247:
265:
549:
40:
663:" of his choosing. Burlingame, a well-known marksman, eagerly accepted, choosing rifles as the weapons and the Navy Yards in the border town of Niagara Falls, Canada, as the location in order to circumvent the U.S. ban on dueling. Brooks, reportedly dismayed by both Burlingame's enthusiastic acceptance and reputation as a crack shot, backed out by citing unspecified risks to his safety if he was to cross "hostile country" (the Northern states) in order to reach Canada.
587:
608:(R-NY), and others attempted to restrain Brooks before he killed Sumner, but were blocked by Keitt, who brandished a pistol and shouted at the onlookers to leave Brooks and Sumner alone. Brooks continued beating Sumner until the cane broke, then quietly left the chamber with Keitt and Edmundson. Brooks required medical attention before leaving the Capitol, because he had hit himself above his right eye with one of his backswings.
691:. The official telegram announcing his death stated "He died a horrid death, and suffered intensely. He endeavored to tear his own throat open to get breath." Despite terrible weather, thousands went to the Capitol to attend memorial services. After his body was transported back to Edgefield, another large crowd took part in funeral ceremonies before he was buried.
545:
slavery so they could make sexual use of slave women. As Hoffer (2010) says, "It is also important to note the sexual imagery that recurred throughout the oration, which was neither accidental nor without precedent. Abolitionists routinely accused slaveholders of maintaining slavery so that they could engage in forcible sexual relations with their slaves."
560:(also a South Carolina Democrat) on dueling etiquette. Keitt said that dueling was for gentlemen of equal social standing. In his view, Sumner was no gentleman, no better than a drunkard due to his supposedly coarse and insulting language toward Butler. Brooks then decided to "punish" Sumner with a public beating.
611:
Sumner suffered head trauma that would cause him chronic pain and symptoms consistent with what would now be called traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder, and spent three years convalescing before returning to his Senate seat. He suffered chronic pain and debilitation for the rest
674:
A motion to expel Brooks from the House failed, but he resigned on July 15 to give his constituents the opportunity to ratify or condemn his conduct. They demonstrated their approval by returning him to office in the special election held on August 1, then elected him to a new term in
November 1856.
620:
The national reaction to Brooks' attack was sharply divided along regional lines. In
Congress, members in both houses armed themselves when they ventured onto the floor. At no time, between the incident and his death, did Brooks apologize for the attack. In his speech to the House of Representatives
594:
Brooks confronted Sumner, who was seated at his desk, writing letters. He said, "Mr. Sumner, I have read your speech twice over carefully. It is a libel on South
Carolina, and Mr. Butler, who is a relative of mine." As Sumner began to stand up, Brooks hit Sumner over the head several times with his
544:
Sumner's language was intentionally inflammatory; Southerners often claimed that abolition would lead to intermarriage, arguing that abolitionists opposed slavery because they wanted to have sex with and marry black women. Abolitionists reversed the argument by accusing
Southerners of supporting
389:
An attempt to oust Brooks from the House of
Representatives failed, and he received only token punishment in his criminal trial. He resigned his seat in July 1856 to allow his constituents to express their view on his conduct; they reelected him in the August special election to fill the vacancy
385:
Sumner was seriously injured by Brooks' beating, and was unable to resume his seat in the Senate for three years, though eventually he recovered and resumed his Senate career. The
Massachusetts Legislature reelected Sumner in 1856, "and let his seat sit vacant during his absence as a reminder of
497:
Territory and whether Kansas would be admitted as a free or slave state. He supported actions by pro-slavery men from
Missouri to make Kansas a slave territory. In March 1856, Brooks wrote: "The fate of the South is to be decided with the Kansas issue. If Kansas becomes a hireling state, slave
489:
in 1853 as a
Democrat. Like his fellow South Carolina Representatives and Senators, Brooks took an extreme pro-slavery position, asserting that the enslavement of Black people by whites was right and proper, that any attack or restriction on slavery was an attack on the rights and the social
639:
In contrast, Northerners, even those previously opposed to Sumner's extreme abolitionist invective, were universally shocked by Brooks' violence. Anti-slavery men cited it as evidence that the South had lost interest in national debate, and now relied on "the bludgeon, the revolver, and the
599:
with a gold head. Sumner was trapped under the heavy desk (which was bolted to the floor), but Brooks continued to strike Sumner until Sumner wrenched the desk from the floor in an attempt to escape. By this time, Sumner was blinded by his own blood. He staggered up the aisle and collapsed
624:
Brooks was widely cheered across the South, where his attack on Sumner was seen as a legitimate and socially justifiable act. South
Carolinians sent Brooks dozens of new canes, with one bearing the phrase, "Good job"; another cane was inscribed "Hit him again." The
658:
publicly humiliated Brooks in retaliation by goading Brooks into challenging him to a duel, accepting, then watching Brooks back out. After
Burlingame made provocative remarks, Brooks challenged Burlingame, stating he would gladly face him in any "Yankee
1924:
476:
His second wife was Martha Caroline Means (1826–1901), his first wife's cousin. They had three children, Caroline Harper Brooks (1849–1924), Rosa Brooks (1849–1933), and Preston Smith Brooks (1854–1928). Martha outlived her husband.
