2831:"...in the view of rabbinical Judaism every command of the written law in the Pentateuch (Torah sh'bikthab), and of the oral law (Torah sh'b'al peh), as codified in the Shulchan Aruk, is equally binding. The ceremonial law has equal potency with the religious and moral commands. Reform Judaism, on the other hand, claims that a distinction must be made between the universal precepts of religion and morality and the enactments arising from the circumstances and conditions of special times and places. Customs and ceremonies must change with the varying needs of different generations. Successive ages have their individual requirements for the satisfaction of the religious nature. No ceremonial law can be eternally binding. " - Philipson, David (1907)
2029:, which eschewed the militant line of Judaism which Paul embraced prior to his conversion. There is also the question as to whom Paul was addressing. Paul saw himself as an apostle to the Gentiles, and it is unclear as to whether the text of Romans was directed to Jewish followers of Jesus (as was Paul), to Gentiles, or to both. If adherence to Jewish law were a requirement for salvation, then salvation would be denied to Gentiles without a conversion to Judaism. Krister Stendahl argues along similar lines that according to Paul, Judaism's rejection of Jesus as a savior is what allows salvation of non-Jews, that this rejection is part of God's overall plan, and that Israel will also be saved (per
2817:"Reform Judaism first took hold in Germany in the early nineteenth century. This tradition asserts that many of the ritualistic practices and dogmas of the past are outmoded..... Reform Jews assumed a prerogative to choose which Biblical laws were worthy of their allegiance, and which were not.... Orthodox Jews adhere to a literal interpretation of the Hebrew Bible and continue to observe all the traditional Jewish laws... Conservative Jews ... were ... less likely than the Orthodox to accept the infallibility of sacred texts asserting that 'the divine origin of Jewish law ... to human development and application'". - Berger, Ronald J. (2002),
2793:"Israel drew within herself, shunned the world, and lived apart. In her seclusion, her religion became her all. The interpretation of the Law and the construction put upon the commandments tended toward the upholding of the letter rather than the spirit. ... Reform was born to protect the spirit of the Law, to place the spirit above the letter, to make the latter subservient to the former.... The abolition of those forms and ceremonies that were not conducive to proper living, or that had, by reason of altered environment, become meaningless, was of the highest importance to the spiritual welfare of Israel." - Stern, Myer (1895),
2869:"There is a fatal split among Jews, first, because religious tenets and institutions have been kept forcibly on a level of a vanished era, and not permeated with the divine breath of refreshing life, while life itself hurried forward stormily; and secondly, because the religious leaders, lacking all knowledge of the world and of men, dreamed of other times and conditions, and held themselves aloof from the life of the new generation - hence resulted a superficial rationalism, inimical to all positive and historical faith, side by side with a rigid, unreasoning formalism". - Philipson, David (1907)
1943:"There is at present a rent in Judaism which affects its very life, and which no covering, however glittering, can repair. The evil which threatens to corrode gradually all the healthy bone and marrow must be completely eradicated, and this can be done only if, in the name and in the interest of the religion, we remove from the sphere of our religious life all that is corrupt and untenable, and solemnly absolve ourselves from all obligations toward it in the future; thus, we may achieve the liberation of Judaism for ourselves and for our children, so as to prevent the estrangement from Judaism."
1922:"The polemics between Orthodox, as the traditionalists came to be called, and the Reformers were fierce. The Orthodox treated Reform as rank heresy, as no more than a religion of convenience which, if followed, would lead Jews altogether out of Judaism. The Reformers retorted that, on the contrary, the danger to Jewish survival was occasioned by the Orthodox who, through their obscurantism, failed to see that the new challenges facing Judaism had to be faced consciously in the present as Judaism had faced, albeit unconsciously, similar challenges in the past."
