270:
695:
478:
728:
181:
707:
366:. A jilted lover need only wait for a rival's insult, or even manufacture one. He was then free to challenge and kill the rival without condemnation." Duels were also restricted to contests between gentlemen of equal rank, with Weaver comparing these formal arrangements to the knightly tournaments of the Middle Ages to argue that such gentlemen saw this gamification of combat as the line of separation between themselves and the various "uncivilized" peoples they opposed. Congressional politics were no stranger to the spectacle, though Southern politicians preferred to challenge one another over their Northern opponents, believing those less honorable than themselves could not be trusted to follow the formal rules of dueling.
375:
542:
27:
36:
289:, when the meteoric growth of the plantation industry led to the entrenchment of wealthy landowners as a dominant socially and politically conservative planter class. This aristocracy modeled itself after the old British gentry, with the Cavalier and Southern gentleman myths developing in response to a wider 19th-century nostalgia for the knightly aristocracy of the
340:
Northerners, in response, quickly co-opted
Medievalist language as a point of derision against a South they saw as a rural backwater led by regressive aristocrats " idle, ignorant, dissolute, and ferocious as that medieval chivalry to which they are fond of comparing themselves", a negative view which has since been supported by many mainstream historians.
166:. A sense of rivalry against the rest of the Union is described as pervading much of Southern culture during the Antebellum years, when "Exuberant southerners meant to draw to such presumed aristocratic virtues as gallantry, classical education, polished manners, a high sense of personal and family honor, and contempt for money-grubbing."
177:. Such men would then be expected to be sent to a military school, with many military leaders on either side of the Civil War having received their training from such institutions across the South. "Knight" and "knightly" entered common parlance as impactful terms of admiration for virility and masculinity.
438:, Slavery. For her, his tongue is always profuse in words. Let her be impeached in character, or any proposition made to shut her out from the extension of her wantonness, and no extravagance of manner or hardihood of assertion is then too great for this senator. The frenzy of Don Quixote, in behalf of his
312:, who the Cavalier myth incorrectly states fled to Virginia en masse after their defeat. This original historical archetype of the Old South Royalist, now indicating a gentleman distinguished by his gallantry and code of conduct rather than the original political inclination, was further elevated to a
618:
fighting for the supposed moral ideals of the
Confederacy, arguing that the Northern military victory came about due to an overwhelming industrial and numerical advantage where the Confederacy instead won its victories through the superior prowess and mettle of the average Rebel soldier and his noble
485:
By the outbreak of the Civil War, Weaver argues, the concept of
Southern chivalry had become well known among both Northerners and Southerners; Like the gentlemanly duels of the Antebellum era, many Southerners had hoped for the war to be a test of their masculinity against that of the North, leading
433:
The senator from South
Carolina has read many books of chivalry, and believes himself a chivalrous knight with sentiments of honor and courage. Of course he has chosen a mistress to whom he has made his vows, and who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the
357:
was as present in the 19th-Century
Southern states as elsewhere in the English-speaking world, causing many deaths among upper-class gentlemen in spite of increasingly strict regulations against such violence. While the practice remained in vogue across the United States it turned particularly deadly
339:
The knightly and
Christian values described in such works were seen by proponents as arising to a unique degree in the Southern states as opposed to the more bourgeois North, allowing the gentlemen planters to be easily reimagined as landed knights defending the white Southerners' wealth and culture.
453:, a relative of Butler's, became determined to defend Butler's honor; He originally intended to challenge Sumner to a duel, but was convinced by a fellow representative that "A duel was the means by which social equals proved their honor; social inferiors, on the other hand, could be more summarily
233:
narrative of the upper classes at the expense of black slaves, free women, and other marginalized workers responsible for the economic successes of the South. Rather than expressing actual moral values of the South, the concept of a
Southern gentleman is instead argued to have served to justify
234:
widespread slavery by recasting the relationship between master and slave as a noble, paternal one rather than the coercive and exploitative reality. Southern encyclopedist
Charles Reagan Wilson argues that "lites used the mythology of Cavaliers and moonlight-and-
135:, among whom it was used as a pejorative to describe what was perceived as the barbarism of Southern slave owners and their hostility and duplicity in dealing with the North, as was particularly seen in various political caricatures before and during the war.