666:
Brooks claimed that he "meant no disrespect to the Senate of the United States" by attacking Sumner, and also that he had not intended to kill Sumner, or else he would have used a different weapon. Brooks was tried in a
409:, on August 5, 1819, the son of Whitfield Brooks and Mary Parsons Carroll Brooks. Of English descent, his great-great-grandfather John Brooks was the first in the Brooks family present in the Americas, settling in the
1929:
1954:
528:
Of course he has chosen a mistress to whom he has made his vows, and who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight. I mean the harlot
631:
wrote: "We consider the act good in conception, better in execution, and best of all in consequences. These vulgar abolitionists in the Senate must be lashed into submission." The University of Virginia's
744:
636:
sent a new gold-headed cane to replace Brooks' broken one. Southern lawmakers made rings out of the original cane's remains, which they wore on neck chains to show their solidarity with Brooks.
1889:
473:
Brooks' first wife was Caroline Harper Means (1820–1843). They had one child, Whitfield D. Brooks, who was born in 1843 and died that same year. Brooks was widowed upon Caroline's death.
541:, who was also a subject of criticism during the speech, suggested to a colleague while Sumner was orating that "this damn fool is going to get himself shot by some other damn fool."
1482:
1826:
1797:
516:
made a speech denouncing "The Crime Against Kansas" and the Southern leaders whom he regarded as complicit, including Brooks's first cousin once removed, Senator
1959:
739:
498:
property will decline to half its present value in Missouri ... abolitionism will become the prevailing sentiment. So with Arkansas; so with upper Texas."
854:
The relationship between Brooks and Butler is often reported inaccurately. "In reality, Brooks' father Whitfield Brooks, and Andrew Butler were first cousins."
621:
announcing his resignation on June 14, 1856, Brooks insisted that he had behaved honorably and condemned any efforts to censure or punish him for his behavior.
1934:
973:
1724:
390:
created by his resignation. He was re-elected to a full term in November 1856, but died in January 1857, five weeks before the new term began in March.
644:" to display their feelings, and silence their opponents. J. L. Magee's political cartoon famously expressed the general Northern sentiment that the
443:, and was shot in the hip, forcing him to use a walking cane for the rest of his life. He was admitted to the Bar in 1845. Brooks served in the
424:), but was expelled just before graduation for threatening local police officers with firearms. After leaving college, he studied law, attained
1831:
1802:
64:
921:
1894:
1733:
1949:
1884:
1874:
687:
on January 27, 1857, a few weeks before the March 4 start of the new congressional term to which he had been elected. He was buried in
378:
in retaliation for an anti-slavery speech in which Sumner verbally attacked Brooks's first cousin once removed, South Carolina Senator
1227:
563:
On May 22, two days after Sumner's speech, Brooks entered the Senate chamber in company with Keitt. Also with him was Representative
425:
1168:
1899:
633:
393:
As described by historian Stephen Puleo, "The caning had an enormous impact on the events that followed over the next four years.
141:
1904:
1869:
1780:
337:
53:
1700:
1680:
1583:
1539:
1253:
1181:
952:
839:
1944:
1909:
764:
1919:
1393:
1353:
1237:
1091:
1039:
360:
1613:
571:), a personal friend with his own history of legislative violence. In May 1854, Edmundson had been arrested by the
461:
406:
348:
219:
191:
147:
1757:
1939:
1914:
765:"More than 1,800 congressmen once enslaved Black people. This is who they were, and how they shaped the nation"
1055:
1081:
524:
for embracing a prostitute (slavery) as his mistress, saying Butler "believes himself a chivalrous knight".
421:
352:
229:
1879:
486:
485:
He was a member of the South Carolina state House of Representatives in 1844. Brooks was elected to the
1771:
1647:
671:
court for the attack. He was convicted of assault and was fined $ 300, though he was not incarcerated.
