269:, Randolph Roth charts changes in the character and incidence of homicide in the U.S. from colonial times to the present. Roth argues that the United States is distinctive in its level of violence among unrelated adults—friends, acquaintances, and strangers. America was extraordinarily homicidal in the mid-seventeenth century, but it became relatively non-homicidal by the mid-eighteenth century, even in the slave South; and by the early nineteenth century, rates in the North and the mountain South were extremely low. But the homicide rate rose substantially among unrelated adults in the slave South after the American Revolution; and it skyrocketed across the United States from the late 1840s through the mid-1870s, while rates in most other Western nations held steady or fell. That surge—and all subsequent increases in the homicide rate—correlated closely with four distinct phenomena: political instability; a loss of government legitimacy; a loss of fellow-feeling among members of society caused by racial, religious, or political antagonism; and a loss of faith in the social hierarchy. Those four factors, Roth argues, best explain why homicide rates have gone up and down in the United States and in other Western nations over the past four centuries, and why the United States is today the most homicidal affluent nation.
219:. His argument is that Southerners were in tension, possibly due to poor Whites being marginalized by rich Whites, free and enslaved Blacks being denied basic rights, and rich and politically empowered Whites having their power threatened by Northern politicians pushing for more federal control of the South, especially over
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to show that violence largely accompanies perceptions of political weakness and the inability to advance oneself in society. Roth also shows that although the South was "obsessed with honor" in the mid-18th century, there was relatively little homicide. Barring under-reported crime against some
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Laboratory research has demonstrated that men in honor cultures perceive interpersonal threats more readily than do men in other cultures, including increases in cortisol and testosterone levels following insults. In culture-of-honor states, high school students were found to be more likely to
215:(2009), states that the idea of a culture of honor is oversimplified. He argues that the violence often committed by Southerners resulted from social tensions. He hypothesizes that when people feel that they are denied social success or the means to attain it, they will be more
72:. Herds, unlike crops, are vulnerable to theft because they are mobile and there is little government ability to deter such theft. The theory holds that developing a reputation for violent retribution against those who stole herd animals was one way to discourage
208:. He proposes that this propensity has been transferred to other ethnic groups by shared culture, whence it can be traced to different urban populations of the United States. However, honor cultures were and are widely prevalent in Africa and many other places.
27:", that is, a culture where people avoid intentionally offending others, and maintain a reputation for not accepting improper conduct by others. A theory as to why the American South had or may have had this culture is an assumed regional belief in
223:. He argues that issues over honor just triggered the already present hostility, and that people took their frustration out through violent acts often on the surface over issues of honor. He draws historical records of violence across the U.S. and
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This thesis is limited, however, by modern evidence that a culture of honor in the
American South is strongest not in the hill country, where this thesis suggests it has its cultural origins, but in Southern lowlands. Critics argue that
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The "culture of honor" in the
Southern United States is hypothesized by some social scientists to have its roots in the livelihoods of the settlers who first inhabited the region. Unlike those from the densely populated
162:, "ndividuals (particularly Whites) living in honor states are at an especially high risk for committing suicide." This claim is reflected more broadly in statistics of suicide mortality rate by state, as states in the
145:, it is stated that women play a part in the culture, both "through their role in the socialization process, as well as active participation". By passing these ideas along to their children, they are taking part in
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Although "culture of honor" qualities have generally been associated with men in the southern United States, women in the region have also been involved, and even exhibited some of the same qualities. In
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bring a weapon to school in the past month and over a 20-year period, there were more than twice as many school shootings per capita. According to
Lindsey Osterman and Ryan Brown in
196:. He proposes that a Southern propensity for violence is inheritable by genetic changes wrought over generations living in traditional herding societies in
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Cohen, D., Nisbett, R. E., Bowdle, B. F., & Schwarz, N., "Insult, aggression, and the southern culture of honor: An "experimental ethnography." 70(5)
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Other theories point out that the culture of honor may have its roots in the settlement of the region by members of
British aristocratic families.
117:, depicting the rich and sophisticated Southern gentleman as a knightly Cavalier with a paternal responsibility towards those subservient to him.