469:'s particularly famous political caricature depicting Brooks as a savage and faceless assailant assisted or jeered on by fellow Southerners alongside a caption noting the perceived dissonance between the beliefs of the Southern gentlemen and their actions.
269:
529:
Confederate leaders made heavy use of the same
Medievalist language that had defined the Antebellum aristocracy, with Davis and others referring to the Confederacy's generals as 'knights' or 'Cavaliers' both during and after the war. A journalist termed
694:
581:
in 1915, and public figures extolled states like South
Carolina as standing "for culture, for chivalry, and for exalted citizenship, for higher ideals than which no people ever possessed" well into the Postbellum years.
1547:
565:
as a paradoxically sympathetic "Southern hero", one who is, in spite of his race, so bound by a gentleman's duty to preserve the honor of the white women around him that he ends the play by murdering
212:. The Southern woman was seen as inferior to her husband but nonetheless an embodiment of grace and purity whose defense from disgrace was considered a core duty of the dominant gentleman, such that
636:
Assertions of an honorable lost cause of the Confederacy became ubiquitous as the country attempted to rebuild the union between North and South, including the rebranding of the Civil War as a "
706:
640:" to fallaciously argue that "while southerners were a people of honor and purity, Northerners were invaders, a people consumed by lust for power." Works of popular culture like
518:
and other Unionists thought to have proven themselves in battle, or sought to preserve the honor of white Northerners under their occupation, and low-born officers like
1496:
Towers, Frank (2010). "The Origins of the Antimodern South: Romantic Nationalism and the Secession Movement in the American South". In Don Harrison Doyle (ed.).
822:
358:
in the South, where martial ability was extolled as a measure of a Cavalier's worthiness and refusing a challenge would lead to "posting," a type of public
657:, and the Confederate veteran, "once a knight of the field and saddle", as the founding stock characters of what later coalesced into the Lost Cause myth.
1255:
727:
101:
in addition to the ability to defend either by force if necessary. Southern chivalry is today seen as an attempt to justify the racist and patriarchal
465:
against South Carolina. The uproar over the event in the North portrayed Sumner as a martyr and the attack as an act of dishonor and hypocrisy, with
1326:
419:, seeking to present Butler's defense of slavery as a deluded obsession while arguing his sense of chivalry to be closer to that of the satirical
1590:
1575:
1466:
328:
dealt with the Virginia Cavaliers directly in their fiction, which became influential in the South alongside the more general strain of
154:
During the Antebellum period the culture of the Southern aristocracy was, according to some historians, loosely codified as a chivalric
502:
in place of the "Christian soldiery" attempted by Southern troops. Weaver attempts to distinguish between high-born Confederates like
1196:
66:
1488:
Myers, Cayce. "Southern Traitor or American Hero?: The Representation of Robert E. Lee in the Northern Press from 1865 to 1870."
477:
238:
plantations to construct a romantic region that obscured differences across the South's regions and among its social groupings."
1580:
1411:
1336:
1235:
757:
633:
as a Messianic "Saint of the South" with the Victorian English "cult of mourning" in the wake of the death of Prince Albert.
349:
1270:
768:
1359:
803:
793:
677:
52:
on the Congress floor; Condemned as "argument versus clubs" in one of many Northern caricatures of "Southern Chivalry"
1505:
1298:
945:
over Grant, in spite of the latter having had the far greater impact on the CSA's ultimate prospects over the former.
788:
132:
1164:
McPherson, James M. (1999). "Was Blood Thicker than Water? Ethnic and Civic Nationalism in the American Civil War".
526:, who instead conformed to the Northern middle-class view of the war as a "simple destruction" of one's opponents.
245:
instead defended Southern chivalry as a necessary, if violent and culturally regressive, mechanism to preserve the
1559:
1381:
301:
146:
as a morally and culturally superior civilization defending its honor against a materialistic and immoral North.
