17262: 17250: 17249: 17246: 17245: 17242: 17241: 17239: 17238: 17237: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17175: 17168: 17167: 17157: 17156: 17153: 17152: 17149: 17148: 17146: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17134: 17133: 17123: 17122: 17121: 17116: 17106: 17105: 17104: 17099: 17089: 17088: 17087: 17077: 17072: 17066: 17059: 17058: 17048: 17047: 17044: 17043: 17040: 17039: 17037: 17036: 17035: 17034: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17009: 17004: 16999: 16998: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16967: 16966: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16934: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16915: 16914: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16888: 16887: 16886: 16885: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16864: 16859: 16849: 16848: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16832: 16822: 16817: 16816: 16815: 16805: 16804: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16780: 16775: 16774: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16753: 16748: 16747: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16726: 16720: 16713: 16712: 16702: 16701: 16698: 16697: 16694: 16693: 16691: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16633:Tibeto-Burmese 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16574: 16573: 16563: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16538: 16537: 16536: 16526: 16521: 16516: 16515: 16514: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16448: 16441: 16440: 16427: 16425: 16422:(existing and 16413: 16412: 16410: 16409: 16404: 16399: 16394: 16388: 16385: 16384: 16372: 16371: 16364: 16357: 16349: 16340: 16339: 16337: 16336: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16312: 16310: 16306: 16305: 16303: 16302: 16301: 16300: 16295: 16293:Beech argument 16287: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16266: 16264: 16260: 16259: 16257: 16256: 16249: 16243: 16241: 16237: 16236: 16234: 16233: 16231:Salmon problem 16228: 16223: 16217: 16215: 16211: 16210: 16208: 16207: 16199: 16191: 16183: 16175: 16166: 16164: 16160: 16159: 16157: 16156: 16151: 16150: 16149: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16117: 16115: 16111: 16110: 16108: 16107: 16102: 16100:Thematic vowel 16097: 16092: 16087: 16085:Narten present 16082: 16072: 16067: 16061: 16059: 16055: 16054: 16052: 16051: 16050: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15972: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15933: 15931: 15925: 15924: 15917: 15916: 15909: 15902: 15894: 15888: 15887: 15873: 15872:External links 15870: 15868: 15867: 15842: 15836: 15823: 15806: 15779: 15758: 15744: 15730: 15724: 15711: 15705: 15692: 15682:(3): 205–237. 15664: 15637: 15623: 15622: 15620: 15616: 15615: 15595: 15594: 15592: 15588: 15587: 15567:(4): 679–698. 15552: 15537: 15536: 15534: 15530: 15529: 15519:(3): 291–296. 15508: 15490:(3): 369–395. 15471: 15470: 15468: 15464: 15463: 15427:(2): 437–458. 15412: 15394:(1): 141–151. 15383: 15377: 15354: 15332: 15331: 15329: 15325: 15324: 15303: 15281: 15259: 15242: 15235: 15221: 15208: 15198:(2): 194–202. 15187: 15180: 15169: 15148: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15133: 15132: 15125: 15106: 15081:Lincoln, Bruce 15077: 15068: 15064: 15063: 15061: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15049: 15028: 15022: 15004: 14998: 14983: 14977: 14959: 14953: 14935: 14924: 14918: 14905: 14899: 14884: 14878: 14864:Renfrew, Colin 14860: 14854: 14836: 14830: 14812: 14806: 14788: 14782: 14764: 14758: 14743: 14737: 14715: 14709: 14689: 14683: 14668: 14648:10.1086/462755 14631: 14619:10.1086/462739 14613:(2): 121–145. 14603:Lincoln, Bruce 14599: 14593: 14575: 14569: 14551: 14530: 14524: 14506: 14477: 14471: 14453: 14437: 14431: 14415: 14409: 14391: 14385: 14367: 14361: 14346: 14340: 14322: 14316: 14308:Greek Religion 14300: 14294: 14276: 14270: 14255: 14249: 14231: 14225: 14210: 14204: 14188: 14182: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14158: 14154:Littleton 1982 14143: 14141:, p. 464. 14128: 14121: 14099: 14087: 14080: 14060: 14043: 14031: 14019: 14017:, p. 277. 14007: 13995: 13978: 13971: 13951: 13949:, p. 494. 13936: 13934:, p. 533. 13921: 13909: 13907:, p. 119. 13894: 13882: 13880:, p. 631. 13865: 13863:, p. 436. 13853: 13851:, p. 313. 13838: 13823: 13821:, p. 256. 13811: 13809:, p. 272. 13799: 13797:, p. 271. 13782: 13780:, p. 279. 13770: 13768:, p. 270. 13758: 13746: 13734: 13732:, p. 204. 13722: 13720:, p. 438. 13707: 13705:, p. 277. 13695: 13689:Lang, Andrew. 13682: 13664: 13652: 13640: 13633: 13613: 13601: 13599:, p. 259. 13586: 13574: 13562: 13550: 13538: 13536:, p. 460. 13526: 13514: 13507: 13487: 13472: 13470:, p. 437. 13453: 13441: 13429: 13414: 13399: 13384: 13363: 13351: 13339: 13327: 13315: 13303: 13301:, p. 433. 13291: 13281:Grimm, Jacob, 13274: 13257: 13254:. p. 663. 13239: 13232: 13209: 13172: 13170:, p. 139. 13160: 13148: 13146:, p. 143. 13136: 13132:Delamarre 2003 13121: 13117:Matasović 2009 13109: 13097: 13095:, p. 209. 13085: 13083:, p. 142. 13070: 13068:, p. 375. 13058: 13056:, p. 385. 13046: 13034: 13032:, p. 384. 13019: 13003: 12991: 12989:, p. 382. 12976: 12956: 12954:, p. 383. 12933: 12931:, p. 381. 12918: 12900: 12888: 12868: 12866:, p. 380. 12856: 12844: 12842:, p. 280. 12832: 12830:, p. 279. 12820: 12801: 12799:, p. 303. 12789: 12787:, p. 297. 12777: 12770: 12747: 12729:Kuhn, Adalbert 12720: 12704: 12689: 12677: 12675:, p. 282. 12660: 12648: 12636: 12623: 12611: 12592: 12558: 12541: 12539:, p. 129. 12529: 12527:, p. 434. 12508: 12506:, p. 410. 12491: 12479: 12477:, p. 279. 12467: 12465:, p. 274. 12455: 12443: 12441:, p. 290. 12431: 12429:, p. 291. 12419: 12417:, p. 285. 12407: 12395: 12393:, p. 263. 12383: 12381:, p. 410. 12371: 12369:, p. 122. 12359: 12347: 12332: 12330:, p. 269. 12313: 12301: 12299:, p. 364. 12289: 12287:, p. 203. 12274: 12259: 12247: 12245:, p. 290. 12243:Delamarre 2003 12235: 12233:, p. 384. 12231:Matasović 2009 12223: 12221:, p. 245. 12211: 12199: 12197:, p. 243. 12187: 12175: 12171:Delamarre 2003 12167:Matasović 2009 12151: 12136: 12124: 12122:, p. 241. 12112: 12110:, p. 251. 12100: 12088: 12076: 12061: 12049: 12047:, p. 183. 12037: 12025: 12010: 11998: 11996:, p. 174. 11977: 11975:, p. 181. 11960: 11945: 11930: 11918: 11909: 11902: 11882: 11880:, p. 136. 11878:Arvidsson 2006 11867: 11860: 11840: 11814: 11787: 11785:, p. 124. 11775: 11763: 11744: 11732: 11730:, p. 290. 11720: 11705: 11692: 11680: 11663: 11661:, p. 190. 11651: 11649:, p. 191. 11636: 11634:, p. 161. 11621: 11619:, p. 189. 11609: 11597: 11595:, p. 109. 11585: 11573: 11561: 11559:, p. 195. 11549: 11529: 11522: 11500: 11487: 11472: 11470:, p. 221. 11460: 11458:, p. 219. 11448: 11446:, p. 222. 11436: 11417: 11405: 11393: 11381: 11369: 11357: 11342: 11330: 11328:, p. 432. 11309: 11292: 11290:, p. 166. 11280: 11250: 11235: 11233:, p. 171. 11223: 11208: 11196: 11181: 11169: 11167:, p. 137. 11152: 11150:, p. 130. 11140: 11128: 11116: 11101: 11099:, p. 157. 11086: 11084:, p. 124. 11074: 11062: 11060:, p. 120. 11050: 11038: 11036:, p. 427. 11021: 11019:, p. 232. 11009: 10997: 10985: 10973: 10971:, p. 349. 10961: 10949: 10947:, p. 131. 10937: 10935:, p. 285. 10925: 10910: 10908:, p. 180. 10898: 10886: 10863: 10856: 10838: 10836:, p. 289. 10826: 10824:, p. 104. 10811: 10799: 10797:, p. 390. 10787: 10775: 10763: 10743: 10741:, p. 439. 10726: 10724:, p. 388. 10714: 10699: 10681: 10671: 10651: 10618: 10588:'law' and Skt 10497:from the root 10469: 10467:, p. 128. 10457: 10447: 10429: 10422: 10400: 10393: 10375: 10363: 10361:, p. 125. 10351: 10349:, p. 260. 10339: 10327: 10315: 10313:, p. 129. 10303: 10291: 10289:, p. 367. 10279: 10267: 10265:, p. 129. 10255: 10226: 10224:, p. 358. 10211: 10199: 10197:, p. 138. 10184: 10167: 10155: 10153:, p. 134. 10143: 10141:, p. 144. 10131: 10129:, p. 139. 10119: 10117:, p. 357. 10107: 10095: 10093:, p. 473. 10083: 10064: 10037: 10025: 10013: 10011:, p. 124. 10001: 9956: 9941: 9939:, p. 346. 9929: 9927:, p. 354. 9912: 9908:Delamarre 2003 9897: 9895:, p. 340. 9885: 9866: 9857: 9850: 9830: 9821: 9819:, p. 266. 9798: 9783: 9771: 9759: 9747: 9735: 9723: 9721:, p. 191. 9708: 9693: 9691:, p. 440. 9674: 9672:, p. 118. 9659: 9657:, p. 431. 9638: 9622:Lincoln, Bruce 9614: 9599: 9587: 9575: 9571:Flamen-Brahman 9562: 9550: 9538: 9523: 9508: 9506:, p. 141. 9491: 9489:, p. 117. 9479: 9477:, p. 428. 9464: 9462:, p. 116. 9445: 9430: 9418: 9403: 9401:, p. 415. 