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182:, makes a case for an enduring genetic basis for a "willingness to resort to violence" (citing especially the finding of high blood levels of
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particularly the chapter titled "Borderlands to the
Backcountry: The Flight from Middle Britain and Northern Ireland, 1717-1775"
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Brown, Ryan P., Osterman, Lindsey L., & Barnes, Collin D. "School
Violence and the Culture of Honor," 20(11)
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in the 19th century, might be the more relevant historical key drivers of this cultural phenomenon.
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http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-human-beast/200904/is-southern-violence-due-culture-honor
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Osterman, L. L. & Brown, R. P., "Culture of Honor and
Violence Against the Self," 37(12)
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at a time when social order was stable, a trend that reverses in the 19th century and later.
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of the South would codify their concepts of honor and gallantry under the code of
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Southern
Manhood: Perspectives on Masculinity in the Old South
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Culture of Honor: The
Psychology of Violence in the South
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Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the South
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http://www.simine.com/240/readings/Cohen_et_al_(2).pdf
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The Southern culture of honor includes a notion that
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16:Cultural attribute of the southern United States
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316:Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America
388:. “The Chivalric Tradition in the Old South.”
359:Friend, Craig Thompson; Glover, Lorri (2004).
160:Culture of Honor and Violence Against the Self
394:, vol. 108, no. 2, 2000, pp. 188–205. JSTOR,
133:. Southern gentlemen are also expected to be
465:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
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228:groups, low homicide may simply have been
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449:Nisbett, Richard E.; Cohen, Dov (1996).
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190:) in the four main chapters of his book
109:During the 19th Century the slaveowning
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292:Nisbett, R.E., & Cohen, D. (1996).
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166:have similarly high rates of suicide.
644:Culture of the Southern United States
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242:Guilt–shame–fear spectrum of cultures
21:culture of the Southern United States
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396:http://www.jstor.org/stable/27548832
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594:Roth, Randolph (30 October 2009).
137:toward women, in words and deeds.
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514:(last visited February 10, 2013).
494:(last visited February 10, 2013).
474:(last visited February 10, 2013).
453:. Colorado: Westview Press, Inc.
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411:"The Plantation & Chivalry"
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296:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
23:has been called a "culture of
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525:"Suicide Mortality by State"
217:prone to commit violent acts
178:, a professor of history at
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56:was settled by herders from
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563:Cambridge University Press
230:gentlemanly self-restraint
129:should not be insulted by
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639:Cross-cultural psychology
559:Honour in African History
602:Harvard University Press
447:Book reviews related to
419:. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
252:
565:, 2005. xxiv + 404 pp.
438:. Retrieved 12 May 2024
430:"The Virginia Cavalier"
398:. Accessed 12 May 2024.
329:Oxford University Press
211:Randolph Roth, in his
90:Second Great Awakening
54:Southern United States
485:Psychological Science
435:Encyclopedia Virginia
311:David Hackett Fischer
176:David Hackett Fischer
164:Western United States
103:Further information:
247:Southern hospitality
180:Brandeis University
147:social conditioning
507:1611-1623 (2011),
487:1400-1405 (2009),
391:The Sewanee Review
386:Genovese, Eugene D
74:theft of livestock
42:South East England
611:978-0-674-05454-7
597:American Homicide
579:978-0-521-83785-9
571:978-0-521-54685-0
267:American Homicide
213:American Homicide
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105:Southern chivalry
48:, who settled in
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70:West Country
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617:17 November
50:New England
46:East Anglia
29:retribution
633:Categories
277:References
153:Psychology
135:chivalrous
68:, and the
35:Background
573:(paper),
221:abolition
170:Sociology
131:gentlemen
581:(cloth).
236:See also
86:religion
58:Scotland
529:cdc.gov
331:, 1989.
99:History
82:poverty
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225:Europe
200:, the
127:ladies
52:, the
649:Honor
253:Notes
188:above
25:honor
619:2016
606:ISBN
575:ISBN
567:ISBN
536:2021
367:ISBN
321:ISBN
44:and
327:),
319:, (
265:In
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