436:
1487:
688:
435:
In addition to practicing law, Brooks owned a plantation located in Cambridge, between Edgefield and
429:
1719:
507:
444:
371:
344:, serving from 1853 until his resignation in July 1856 and again from August 1856 until his death.
311:
1737:
1592:
1324:
1201:
397:... As a result of the caning, the country was pushed, inexorably and unstoppably, to civil war."
708:
288:
1459:
1345:
1299:
704:
572:
456:
1639:
1556:
1531:
1173:
1031:
South Carolina in the Mexican War: A History of the Palmetto Regiment of Volunteers, 1846–1917
784:
336:(August 5, 1819 – January 27, 1857) was an American slaveholder, politician and member of the
1573:
1383:
1265:
942:
712:
410:
316:
1491:. Vol. 4, no. 4. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 274–277.
926:
829:
1864:
1859:
1841:
700:
668:
375:
364:
99:
1925:
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina
8:
1338:
1291:
1163:
947:. Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 13, 19.
865:
601:
564:
359:
to enforce slavery nationally. He is most remembered for his May 22, 1856, attack upon
270:
493:
During Brooks' service as Representative, there was great controversy over slavery in
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627:
576:
557:
448:
356:
298:
856:
Mathis, Robert Neil (October 1978). "Preston Smith Brooks: The Man and His Image".
719:
655:
440:
208:
1269:
1029:
769:
556:
Brooks thought of challenging Sumner to a duel. He consulted with Representative
534:
1438:
548:
1673:
The Caning of Charles Sumner: Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War
1467:
605:
513:
367:
341:
59:
1503:
1409:
1853:
730:
portraying Charles Sumner and an inebriated Seth Weitberg telling the story.
727:
723:
517:
379:
252:
20:
1137:"Tennessee Death Records 1908–1958, Death Certificate for Preston S. Brooks"
39:
1789:
1766:
1762:
1109:"Virginia Death Records 1912-2014, Death Certificate for Rosa Brooks McBee"
958:
651:
596:
122:
1617:
993:. Vol. 1. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. p. 139.
641:
521:
1752:
1410:"On his assault on Charles Sumner – Wikisource, the free online library"
1340:
Freedom's Cap: The United States Capitol and the Coming of the Civil War
869:
703:(created from the merger of the towns of Melendez and Pierceville), and
1930:
Democratic Party members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
1955:
Members of the United States House of Representatives who owned slaves
1448:. Daytona Beach, FL: Embry-Riddke Aeronautical University. p. 17.
883:
745:
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
1385:
Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War
1322:
History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1850–1854.
1232:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 111.
586:
568:
538:
1598:
1571:
907:
A World On Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War
660:
414:
1446:
JAAER: The Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education and Research
494:
1758:
An account of the incident, the participants and the aftermath
1466:. Philadelphia, PA. February 23, 1870. p. 4 – via
684:
590:
J.L. Magee's famous political cartoon of the attack on Sumner
1136:
1108:
580:
465:) in Co. D, the "Old 96 Boys" of the Edgefield District.
439:. In 1840, Brooks fought a duel with future Texas Senator
1717:
1370:
Anti-slavery politics in antebellum and Civil War America
63:
944:
The Short Life and Violent Times of Preston Smith Brooks
1890:
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
1693:
The Caning: The Assault That Drove America to Civil War
1083:
Greenwood County Sketches: Old Roads and Early Families
740:
List of federal political scandals in the United States
1034:. South Carolina Department of Archives and History.
715:. All were named shortly after his caning of Sumner.
420:
He attended South Carolina College (now known as the
1725:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
1561:. Vol. 4. Boston: Lee and Shepard. p. 271.
991:
University of South Carolina: South Carolina College
1009:
997:
142:
South Carolina House of Representatives
1523:
1502:
1337:
1254:"The Compromise of 1850, The Kansas/Nebraska Act,
1135:
1107:
1080:Watson, Margaret J.; Watson, Henry Legare (1970).
722:in the 2014 "Charleston" episode of the TV series
683:Brooks died unexpectedly from a violent attack of
455:notes the service of both Brooks and 4th Corporal
1578:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 17.
1116:. Provo, UT: Ancestry.com LLC. September 24, 1933
834:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1851:
1027:
1198:Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner: 1845–1860
1960:South Carolina politicians convicted of crimes
1511:. Washington, DC. January 28, 1857. p. 2.
1229:The Republic According to John Marshall Harlan
898:
884:"Canefight! Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner"
648:had degenerated into "Argument versus Clubs".
161:November 25, 1844 – December 15, 1845
1675:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1530:. Baltimore, MD: Clearfield Company. p.