9387: 9385: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9339: 9312: 9302:("Happened"), 9291: 9274: 9256: 9247: 9230: 9205: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9165: 9164: 9148: 9145: 9131:described the 9073: 9070: 9040:. Further, if 9030:County Donegal 9022:and the Indic 8960: 8957: 8940:Main article: 8937: 8934: 8901: 8898: 8894:elixir of life 8872: 8869: 8839:eponymous epic 8799: 8798:Death of a son 8796: 8794: 8791: 8756:Main article: 8753: 8750: 8678: 8675: 8613: 8610: 8553:*H₂epom Nepōts 8551:Main article: 8548: 8545: 8457:Vedic religion 8424:to the dragon 8404:, as does the 8396:god of storms 8362:Zoroastrianism 8354:Ankara, Turkey 8267:Lernaean Hydra 8210:Lernaean Hydra 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8108: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8082: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8065: 8051: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8033: 8032: 8026: 8025: 8016: 8006: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7988: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7966: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7949: 7940: 7930: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7912: 7911: 7905: 7904: 7894: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7876: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7859: 7849: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7839:Lernaean Hydra 7832: 7822: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7804: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7786: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7769: 7759: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7741: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7724: 7714: 7713: 7707: 7706: 7697: 7692: 7682: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7665: 7656: 7646: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7624: 7623: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7590: 7589: 7581: 7580: 7565: 7564: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7519:and the Vedic 7501:and the Greek 7463:and the Vedic 7445:and the Roman 7421: 7418: 7395:Mater Verborum 7264: 7241: 7238: 7212: 7209: 7191:Celtic Britons 7189:(the mythical 7134:, "free man" ( 7098: 7095: 6881:Main article: 6878: 6877:Fate goddesses 6875: 6873: 6870: 6787:and the Hindu 6776: 6773: 6744: 6741: 6714:Main article: 6711: 6710:Guardian deity 6708: 6668:include Hitt. 6589: 6586: 6403:*H₂epom Nepōts 6398: 6395: 6195: 6194: 6185: 6184: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6172: 6077:Main article: 6074: 6071: 6005:, "sky", from 5962:stemming from 5947:and the Vedic 5925:Main article: 5922: 5919: 5724:Main article: 5721: 5718: 5686: 5685:Nature deities 5683: 5668:and the Indic 5620:, a spouse of 5603: 5600: 5521:Main article: 5518: 5515: 5449:Dievo sūneliai 5373:Main article: 5370: 5367: 5313:Main article: 5310: 5307: 5222:, 430–420 BC, 5201:Main article: 5198: 5195: 5069:Main article: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5005: 5003: 5001: 5000:The Sun Maiden 4998: 4996: 4994: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4817: 4816: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4782:The Sun Maiden 4780: 4778: 4776: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4645: 4642: 4624:, his partner 4618:Martin L. West 4609: 4606: 4546:good things" ( 4486:or Lithuanian 4314: 4311: 4245: 4242: 4194: 4191: 4151:and the Hindu 4080: 4077: 3980:Martin L. West 3957:lawful conduct 3814: 3811: 3763:, the Avestan 3732:- shifting to 3657:Proto-Germanic 3610: 3607: 3601:and with whom 3545:cattle raiding 3506: 3503: 3359:), "there was 3311: 3308: 3274:Martin L. West 3249: 3248:Reconstruction 3246: 3234: 3231: 3215:Martin L. West 3194: 3191: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3061: 3058: 3017:meta-narrative 2994:Martin L. West 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2781:; his consort 2726: 2725: 2723: 2722: 2715: 2708: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2542: 2537: 2535:Feral children 2532: 2527: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1891:, you may see 1875: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1793: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1718:Fire sacrifice 1714: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1692: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1671: 1664: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1643: 1636: 1629: 1622: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1563: 1562: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1509:Zoroastrianism 1491: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1446: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1379: 1378: 1376:Medieval India 1367: 1366: 1361: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1330: 1329: 1317: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1295: 1288: 1281: 1274: 1258: 1253: 1251:Italic peoples 1248: 1243: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1229: 1222: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1185: 1184: 1172: 1171: 1159: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1087: 1086: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1051: 1050: 1038: 1037: 1030: 1029: 1027:Gandhara grave 1024: 1019: 1007: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 949: 948: 943: 938: 926: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 888: 887: 879: 878: 877: 876: 873:Middle Dnieper 869: 850: 849: 844: 839: 828:Eastern Europe 825: 824: 812: 811: 799: 798: 797: 796: 795: 794: 787: 773: 766: 759: 756:Dnieper–Donets 752: 745: 733: 731:Kurgan culture 728: 727: 726: 716: 704: 703: 696: 693: 692: 689: 688: 685: 684: 679: 674: 669: 667:Beech argument 664: 659: 653: 652: 646: 645: 640: 635: 629: 628: 622: 621: 616: 611: 606: 600: 597: 596: 593: 592: 589: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 512: 509: 508: 505: 504: 501: 500: 490: 476: 471: 457: 450:Proto-Germanic 447: 445:Proto-Armenian 442: 437: 435:Proto-Albanian 431: 430: 423: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 386: 385: 378: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 331: 330: 323: 322: 321: 320: 296: 295: 288: 287: 286: 285: 278: 271: 264: 257: 250: 243: 236: 224: 219: 213: 212: 206: 205: 204: 203: 191: 190: 189: 182: 175: 163: 162: 161: 149: 144: 139: 138: 137: 130: 118: 113: 112: 111: 98: 97: 90: 89: 82: 77: 76: 73: 72: 64: 63: 57: 56: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18245: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18195: 18193: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18157:Cycle of Mead 18155: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18143: 18140: 18138: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18128: 18125: 18123: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18114: 18112: 18108: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18078: 18076: 18072: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18035:H₂epom Nepōts 18033: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17990: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17980: 17978: 17974: 17969: 17965: 17961: 17954: 17949: 17947: 17942: 17940: 17935: 17934: 17931: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17890: 17888: 17886: 17882: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17845: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17836: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17823: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17796:Reincarnation 17794: 17792: 17789: 17785: 17782: 17780: 17777: 17776: 17775: 17772: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17754: 17753: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17720: 17718: 17715: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17705: 17704: 17702: 17700: 17696: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17622: 17619: 17615: 17608: 17604: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17564: 17563: 17560: 17556: 17555:Vattisen Yaly 17553: 17551: 17548: 17547: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17508: 17505: 17503: 17500: 17498: 17495: 17493: 17490: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17472: 17471: 17468: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17455: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17433: 17431: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17418: 17416: 17415: 17412: 17408: 17404: 17399: 17395: 17390: 17388: 17382: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17281: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17271: 