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Sumner until Sumner rose to his feet and ripped the desk from the floor in an effort to get away from Brooks. By this time, Sumner was blinded by his own blood. He staggered up the aisle and, arms outstretched, vainly attempted to defend himself, but that made him an even larger and easier target for Brooks, who continued to beat him across the head, face, and shoulders "to the full extent of power". Brooks did not stop when his cane snapped; he continued thrashing Sumner with the piece that held the gold head. Sumner stumbled and reeled convulsively, "Oh Lord," he gasped, "Oh! Oh!" Near the end of the attack, Sumner collapsed unconscious, although shortly before he succumbed, he "bellowed like a calf" according to Brooks. Brooks grabbed the falling Sumner, held him up by the lapel with one hand, and continued to lash out at him with the cane in the other. Several other
Senators and Representatives attempted to help Sumner, but were blocked by Edmundson, who yelled at the spectators to leave Brooks and Sumner alone, and Keitt, who brandished his own cane and a pistol, and shouted, "Let them be!" and "Let them alone, God damn you, let them alone!"
461:
876:, Sumner's colleague from Massachusetts, called the beating by Brooks "brutal, murderous, and cowardly", and in response Brooks challenged Wilson to a duel. Wilson declined, saying that he could not legally or by personal conviction participate, and calling dueling "the lingering relic of a barbarous civilization". In reference to a rumor that Brooks might attack him in the Senate, Wilson told the press, "I have sought no controversy, and I seek none, but I shall go where duty requires, uninfluenced by threats of any kind." Wilson continued to perform his Senate duties, and Brooks did not make good on his threat.
234:
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The senator from South
Carolina has read many books of chivalry, and believes himself a chivalrous knight with sentiments of honor and courage. Of course he has chosen a mistress to whom he has made his vows, and who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the
329:
Sexually charged accusations were also part of the abolitionist lexicon. Williamjames Hoffer states that "It is also important to note the sexual imagery that recurred throughout oration, which was neither accidental nor without precedent. Abolitionists routinely accused slaveholders of maintaining
938:
has concluded that Brooks' "assault was of critical importance in transforming the struggling
Republican party into a major political force". In the 1856 elections, the new Republican Party made gains by use of the twin messages of "Bleeding Kansas" and "Bleeding Sumner", because both events served
834:
asked, "Has it come to this, that we must speak with bated breath in the presence of our
Southern masters? ... Are we to be chastised as they chastise their slaves? Are we too, slaves, slaves for life, a target for their brutal blows, when we do not comport ourselves to please them?" Thousands
391:
Sumner was knocked down and trapped under the heavy desk that was bolted to the floor. His chair, which was pulled up to his desk, moved back and forth on a track; Sumner either could not or did not think to slide his chair back to escape, so it pinned him under his desk. Brooks continued to strike
370:
of
Virginia. They waited for the galleries to clear, being particularly concerned that there be no ladies present to witness what Brooks intended to do. He confronted Sumner as he sat writing at his desk in the almost empty chamber. "Mr. Sumner, I have read your speech twice over carefully. It is a
272:
Not in any common lust for power did this uncommon tragedy have its origin. It is the rape of a virgin
Territory, compelling it to the hateful embrace of slavery; and it may be clearly traced to a depraved desire for a new Slave State, hideous offspring of such a crime, in the hope of adding to the
879:
Southerners mocked Sumner, claiming he was faking his injuries. They argued that the cane Brooks used was not heavy enough to inflict severe injuries. They also claimed that Brooks had not hit Sumner more than a few times, and had not hit him hard enough to cause serious health concerns. In fact,
345:
on dueling etiquette. Keitt told him that dueling was for gentlemen of equal social standing, and that Sumner was no better than a drunkard, because of the supposedly coarse language he had used during his speech. Brooks said that he concluded that, since Sumner was no gentleman, he did not merit
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Brooks claimed that he had not intended to kill Sumner, or else he would have used a different weapon. In a speech to the House defending his actions, Brooks stated that he "meant no disrespect to the Senate of the United States" or the House by his attack on Sumner. Brooks was arrested for the
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editorialized that Sumner should be caned "every morning", praising the attack as "good in conception, better in execution, and best of all in consequences" and denounced "these vulgar abolitionists in the Senate" who "have been suffered to run too long without collars. They must be lashed into
451:
in Boston; it was worked to smooth the edges and finish, and then put on display. Southern lawmakers made rings out of the other pieces
Edmundson recovered from the Senate floor, which they wore on neck chains to show their solidarity with Brooks, who boasted " are begged for as sacred relics."