2021:(Roman 3:27). In Romans 7â12, one criticism of Judaism made by Paul is that it is a religion based in law instead of faith. In many interpretations of this criticism made prior to the mid 20th century, Judaism was held to be fundamentally flawed by the sin of self-righteousness. The issue is complicated by differences in the versions of Judaism extant at the time. Some scholars argue that Paul's criticism of Judaism are correct, others suggest that Paul's criticism is directed at
2862:"Mosaism and rabbinic Judaism were appropriate for earlier ages, argued. But the age of man's maturity called for freedom from the letter, from blind authority, 'from all restriction which curb the minds and encroach upon the hearts'. The contemporary Jew had 'outgrown the guiding strings ... of infancy'; he was ready to walk on his own. What he required was not law, but a 'living Judaism', both enlightened and pious, appealing to reason and emotion." - Meyer, Michael A. (1995)
2848:".. the immense authoritarian power of the orthodox Rabbis and Hasidic Zadikkim in the traditionalist communities ... As a result, there was open conflict between the rebellious youth .. and the religious establishment.... This was the context in which a virulent 'anti-clericalism' developed among progressive Jewish intellectuals, leaving countless evidence in the shape of polemical articles, autobiographical works, and imaginative literature." - Lowy, Michael (1992),
2925:" We recognize, in the modern era of universal culture of heart and intellect, the approaching of the realization of Israels great Messianic hope for the establishment of the kingdom of truth, justice, and peace among all men. We consider ourselves no longer a nation, but a religious community, and therefore expect neither a return to Palestine, nor a sacrificial worship under the sons of Aaron, nor the restoration of any of the laws concerning the Jewish state." -
1832:, which holds that Jews have a responsibility to "cooperate with all men in the establishment of the kingdom of God, of universal brotherhood, justice, truth, and peace on earth." Some secular and critics affiliated with other religions claim the concept implies favoritism or racial superiority, as have some Jewish critics, such as Baruch Spinoza. Some Jews find the concept of "chosenness" problematic or outdated, and such concerns led to the formation of
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2145:, who explicitly accused Ezra of being a liar and a heretic who falsified and added interpolations into the Biblical text. In his polemic against Judaism, Ibn Hazm provided a list of what he said were chronological and geographical inaccuracies and contradictions; theological impossibilities (anthropomorphic expressions, stories of fornication and whoredom, and the attributing of sins to prophets), as well as lack of reliable transmission (
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2194:. Sometimes, however, these criticisms were directed at Judaism as a religion. In 1893, animal advocates campaigning against kosher slaughter in Aberdeen attempted to link cruelty with Jewish religious practice. In the 1920s, Polish critics of kosher slaughter claimed that the practice actually had no basis in scripture. In contrast, Jewish authorities argue that the slaughter methods are based directly upon (
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79:
2779:"Abraham Geiger ... stressed the belief in progress: the Bible and Talmud represent an early, primitive stage in a revelation that is still continuing. Many traditional ceremonies (such as circumcision) are distressing to modern sensibility or incompatible with modern life... Geiger become increasingly convinced of the need to 'dethrone the Talmud'... " - De Lange, Nicholas (2000),
2824:"We hold that all such Mosaic and rabbinical laws as regulate diet, priestly purity, and dress originated in ages and under the influence of ideas entirely foreign to our present mental and spiritual state. They fail to impress the modern Jew with a spirit of priestly holiness; their observance in our days is apt rather to obstruct than to further modern spiritual elevation." -
2149:) of the text. Heribert Busse writes "The only explanation is the presumption that Muhammad, in the heat of debate, wanted to accuse the Jews of heretical doctrine on a par with the heresy of the Christian doctrine that teaches the divine nature of Jesus. In doing so, he could take advantage of the high esteem granted Ezra in Judaism."
2786:"According to Kaplan, the Jewish heritage, including the belief in God, must be reinterpreted so that it will be consistent with the intellectual outlook of the twentieth century. The Torah, which is Jewish civilization in practice, must be given a new functional interpretation." - Scult, Mel (1993)
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and Joe M. Regenstein shows that, practiced correctly with proper restraint systems, kosher slaughter results in little pain and suffering, and notes that behavioral reactions to the incision made during kosher slaughter are less than those to noises such as clanging or hissing, inversion or pressure
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Paul attacks the way in which the Jews of his time regarded the works or the law as a boundary marker demarcating who is and who is not 'in' the people of God; he attacks their narrow, racially, ethnically, and geographically defined notion of God's people and, in its place, sets out a more 'open',
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causes unnecessary pain and suffering. Calls for the abolition of kosher slaughter have been made in 2008 by
Germany's federal chamber of veterinarians, and in 2011 by the Party for Animals in the Dutch parliament. In both incidents, Jewish groups responded that the criticisms were attacks against
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The criticisms of traditional
Judaism included criticisms asserting that the Torah's laws are not strictly binding; criticisms asserting that many ceremonies and rituals are not necessary; criticisms asserting that Rabbinical leadership is too authoritarian; criticisms asserting that there was too
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on, represent a caricature of
Judaism and that this interpretation of Paul's criticism is thus flawed by the misunderstanding of the tenets of Judaism. Sanders' interpretation asserts Judaism is instead best understood as a "covenantal nominism", in which God's grace is given and affirmed in the
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agrees with
Sanders' view that Paul would not have criticized Judaism for claiming that salvation comes from adherence to the law or the performance of good works, since those are not tenets of Judaism, but argues against Sanders that Paul's criticism of Judaism represents a rebuttal of the
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inclusive, form of
Judaism (based on faith in Christ). Thus, 'Paul's criticism of Judaism was, more accurately described, a criticism of the xenophobic strand of Judaism, to which Paul himself had previously belonged. Paul was in effect converting from a closed Judaism to an open Judaism.'