17268: 17264: 17260: 17255: 17251: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17209:Cook Islander 17207: 17206: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17176: 17173: 17169: 17162: 17158: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17132: 17129: 17128: 17127: 17124: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17111: 17110: 17107: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17094: 17093: 17090: 17086: 17083: 17082: 17081: 17078: 17076: 17073: 17071: 17068: 17067: 17064: 17060: 17053: 17049: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17017:Baltic Finnic 17015: 17014: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17000: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16985:Imperial cult 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16972: 16971: 16968: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16950: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16918: 16916: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16893: 16892: 16889: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16869: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16854: 16853: 16850: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16827: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16814: 16811: 16810: 16809: 16806: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16783: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16758: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16731: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16721: 16718: 16714: 16707: 16703: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16572: 16569: 16568: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16546:Sunda Wiwitan 16544: 16542: 16539: 16535: 16532: 16531: 16530: 16527: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16513: 16510: 16509: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16482:Austroasiatic 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16449: 16446: 16442: 16435: 16431: 16426: 16420: 16414: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16389: 16386: 16381: 16377: 16370: 16365: 16363: 16358: 16356: 16351: 16350: 16347: 16335: 16333: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16313: 16311: 16307: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16290: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16267: 16265: 16261: 16255: 16254: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16244: 16242: 16238: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16218: 16216: 16212: 16206: 16204: 16200: 16198: 16196: 16192: 16190: 16188: 16184: 16182: 16180: 16176: 16174: 16172: 16168: 16167: 16165: 16161: 16155: 16152: 16148: 16145: 16144: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16122: 16119: 16118: 16116: 16112: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16073: 16071: 16070:Caland system 16068: 16066: 16063: 16062: 16060: 16056: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16032: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15997:Bartholomae's 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15981: 15973: 15971: 15969: 15965: 15964: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15934: 15932: 15930: 15926: 15922: 15915: 15910: 15908: 15903: 15901: 15896: 15895: 15892: 15885: 15880: 15876: 15875: 15864: 15860: 15856: 15852: 15848: 15843: 15839: 15833: 15829: 15824: 15820: 15816: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15793: 15789: 15785: 15780: 15776: 15772: 15768: 15764: 15759: 15755: 15754: 15749: 15748:Frazer, James 15745: 15741: 15740: 15735: 15731: 15727: 15721: 15717: 15712: 15708: 15702: 15698: 15693: 15689: 15685: 15681: 15677: 15673: 15669: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15651: 15647: 15643: 15638: 15634: 15630: 15625: 15624: 15621: 15618: 15617: 15613: 15609: 15605: 15601: 15597: 15596: 15593: 15590: 15589: 15584: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15566: 15562: 15558: 15553: 15551:, 2, 2014: 9. 15550: 15546: 15542: 15539: 15538: 15535: 15532: 15531: 15526: 15522: 15518: 15514: 15509: 15505: 15501: 15497: 15493: 15489: 15485: 15478: 15473: 15472: 15469: 15466: 15465: 15460: 15456: 15452: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15434: 15430: 15426: 15422: 15418: 15413: 15409: 15405: 15401: 15397: 15393: 15389: 15384: 15380: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15360: 15355: 15351: 15347: 15344:(1/4): 1–55. 15343: 15339: 15334: 15333: 15330: 15327: 15326: 15321: 15317: 15313: 15309: 15304: 15302: 15298: 15294: 15290: 15286: 15282: 15280: 15276: 15272: 15268: 15264: 15260: 15256: 15252: 15248: 15243: 15240: 15236: 15232: 15228: 15224: 15218: 15214: 15209: 15205: 15201: 15197: 15193: 15188: 15185: 15181: 15178: 15174: 15170: 15166: 15162: 15158: 15154: 15149: 15146: 15142: 15141: 15138: 15135: 15134: 15130: 15126: 15122: 15115: 15111: 15107: 15096: 15092: 15091: 15086: 15082: 15078: 15074: 15069: 15066: 15065: 15062: 15059: 15058: 15046: 15042: 15038: 15034: 15029: 15025: 15019: 15015: 15014: 15009: 15005: 15001: 14995: 14991: 14990: 14984: 14980: 14974: 14970: 14969: 14964: 14960: 14956: 14950: 14946: 14945: 14940: 14936: 14932: 14931: 14925: 14921: 14919:99927-938-9-9 14915: 14911: 14906: 14902: 14896: 14892: 14891: 14885: 14881: 14875: 14871: 14870: 14865: 14861: 14857: 14851: 14847: 14846: 14841: 14837: 14833: 14827: 14823: 14822: 14817: 14813: 14809: 14803: 14799: 14798: 14793: 14792:Parpola, Asko 14789: 14785: 14779: 14775: 14774: 14769: 14765: 14761: 14755: 14751: 14750: 14744: 14740: 14734: 14730: 14729: 14724: 14720: 14716: 14712: 14706: 14701: 14700: 14694: 14690: 14686: 14680: 14676: 14675: 14669: 14665: 14661: 14657: 14653: 14649: 14645: 14641: 14637: 14632: 14628: 14624: 14620: 14616: 14612: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14596: 14590: 14586: 14585: 14580: 14576: 14572: 14566: 14562: 14561: 14556: 14552: 14540: 14536: 14531: 14527: 14521: 14517: 14516: 14511: 14507: 14503: 14499: 14495: 14491: 14488:(1): 61–102. 14487: 14483: 14478: 14474: 14468: 14464: 14463: 14458: 14454: 14450: 14446: 14442: 14438: 14434: 14432:1-4051-0316-7 14428: 14424: 14420: 14416: 14412: 14406: 14402: 14401: 14396: 14392: 14388: 14382: 14378: 14377: 14372: 14368: 14364: 14358: 14354: 14353: 14347: 14343: 14337: 14333: 14332: 14327: 14323: 14319: 14317:0-674-36281-0 14313: 14309: 14305: 14301: 14297: 14291: 14287: 14286: 14281: 14277: 14273: 14267: 14263: 14262: 14256: 14252: 14246: 14242: 14241: 14236: 14232: 14228: 14226:0-226-02860-7 14222: 14218: 14217: 14211: 14207: 14201: 14197: 14196: 14189: 14185: 14179: 14175: 14174: 14168: 14167: 14155: 14150: 14148: 14140: 14135: 14133: 14124: 14118: 14114: 14110: 14103: 14097:, p. 94. 14096: 14091: 14083: 14077: 14073: 14072: 14064: 14057: 14052: 14050: 14048: 14041:, p. 54. 14040: 14035: 14028: 14023: 14016: 14011: 14004: 13999: 13992: 13987: 13985: 13983: 13974: 13968: 13965:. Routledge. 13964: 13963: 13955: 13948: 13943: 13941: 13933: 13928: 13926: 13918: 13913: 13906: 13901: 13899: 13892:, p. 61. 13891: 13886: 13879: 13874: 13872: 13870: 13862: 13857: 13850: 13845: 13843: 13835: 13830: 13828: 13820: 13815: 13808: 13803: 13796: 13791: 13789: 13787: 13779: 13774: 13767: 13762: 13755: 13750: 13743: 13738: 13731: 13726: 13719: 13714: 13712: 13704: 13699: 13692: 13686: 13679: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13661: 13656: 13649: 13648:Kurkjian 1958 13644: 13636: 13630: 13626: 13625: 13617: 13610: 13605: 13598: 13593: 13591: 13583: 13578: 13571: 13566: 13559: 13554: 13547: 13542: 13535: 13530: 13523: 13518: 13510: 13504: 13500: 13499: 13491: 13485:, p. 26. 13484: 13479: 13477: 13469: 13464: 13462: 13460: 13458: 13451:, p. 76. 13450: 13445: 13438: 13433: 13426: 13421: 13419: 13411: 13406: 13404: 13396: 13391: 13389: 13381: 13376: 13374: 13372: 13370: 13368: 13360: 13355: 13348: 13343: 13337:, p. 27. 13336: 13331: 13324: 13319: 13312: 13307: 13300: 13295: 13288: 13284: 13278: 13271: 13266: 13264: 13262: 13253: 13249: 13243: 13235: 13229: 13225: 13218: 13216: 13214: 13197: 13193: 13186: 13179: 13177: 13169: 13164: 13157: 13152: 13145: 13140: 13134:, p. 55. 13133: 13128: 13126: 13119:, p. 43. 13118: 13113: 13106: 13101: 13094: 13089: 13082: 13077: 13075: 13067: 13062: 13055: 13050: 13043: 13038: 13031: 13026: 13024: 13016: 13012: 13007: 13000: 12995: 12988: 12983: 12981: 12973: 12972: 12967: 12966: 12960: 12953: 12948: 12946: 12944: 12942: 12940: 12938: 12930: 12925: 12923: 12915: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12897: 12892: 12885: 12884: 12879: 12878: 12872: 12865: 12860: 12853: 12848: 12841: 12836: 12829: 12824: 12816: 12812: 12805: 12798: 12793: 12786: 12781: 12773: 12767: 12760: 12759: 12751: 12742: 12738: 12734: 12730: 12724: 12717: 12713: 12708: 12702:, p. 85. 