375:
cane with a gold head. The force of the blows so shocked Sumner that he lost his sight immediately. "I no longer saw my assailant, nor any other person or object in the room. What I did afterwards was done almost unconsciously, acting under the instincts of self-defense", he recalled later.
294:, Slavery. For her, his tongue is always profuse in words. Let her be impeached in character, or any proposition made to shut her out from the extension of her wantonness, and no extravagance of manner or hardihood of assertion is then too great for this senator. The frenzy of
435:, Sumner was able to travel by carriage to his lodgings, where he received further medical treatment. Brooks also required medical attention before leaving the Capitol; he had hit himself above his right eye with one of his backswings.
371:
libel on South
Carolina, and Mr. Butler, who is a relative of mine", Brooks calmly announced in a low voice. As Sumner began to stand up, Brooks beat Sumner severely on the head before he could reach his feet, using a thick
438:
The cane Brooks used was broken into several pieces, which he left on the blood-soaked floor of the Senate chamber. Some, including the cane's gold head, were recovered by
Edmundson, who gave the portion with the head to
888:; he spent three years convalescing before returning to his Senate seat. Massachusetts pointedly did not replace him, and left his empty desk in the Senate as a visible reminder of the incident. The state legislature
403:
then interceded for
Crittenden, telling Keitt not to attack someone who was not a party to the dispute, though Toombs also indicated later that he had no issue with Brooks beating Sumner, and in fact approved of it.
904:
failed, but he resigned on July 15 in order to permit his constituents to ratify or condemn his conduct via a special election. They approved; Brooks was quickly returned to office after the August 1 vote, and then
869:, where U.S. anti-dueling laws would not apply. Brooks withdrew his challenge, claiming that he did not want to expose himself to the risk of violence by traveling through Northern states to get to Niagara Falls.
825:
said, "The South cannot tolerate free speech anywhere, and would stifle it in Washington with the bludgeon and the bowie-knife, as they are now trying to stifle it in Kansas by massacre, rapine, and murder."
839:
described the divide the incident represented: "I do not see how a barbarous community and a civilized community can constitute one state. I think we must get rid of slavery, or we must get rid of freedom."
835:
attended rallies in support of Sumner in Boston, Albany, Cleveland, Detroit, New Haven, New York, and Providence. More than a million copies of Sumner's speech were distributed. Two weeks after the caning,
820:
The episode revealed the polarization in the United States, which had now reached the floor of the Senate. Sumner became a martyr in the North and Brooks a hero in the South. Northerners were outraged. The
861:, only to set conditions designed to intimidate Brooks into backing down: As the challenged party, Burlingame, who was a crack shot, had the choice of weapons and dueling ground. He selected rifles on the
974:
of Congress, Brooks made a speech calling for the admission of Kansas "even with a constitution rejecting slavery". His conciliatory tone impressed Northerners and disappointed slavery's supporters.
211:
Although Sumner was unable to return to the Senate until December 1859, the Massachusetts legislature refused to replace him, leaving his empty desk in the Senate as a public reminder of the attack.
906:
920:
by the House. He resigned in protest, but his constituents ratified his conduct by overwhelmingly reelecting him to his seat within a month. In 1858, he attempted to choke Representative
330:
slavery so that they could engage in forcible sexual relations with their slaves." Douglas said during the speech "his damn fool is going to get himself killed by some other damn fool".
196:. The attack was in retaliation for an invective-laden speech given by Sumner two days earlier in which he fiercely criticized slaveholders, including pro-slavery South Carolina Senator
807:
423:. As Sumner regained consciousness they were able to assist him to walk to a cloakroom. Sumner received first aid and medical attention, including several stitches. With the aid of
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in his "Crime against Kansas" speech, delivered on May 19 and May 20. The long speech argued for the immediate admission of Kansas as a free state and went on to denounce the "
444:
994:
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2635:
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In a deliberate, unemotional address he unexpectedly announced that he was prepared to vote for the admission of Kansas 'even with a constitution rejecting slavery'.