220:
a Negro wench until her skirts hung in shreds because she had publicly insulted and maligned a Southern lady."
128:, and contributed to the militarization of the South by encouraging young men to be taught at military schools.
320:
by American "Cavalier" fiction as it and other forms of Anglo-Saxon nostalgia flourished throughout the 1800s.
1068:"Myths of Chivalry: Confederate monuments, and how Kara Walker undoes these long-revered symbols of the South"
818:
606:
395:
Some of the most enduring invocations of Southern honor in both the original and ironic senses come from the
143:
1041:
665:
305:
293:. Later nationalist narratives in particular claimed white Southerners' descent from the Norman knights of
1467:"Duel! Defenders of honor or shoot-on-sight vigilantes? Even in 19th-century America, it was hard to tell"
777: – United Daughters of the Confederacy commemorative medal awarded to the United Confederate Veterans
577:
cited chivalric values, namely the duty of gentlemen to provide and care for a lady, when petitioning for
1535:
762:
908:
661:
637:
321:
180:
1498:
Secession as an International Phenomenon From America's Civil War to Contemporary Separatist Movements
1311:
798:
642:
646:(1939) repeatedly extolled the Antebellum South as a lost country of "Cavaliers and Cotton Fields".
1386:
942:
621:
390:
121:
49:
1091:
830: – Neoclassical architectural style characteristic of the 19th-century Southern United States
1309:
Forsyth, Vikki. "Representing Othello in 1890s New Orleans: The Myth of Chivalry in the South1."
827:
774:
297:, "a race renowned for its gallantry, chivalry, its honour, its gentleness, and its intellect".
249:
originally developed by the upper classes of various nations during their progression out of the
813:
594:
574:
466:
254:
117:
70:
1474:
1401:
1225:
806: – Racial belief system developed by British and American individuals in the 19th century
112:
Prior to the Civil War this concept of a gentleman's honor was frequently used as a basis for
1096:
739:
294:
225:
217:
105:
of Southern society, with the goal of maintaining or legitimizing the human rights abuses of
102:
1427:
158:, emphasizing the quasi-feudal ability of a Southern gentleman, or Cavalier, to control his
1364:
1200:
1142:
1072:
396:
362:
as a coward; "ueling remained the preferred way to defend one's honor -- or even to commit
325:
374:
204:
seen among white Southerners of the time, encouraging a division between strong, educated
8:
1274:
650:
578:
570:
562:
558:
531:
443:
290:
193:
131:
By the later Antebellum era, the term had taken on an ironic meaning for Northerners and
481:
A romanticized depiction of the "splendid chivalry" of the Confederate leadership (1922)
1173:
1123:
987:
982:
718:
590:
550:
458:
383:
379:
309:
250:
169:
Young men of the upper class were expected to be educated in courage, conduct, and the
138:
In the modern era the romanticization of Southern chivalry became a core aspect of the
78:
1585:
1501:
1407:
1332:
1294:
1286:
1231:
912:
765: – American Civil War veterans' organization for soldiers and sailors of the CSA
713:
669:
523:
242:
253:, and lamented the breakdown of such rules during the Civil War as prophetic of the
229:
described as a "benevolent male authority" across the region's history, enforcing a
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515:
106:
74:
498:
and subsequent expressions of dismay at the conflict's eventual degeneration into
929:
916:
887:
626:
511:
317:
274:
223:
The use of the Cavalier myth ultimately cultivated a fictionalized image of what
139:
435:
300:
The concept of the Cavalier was instead introduced to the continent through the
281:
Popular concepts of a Southern aristocracy originated with the heritage of the "
1540:
891:
809:
734:
503:
495:
491:
450:
420:
400:
286:
273:
Depiction (from 1913) of the Royalist presence in Virginia during the reign of
258:
213:
209:
185:
174:
125:
45:
664:
that manifested in large part in the universities of the South, including the
439:
1569:
1118:
1067:
1020:
882:
This is something argued to have been seen elsewhere in the Anglosphere with
630:
519:
499:
487:
412:
163:
90:
26:
1241:
911:
as a cause behind this depoliticization of the concept, with the Virginian
673:
541:
507:
429:
than heroes of the actual Medieval romances favored by the Southern elite:
404:
333:
246:
201:
94:
589:
Virginia Cavalier endures as a popular symbol of the state, including the
1455:
833:
782:
654:
615:
535:
514:, who balked at unconventional forms of warfare, espoused admiration for
425:
416:
329:
230:
1556:
Sixteen Months to Sumter: Newspaper Editorials on the Path to Secession
1177:
1128:
1015:
992:
941:
Weaver in this context highlights the disproportionate demonization of
869:
611:
200:
Southern chivalry also placed great importance on upholding the strict
170:
653:
identified the "chivalric planter", alongide the Southern belle, the
586:
566:
359:
313:
282:
205:
159:
1293:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, pp. 338–340. 1955.