12701: 12696: 12694: 12687:, p. 84. 12686: 12681: 12674: 12669: 12667: 12665: 12657: 12652: 12646:, p. 63. 12645: 12640: 12633: 12627: 12620: 12615: 12607: 12603: 12596: 12580: 12576: 12572: 12565: 12563: 12555: 12550: 12548: 12546: 12538: 12533: 12526: 12521: 12519: 12517: 12515: 12513: 12505: 12500: 12498: 12496: 12488: 12483: 12476: 12471: 12464: 12459: 12452: 12447: 12440: 12435: 12428: 12423: 12416: 12411: 12405:, p. 24. 12404: 12399: 12392: 12387: 12380: 12375: 12368: 12363: 12356: 12351: 12345:, p. 32. 12344: 12339: 12337: 12329: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12318: 12311:, p. 26. 12310: 12309:Jakobson 1985 12305: 12298: 12293: 12286: 12281: 12279: 12271: 12266: 12264: 12257:, p. 77. 12256: 12251: 12244: 12239: 12232: 12227: 12220: 12215: 12208: 12203: 12196: 12191: 12184: 12183:Jakobson 1985 12179: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12160: 12155: 12148: 12143: 12141: 12133: 12128: 12121: 12116: 12109: 12104: 12097: 12092: 12085: 12080: 12073: 12068: 12066: 12058: 12053: 12046: 12041: 12034: 12029: 12022: 12017: 12015: 12007: 12002: 11995: 11990: 11988: 11986: 11984: 11982: 11974: 11969: 11967: 11965: 11957: 11952: 11950: 11942: 11937: 11935: 11927: 11922: 11913: 11905: 11899: 11895: 11894: 11886: 11879: 11874: 11872: 11863: 11857: 11853: 11852: 11844: 11836: 11832: 11825: 11818: 11810: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11791: 11784: 11779: 11772: 11767: 11759: 11755: 11748: 11742:, p. 72. 11741: 11736: 11729: 11724: 11717: 11712: 11710: 11702: 11696: 11689: 11684: 11677: 11673: 11667: 11660: 11655: 11648: 11643: 11641: 11633: 11628: 11626: 11618: 11613: 11606: 11601: 11594: 11589: 11582: 11577: 11570: 11565: 11558: 11553: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11533: 11525: 11519: 11514: 11513: 11504: 11497: 11491: 11484: 11479: 11477: 11469: 11464: 11457: 11452: 11445: 11440: 11434:, p. 23. 11433: 11428: 11426: 11424: 11422: 11414: 11409: 11402: 11397: 11390: 11385: 11378: 11373: 11366: 11361: 11353: 11346: 11339: 11334: 11327: 11322: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11314: 11306: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11289: 11284: 11277: 11272: 11265: 11259: 11254: 11248:, p. 17. 11247: 11242: 11240: 11232: 11227: 11220: 11215: 11213: 11205: 11200: 11193: 11188: 11186: 11178: 11173: 11166: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11149: 11144: 11138:, p. 41. 11137: 11132: 11125: 11120: 11113: 11108: 11106: 11098: 11093: 11091: 11083: 11078: 11072:, p. 408 11071: 11066: 11059: 11054: 11047: 11042: 11035: 11030: 11028: 11026: 11018: 11013: 11006: 11001: 10994: 10989: 10983:, p. 36. 10982: 10977: 10970: 10965: 10958: 10953: 10946: 10941: 10934: 10929: 10922: 10917: 10915: 10907: 10902: 10895: 10890: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10867: 10859: 10853: 10849: 10842: 10835: 10830: 10823: 10818: 10816: 10808: 10803: 10796: 10791: 10784: 10779: 10772: 10767: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10747: 10740: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10723: 10718: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10700:0-919812-15-5 10696: 10692: 10685: 10678: 10674: 10668: 10664: 10663: 10655: 10646: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10622: 10614: 10608: 10604: 10599: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10575: 10574:dhéh₁-men-/i- 10569: 10565: 10560: 10553: 10548: 10544: 10539: 10533: 10528: 10524:'order', Skt 10523: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10508:'joint', MHG 10507: 10502: 10495: 10489: 10485: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10474: 10466: 10461: 10454: 10450: 10444: 10440: 10433: 10425: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10404: 10396: 10390: 10386: 10379: 10373:, p. 46. 10372: 10367: 10360: 10355: 10348: 10343: 10337:, p. 47. 10336: 10331: 10324: 10319: 10312: 10307: 10300: 10295: 10288: 10283: 10276: 10271: 10264: 10259: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10233: 10231: 10223: 10218: 10216: 10208: 10203: 10196: 10191: 10189: 10181: 10176: 10174: 10172: 10165:, p. 58. 10164: 10159: 10152: 10147: 10140: 10135: 10128: 10123: 10116: 10111: 10104: 10099: 10092: 10087: 10080: 10075: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10061: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10042: 10034: 10029: 10022: 10017: 10010: 10005: 9998: 9994: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9960: 9953: 9948: 9946: 9938: 9933: 9926: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9909: 9904: 9902: 9894: 9889: 9881: 9877: 9870: 9861: 9853: 9847: 9843: 9842: 9834: 9825: 9818: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9795: 9790: 9788: 9780: 9775: 9768: 9763: 9756: 9751: 9744: 9739: 9732: 9727: 9720: 9715: 9713: 9706:, p. 14. 9705: 9700: 9698: 9690: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9671: 9666: 9664: 9656: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9618: 9611: 9606: 9604: 9596: 9591: 9584: 9579: 9572: 9566: 9560:, p. 15. 9559: 9554: 9547: 9542: 9535: 9530: 9528: 9520: 9515: 9513: 9505: 9500: 9498: 9496: 9488: 9483: 9476: 9471: 9469: 9461: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9442: 9437: 9435: 9427: 9422: 9415: 9410: 9408: 9400: 9395: 9393: 9388: 9374: 9370:‘woman’; Skt 9369: 9365: 9361: 9353: 9343: 9332: 9331: 9326: 9322: 9321:Three Witches 9316: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9288: 9284: 9278: 9271: 9270: 9266: 9260: 9251: 9244: 9240: 9234: 9227: 9224:) and Pauso ( 9223: 9219: 9215: 9209: 9202: 9197: 9193: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9167: 9166: 9162: 9151: 9144: 9142: 9139:depicted the 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9083: 9079: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9026: 9021: 9020: 9019:Equus October 9014: 9006: 9002: 8997: 8993: 8990: 8983: 8976: 8969: 8956: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8933: 8931: 8925: 8917: 8911: 8907: 8897: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8882: 8878: 8868: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8845: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8827: 8822: 8818: 8817:Ilya Muromets 8814: 8810: 8806: 8790: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8759: 8749: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8724:, the Romans 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8686: 8674: 8672: 8667: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8641: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8602: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8568: 8562: 8561:H₂epom Nepōts 8554: 8547:Fire in water 8544: 8542: 8537: 8535: 8531: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8496:Revelation 12 8493: 8489: 8486:narrative of 8485: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8447: 8443: 8440:, and by the 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8338: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8312:Völsunga saga 8308: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8211: 8207: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8188: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8173:Bruce Lincoln 8170: 8167: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8129: 8124: 8122: 8117: 8115: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8106: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8090: 8079: 8073: 8069: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7957: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7840: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7813: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7776:Zmey Gorynych 7773: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7700:Saint Michael 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7607: 7606:dragonslayers 7603: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7533: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7513: 7506: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7479: 7472: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7450: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7426:trifunctional 7417: 7415: 7411: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7391: 7385: 7380: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7324: 7316: 7314: 