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The relationship between Brooks and Butler is often reported inaccurately. "In reality, Brooks's father Whitfield Brooks, and Andrew Butler were first cousins."
460:
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touches nothing which he does not disfigure with error, sometimes of principle, sometimes of fact. He cannot open his mouth, but out there flies a blunder.
889:
793:
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2111:"Outrage in the United States Senate: Senator Sumner, of Massachusetts, Knocked Down and Beaten till Insensible by Mr. Brooks, of South Carolina"
415:
were finally able to intervene and restrain Brooks, at which point he quietly left the chamber. Murray obtained the aid of a Senate page and the
880:
Sumner suffered head trauma that caused him chronic, debilitating pain for the rest of his life and symptoms consistent with what is now called
2595:
952:
33:
Political caricature of the caning, depicting Sumner on the floor holding a pen and his "Crime against Kansas" speech as Brooks lunges at him
204:. It has been considered symbolic of the "breakdown of reasoned discourse" and willingness to resort to violence that eventually led to the
416:
2650:
2590:
200:, a relative of Brooks. The beating nearly killed Sumner and contributed significantly to the country's polarization over the issue of
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honorable treatment; to Keitt and Brooks, it was more appropriate to humiliate Sumner by beating him with a cane in a public setting.
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Sumner by making sexual allusions to black women, like many slaveholders who accused abolitionists of promoting interracial marriage.
2615:
901:
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964:
940:
779:
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U.S. House of Representatives Report 182, 34th Congress, 1st Session: Select Committee Report, Alleged Assault upon Senator Sumner
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Two days later, on the afternoon of May 22, 1856, Brooks entered the Senate chamber with Keitt and another ally, Representative
2655:
2561:
1722:
1070:
Pfau, Michael William (2003). "Time, Tropes, and Textuality: Reading Republicanism in Charles Sumner's 'Crime Against Kansas".
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court, convicted, and fined $ 300 (equivalent to $ 10,170 in 2023), but he received no prison sentence. A motion for Brooks'
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submission." Southerners sent Brooks hundreds of new canes in endorsement of his assault. One was inscribed "Hit him again."
689:
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2328:
Gienapp, William E. (1979). "The Crime Against Sumner: The Caning of Charles Sumner and the Rise of the Republican Party".
492:
2625:
2610:
1500:
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The caning was a motivating factor in the abduction and murder of five pro-slavery settlers by the abolitionist leader
615:
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gave Democrats an advantage, Republicans made major gains in elections for the state legislatures, which enabled them
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2605:
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2016:
678:
520:
186:
1439:. Vol. 11. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Historical Times Incorporated. 1972. p. 37 – via Google Books.
925:
653:
189:
170:
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1964:
885:
337:, Butler's first cousin once removed, was infuriated. He later said that he intended to challenge Sumner to a
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684:
917:
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201:
1907:
2150:. Vol. V, Pickering–Sumter. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 747 – via Google Books.
600:
580:
545:
1821:
978:
659:
643:
1044:
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2600:
707:
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535:
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1869:. Vol. IV. New York: James T. White & Company. 1895. p. 14 – via Google Books.
1850:
1590:
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261:
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233:
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318:, Sumner had been ridiculed and insulted by both Douglas and Butler for his opposition to the
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1381:
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982:
827:
774:
729:
648:
610:
46:
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2451:. Vol. 79. Charleston, South Carolina: South Carolina Historical Society. p. 308.
2221:
2000:
1595:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 64–65 – via Google Books.
1022:
897:
713:
666:
570:
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159:
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1974:
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in the U.S. Senate elections, because senators were chosen by the state legislatures. The
8:
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515:
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Sumner also mocked Butler's speaking ability, which had been impeded by a recent stroke:
299:
2300:. Vol. 7. Topeka, Kansas: W. Y. Morgan. 1902. p. 424 – via Google Books.
1844:
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205:
162:
42:
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1198:"The Caning of Charles Sumner: Slavery, Race and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War"
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2012:
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1951:
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1146:
1115:
1091:
971:
845:
420:
408:
359:
342:
2337:
1287:
Mathis, Robert Neil (October 1978). "Preston Smith Brooks: The Man and His Image".