1225:
1172:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
1056:"Caroline Harper Means 1820–1843 – Ancestry®"
707:, are named after Brooks, as was present-day
1935:People from Edgefield County, South Carolina
1079:
1832:South Carolina's 4th congressional district
1803:South Carolina's 4th congressional district
1381:
1144:. Provo, UT: Ancestry.com LLC. July 6, 1929
1483:"The Beginnings of the Burlingame Mission"
583:during a tense debate on the House floor.
575:after attempting to attack Representative
79:August 1, 1856 – January 27, 1857
38:
1695:. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing LLC.
1335:
1162:
1021:
54:U.S. House of Representatives
1432:
1430:
1428:
1169:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
763:Weil, Julie Zauzmer (January 10, 2022).
585:
547:
1521:
904:
634:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society
370:, whom he beat nearly to death; Brooks
1852:
1670:
1600:America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink
1575:America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink
1554:
988:
971:
858:The South Carolina Historical Magazine
855:
827:
112:March 4, 1853 – July 15, 1856
1690:
1616:. City of Brooksville. Archived from
1480:
1436:
1425:
1015:
1003:
940:
919:
909:. New York: Random House. p. 34.
802:
1895:American people convicted of assault
1753:Brooks's response, after the beating
1439:"Anson Burlingame: Diplomat, Orator"
762:
1950:University of South Carolina alumni
756:
615:
480:
13:
1885:American people of English descent
1671:Hoffer, Williamjames Hull (2010).
828:Hoffer, Williamjames Hull (2010).
351:, Brooks was a strong advocate of
14:
1971:
1875:19th-century American legislators
1711:
1460:"Obituary: Hon. Anson Burlingame"
920:Puleo, Stephen (March 29, 2015).
501:
453:South Carolina in the Mexican War
922:"The US Senate's darkest moment"
718:Preston Brooks was portrayed by
407:Edgefield County, South Carolina
263:
245:
192:Edgefield County, South Carolina
1632:
1606:
1565:
1548:
1515:
1495:
1474:
1452:
1416:
1402:
1388:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 50.
1375:
1362:
1329:
1314:
1284:
1246:
1219:
1206:
1200:edited by Edward Pierce (1893)
1190:
1156:
1128:
1100:
1073:
1048:
447:as Captain of Company D of the
417:around the early 18th-century.
16:American politician (1819–1857)
1900:19th-century American planters
1734:"Full text of Sumner's speech"
1720:"Preston Brooks (id: B000885)"
989:Hollis, Daniel Walker (1951).
982:
965:
941:Deitreich, Kenneth A. (2019).
934:
913:
876:
848:
711:which was previously known as
520:. Sumner compared Butler with
1:
1905:American proslavery activists
1870:19th-century American lawyers
1827:U.S. House of Representatives
1798:U.S. House of Representatives
1781:U.S. House of Representatives
1664:
1481:Walsh, Warren B. (May 1945).
1226:Przybyszewski, Linda (1999).
400:
338:U.S. House of Representatives
1504:"Death of Preston S. Brooks"
1212:Lockwood, John and Charles.
1086:. Attic Press. p. 165.
831:The Caning of Charles Sumner
422:University of South Carolina
230:University of South Carolina
7:
1945:United States Army officers
1910:American shooting survivors
1572:Stampp, Kenneth M. (1990).
1558:The Works of Charles Sumner
1522:Spencer, Thomas E. (1998).
1464:The Daily Evening Telegraph
975:Brooks and Kindred Families
972:Kellam, Ida Brooks (1950).
733:
487:33rd United States Congress
10:
1976:
1648:Digital Library of Georgia
1640:"Brooks County Courthouse"
1437:Brady, Tim (Winter 1997).
505:
411:Province of North Carolina
18:
1920:Burials in South Carolina
1838:
1823:
1817:
1809:
1794:
1786:
1779:
1488:The Far Eastern Quarterly
1344:. Hill and Wang. p.
1028:Jack Allen Meyer (1996).
694:
689:Edgefield, South Carolina
512:On May 20, 1856, Senator
468:
327:
304:
294:
284:
276:
258:
240:
235:
225:
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169:
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154:
138:
128:
116:
105:
93:
83:
72:
50:
46:
37:
30:
1718:United States Congress.
1614:"History of Brooksville"
1555:Sumner, Charles (1871).
1258:, and John Brown's Raid"
905:Foreman, Amanda (2010).
750:
678:
646:South's vaunted chivalry
508:Caning of Charles Sumner
490:structure of the South.