2908:"Sociologically, the way of life of halakhic Judaism vouchsafed Jewry to an unambiguously distinct ... identity - an identity that was the source of a profound discomfort to those Jews who sought cultural, social, and political integration in the Gentile community in which they lived." -
1880:, and the ordination of homosexualsâall issues that Conservative Judaism opposes and Reform Judaism supports. (The Conservative movement has since moved in the direction of allowing for gay rabbis and the "celebration of same-sex commitment ceremonies".)
2121:. In order to show that the religion practiced by the Jews is not the pure religion of Abraham, the Qur'an mentions the incident of worshiping of the calf, argues that Jews do not believe in part of the revelation given to them, and that their taking of
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A similar argument is presented by George Smiga, who claims that criticism of
Judaism found in the New Testament are best understood as varieties of religious polemic, intended as a call to conversion rather than criticism in the sense of common usage.
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Some scholars argue that the fundamental issue underlying Paul's criticism of
Judaism hinges on his understanding of Judaism's relationship to Jewish law. E. P. Sanders, for example, argues that the view held by many New Testament scholars from
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Most branches of
Judaism consider Jews to be the "chosen people," in the sense that they have a special role to "preserve God's revelations" or to "affirm our common humanity." This attitude is reflected, for example, in the policy statement of
3590:("making themselves foreskins"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the edict of
2886:"Emancipation implied the breakdown of the Jews' millennial social and cultural isolation ... It was said for the first time in European history the Jews could participate in non-Jewish culture without the stigma of apostacy".
2141:, who was presumed to be the figure mentioned by the Qur'an (albeit with no corroborative evidence to suggest Ezra and Uzair to be the same person) became important in the works of the later Andalusian Muslim scholar
2810:"Reform Judaism rejected the concept of Divine revelation, and ... the law is considered instructional and inspirational, but not binding, ... and by eliminating many ritual practices..." - Dosick, Wayne D. (1995),
3586:: "Contact with Grecian life, especially at the games of the arena , made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by
2047:"xenophobic" and ethnocentric form of Judaism to which Paul had previously belonged: "Paul's real criticism of Judaism and Judaizers was not Judaism's self-made righteousness, but what some have called its '
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is an example of the latter. Kant believed that
Judaism fails to "satisfy the essential criteria of religion" by requiring external obedience to moral laws, having a secular focus, and lacking concern for
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found circumcision to be repulsive: Circumcision was regarded as a physical deformity, and circumcised men were forbidden to participate in the
Olympic Games. Some Hellenistic Jews practised
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2117:. The Qur'an presents Muslims as neither Jews nor Christians but followers of Abraham who was in a physical sense the father of the Jews and the Arabs and lived before the revelation of
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much superstition; criticisms asserting that traditional Judaism leads to isolation from other communities; and criticisms asserting that traditional Judaism over-emphasized the exile.
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prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their loyalty to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons.";
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2855:" founded as a response by Jewish laity to the perceived authoritarian rigidity of traditional or Orthodox Judaism and its rabbis." - Palmer-FernĂĄndez, Gabriel (2004),
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1872:(Jewish religious law). It is also criticized by some leaders of Reform Judaism for being at odds with the principles of its young adult members on issues such as
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3609:"The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme"
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have noted that for all the claims that any criticism of Judaism is "antisemitic", Judaism's own texts have portions which treat non-Jews differently.