1209:
1105:
1079:
854:
768:
625:
590:
555:
550:
2215:
1492:
Eyewitness to the Civil War: The Complete History from Secession to Reconstruction
931:
An effort to censure Edmundson failed to obtain a majority of votes in the House.
2513:
1434:
1408:
1167:
956:
935:
921:
672:
412:
257:
2317:. Vol. IV. Boston: Lee & Shepard. p. 266 – via Google Books.
1926:
1546:
Robert Toombs: The Civil Wars of a United States Senator and Confederate General
1522:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 122.
354:
2537:
The Caning of Charles Sumner: Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War
2474:
2396:. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. 1987. p. 258.
1829:
1056:
565:
334:
247:
243:
182:
174:
166:
101:
75:
2110:
1519:
Washington Brotherhood: Politics, Social Life, and the Coming of the Civil War
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1193:
866:
735:
497:
400:
315:
282:
197:
193:
178:
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attempted to intervene, and pleaded with Brooks not to kill Sumner. Senator
1914:. Louisville, Kentucky. June 4, 1856. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
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to paint pro-slavery Democrats as extremists. Though the Democrats won the
873:
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publicly humiliated Brooks by goading him into challenging Burlingame to a
432:
372:
323:
277:
Sumner's rhetoric was largely directed at the authors of the Act, Senators
2341:
1083:
928:) for calling him a "negro driver" during an argument on the House floor.
224:
295:
265:
122:
111:
1300:
1711:. Washington, DC: John C. Rives. p. 1362 – via Google Books.
1221:
291:
2271:
Do Not Ask What Good We Do: Inside the U.S. House of Representatives
2086:
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History from 458 A.D. to 1909
1213:
1142:
Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction
963:
and cohere as a party, which set the stage for their victory in the
28:
2118:
1320:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 113.
1549:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 91.
379:
2220:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1913. p.
2194:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 382.
1828:. Charlotte, North Carolina. June 3, 1856. p. 3 – via
1621:
After Lincoln: How the North Won the Civil War and Lost the Peace
1383:
The Essays of Henry D. Thoreau: Selected and Edited by Lewis Hyde
464:
The walking cane used to attack Charles Sumner on exhibit at the
387:
also advised Brooks and was with him during the assault on Sumner
87:
1883:
Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush
1578:. Chicago, Illinois: Hugh Herron: 438 – via Google Books.
1572:"Assault on the Hon. Charles Sumner, by Hon. Preston S. Brooks"
960:
862:
91:
1727:
Military History in 100 Objects: A Farewell to Arms (and Legs)
2089:. Vol. 1. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 409.
910:
1413:. Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme Publishing. p. 112.
1465:
Politics and America in Crisis: The Coming of the Civil War
1356:
Politics and America in Crisis: The Coming of the Civil War
995:
List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D.C.
858:
843:
Conversely, Brooks was praised by Southern newspapers. The
338:
1684:. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press. p. 141.
1114:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 139–140.
2025:
2003:
Anti-Slavery Politics in Antebellum and Civil War America
892:, even though he was unable to take his seat until 1859.
1947:
Antislavery Politics in Antebellum and Civil War America
362:
advised Brooks and was with him when he assaulted Sumner
2574:
The Caning: The Assault that Drove America to Civil War
1410:
The Caning: The Assault That Drove America to Civil War
2243:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. p.
447:. This portion of the cane eventually ended up at the
2372:
2037:
1980:
341:, and consulted fellow South Carolina Representative
1000:
Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War
2297:
Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society
1681:
Empire of Mud: The Secret History of Washington, DC
1495:. Washington, DC: National Geographic. p. 21.
1359:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 94.
1267:
1228:
2512:
2236:
2062:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 37–38.
285:of South Carolina. Regarding Butler, Sumner said:
2418:The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War
2393:The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War
2191:American Civil War: A State-by-State Encyclopedia
1933:. Cumberland, Maine: Prince Memorial Library: 44.
1886:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 96.
1250:The Shattering of the Union: America in the 1850s
1145:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 82.