35:
883:
676:
also made frequent use of terms like "Knight" or "Empire" in their
235:
86:
1256:""If Men Should Fight:" Dueling as Sectional Politics, 1850–1856,"
1143:"The Difference of Race Between the Northern and Southern People"
354:
1328:
Cornerstones of Georgia History: Documents that Formed the State
546:
454:
363:
173:
from an early age, including both Victorian literature and the
785: – Artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement
462:
411:. Sumner's speech personally attacked South Carolina Senator
98:
1277:, Harry T. Peters "America on Stone" Lithography Collection.
557:
Forsyth provided an understanding of Postbellum readings of
113:
1500:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 179–180, 183–187.
1230:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 139–140.
629:, while Laura Brodie identified the early canonization of
1428:"Ku Klux Klan: A Report to the Illinois General Assembly"
403:
gave a charged speech on the admission of territories as
1197:"The American Experience | Dueling, American Style"
919:, as a new ideal of a knightly, sophisticated gentleman.
660:
Confederate apologia additionally flourished during the
700:
Caricature of the "Southern Gentleman", Union Envelopes
16:
Cultural concept of the Southern US, circa 19th Century
1518:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985.
48:, who claimed the Southern code of honor as cause for
823:
Category:People using the U.S. civilian title colonel
1523:
Southern honor: ethics and behavior in the Old South
65:, was a popular concept describing the aristocratic
457:." Brooks then attacked Sumner on the floor of the
1360:"How I Learned About the "Cult of the Lost Cause""
1086:
1084:
1082:
836: – Slogan of the pre-Civil War American South
1166:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1076:Magazine, 14 January 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
858:Spelled Chevalier in primary sources of the time.
1567:
1191:
1189:
1187:
162:, including both white family members and black
81:, and early Postbellum eras. The archetype of a
1079:
985:. "The Chivalric Tradition in the Old South."
614:proponents seek to present the Southerners as
1393:
1376:
1374:
1184:
1157:
991:, vol. 108, no. 2, 2000, pp. 188–205. JSTOR,
1331:. University of Georgia Press. p. 168.
1134:
1032:
1030:
1464:
1352:
1127:, vol. 53, no. 2, 1945, pp. 267–78. JSTOR,
1040:Volume 4: "Myth, Manners, and Memory". The
569:for what he believes to be her infidelity.
486:to premature declarations of a Confederate
472:
216:is reported as openly boasting how he had "
1525:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
1371:
1275:"Southern Chivalry: Argument versus Clubs"
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
712:Caricature of "Rebel Chivalry" during the
1544:, 8 November 1863. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
1399:
1163:
1038:The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture:
1027:
907:points to the anti-Crown populism of the
434:world, is chaste in his sight—I mean the
1390:, 2 October 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
1140:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
771: – American hereditary association
540:
476:
373:
268:
179:
1368:, 12 March 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
1103:
959:
1568:
1495:
1220:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
886:'s rechristening of Prince Albert as "
1591:History of the Southern United States
1576:Culture of the Southern United States
1403:The Myth of the Lost Cause, 1865–1900
1324:
998:
758:History of the Southern United States
625:closely compares the Lost Cause to a
350:Dueling in the Southern United States
343:
285:" as the colonial possessions of the
1315:, vol. 70/71, no. 1, 2017, pp. 3–21.