7309: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7285: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7270: 7257: 7237: 7235: 7232:'s spear and 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7208: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7126: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7110: 7106: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7083: 7079: 7078: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7048: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7009: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6963: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6935:("Spinner"), 6934: 6930: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6834: 6831: 6825: 6820: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6792: 6786: 6782: 6781:Adalbert Kuhn 6772: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6756: 6749: 6740: 6737: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6656:—the king of 6655: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6631: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6574: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6539: 6538: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6510:H₂epom Nepōts 6504: 6497: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6404: 6397:Water deities 6394: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6346: 6345:Nëna e Vatrës 6341: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6324: 6319: 6313: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6225: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6189: 6180: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6114: 6113: 6106: 6105: 6094: 6090: 6089:Kushan Empire 6085: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6011: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5928: 5921:Weather deity 5918: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5904: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5761:Prithvi Mater 5758: 5753: 5748: 5741: 5740: 5733: 5732:earth goddess 5727: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5611: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5412: 5411: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5356: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5337: 5336: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5260: 5255: 5252: 5245: 5244: 5236: 5235: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5194: 5191: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5167: 5160: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5026: 5022: 5013: 5009: 4993: 4984: 4981: 4963: 4961: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4915: 4913: 4893: 4891: 4884: 4875: 4873: 4866: 4844: 4840: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4775: 4766: 4763: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4721: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4704: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4674: 4670: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4650:Götterfamilie 4641: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4581: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4506: 4499: 4498: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4447: 4441: 4434: 4433: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4413: 4412: 4404: 4403: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4241: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4225:Lucius Brutus 4222: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4169: 4164: 4157: 4156: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4059: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4033:Another root 4031: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4007: 4005: 3999: 3998:Young Avestan 3995: 3994: 3987: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3822: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3783:The motif of 3781: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3631: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3595:hermaphrodite 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3566:hermaphrodite 3562: 3555: 3546: 3537:The story of 3535: 3533: 3530: 3502: 3488:("serpent"). 3486: 3480: 3466: 3465:water buffalo 3461: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3395: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3333: 3326:("Man") and * 3325: 3317: 3316:creation myth 3310:Creation myth 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3262:J. P. Mallory 3259: 3255: 3254:Bruce Lincoln 3244: 3243:Manu and Yemo 3240: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3203: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3071: 3066: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3010:Bruce Lincoln 3007: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2871:creation myth 2868: 2863: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2847: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2826: 2818: 2817: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2787: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2318:Kwakwakaʼwakw 2316: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1769:J. P. Mallory 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1406:Reconstructed 1404: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1334: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1234: 1233:Insular Celts 1230: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1189: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1176: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149:Indo-Iranians 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1055: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1042: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 956: 955: 953: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 933: 932: 930: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 894: 892: 891:Pontic Steppe 885: 882: 881: 874: 870: 867: 863: 862: 861: 858: 857: 856: 854: 848: 845: 843: 840: 837: 833: 832: 831: 829: 823: 820: 819: 818: 816: 810: 807: 806: 805: 803: 792: 788: 785: 781: 780: 778: 774: 771: 767: 764: 760: 757: 753: 750: 746: 743: 739: 738: 737: 734: 732: 729: 725: 724:Kurgan stelae 722: 721: 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 710: 708: 707:Pontic Steppe 701: 698: 697: 691: 690: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 654: 649: 648: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 625: 624: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 595: 594: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 507: 506: 498: 497:Proto-Iranian 494: 491: 488: 484: 480: 477: 475: 472: 469: 465: 461: 458: 455: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 429: 426: 425: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 384: 381: 380: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 340:Daco-Thracian 338: 336: 333: 332: 329: 326: 325: 319: 315: 311: 307: 304: 303: 301: 298: 297: 294: 293:Reconstructed 291: 290: 283: 279: 276: 272: 269: 265: 262: 258: 255: 251: 248: 244: 241: 237: 234: 230: 229: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 214: 211: 208: 207: 201: 197: 196: 195: 192: 187: 183: 180: 176: 173: 169: 168: 167: 164: 159: 155: 154: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 135: 131: 128: 124: 123: 122: 119: 117: 114: 109: 105: 104: 103: 100: 99: 96: 93: 92: 88: 85: 84: 80: 75: 74: 70: 66: 65: 62: 59: 58: 54: 50: 49: 39: 35: 31: 27: 19: 17998:Mitra-Varuna 17993:Divine twins 17988:Trifunctions 17959: 17908:Neoplatonism 17848:Tree of life 17811:Sacred grove 17712:Bear worship 17665:Neoshamanism 17527:Zalmoxianism 17480:Adyghe Habze 17385:Modern pagan 17092:Mesopotamian 16948:Paleo-Balkan 16882:Samothracian 16761:Old Prussian 16658:Bongthingism 16330: 16315: 16251: 16201: 16193: 16185: 16177: 16169: 16163:Main sources 16080:-conjugation 16042:Szemerényi's 16002:Fortunatov's 15975: 15967: 15846: 15827: 15810: 15791: 15787: 15766: 15762: 15752: 15738: 15734:Grimm, Jacob 15715: 15696: 15679: 15675: 15649: 15645: 15632: 15628: 15619:Other themes 15603: 15564: 15560: 15548: 15516: 15512: 15487: 15483: 15424: 15420: 15391: 15387: 15358: 15341: 15337: 15311: 15307: 15288: 15266: 15254: 15250: 15238: 15212: 15195: 15191: 15183: 15176: 15159:(1): 26–33. 15156: 15152: 15144: 15128: 15120: 15098:. Retrieved 15088: 15036: 15032: 15012: 14988: 14967: 14943: 14929: 14909: 14889: 14868: 14844: 14840:Puhvel, Jaan 14820: 14796: 14772: 14748: 14727: 14698: 14673: 14642:(1): 42–65. 