959:and the beating of Sumner helped the Republicans
322:and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, with Butler crudely
2661:Racially motivated violence in the United States
2636:Congressional controversies in the United States
2582:
1380:Thoreau, Henry David (2002). Hyde, Lewis (ed.).
140:Brooks fined $ 300 ($ 10,170 in today's dollars)
2274:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 155.
2515:Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War
1950:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 95.
1866:The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography
1785:The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856
1624:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 13.
1386:. New York: North Point Press. p. xliii.
268:"—the slave owners and their political power:
2540:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2445:"Preston Smith Brooks: The Man and His Image"
2082:
1172:. Charleston, SC: History Press. p. 50.
801:
2676:Franklin Pierce administration controversies
2572:interview with Stephen Puleo about his book
2147:Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography
2083:Lossing, Benson J.; Wilson, Woodrow (1905).
1648:Life and Public Services of Ulysses S. Grant
273:power of slavery in the National Government.
2143:
1857:
1468:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 99.
2519:. Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc.
1253:. Lanham, Maryland: SR Books. p. 97.
808:
794:
27:
2234:
2144:Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John (1898).
1849:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p.
1842:
1751:
1729:. MHN: Military History Now. May 5, 2015.
1542:
290:world, is chaste in his sight—I mean the
2055:
1998:
1943:
1788:. Oxford University Press. p. 359.
1761:. Oxford University Press. p. 150.
1758:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
1617:
1588:
459:
378:
353:
16:Attack of US Senator by a Representative
2631:Political violence in the United States
2327:
2239:Galusha A. Grow: The People's Candidate
2167:. New York: Random House. p. 372.
1924:
1781:
1515:
1449:
1379:
1340:
1246:
1165:
2583:
2533:
2510:
2442:
2378:
2362:
2310:
2267:
2217:A Biographical Congressional Directory
2187:
2131:
2117:. May 23, 1856. p. 1 – via
2043:
2031:
1986:
1970:
1925:Merrill, Sally A. (October 27, 2017).
1879:
1677:
1665:
1644:
1605:
1569:
1289:The South Carolina Historical Magazine
1286:
1273:
1234:
1138:
1104:
1042:
1019:"The Caning of Senator Charles Sumner"
2596:History of the United States Congress
2464:
2430:
1808:
1739:
1704:
1651:. New York: Lee and Shepard. p.
1488:
1461:
1406:
1352:
1313:
1192:
1011:
780:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
2562:The Caning of Senator Charles Sumner
2443:Mathis, Robert Neil (October 1978).
2160:
1069:
349:
2164:America's Constitution: A Biography
158:, occurred on May 22, 1856, in the
114:to an anti-slavery speech by Sumner
13:
2534:Hoffer, Williamjames Hull (2010).
2489:from the original on June 27, 2012
2449:South Carolina Historical Magazine
1927:"Cumberland and the Slavery Issue"
1169:Murder and Mayhem in the Holy City
1111:American Statesmen: Charles Sumner
907:re-elected to a new term of office
690:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
546:End of slavery in British colonies
14:
2687:
2651:Origins of the American Civil War
2591:Abolitionism in the United States
2555:
2467:"How Bloody Was Bleeding Kansas?"
679:The Impending Crisis of the South
521:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
2616:1856 crimes in the United States
1843:Hollister, Ovando James (1886).
1589:Campbell, L. D. (June 2, 1856).
232:
223:
2504:
2458:
2436:
2424:
2384:
2321:
2304:
2288:
2261:
2228:
2208:
2181:
2154:
2137:
2125:
2103:
2076:
2049:
2007:. Bloomsbury Academic. p.
1992:
1937:
1918:
1908:"Senator Wilson and Mr. Brooks"
1900:
1873:
1836:
1814:
1802:
1775:
1745:
1733:
1715:
1705:Rives, John C. (June 2, 1856).
1698:
1671:
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1638:
1611:
1599:
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1536:
1509:
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1455:
1443:
1427:
1400:
1373:
1346:
1334:
1307:
1279:
1078:(3): 385–413, quote on p. 393.
260:" crisis, Sumner denounced the
2511:Donald, David Herbert (2009).
2465:Watts, Dale E. (Summer 1995).
1240:
1186:
1159:
1132:
1098:
1063:
1036:
909:later in 1856, but he died of
886:post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
2656:Presidency of Franklin Pierce
2257:– via Internet Archive.