1129:http://www.jstor.org/stable/27537582
993:http://www.jstor.org/stable/27548832
399:, which occurred after abolitionist
50:physically attacking an abolitionist
1492:, vol. 41, no. 4, 2016, pp. 211–21.
1291:P.G.T. Beauregard: Napoleon in Gray
1271:National Museum of American History
1121:"Southern Chivalry and Total War."
1051:
769:United Daughters of the Confederacy
13:
1529:
1449:
1227:American Statesmen: Charles Sumner
873:for the context of Carr's address.
804:Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century
794:List of duels in the United States
415:for his activity in favor of this
14:
1602:
1554:, 29 April 1861. Reprinted under
1400:Osterweis, Rollin Gustav (1973).
789:Christianity in the United States
678:internal vocabulary and hierarchy
369:
1516:The Cavalier in Virginia Fiction
726:
705:
693:
461:on May 22nd, terming his speech
34:
25:
1560:American Historical Association
1420:
1318:
1303:
1280:
1264:
1248:
1214:
1141:Falconer, William (June 1860).
1016:"The Plantation & Chivalry"
935:
922:
915:, grandson of planter Royalist
897:
1261:Autumn volume, 2012, pp. 2-36.
876:
861:
852:
1:
1581:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
840:
819:Colonel (U.S. honorary title)
607:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
600:
378:"Arguments of the Chivalry",
241:In 1945, Old South apologist
144:Confederate States of America
1406:. Archon Books. p. ix.
1325:Scott, Thomas Allan (1995).
1042:University of North Carolina
952:
666:Knights of the White Camelia
7:
1147:Southern Literary Messenger
932:crisis for further context.
763:United Confederate Veterans
751:
10:
1607:
1465:Drake, Ross (March 2004).
909:American Revolutionary War
683:
662:Golden Age of Fraternalism
638:War of Northern Aggression
604:
388:
347:
322:Theodore Goodridge Roberts
264:
1552:New Haven Daily Palladium
1312:The Mississippi Quarterly
1131:. Accessed 29 Sept. 2023.
799:List of Confederate duels
538:" of the South's values.
149:
1562:. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
1387:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1024:. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
845:
622:New Georgia Encyclopedia
545:The eponymous "Cav Man"
473:Civil War and modern era
409:the Crime Against Kansas
391:Caning of Charles Sumner
257:and mass killing of the
122:caning of Charles Sumner
1536:"The Southern Chivalry"
1514:Watson, Ritchie D. Jr.
1100:. Retrieved 12 May 2024
1092:"The Virginia Cavalier"
1036:Charles Reagan Wilson.
995:. Accessed 12 May 2024.
828:Antebellum architecture
775:Southern Cross of Honor
668:from Louisiana and the
208:and demure, submissive
1521:Wyatt-Brown, Betrarm.
890:" in emulation of the
814:Confederate literature
595:University of Virginia
575:Rebecca Latimer Felton
573:and former slaveowner
554:
482:
448:
386:
278:
255:industrialized warfare
197:
118:extrajudicial violence
71:Southern United States
1459:The Mind of the South
1382:"Lost Cause Religion"
1199:. PBS. Archived from
1097:Encyclopedia Virginia
905:Encyclopedia Virginia
740:The Birth of a Nation
544:
480:
431:
377:
295:William the Conqueror
277:over the Home Islands
272:
226:Encyclopedia Virginia
190:Daughter of the South
183:
142:, which portrays the
1471:Smithsonian Magazine
1365:Smithsonian Magazine
1073:Museum of Modern Art
593:sports teams of the
397:Brooks-Sumner affair
326:Molly Elliot Seawell
85:became popular as a
1548:"Southern Chivalry"
1380:Williams, David S.