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shows their worldliness and disobedience of God. Furthermore, the Quran claims they attribute to God what he has not revealed. According to the
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Supporters of kosher slaughter counter that Judaism requires the practice precisely because it is considered humane. Research conducted by
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2083:, often represented in the claim that "Jews killed Jesus", figures prominently in antisemitic writings. It was initially stated by
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Sanders, E. P. (1999). "Reflections on Anti-Judaism in the New Testament and in Christianity". In Farmer, William Reuben (ed.).
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covenant, to which the appropriate response is to live within the bounds established in order to preserve the relationship.
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that eating ritually slaughtered meat caused degeneration, and in part out of economic motivation to remove Jews from the
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who has conversations with important figures (Moses, Abraham, etc.) and forms relationships and covenants with the
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of infant males, has been attacked in both ancient and modern times as "painful" and "cruel," or tantamount to
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1965:(1585â1640) who criticized the Rabbinic authorities and the Talmud for lack of authenticity and spirituality.
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has historically attracted criticism from non-Jews as allegedly being inhumane and unsanitary, in part as an
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2051:', or ethnic pride." Dunn argues that Paul does not see his position as a betrayal of Judaism, but rather,
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A prominent place in the Qur'anic polemic against the Jews is given to the conception of the religion of
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Redemption and utopia: Jewish libertarian thought in Central Europe : a study in elective affinity
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Eliezer Schwied (2007) "Does the Idea of Jewish Election Have Any Meaning after the Holocaust?". In
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people. Spinoza and Kaplan instead believed God is abstract, impersonal, a force of nature, or
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in 1965, which repudiated the notion that the Jewish people bore any guilt for Jesus' death.
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2017:(Romans 9:30â10:13) and for their view about their favored status and lack of equality with
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gave rise to widely publicized criticisms. Modern criticisms also reflect the inter-branch
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formally disavowed its long complicity in antisemitism by issuing a proclamation entitled
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More recently, kosher slaughter has attracted criticism from some groups concerned with
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Rabbi, described the polemics between the Orthodox and the Reform movements as follows:
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suggested that the two viewpoints are both valid and are complementary within Judaism.
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See also Tabory and Erez, "Circumscribed Circumcision", pages 161-167, in this book.
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The idea that Judaism, and the Jewish people collectively, are responsible for the
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1939:, an American Reform rabbi, calls Reform Judaism a "liberation" of Judaism :
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Apostle of the crucified Lord: a theological introduction to Paul and his letters
2425:(Stephen J. Einstein, Lydia Kukoff, Eds.), Union for Reform Judaism, 1999, p. 243
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Some of these criticisms were anticipated in a much earlier time, by philosopher
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Wrestling with God: Jewish theological responses during and after the Holocaust
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3. "Watch out for those dogs, those evildoers, those mutilators of the flesh."
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2719:"Death of Conservative Judaism? Reform leaderâs swipe sparks angry rebuttals"
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in general or specifically focused on aspects unique to the Jewish religion.
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Pain and polemic: anti-Judaism in the Gospels George M. Smiga Paulist Press.
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Living Judaism: the complete guide to Jewish belief, tradition, and practice
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expressed similar sentiments about circumcision, calling it "mutilation" in
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Jewish Encyclopedia: Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature
2585:, Steven T. Katz, Shlomo Biderman (Eds.); Oxford University Press, p. 233.
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Islam, Judaism, and Christianity: theological and historical affiliations
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2398:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 66â72, 135â136, 145â146, 274â281.
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129:
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The covenant of circumcision: new perspectives on an ancient Jewish rite
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Religious slaughter and animal welfare: a discussion for meat scientists
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78:
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Marked in your flesh: circumcision from ancient Judea to modern America
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Seven Jewish cultures: a reinterpretation of Jewish history and thought
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Judaism faces the twentieth century: a biography of Mordecai M. Kaplan
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Why aren't Jewish women circumcised?: gender and covenant in Judaism
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Criticism of Jewish religious doctrines, texts, laws, and practices
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Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion
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Response to modernity: a history of the Reform Movement in Judaism
2835:, Macmillan (reprinted by University of California, 2007), p. 5-6.
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Judaism, the forms with which Paul was most familiar, rather than
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Why the Jews Rejected Jesus: The Turning Point in Western History
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3690:"What Is Oral Suction Circumcision and Where Does It Come From?"
3425:"Dutch Jews Mobilize Against Attempt to Outlaw Kosher Slaughter"
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Cambridge University Press, p. 123, 167-168, 172-174, 177, 261.