2235:Ilisevich, Robert D. (1988).
1655:– via Internet Archive.
1317:John Brown in Memory and Myth
1202:Journal of the Early Republic
1072:Rhetoric & Public Affairs
1005:
853:Massachusetts Representative
214:
2621:Violence in Washington, D.C.
1999:Mitchell, Thomas G. (2007).
1944:Mitchell, Thomas G. (2007).
1782:Gienapp, William E. (1988).
654:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall
616:Secession of Southern states
455:
7:
2641:34th United States Congress
2314:The Works of Charles Sumner
2188:Tucker, Spencer C. (2015).
1645:Phelps, Charles A. (1872).
1516:Shelden, Rachel A. (2013).
1436:Civil War Times Illustrated
988:
913:before the new term began.
896:assault. He was tried in a
649:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy
493:End of Atlantic slave trade
10:
2692:
2626:Crimes in Washington, D.C.
1462:Green, Michael S. (2010).
1353:Green, Michael S. (2010).
965:1860 presidential election
736:Recapture of Anthony Burns
606:1860 presidential election
581:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
298:, in behalf of his wench,
2611:1856 in American politics
2550:– via Google Books.
2284:– via Google Books.
2204:– via Google Books.
2177:– via Google Books.
2161:Amar, Akhil Reed (2006).
2099:– via Google Books.
2072:– via Google Books.
1896:– via Google Books.
1798:– via Google Books.
1771:– via Google Books.
1694:– via Google Books.
1634:– via Google Books.
1559:– via Google Books.
1532:– via Google Books.
1505:– via Google Books.
1478:– via Google Books.
1423:– via Google Books.
1396:– via Google Books.
1369:– via Google Books.
1247:Walther, Eric H. (2004).
1139:Guelzo, Allen C. (2012).
1045:"Letters from Washington"
947:in the House because the
685:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue
660:American Slavery As It Is
144:
136:
128:
118:
107:
97:
81:
71:
53:
38:
26:
21:
2666:Caning of Charles Sumner
2606:1856 in Washington, D.C.
2311:Sumner, Charles (1873).
2224:– via Archive.org.
1880:Boller, Paul F. (2004).
1853:– via Archive.org.
1742:, pp. 102, 114–115.
1618:Langguth, A. J. (2014).
1543:Scroggins, Mark (2011).
1043:Creole (Dec 16, 1859) .
945:increased their majority
902:expulsion from the House
708:Trial of Reuben Crandall
621:Peace Conference of 1861
596:Caning of Charles Sumner
152:caning of Charles Sumner
22:Caning of Charles Sumner
2268:Draper, Robert (2012).
2056:Brewster, Todd (2014).
1846:Life of Schuyler Colfax
1708:The Congressional Globe
1407:Puleo, Stephen (2013).
1314:Daigh, Michael (2015).
949:Three-fifths Compromise
601:Lincoln–Douglas debates
59:; 168 years ago
1826:The Charlotte Democrat
1570:Devens, R. M. (1882).
1053:New Orleans, Louisiana
882:traumatic brain injury
832:New York Evening Post,
749:Virginia v. John Brown
742:Dred Scott v. Sandford
644:Nat Turner's Rebellion
469:
449:Old State House Museum
445:House Sergeant at Arms
441:Adam John Glossbrenner
388:
363:
312:
304:
275:
165:, when Representative
2564:(U.S. Senate website)
2342:10.1353/cwh.1979.0005
1678:Dickey, J.D. (2014).
1166:Hendrix, Pat (2006).
1084:10.1353/rap.2003.0070
983:Pottawatomie massacre
941:presidential election
890:reelected him in 1857
828:William Cullen Bryant
775:Battle of Fort Sumter
730:Prigg v. Pennsylvania
611:Crittenden Compromise
463:
382:
357:
308:
287:
270:
256:In 1856, during the "
47:United States Capitol
2671:Legislative violence
1489:Kagan, Neil (2006).
1023:United States Senate
898:District of Columbia
714:Commonwealth v. Aves
571:Nashville Convention
561:Mexican–American War
531:Nullification crisis
429:Speaker of the House
160:United States Senate
156:Brooks–Sumner Affair
102:Preston Smith Brooks
2034:, pp. 268–269.