14639: 14635: 14610: 14606: 14583: 14559: 14543:. Retrieved 14538: 14514: 14485: 14481: 14461: 14457:Haudry, Jean 14448: 14422: 14399: 14375: 14351: 14330: 14307: 14284: 14260: 14239: 14215: 14194: 14172: 14163:Bibliography 14112: 14102: 14095:Jackson 2002 14090: 14070: 14063: 14056:Fortson 2004 14034: 14027:Anthony 2007 14022: 14010: 14003:Lincoln 1976 13998: 13961: 13954: 13912: 13885: 13856: 13814: 13802: 13773: 13761: 13749: 13737: 13725: 13698: 13690: 13685: 13675: 13667: 13655: 13643: 13623: 13616: 13609:Watkins 1995 13604: 13582:Watkins 1995 13577: 13570:Watkins 1995 13565: 13558:Watkins 1995 13553: 13546:Watkins 1995 13541: 13529: 13522:Fortson 2004 13517: 13497: 13490: 13483:Fortson 2004 13449:Lincoln 1976 13444: 13437:Watkins 1995 13432: 13425:Watkins 1995 13359:Watkins 1995 13354: 13342: 13335:Fortson 2004 13330: 13323:Jackson 2002 13318: 13306: 13294: 13286: 13282: 13277: 13269: 13251: 13242: 13223: 13200:. Retrieved 13195: 13191: 13163: 13151: 13139: 13112: 13100: 13093:Fortson 2004 13088: 13061: 13049: 13037: 13014: 13006: 12994: 12971:Gylfaginning 12969: 12963: 12959: 12911: 12903: 12891: 12881: 12875: 12871: 12859: 12847: 12835: 12823: 12814: 12810: 12804: 12792: 12780: 12757: 12750: 12740: 12736: 12723: 12715: 12707: 12700:Jackson 2002 12685:Jackson 2002 12680: 12651: 12639: 12631: 12626: 12614: 12605: 12595: 12583:. Retrieved 12578: 12574: 12532: 12487:Dumézil 1966 12482: 12470: 12458: 12446: 12434: 12422: 12410: 12403:Fortson 2004 12398: 12386: 12374: 12362: 12350: 12343:Treimer 1971 12304: 12297:Derksen 2008 12292: 12255:Jackson 2002 12250: 12238: 12226: 12214: 12202: 12190: 12178: 12154: 12127: 12115: 12103: 12096:Jackson 2002 12091: 12084:Jackson 2002 12079: 12052: 12040: 12028: 12001: 11928:, p. 6. 11926:Lincoln 1991 11921: 11912: 11896:. Springer. 11892: 11885: 11850: 11843: 11834: 11830: 11817: 11800: 11796: 11790: 11778: 11766: 11757: 11753: 11747: 11735: 11723: 11716:Jackson 2002 11700: 11695: 11683: 11675: 11671: 11666: 11654: 11612: 11600: 11593:Parpola 2015 11588: 11576: 11564: 11552: 11537: 11532: 11511: 11503: 11495: 11490: 11463: 11451: 11439: 11432:Fortson 2004 11408: 11396: 11384: 11372: 11360: 11351: 11345: 11333: 11283: 11275: 11253: 11246:Burkert 1985 11226: 11204:Jackson 2002 11199: 11177:Fortson 2004 11172: 11143: 11131: 11119: 11077: 11065: 11053: 11041: 11012: 11000: 10988: 10981:Lincoln 1991 10976: 10964: 10952: 10940: 10928: 10901: 10889: 10874: 10866: 10847: 10841: 10834:Lincoln 1991 10829: 10802: 10790: 10778: 10766: 10751: 10746: 10717: 10690: 10684: 10676: 10661: 10654: 10635: 10631: 10621: 10606: 10602: 10585: 10567: 10563: 10546: 10542: 10531: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10487: 10460: 10452: 10438: 10432: 10413: 10403: 10384: 10378: 10371:Lincoln 1976 10366: 10359:Lincoln 1975 10354: 10342: 10335:Lincoln 1976 10330: 10318: 10311:Lincoln 1975 10306: 10299:Lincoln 1975 10294: 10282: 10270: 10258: 10241: 10207:Lincoln 1976 10202: 10180:Lincoln 1976 10163:Lincoln 1976 10158: 10151:Anthony 2007 10146: 10139:Lincoln 1975 10134: 10127:Lincoln 1975 10122: 10110: 10098: 10086: 10060:Anthony 2007 10033:Lincoln 1976 10028: 10021:Leeming 2009 10016: 10009:Lincoln 1975 10004: 9999:are debated. 9973:Anthony 2007 9959: 9932: 9888: 9879: 9869: 9860: 9840: 9833: 9824: 9794:Anthony 2007 9774: 9762: 9750: 9738: 9726: 9625: 9617: 9612:, p. 4. 9590: 9583:Dumézil 1986 9578: 9570: 9565: 9553: 9541: 9482: 9421: 9367: 9363: 9355: 9347: 9342: 9328: 9315: 9294: 9277: 9267: 9259: 9250: 9238: 9233: 9213: 9208: 9196: 9168: 9075: 9065: 9057: 9049: 9042:Hittite laws 9023: 9017: 9010: 8962: 8945: 8923: 8915: 8903: 8874: 8871:"Mead cycle" 8842: 8824: 8805:Ulster Cycle 8801: 8761: 8734:Divine Twins 8685:Ynglingasaga 8683: 8680: 8651: 8638: 8615: 8599: 8595: 8587: 8556: 8538: 8529: 8522: 8492:Christianity 8481: 8450: 8432:knight hero 8359: 8324: 8310: 8288: 8256: 8238: 8215: 8208:slaying the 8189: 8180: 8176: 8160: 8137: 8072: 8059:Quetzalcoatl 8055:Tezcatlipoca 7970:Yu the Great 7620: 7598:sea serpents 7577:Drachenkampf 7576: 7568: 7507: 7490: 7451: 7423: 7407: 7374: 7354: 7348: 7337: 7326: 7318: 7317: 7259: 7245: 7243: 7240:Love goddess 7214: 7205: 7171: 7162: 7155: 7147: 7139: 7131: 7122: 7120:Indo-Iranian 7109: 7100: 7075: 7073: 7057: 7051: 7040: 7034: 7014:Gylfaginning 7012: 7006: 7004: 6944: 6928: 6927:In Hesiod's 6926: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6886: 6835: 6823: 6778: 6746: 6743:Cattle deity 6719: 6698: 6684: 6680: 6673: 6669: 6647: 6637: 6630:Indo-Iranian 6625:H₂w(e)h₁-nt- 6606: 6588:Wind deities 6581: 6531: 6491: 6462: 6430: 6371: 6368:Indo-Iranian 6363: 6349: 6343: 6333: 6327: 6322: 6309: 6289:purification 6273:god of light 6221: 6200:stelae from 6161: 6157: 6142:Uguns (māte) 6141: 6137: 6134:Early modern 6129: 6127:Balto-Slavic 6098: 6073:Fire deities 6031: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5957: 5933: 5930: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5873:dʰǵʰem-māter 5847: 5814: 5802:Divine Twins 5797:Dyḗws Ph₂tḗr 5780: 5773:Tellus Mater 5747:Dyḗws Ph₂tḗr 5729: 5720:Earth Mother 5707: 5703:tree spirits 5688: 5660:, the Roman 5605: 5578:, the Indic 5573: 5526: 5517:Mitra-Varuna 5474: 5470: 5463: 5448: 5433: 5418: 5410:Dyḗws Ph₂tḗr 5404: 5401:, New York). 5378: 5375:Divine Twins 5369:Divine Twins 5364: 5350: 5330: 5309:Sun and Moon 5294: 5283:Mater Matuta 5256: 5229: 5197:Dawn Goddess 5190:Dyḗws Ph₂tḗr 5184:attas Isanus 5183: 5179: 5151:Dyḗws Ph₂tḗr 5146: 5135:Indo-Iranian 5131: 5115:Divine Twins 5111: 5108: 5103:Dyḗws Ph₂tḗr 5097: 5037: 5024: 5011: 4992:Divine Twins 4843:Daylight-Sky 4842: 4808: 4795: 4774:Divine Twins 4689: 4673:Daylight-Sky 4672: 4649: 4647: 4611: 4544: 4521: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4464:), Sanskrit 4444: 4426: 4406:, the Dawn, 4389:, the Irish 4385:, the Roman 4369: 4365: 4353: 4348: 4337: 4332:The archaic 4331: 4305: 4298: 4292: 4278: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4196: 4142: 4124: 4092: 4072: 4065: 4045: 4041: 4032: 4017: 4003: 4001: 3992: 3991:nēbis dēgan 3990: 3956: 3946:in obedience 3945: 3942: 3938: 3921: 3905: 3900: 3893: 3886: 3879: 3863: 3859: 3850: 3835: 3816: 3813:Cosmic order 3800: 3782: 3773: 3741: 3736:- under the 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3712: 3703:(from PGmc. 3671: 3628: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3556: 3536: 3532:tripartition 3508: 3470: 3436:Indo-Iranian 3419:human beings 3415:Divine Twins 3379: 3372: 3354: 3344: 3335: 3327: 3319: 3313: 3251: 3222: 3196: 3168: 3152: 3141: 3130: 3124: 3042: 3023:proposed by 3014: 2998: 2967: 2960:Portrait of 2943:Chalcolithic 2940: 2890:Indo-Iranian 2887: 2875:two brothers 2864: 2860:Graeco-Aryan 2809:Divine Twins 2805:dawn goddess 2792:earth mother 2773:Dyḗws Ph₂tḗr 2759: 2730: 2729: 2620:Culture hero 2464:West African 2402:Proto-Uralic 2396: 2244:Californian 2200:Mesopotamian 1876: 1824: 1817: 1810: 1803: 1796: 1790:Publications 1789: 1775: 1756: 1710: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1575:Paleo-Balkan 1565: 1564: 1552: 1551: 1493: 1492: 1448: 1447: 1435: 1412: 1405: 1388:Greater Iran 1381: 1380: 1369: 1368: 1332: 1331: 1319: 1318: 1261:Paleo-Balkan 1226:Celtiberians 1205: 1204: 1187: 1186: 1174: 1173: 1161: 1160: 1089: 1088: 1076: 1075: 1053: 1052: 1040: 1039: 1009: 1008: 951: 950: 928: 927: 890: 889: 852: 851: 827: 826: 814: 813: 801: 800: 742:Bug–Dniester 706: 705: 618: 571:Gothic Bible 487:Proto-Baltic 483:Proto-Slavic 468:Proto-Italic 464:Proto-Celtic 427: 382: 370:Italo-Celtic 365:Indo-Hittite 355:Graeco-Aryan 328:Hypothetical 327: 292: 227:Paleo-Balkan 209: 166:Indo-Iranian 121:Balto-Slavic 94: 26: 17971: [ 17517:Italo-Roman 17421:Ausar Auset 17189:Micronesian 16980:Gallo-Roman 16830:Anglo-Saxon 16628:Satsana Phi 16512:Momolianism 16416:Historical 16397:Panentheism 16090:Nasal infix 16007:Grassmann's 15992:Brugmann's 15794:: 175–184. 15314:(1): 4–20. 15100:February 9, 13917:Puhvel 1987 13905:Puhvel 1987 13890:Puhvel 1987 13819:Puhvel 1987 13778:Puhvel 1987 13754:Puhvel 1987 13742:Puhvel 1987 13703:Puhvel 1987 13660:Witzel 2012 13311:Puhvel 1987 12712:Jaan Puhvel 12644:Puhvel 1987 12619:Beekes 2009 11754:Die Sprache 11740:Haudry 1987 11688:Beekes 2009 11377:Puhvel 1987 11136:Beekes 2011 10957:Haudry 1987 10933:Puhvel 1987 10552:śáṃca yóśca 10465:Beekes 2009 10091:Polomé 1986 9965:Puhvel 1987 9952:Polomé 1986 9779:Puhvel 1987 9767:Puhvel 1987 9755:Puhvel 1987 9743:Puhvel 1987 9731:Puhvel 1987 9719:Puhvel 1987 9704:Puhvel 1987 9558:Puhvel 1987 9546:Puhvel 1987 9519:Puhvel 1987 9441:Puhvel 1987 9287:Sea of Azov 9093:King Arthur 9062:Jaan Puhvel 8890:Jörmungandr 8849:King Arthur 8813:Cú Chulainn 8763:Jaan Puhvel 8627:Rhea Silvia 8601:The Odyssey 8541:Andrew Lang 8539:Folklorist 8372:(and later 8303:Jörmungandr 8156:thunder-god 7952:Baʿal Hadad 7943:Baʿal Hadad 7934:Baʿal Hadad 7749:Jörmungandr 7636:Sea serpent 7097:Welfare god 6958:literature. 