462:The Atlanta Constitution
19:Not to be confused with
1772:Jefferson Society Notes
1691:Puleo, Stephen (2012).
1509:Washington Evening Star
1336:Gugliotta, Guy (2012).
1214:The Siege of Washington
709:Big Bend, West Virginia
372:beat Sumner with a cane
1940:South Carolina lawyers
1915:Brooks County, Georgia
1300:University of Richmond
785:"Congress slaveowners"
705:Brooks County, Georgia
591:
573:House Sergeant at Arms
553:
531:
457:Carey Wentworth Styles
1272:on September 27, 2011
1266:University of Alabama
927:Boston Globe Magazine
713:Brooksville, Virginia
600:unconscious. Senator
589:
551:
526:
386:Southern brutality".
317:Battle of Chapultepec
277:Years of service
1763:Preston Smith Brooks
1740:on December 26, 2002
1526:Where They're Buried
1382:Maury Klein (1999).
1368:Mitchell, Thomas G.
701:Brooksville, Florida
669:District of Columbia
595:cane, made of thick
445:Mexican–American War
426:admission to the bar
376:United States Senate
374:on the floor of the
334:Preston Smith Brooks
312:Mexican–American War
179:Preston Smith Brooks
1422:Puleo, 102, 114–115
1292:"Bleeding Congress"
1164:McPherson, James M.
789:The Washington Post
459:(who later founded
428:, and practiced in
405:Brooks was born in
1880:American duellists
791:, January 13, 2022
602:John J. Crittenden
592:
565:Henry A. Edmundson
554:
365:Republican Senator
271:United States Army
1848:
1847:
1839:Succeeded by
1810:Succeeded by
1702:978-1-59416-516-0
1682:978-0-8018-9468-8
1585:978-0-19-503902-3
1541:978-0-8063-4823-0
1262:Academic Outreach
1183:978-0-19-503863-7
954:978-1-5275-3143-7
841:978-0-8018-9469-5
628:Richmond Enquirer
604:, Representative
577:Lewis D. Campbell
558:Laurence M. Keitt
552:Laurence M. Keitt
449:Palmetto Regiment
331:
330:
299:Palmetto Regiment
1967:
1818:Preceded by
1787:Preceded by
1777:
1776:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1736:. Archived from
1729:
1706:
1686:
1659:
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1327:
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1312:
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1281:
1279:
1277:
1268:. Archived from
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1244:
1243:
1223:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1196:Charles Sumner,
1194:
1188:
1187:
1160:
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798:
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781:
779:
777:
760:
720:Johnny Knoxville
656:Anson Burlingame
616:After the attack
481:Political career
441:Louis T. Wigfall
396:
349:Democratic Party
347:A member of the
269:
267:
266:
251:
249:
248:
236:Military service
209:Washington, D.C.
205:
202:January 27, 1857
188:
186:
170:Personal details
159:
148:Edgefield County
144:
131:
119:
110:
96:
86:
77:
67:
56:
42:
28:
27:
1975:
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1969:
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1965:
1964:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1842:Milledge Bonham
1835:
1829:
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1767:Find a Grave
1742:. Retrieved
1738:the original
1723:
1707:(374 pages).
1692:
1687:(160 pages).
1672:
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1744:December 7,
1644:GeorgiaInfo
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522:Don Quixote
118:Preceded by
85:Preceded by
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1836:1856–1857
1807:1853–1856
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1256:Dred Scott
567:(Democrat-
437:Ninety-Six
401:Early life
241:Allegiance
220:Democratic
185:1819-08-05
1148:March 11,
1120:March 11,
1016:Deitreich
1004:Deitreich
890:August 6,
795:April 29,
430:Edgefield
280:1846–1848
226:Education
157:In office
146:from the
108:In office
75:In office
1305:July 16,
1276:July 16,
1166:(1989).
870:27567525
734:See also
569:Virginia
539:Illinois
533:Senator
529:Slavery.
295:Commands
150:district
68:district
1820:Himself
1812:Himself
1653:May 20,
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726:, with
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415:England
353:slavery
289:Colonel
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194:, U.S.
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866:JSTOR
751:Notes
685:croup
679:Death
413:from
340:from
58:from
1746:2004
1697:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1655:2010
1626:2010
1580:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1307:2011
1278:2011
1234:ISBN
1178:ISBN
1150:2016
1122:2016
1088:ISBN
1067:2023
1036:ISBN
949:ISBN
892:2019
836:ISBN
797:2024
778:2024
581:Ohio
363:and
355:and
285:Rank
199:Died
175:Born
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