1822:"The Caning Affair"
1753:McPherson, James M.
837:Ralph Waldo Emerson
586:Kansas–Nebraska Act
526:Missouri Compromise
516:Northwest Ordinance
481:
302:, is all surpassed.
300:Dulcinea del Toboso
262:Kansas–Nebraska Act
246:(left) and Senator
957:violence in Kansas
823:Cincinnati Gazette
576:Compromise of 1850
479:American Civil War
472:
470:
425:Nathaniel P. Banks
397:John J. Crittenden
389:
385:Henry A. Edmundson
368:Henry A. Edmundson
364:
320:Fugitive Slave Law
279:Stephen A. Douglas
181:to attack Senator
49:, Washington, D.C.
43:Old Senate Chamber
2547:978-0-8018-9468-8
2403:978-0-8071-2492-5
2330:Civil War History
2281:978-1-4516-4208-7
2254:978-0-8229-3606-0
2201:978-1-59884-528-0
2174:978-0-8129-7272-6
2115:The Baltimore Sun
2096:978-0-5987-7690-7
2069:978-1-4516-9386-7
1957:978-0-275-99168-5
1893:978-0-19-516715-3
1795:978-0-1980-2114-8
1768:978-0-1951-6895-2
1723:"#7 Raising Cane"
1691:978-0-7627-8701-2
1631:978-1-4516-1732-0
1576:American Progress
1556:978-0-7864-6363-3
1529:978-1-4696-1085-6
1475:978-0-275-99095-4
1420:978-1-59416-187-2
1393:978-0-86547-585-4
1366:978-0-313-08174-3
1327:978-0-7864-9617-4
1260:978-0-8420-2799-1
1179:978-1-59629-162-1
1152:978-0-1998-4328-2
1121:978-0-7222-9204-4
1106:Storey, Moorfield
972:lame-duck session
924:of Pennsylvania (
846:Richmond Enquirer
818:
817:
667:Uncle Tom's Cabin
474:Events leading to
421:Dunning R. McNair
409:Ambrose S. Murray
350:Day of the attack
343:Laurence M. Keitt
148:
147:
57:May 22, 1856
2683:
2551:
2530:
2518:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2471:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2440:
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2422:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2388:
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2376:
2370:
2360:
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2308:
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2206:
2205:
2185:
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2178:
2158:
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2151:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2059:Lincoln's Gamble
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2006:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1931:Cumberland Books
1922:
1916:
1915:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1811:, pp. 36–7.
1806:
1800:
1799:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1675:
1669:
1668:, pp. 8–11.
1663:
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1184:
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1102:
1096:
1095:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1015:
970:During the 1856
962:
855:Anson Burlingame
810:
803:
796:
769:Star of the West
626:Corwin Amendment
591:Ostend Manifesto
556:Texas annexation
551:Texas Revolution
482:
471:
417:Sergeant at Arms
407:Representatives
281:of Illinois and
236:
227:
169:, a pro-slavery
67:
65:
60:
31:
19:
18:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2646:May 1856 events
2601:Bleeding Kansas
2581:
2580:
2576:, June 21, 2015
2558:
2548:
2527:
2507:
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2042:
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2019:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1969:
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1958:
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1214:10.2307/3125037
1196:(Summer 2003).
1191:
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1103:
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936:William Gienapp
922:Galusha A. Grow
814:
785:
784:
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703:
695:
694:
673:Bleeding Kansas
639:
631:
630:
511:
503:
502:
488:
476:
466:Old State House
458:
413:Edwin B. Morgan
383:Representative
358:Representative
352:
333:Representative
258:Bleeding Kansas
254:
253:
252:
251:
242:Representative
239:
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229:
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217:
84:
63:
61:
58:
34:
17:
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11:
5:
2689:
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2598:
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2556:External links
2554:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2531:
2525:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2482:(2): 116–129.
2475:Kansas History
2457:
2435:
2433:, p. 204.
2423:
2421:, p. 258.
2409:
2402:
2383:
2381:, p. 252.
2371:
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2303:
2287:
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2253:
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2200:
2180:
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2124:
2102:
2095:
2075:
2068:
2048:
2046:, p. 269.