6897:Atharvaveda 6813:Old Russian 6748:Jaan Puhvel 6701:The Slavic 6697:, or Welsh 6632:tradition. 6391:Amphidromia 6370:god named * 6358:reported a 6301:agriculture 6230:, from PIE 6196:610-550 BC 6152:attest the 6062:stanayitnú- 5908:Pṛthvī Mātā 5888:Pleth₂-wih₁ 5752:Old English 5630:Vedic India 5477:Anglo-Saxon 5459:); and the 5434:Divó nápātā 5381:Horse Twins 5295:Ôstarmânôth 5218:from South 5180:Debess tēvs 5172:Dei-Pátrous 5012:The Oak-God 4526:Ahura Mazdā 4424:, the Sun. 4351:; Sanskrit 4326:Ardashir II 4322:Zoroastrian 4287:Śvetadvīpam 4250:Jean Haudry 4193:Eschatology 4051:śáṃca yóśca 4030:'s poetry. 4026:goddess in 4024:demiurgical 3982:, the root 3884:Tocharian A 3882:('joint'); 3855:('order'); 3676:Zoroastrian 3672:Manūš.čiθra 3351:Ginnungagap 3258:Jaan Puhvel 3227:Finno-Ugric 2990:Jean Haudry 2839:weather god 2831:solar deity 2219:Algonquian 2205:Micronesian 2098:Anglo-Saxon 1921:Mythologies 1903:characters. 1668:Continental 1661:Anglo-Saxon 1364:Middle Ages 1314:Middle Ages 1169:Indo-Aryans 1162:Indo-Aryans 969:Bell Beaker 964:Corded ware 860:Corded ware 749:Sredny Stog 694:Archaeology 474:Proto-Greek 454:Proto-Norse 18228:Polytheism 18192:Categories 18147:Sacrifices 18117:Otherworld 18074:Characters 17870:Witchcraft 17853:World tree 17791:Orthopraxy 17640:Stregheria 17587:Udmurt Vos 17550:Burkhanism 17458:Dievturība 17436:Mexicayotl 17204:Polynesian 17184:Melanesian 17179:Australian 17097:Babylonian 16911:Lusitanian 16906:Gallaecian 16896:Cantabrian 16872:Eleusinian 16786:Circassian 16782:Caucasian 16771:Lithuanian 16688:Sanamahism 16668:Donyi-Polo 16529:Philippine 16507:Kaharingan 16492:Vietnamese 16407:Polytheism 16154:Vocabulary 16058:Morphology 15978:*kʷetwóres 15962:Sound laws 15863:6015346838 15775:1509068735 15459:1629401850 15442:2263/58405 12817:: 117–136. 12379:Tirta 2004 12355:Tirta 2004 10559:yusi(iy)os 9384:References 9350:*prihxeha- 9346:"The word 9269:Bundahishn 9050:aśva-medhá 8959:Sacrifices 8936:Priesthood 8865:Hippolytus 8742:Trojan War 8700:) and the 8588:sǣvar niþr 8572:Apám Nápát 8570:, the god 8478:, 11th C. 8446:Dian Cecht 8434:Făt-Frumos 8161:Chaoskampf 8146:slaying a 8076:Christian- 7916:Făt-Frumos 7884:Aži Dahāka 7570:Chaoskampf 7552:*H₂n̥gʷʰis 7532:Chaoskampf 7487:Mātariśvan 7483:Prometheus 7478:Promāth₂ew 7298:Pamphylian 7201:h₂eryo-men 7105:h₂eryo-men 7036:Rhyme Poem 6844:and Welsh 6833:("howl"). 6618:H₂weh₁-yú- 6515:Apám Nápát 6485:, Iranian 6401:See also: 6393:ceremony. 6312:word taboo 6295:) and the 6091:statue of 6026:parkūn(y)a 6020:sound laws 5927:*Perkʷūnos 5912:Fīra Mōdor 5850:, and the 5782:Saturnalia 5632:, as both 5553:and Vedic 5465:Dieva dēli 5446:Lithuanian 5166:Dyáus Pitā 5086:on a gold 5065:Sky Father 4636:; gods of 4628:, and his 4560:(feminine 4450:Old Norse 4379:migrations 4368:; English 4300:Tír na nÓg 4294:Hyperborea 4255:axis mundi 4179:red-figure 4145:Otherworld 4104:Otherworld 4085:Otherworld 4079:Otherworld 4058:yusi(iy)os 3934:dʰeh₁-men- 3529:Dumézilian 3407:Sky-Father 3304:Cosmic Egg 3223:axis mundi 3219:world-tree 2980:, and the 2879:Otherworld 2873:involving 2835:moon deity 2653:Euhemerism 2459:Vietnamese 2392:Polynesian 2387:Philippine 2365:Talamancan 2195:Melanesian 2165:Lusitanian 2135:Indonesian 1996:Cantabrian 1961:Lithuanian 1776:Institutes 1696:Lithuanian 1450:Indo-Aryan 1436:Historical 1370:Indo-Aryan 1327:Tocharians 1241:Cimmerians 1119:Bronze Age 1010:South Asia 884:Bronze Age 822:Afanasievo 626:Mainstream 390:Vocabulary 310:Sound laws 172:Indo-Aryan 18101:H₂n̥gʷʰis 18050:Smith God 18030:H1n̥gʷnis 18003:Perkwunos 17821:Sacrifice 17816:Holy well 17784:Mythology 17767:Stone row 17577:Hungarian 17507:Hellenism 17502:Heathenry 17470:Caucasian 17432:American 17426:Godianism 17387:movements 17119:Canaanite 17022:Hungarian 16990:Mithraism 16921:Camunnian 16862:Hero cult 16729:Anatolian 16643:Benzhuism 16638:Bathouism 16566:Dravidian 16497:Indonesia 16467:Mongolian 16402:Pantheism 16132:Particles 16027:Sievers's 16017:Pinault's 16012:Osthoff's 15929:Phonology 15736:(1966) , 15652:: 25–46. 15451:132645296 15275:2585-9145 15045:0092-2323 14776:. Brill. 14664:162286120 14627:162101898 14355:. Brill. 14243:. Brill. 14139:West 2007 13807:West 2007 13795:West 2007 13766:West 2007 13597:West 2007 13534:West 2007 13410:West 2007 13380:West 2007 13202:20 August 13198:: 265–278 13156:West 2007 13144:West 2007 13081:West 2007 13054:West 2007 13042:West 2007 13030:West 2007 12999:West 2007 12987:West 2007 12952:West 2007 12929:West 2007 12896:West 2007 12864:West 2007 12852:West 2007 12797:West 2007 12785:West 2007 12673:West 2007 12585:18 August 12581:: 483–496 12554:West 2007 12475:West 2007 12463:West 2007 12451:West 2007 12439:West 2007 12427:West 2007 12415:West 2007 12328:West 2007 12270:York 1988 12219:West 2007 12195:West 2007 12163:West 2007 12132:West 2007 12120:West 2007 12108:West 2007 12072:West 2007 12057:West 2007 12045:West 2007 12033:West 2007 12021:West 2007 12006:West 2007 11973:West 2007 11956:West 2007 11941:West 2007 11771:West 2007 11659:West 2007 11647:West 2007 11617:West 2007 11605:West 2007 11581:West 2007 11569:West 2007 11557:West 2007 11483:West 2007 11468:West 2007 11456:West 2007 11444:West 2007 11413:West 2007 11365:West 2007 11338:West 2007 11288:West 2007 11274:(Hittite 11258:West 2007 11231:West 2007 11192:West 2007 11165:West 2007 11148:West 2007 11124:West 2007 11112:West 2007 11097:West 2007 11082:West 2007 11058:West 2007 11046:West 2007 11005:West 2007 10993:West 2007 10969:West 2007 10807:West 2007 10795:West 2007 10783:West 2007 10771:West 2007 10722:West 2007 10547:yaož -dā- 10347:West 2007 10275:West 2007 10222:West 2007 10115:West 2007 10103:West 2007 9997:Thraētona 9977:West 2007 9937:West 2007 9925:West 2007 9893:West 2007 9844:. Brill. 9817:West 2007 9610:West 2007 9504:West 2007 9376:‘wife’)." 9283:Black Sea 9239:Managarmr 9201:West 2007 9129:Herodotus 9097:Excalibur 9085:Nart saga 9066:Epomeduos 9054:Old Indic 9025:Aśvamedhá 8916:*gʷʰn̥tós 8844:Shāhnāmeh 8658:could be 8428:, by the 8390:kulshedra 8350:Illuyanka 8309:. In the 8226:Illuyanka 8080:mythology 7978:Gong Gong 7880:Θraētaona 7812:Ullikummi 7794:Illuyanka 7722:Kulshedra 7704:Herensuge 7654:Leviathan 7628:Perkwunos 7491:pra math- 7447:Lūa Mater 7357:*PriHyéh₂ 7349:In Latin 7329:*PriHyéh₂ 7293:pe-re-wa₂ 7284:Aphrodite 7211:Smith god 7187:Cruithnig 7179:Milesians 7136:Old Irish 7087:Sudjenice 7064:bracteate 7031:Valkyries 7027:Yggdrasil 6779:In 1855, 6716:*Péh₂usōn 6634:Vayu-Vāta 6487:Ahuraīnīs 6479:Korrigans 6454:Donbettyr 6356:Herodotus 6318:h₁n̥gʷnis 6253:Illyrians 6247:word for 6234:h₁n̥gʷnis 6104:h₁n̥gʷnis 6079:H₁n̥gʷnis 6053:epiclesis 5987:Hercynian 5966:Perkʷunos 5934:Perkʷunos 5844:Aeschylus 5777:Macrobius 5691:animistic 5507:Manawydan 5499:Naharvali 5453:Ašvieniai 5226:, Munich. 5092:Lampsacus 5008:Perkwunos 4644:Genealogy 4630:twin sons 4374:animistic 4344:h₁n̥gʷnis 4306:Ódáinsakr 4203:archdemon 4098:ǵerh₂ont- 4089:*Ḱérberos 4063:Old Irish 3738:influence 3411:Storm-God 3374:The Birds 3233:Cosmogony 3193:Cosmology 3171:Scythians 3169:Although 3163:Pre-Greek 3045:dualistic 2845:Perkʷunos 2685:Symbolism 2625:Folk hero 2525:Creatures 2520:Creations 2344:Puebloan 2228:Blackfoot 2130:Hungarian 1981:Brazilian 1912:Mythology 1711:Practices 1530:Yarsanism 1340:Albanians 1320:East Asia 1307:Scythians 1299:Phrygians 1292:Paeonians 1285:Illyrians 1271:Thracians 1188:East Asia 1139:Armenians 1066:Hallstatt 1048:Chernoles 989:Terramare 979:Trzciniec 946:Sintashta 941:Andronovo 842:Cernavodă 815:East Asia 770:Khvalynsk 510:Philology 420:Particles 306:Phonology 247:Liburnian 222:Tocharian 217:Anatolian 186:Nuristani 79:Languages 18223:Paganism 18096:Ḱérberos 18060:PriHyéh₂ 17752:Megalith 17742:Idolatry 17737:Folklore 17567:Estonian 17522:Kemetism 17497:Canarian 17448:Armenian 17417:African 17336:Malagasy 17306:Dahomean 17284:Bushongo 17229:Tahitian 17224:Rapa Nui 17214:Hawaiian 17102:Sumerian 17080:Egyptian 17002:Scythian 16963:Thracian 16958:Illyrian 16926:Ligurian 16835:Frankish 16825:Germanic 16820:Etruscan 16796:Ossetian 16791:Georgian 16751:Armenian 16744:Phrygian 16724:Albanian 16710:European 16678:Kiratism 16598:Ryukyuan 16556:Hinduism 16502:Parmalim 16487:Sarnaism 16472:Tengrism 16424:extinct) 16376:Paganism 16309:See also 16263:Theories 16137:Pronouns 16127:Numerals 16121:Nominals 15968:boukólos 15957:s-mobile 15855:41691707 15819:20557325 15771:ProQuest 15750:(1919), 15670:(1925). 