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3183:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 272â276.
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3717:"Ultra-Orthodox Jews criticised over circumcision practice"
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Approaches to Paul: A Student's Guide to Recent Scholarship
2557:
Demonizing the other: antisemitism, racism & xenophobia
2138:
1021:
536:
28:
3532:
From Abraham to America: a history of Jewish circumcision
2591:
The Jews as a Chosen People: Tradition and Transformation
2470:
Speaking/writing of God: Jewish philosophical reflections
3354:"A Community on Trial: The Aberdeen Shechita Case, 1893"
3403:"Halal, Kosher Slaughter Unacceptable, say German Vets"
2942:, Paul the Law and Jewish People, Fortress Press, p.154
1864:
Conservative Judaism is criticized by some leaders of
3328:
The History of Anti-semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner
2157:
Philosophical criticism of Judaism is either part of
1854:
Criticism of Conservative Judaism from other branches
2198:), and that "these laws are binding on Jews today".
2135:
Quranic statements about perceived Jewish exaltation
1902:
grew out of dissatisfaction with several aspects of
3301:
No way out: the politics of Polish Jewry, 1935â1939
2819:
Fathoming the Holocaust: a social problems approach
2225:
2209:or stunning prior to the severance of the animal's
1884:
Criticism of traditional Judaism by reform movement
3459:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3142:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2910:The Jew in the modern world: a documentary history
2890:The Jew in the modern world: a documentary history
2436:
2009:criticizes Jews for their failure to believe that
3397:
3395:
3331:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 153.
1910:and other 19th- and early-20th-century writings.
4631:
3274:
19:For total or partial opposition to Judaism as a
3286:
3103:
3101:
3040:
3038:
2945:
2512:. Transaction Publishers. pp. xvâxvi, 83.
2178:
2064:
4286:Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
3534:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 177â212.
3392:
3304:. Hebrew Union College Press. pp. 81â90.
3070:
3068:
2421:Kertzer, Morris N. (1999) "What is a Jew?" in
2205:, who contend that the absence of any form of
1987:
1968:
1468:Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
3774:
3714:
3602:
3600:
3489:. Oxford University Press. pp. 115â148.
3145:Pain and polemic: anti-Judaism in the Gospels
2739:Conservative Jews Allow Gay Rabbis and Unions
2389:
2387:
2385:
1657:
1106:
27:. For prejudice against or hostility towards
3662:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3255:
3098:
3035:
2979:
2887:
3466:. University of California Press. pp.
3209:The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide
3187:
3065:
3006:
2892:. Oxford University Press US. p. 155.
2609:
1739:originated in inter-faith polemics between
4445:The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster
3781:
3767:
3597:
3383:
3381:
3236:
3134:
2958:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2730:
2619:Why the Jews?: the reason for antisemitism
2382:
2152:
1848:
1664:
1650:
1113:
1099:
3788:
3740:
3715:Hopkins Tanne, Janice (26 January 2006).
3529:
3418:
3416:
2795:The rise and progress of reform Judaism:
2724:J. The Jewish News of Northern California
2711:
2673:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 276.
2668:
2649:
2559:. Taylor & Francis, 1999. p. 6.
2507:
2467:
2345:Bibliography of books critical of Judaism
1770:
3345:
3324:
3318:
3206:
2965:. Fortress Press. pp. 4â8, 98â105.
2616:Dennis Prager; Joseph Telushkin (2003).
2593:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 49â55.
2554:
2536:The Guiding Principles of Reform Judaism
2417:
2415:
1706:of all important aspects of the article.
3616:The Bulletin of the History of Medicine
3556:
3435:
3378:
3351:
3178:
3107:
3044:
2985:
2866:, Wayne State University Press, p. 267.
2790:, Wayne State University Press, p. 341.
2749:
2482:
2434:
2428:
2108:
1948:David Einhorn, Philipson, David (1907)
1931:, Oxford University Press, p. 4. (1995)
35:. For discrimination against Jews, see
4632:
3606:
3422:
3413:
3359:Journal of Scottish Historical Studies
3297:
3074:
3021:. Cambridge University Press: 23, 28.
3012:
2992:. Fortress Press. pp. 4, 8, 549.
2671:A concise history of the Jewish people
2654:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 56â57.
2588:
2510:Confessions of a secular Jew: a memoir
2487:. Transaction Publishers. p. 13.
2443:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp.