2036:
2024:
2017:
1991:
1989:, p. 270.
1979:
1963:
1956:
1936:
1917:
1899:
1892:
1872:
1856:
1835:
1830:Newspapers.com
1813:
1801:
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1502:978-0792262060
1501:
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1454:
1450:Walther (2004)
1442:
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1419:
1399:
1392:
1372:
1365:
1345:
1341:Walther (2004)
1333:
1326:
1306:
1295:(4): 296–310.
1278:
1266:
1259:
1239:
1227:
1208:(2): 233–262.
1194:Sinha, Manisha
1185:
1178:
1158:
1151:
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1120:
1097:
1062:
1057:Newspapers.com
1035:
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541:Tariff of 1828
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489:
486:
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431:, and Senator
360:Laurence Keitt
351:
348:
335:Preston Brooks
248:Charles Sumner
244:Preston Brooks
241:
240:
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183:Charles Sumner
175:South Carolina
167:Preston Brooks
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2526:9781402218392
2522:
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2336:(3): 218–45.
2335:
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2166:
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2149:
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2140:
2134:, p. 83.
2133:
2132:Hoffer (2010)
2128:
2120:
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2106:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2087:
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2033:
2028:
2020:
2018:9780275991685
2014:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1912:Daily Courier
1909:
1903:
1895:
1889:
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1884:
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1666:Hoffer (2010)
1662:
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1614:
1607:
1606:Hoffer (2010)
1602:
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1458:
1452:, p. 99.
1451:
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1411:
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1349:
1343:, p. 98.
1342:
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1274:Hoffer (2010)
1270:
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1243:
1237:, p. 62.
1236:
1235:Hoffer (2010)
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998:
996:
993:
992:
986:
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980:
975:
973:
968:
966:
958:
954:
953:to make gains
950:
946:
942:
937:
932:
929:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
903:
899:
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867:Niagara Falls
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498:Panic of 1857
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2491:. Retrieved
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2431:Puleo (2013)
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1809:Puleo (2013)
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1740:Puleo (2013)
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1608:, p. 9.
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1126:Google Books
1124:– via
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1055:– via
1048:
1038:
1028:February 15,
1026:. Retrieved
1013:
976:
969:
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930:
915:
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874:Henry Wilson
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324:race-baiting
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187:abolitionist
179:walking cane
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2379:Donald 2009
2363:Donald 2009
2044:Donald 2009
2032:Donald 2009
1987:Donald 2009
1971:Donald 2009
1049:Daily Delta
296:Don Quixote
266:Slave Power
129:Convictions
112:Retaliation
98:Perpetrator
83:Attack type
2585:Categories
2365:, p.
1973:, p.
1006:References
979:John Brown
934:Historian
926:Republican
916:Keitt was
215:Background
190:Republican
64:1856-05-22
2350:145527756
2121:Archiver.
1092:144786197
510:Political
468:in Boston
456:Aftermath
206:Civil War
177:, used a
154:, or the
2493:April 5,
2484:Archived
2119:ProQuest
1755:(2003).
1301:27567525
1108:(1900).
989:See also
961:coalesce
918:censured
872:Senator
865:side of
762:Military
702:Judicial
536:Gag rule
487:Economic
395:Senator
171:Democrat
137:Sentence
39:Location
2570:Q&A
2568:C-SPAN
1222:3125037
981:in the
830:of the
722:Amistad
250:(right)
202:slavery
163:chamber
132:Assault
119:Verdict
88:Assault
62: (
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863:Canada
724:affair
638:Social
443:, the
427:, the
292:harlot
123:Guilty
108:Motive
92:caning
72:Target
2487:(PDF)
2470:(PDF)
2346:S2CID
1297:JSTOR
1218:JSTOR
1088:S2CID
911:croup
192:from
185:, an
173:from
2542:ISBN
2521:ISBN
2495:2013
2398:ISBN
2276:ISBN
2249:ISBN
2196:ISBN
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2013:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1888:ISBN
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1361:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1030:2013
943:and
884:and
859:duel
720:The
477:the
411:and
339:duel
150:The
54:Date
2367:252
2338:doi
2245:124
2222:502
1975:259
1653:362
1210:doi
1080:doi
90:by
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2009:95
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