15525:40988730 15504:43998720 15455:ProQuest 15350:44028390 15320:41288919 15265:" . In: 15204:40848835 15165:43233814 15112:(2018). 15010:(2012). 14965:(2007). 14941:(1995). 14866:(1987). 14842:(1987). 14794:(2015). 14770:(2009). 14725:(1997). 14695:(1991). 14557:(2009). 14539:Penelope 14459:(1987). 14421:(2004). 14397:(1986). 14373:(1966). 14328:(2003). 14306:(1985). 14282:(1973). 14237:(2009). 13250:(2008). 12913:Theogony 12731:(1855). 11354:: 13–28. 10598:dhéh₁tis 10538:yew(e)s- 10240:(1979). 9624:(1999). 9358:*prihxós 9304:Verðandi 9226:Messapic 9147:See also 9133:Scythian 9117:Durandal 9038:stallion 8775:Gleipnir 8704:(led by 8692:(led by 8640:findemna 8580:Nechtain 8527:Ugaritic 8519:Akkadian 8430:Romanian 8418:Armenian 8374:Garshasp 8370:Fereydun 8323:and, in 8279:Heracles 8263:Heracles 8258:Theogony 8206:Heracles 8169:Ragnarök 8063:Cipactli 8023:Nehebkau 7974:Xiangliu 7954:vs. the 7898:Garshasp 7837:vs. the 7835:Heracles 7661:vs. the 7634:vs. the 7559:Part of 7456:H₃r̥bʰew 7335:Sanskrit 7290:theonym 7282:, Greek 7273:Sanskrit 7271:for the 7248:PriHyéh₂ 7224:' bolt; 7168:Airyaman 7101:The god 7039:70, and 6999:Achilles 6983:Lachesis 6946:Republic 6937:Lachesis 6929:Theogony 6916:and the 6854:Poseidon 6846:Rhiannon 6840:, Irish 6811:and the 6736:Péh₂usōn 6672:, Lith. 6666:cognates 6662:Parjanya 6573:Trih₂tōn 6567:Dniester 6523:Nechtain 6519:Neptūnus 6503:Neptonos 6360:Scythian 6297:ancestor 6279:and the 6249:Thursday 6245:Albanian 6210:swastika 6163:Svarožič 6057:Parjanya 6036:(s)tenh₂ 6016:Parjánya 5991:Herkynío 5979:Perkūnas 5960:cognates 5949:Parjanya 5945:Perkūnas 5867:Messapic 5865:) and a 5862:gʰem-elā 5856:Thracian 5852:chthonic 5816:Cognates 5726:*Dʰéǵʰōm 5646:Centaurs 5636:'s wife 5617:Diuōneh₂ 5592:Saturnus 5575:Theogony 5492:Germanic 5419:Dioscuri 5203:*H₂éwsōs 5082:head of 4861:Diuōneh₂ 4608:Pantheon 4602:Silvanus 4598:Volcanus 4594:Neptunus 4590:Perkūnas 4274:twilight 4227:, Irish 4223:, Roman 4213:, Irish 4209:, Roman 4182:lekythos 4163:kérberos 4149:Cerberus 4138:Iron Age 4125:tarentum 4119:Vaitarna 4061:seen in 4046:yaož-dā- 4037:yew(e)s- 4006:təmåscā? 4000:formula 3943:activity 3891:Armenian 3726:*Yemonos 3649:Hinduism 3630:Cognates 3591:bisexual 3440:pastoral 3413:and the 3369:Tartarus 3278:cognates 3029:clerical 2926:Albanian 2922:Armenian 2883:watchdog 2854:Péh₂usōn 2766:cognates 2762:pantheon 2690:Theology 2658:Folklore 2637:See also 2497:National 2487:Creation 2412:Romanian 2372:Ossetian 2360:Selk'nam 2328:Ho-Chunk 2300:Iroquois 2175:Malagasy 2145:Japanese 2083:Frankish 2078:Germanic 2073:Georgian 2058:Etruscan 2053:Estonian 2043:Egyptian 2021:Scottish 1986:Buddhist 1965:Prussian 1938:Armenian 1928:Albanian 1757:Scholars 1655:Germanic 1626:Scottish 1591:Thracian 1585:Illyrian 1579:Albanian 1567:European 1560:Armenian 1544:Ossetian 1538:Scythian 1523:Yazidism 1473:Buddhism 1464:Hinduism 1355:Norsemen 1265:Anatolia 1182:Iranians 1175:Iranians 1156:Iron Age 1131:Hittites 1084:Colchian 1077:Caucasus 1035:Iron Age 1004:Lusatian 999:Urnfield 923:Srubnaya 918:Poltavka 908:Catacomb 847:Cucuteni 802:Caucasus 619:Religion 604:Homeland 546:Behistun 526:Linear B 415:Numerals 410:Pronouns 335:Balkanic 282:Thracian 275:Phrygian 268:Paeonian 254:Messapic 240:Illyrian 152:Hellenic 147:Germanic 116:Armenian 108:Albanian 102:Albanoid 53:a series 51:Part of 18040:Pehuson 18025:Dʰéǵʰōm 18020:Meh₁not 18010:H₂éwsōs 17968:Deities 17722:Tumulus 17650:Druidry 17582:Mordvin 17572:Finnish 17537:Semitic 17485:Uatsdin 17346:Odinani 17326:Lugbara 17194:Nauruan 17131:Persian 17126:Iranian 17114:Arabian 17109:Semitic 17075:Hurrian 16943:Nuragic 16931:Umbrian 16917:Italic 16891:Iberian 16801:Vainakh 16766:Latvian 16734:Hittite 16663:Burmese 16648:Bimoism 16583:Punjabi 16551:Chinese 16534:Tagalog 16519:Kejawèn 16392:Animism 16214:Origins 16047:Weise's 16037:Stang's 16022:Siebs's 15547:". In: 15299:. DOI: 15287:". In: 15277:. DOI: 15175:". In: 14656:1062296 14545:6 April 14502:3270472 12965:Völuspá 12883:Odyssey 11837:(2): 2. 11760:: 1–26. 10709:8900320 10591:dhāman- 10494:h₂értus 10250:6917651 9330:Macbeth 9285:or the 9265:Pahlavi 9222:Gaulish 9218:Venetic 9105:Gandiva 9089:Batradz 9082:Ossetic 8982:h₁óitos 8924:*deywṓs 8910:shamans 8906:priests 8900:Rituals 8861:Theseus 8853:Mordred 8841:of the 8837:in the 8787:leprosy 8783:Ahriman 8779:Jamshid 8722:Sabines 8718:Romulus 8660:cognate 8631:Eochaid 8623:Numitor 8606:Proteus 8592:kenning 8567:Rigveda 8517:of the 8515:cognate 8488:Judaism 8484:Genesis 8461:Susanoo 8406:bogatyr 8386:drangue 8364:and in 8346:Sarruma 8342:Tarhunt 8326:Beowulf 8307:Midgard 8255:in the 8222:Tarhunt 8148:serpent 7862:Krishna 7790:Tarhunt 7718:Drangue 7668:Gabriel 7602:dragons 7521:Marutás 7512:Māwort- 7495:Bhrigus 7461:Orpheus 7430:Anahita 7410:Priapus 7384:Perendi 7377:*wenh₁- 7263:*PriHtu 7228:'s and 7220:'s and 7152:Aryaman 7144:Gaulish 7115:h₂eryos 7042:Guthlac 7008:Völuspá 6987:Atropos 6941:Atropos 6922:Klothes 6918:Odyssey 6862:Saranyu 6850:Demeter 6824:rullus, 6797:cognate 6765:Velnias 6683:, Lat. 6678:Toch. B 6670:huwant- 6563:Dnieper 6537:Deh₂nu- 6442:Apsarás 6419:in the 6407:*Deh₂nu 6386:h₁w-es- 6372:Tapatī, 6331:Avestan 6281:rituals 6261:deified 6240:e enjte 6198:Daunian 6130:*ungnis 6120:Rigveda 6045:Taranis 5999:per-en- 5995:Perëndi 5971:Fjǫrgyn 5897:Litavis 5882:Demeter 5848:Danaids 5840:Ouranos 5812:alone. 5765:Ouranos 5739:Dʰéǵʰōm 5638:Indrānī 5551:Ouranos 5542:Werunos 5535:Worunos 5488:Timaeus 5480:Hengist 5461:Latvian 5429:"; the 5387:h₁éḱwos 5344:Meh₁not 5259:Rigveda 5234:H₂éusōs 5158:Rigveda 5127:Jupiter 5021:Dhéǵhōm 4686:Dhéǵhōm 4622:Sky-god 4580:Wōðanaz 4569:Ouranos 4519:Avestan 4497:dʰéǵʰōm 4474:Avestan 4432:*deywós 4411:Dʰéǵʰōm 4402:H₂éwsōs 4395:Anahita 4364:(Greek 4347:(Latin 4313:Deities 4266:liminal 4211:Tarquin 4155:Śárvara 4129:Hermóðr 3952:h₂értus 3848:Avestan 3833:Hittite 3821:h₂értus 3750:Romulus 3742:Rōmulus 3707:Jumijaz 3691:Avestan 3659:: * 3479:serpent 3356:Völuspá 3346:Rigveda 3202:dʰéǵʰōm 3183:Papaios 3132:Rigveda 3037:farmers 3033:warrior 2947:deities 2918:Hittite 2825:Meh₁not 2799:H₂éwsōs 2786:Dʰéǵʰōm 2739:deities 2575:Sources 2560:Objects 2548:Culture 2544:Heroes 2530:Deities 2449:Tibetan 2382:Persian 2280:Guarani 2270:Choctaw 2265:Chilote 2223:Abenaki 2160:Lugbara 2140:Italian 2125:Hittite 2115:Guanche 2063:Finnish 2048:English 2033:Chinese 2011:Cornish 1991:Catalan 1957:Latvian 1933:Arabian 1897:Unicode 1689:Latvian 1647:Cornish 1517:Kurdish 1503:Persian 1495:Iranian 1487:Sikhism 1480:Jainism 1443:Hittite 1382:Iranian 1278:Dacians 1071:Jastorf 994:Tumulus 974:Únětice 903:Yamnaya 898:Chariot 836:Usatovo 777:Yamnaya 614:Society 598:Origins 531:Rigveda 383:Grammar 210:Extinct 200:Romance 179:Iranian 44:1600 BC 18110:Motifs 18065:Welnos 18055:Deh₂nu 18015:Seh₂ul 17973:simple 17865:Virtue 17826:animal 17806:Ritual 17762:Menhir 17757:Dolmen 17562:Uralic 17542:Slavic 17532:Romani 17492:Celtic 17475:Abkhaz 17463:Romuva 17453:Baltic 17403:Ethnic 17361:Somali 17331:Maasai 17234:Tongan 17199:Papuan 17138:Berber 17085:Nubian 17012:Uralic 17007:Slavic 16975:Cybele 16953:Dacian 16938:Minoan 16901:Castro 16877:Orphic 16840:Gothic 16808:Celtic 16778:Basque 16756:Baltic 16739:Lydian 16673:Heraka 16603:Korean 16593:Shinto 16578:Kalash 16541:Marapu 16477:Turkic 16462:Manchu 16457:Altaic 16205:(IEED) 16189:(LIPP) 16147:copula 16105:Vṛddhi 16065:Ablaut 15937:Accent 15861: 15853: 15834: 15817: 15773: 15722: 15703: 15610: 15581: 15523: 15502: 15457: 15449: 15406: 15375: 15348: 15318: 15295: 15273: 15257:(1–2). 15229: 15219: 15202: 15163: 15145:wékwos 15043: 15020: 14996: 14975: 14951: 14916: 14897: 14876: 14852: 14828: 14804: 14780: 14756: 14735: 14707: 14681: 14662: 14654: 14625: 14591: 14567: 14522: 14500: 14469: 14429: 14407: 14383: 14359: 14338: 14314: 14292: 14268: 14247: 14223: 14202: 14180: 14119: 14078: 13969: 13631: 13505: 13230: 12908:Hesiod 12768: 11900: 11858: 11544: 11520: 10881: 10854: 10758: 10707: 10697: 10669: 10638:: 70. 10586:thémis 10581:dhéh₁- 10522:arəta- 10445: 10420: 10391: 10248: 9848: 9632: 9337:1606). 9141:Alanic 9121:Roland 9109:Bronze 9101:Arjuna 9078:dagger 9046:suffix 8886:Vāsuki 8835:Sohrab 8831:Rostam 8809:Connla 8771:Fenrir 8730:Aśvins 8714:Njörðr 8710:Freyja 8645:Gefjun 8619:Yayāti 8584:Vahagn 8534:Tiamat 8453:Shinto 8442:Celtic 8426:Vishap 8422:Vahagn 8394:Slavic 8384:, the 8378:Zahhak 8321:Fafnir 8317:Sigurd 8293:. 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