651:Rollin G. Osterweis
585:The swashbuckling,
571:First-wave feminist
559:William Shakespeare
532:P. G. T. Beauregard
446:, is all surpassed.
444:Dulcinea del Toboso
291:English Middle Ages
194:Charles Dana Gibson
120:, most notably the
116:and other forms of
93:, emphasizing both
89:of the slaveowning
1490:Journalism History
1287:Williams, T. Harry
1124:The Sewanee Review
988:The Sewanee Review
983:Genovese, Eugene D
643:Gone with the Wind
591:Virginia Cavaliers
555:
551:Virginia Cavaliers
483:
459:Old Senate Chamber
455:beaten with a cane
387:
384:Henry Ward Beecher
380:John Henry Bufford
344:Duels and violence
310:English Civil Wars
302:Virginia Cavaliers
279:
251:European Dark Ages
198:
188:as the archetypal
83:Southern gentleman
1413:978-0-208-01318-7
1358:Landrieu, Mitch.
1338:978-0-8203-1743-4
1237:978-0-7222-9204-4
1222:Storey, Moorfield
913:George Washington
714:Maryland Campaign
672:of Virginia. The
670:Kappa Alpha Order
524:Stonewall Jackson
243:Richard M. Weaver
59:Southern chivalry
1598:
1511:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1473:. Archived from
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1397:
1391:
1378:
1369:
1356:
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1301:
1284:
1278:
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1211:
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1154:
1138:
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1116:
1101:
1088:
1077:
1064:
1049:
1034:
1025:
1013:
996:
980:
946:
939:
933:
926:
920:
901:
895:
880:
874:
865:
859:
856:
730:
709:
697:
579:women's suffrage
382:with a quote by
107:American slavery
38:
29:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1566:
1565:
1532:
1530:Primary sources
1508:
1480:
1478:
1461:, Knompf, 1941.
1452:
1450:Further reading
1447:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
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1414:
1398:
1394:
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1372:
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1343:
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1339:
1323:
1319:
1308:
1304:
1285:
1281:
1269:
1265:
1254:Powers, Annie.
1253:
1249:
1238:
1219:
1215:
1206:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1162:
1158:
1139:
1135:
1117:
1104:
1089:
1080:
1066:Brodie, Laura.
1065:
1052:
1035:
1028:
1014:
999:
981:
960:
955:
950:
949:
940:
936:
930:Bleeding Kansas
927:
923:
917:John Washington
902:
898:
892:Arthurian Epics
888:Albert the Good
881:
877:
866:
862:
857:
853:
848:
843:
810:Anti-Tom novels
754:
749:
748:
747:
744:
731:
722:
719:Harper's Weekly
710:
701:
698:
686:
627:social religion
609:
603:
475:
393:
372:
352:
346:
318:stock character
275:Oliver Cromwell
267:
152:
140:Lost Cause myth
87:chivalric ideal
56:
55:
54:
53:
44:Representative
41:
40:
39:
31:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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605:Main article:
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401:Charles Sumner
389:Main article:
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287:British Empire
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214:Julian S. Carr
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834:King Cotton
783:Romanticism
655:Uncle Remus
536:Sir Galahad
504:John Gordon
426:Don Quixote
417:slave power
330:Medievalist
231:patriarchal
73:during the
1570:Categories
1481:2012-10-22
1207:2012-10-22
1172:(1): 106.
870:Silent Sam
841:References
649:Historian
612:Lost Cause
601:Lost Cause
304:and other
171:humanities
160:dependents
75:Antebellum
1153:(6): 407.
1046:EBSCOhost
953:Citations
567:Desdemona
407:, titled
360:ostracism
314:folk hero
306:Royalists
283:Old South
236:magnolias
206:gentlemen
79:Civil War
61:, or the
1586:Chivalry
1437:June 10,
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928:See the
884:Tennyson
752:See also
737:used in
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547:mascot
436:harlot
364:murder
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150:Values
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846:Notes
520:Mosby
516:Grant
512:Davis
510:, or
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440:wench
423:from
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186:belle
114:duels
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