2423:Introduction to Judaism: A Source Book
2393:
2278:in 95 CE for circumcising himself and
1906:or Rabbinic Judaism, as documented in
1843:
1702:Please consider expanding the lead to
3762:
3484:
3454:
3140:
2412:
31:as an ethnic or religious group, see
3560:Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World
3503:
2857:The encyclopedia of religion and war
1675:
3227:
3192:. Random House, Inc. pp. 2â3.
3048:Paul the Law, and the Jewish People
3019:The Cambridge Companion to St. Paul
2852:, Stanford University Press, p. 45.
2783:, Cambridge University Press, p. 73
13:
3352:Collins, Kenneth (November 2010).
2912:Paul R. Mendes-Flohr (Ed.), p. 156
2129:, the Jews exalted a figure named
14:
4656:
3687:
2821:, Aldine Transaction, p. 179-180.
2485:The quest for equality in freedom
1860:Criticism of Conservative Judaism
3849:Unification Church in Japan
2286:(117â138) forbade circumcision.
2226:Brit milah (circumcision ritual)
1929:The Jewish religion: a companion
1816:
1680:
1197:Unification Church in Japan
1080:
77:
71:
65:
3708:
3681:
3670:
3577:
3550:
3446:
3268:
3211:. Fortress Press. p. 440.
3170:
3051:. Fortress Press. p. 159.
2933:
2917:
2878:
2840:
2802:
2771:
2689:
2636:
2315:being transmitted to newborns.
1775:
1694:may be too short to adequately
39:. For persecution of Jews, see
4474:Books critical of Christianity
3607:Hodges, Frederick, M. (2001).
3563:. Princeton University Press.
3530:Silverman, Eric Kline (2006).
3504:Mark, Elizabeth Wyner (2003).
2888:Mendes-Flohr, Paul R. (1995).
2871:The Reform Movement in Judaism
2833:The Reform Movement in Judaism
2573:
2548:
2526:
2501:
2476:
2468:Oppenheim, Michael D. (1997).
2461:
2274:was condemned to death by the
1950:The Reform Movement in Judaism
1704:provide an accessible overview
1128:This article is of a series on
1:
4494:Books critical of Scientology
3423:Runyan, Tamar (May 5, 2011).
2376:
2133:as the "son of God" (see the
1809:. Theologian and philosopher
4403:Letter to a Christian Nation
3233:Encyclopedia of Islam, Uzayr
3181:Anti-Judaism and the Gospels
2669:Pasachoff, Naomi E. (2005).
2555:Wistrich, Robert S. (1999).
2483:Wilhoit, Francis M. (1979).
2179:Shechitah (Kosher slaughter)
2173:
2065:Regarding the death of Jesus
1998:Paul the Apostle and Judaism
1807:composes the universe itself
7:
4489:Books critical of Mormonism
3188:Klinghoffer, David (2006).
2959:Zetterholm, Magnus (2009).
2797:, Harvard University, p. 5.
2318:
1988:Paul's criticism of Judaism
1969:Criticism from Christianity
1868:for not properly following
10:
4661:
4396:God: The Failed Hypothesis
4382:God in the Age of Science?
3508:. UPNE. pp. 157â160.
3485:Glick, Leonard B. (2005).
3149:. Paulist Press. pp.
3108:Horrell, David G. (2002).
2781:An introduction to Judaism
2650:Hertzberg, Arthur (1998).
2622:. Touchstone. p. 27.
2508:Goodheart, Eugene (2004).
2472:. SUNY press. p. 107.
2232:Circumcision controversies
2229:
2068:
1991:
1972:
1887:
1857:
1820:
1779:
18:
4553:
4502:
4484:Books critical of Judaism
4350:
4217:
4037:
3986:
3943:
3829:Latter Day Saint movement
3796:
3282:. Virtual Jewish Library.
3141:Smiga, George M. (1992).
2589:GĂźrkan, S. Leyla (2008).
2435:Dawkins, Richard (2006).
2039:Christian Friedrich Weber
1834:Reconstructionist Judaism
1177:Latter Day Saint movement
4452:Why I Am Not a Christian
4039:Religious discrimination
3733:10.1136/bmj.332.7534.137
3298:Melzer, Emanuel (1997).
4590:Criticism of monotheism
4479:Books critical of Islam
4466:The Demon-Haunted World
4323:Anti-Christian violence
3854:Westboro Baptist Church
3557:Feldman, Louis (1996).
3325:Poliakov, LĂŠon (1968).
3207:Theissen, Gerd (1998).
3045:Sanders, E. P. (1983).
2986:Sanders, E. P. (1977).
2814:, HarperCollins, p. 62.
2762:Shmueli, Efraim (1990)
2538:, Columbus, Ohio, 1937"
2394:Nadler, Steven (2001).
2240:The Jewish practice of
2153:Philosophical criticism
1994:New Perspective on Paul
1849:Inter-branch criticisms
1823:Jews as a chosen people
1743:and Judaism. Important
1609:Criticism of monotheism
1505:Anti-Christian violence
1202:Westboro Baptist Church
3910:New religious movement
3622:(Fall 2001): 375â405.
3372:10.3366/jshs.2010.0103
3013:Hacker, Klaus (2003).
2700:"The Conservative Lie"
2366:On the Jewish Question
2350:Criticism of the Bible
2236:Ethics of circumcision
2058:
1983:Christian anti-Judaism
1955:
1934:
1771:Doctrines and precepts
1256:New religious movement
33:Religious antisemitism
4645:Criticism of religion
4541:Nontheistic religions
4459:Why I Am Not a Muslim
4375:Christianity Unveiled
3839:Seventh-day Adventist
3790:Criticism of religion
3628:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119
3251:Encyclopedia of Islam
2280:converting to Judaism
2272:Titus Flavius Clemens
2097:Roman Catholic church
2053:
1941:
1920:
1786:Philosophy of Spinoza
1187:Seventh-day Adventist
1135:Criticism of religion
4640:Criticism of Judaism
4585:Criticism of atheism
4417:The Blind Watchmaker
3999:Charles Taze Russell
3844:Unification movement
3120:. Routledge: 273â5.
2859:, Routledge, p. 253.
2137:). The character of
2109:Criticism from Islam
2049:cultural imperialism
2002:Pauline Christianity
1894:Jewish Enlightenment
1761:Conservative Judaism
1604:Criticism of atheism
1308:Charles Taze Russell
1192:Unification movement
3966:Mormon sacred texts
3824:Jehovah's Witnesses
3592:Antiochus Epiphanes
2927:Pittsburgh Platform
2826:Pittsburgh Platform
2355:Criticism of Israel
2305:ultra-Orthodox Jews
2256:Hellenistic culture
2159:religious criticism
1904:traditional Judaism
1878:patrilineal descent
1844:Religious criticism
1723:Early criticism of
1375:Mormon sacred texts
1295:By religious figure
1172:Jehovah's Witnesses
992:Abrahamic religions
891:Selichot (S'lichot)
683:Bar and bat mitzvah
186:Principles of faith
41:Persecution of Jews
4368:Breaking the Spell
4310:Sectarian violence
4219:Religious violence
4167:Oriental Orthodoxy
4024:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
3883:Twelver Shia Islam
3456:Cohen, Shaye J. D.
3243:Hava Lazarus-Yafeh
3114:The Biblical World
3084:. pp. 19â20.
3076:Gorman, Michael J.
2744:The New York Times
2736:Laurie Goodstein,
2340:Biblical criticism
2250:genital mutilation
2222:during restraint.
2188:antisemitic canard
2075:Antisemitic canard
1492:Sectarian violence
1401:Religious violence
1333:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
1231:Twelver Shia Islam
1087:Judaism portal
1052:Holocaust theology
4627:
4626:
4410:The Age of Reason
4361:Atheist Manifesto
4162:Eastern Orthodoxy
4125:Jehovah's Witness
4084:postâCold War era
3987:Religious figures
3866:Swaminarayan sect
3261:Busse, Heribert.
2972:978-0-8006-6337-7
1721:
1720:
1674:
1673:
1214:Swaminarayan sect
1123:
1122:
475:Important figures
149:Reconstructionist
4652:
4438:The God Delusion
4431:The End of Faith
4424:The Caged Virgin
4389:God Is Not Great
3783:
3776:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3744:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3685:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3613:
3604:
3595:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3519:
3500:
3481:
3465:
3450:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3420:
3411:
3410:
3399:
3390:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3295:
3284:
3283:
3280:"Kant, Immanuel"
3276:Manfred H. Vogel
3272:
3266:
3259:
3253:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3203:
3184:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3148:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3105:
3096:
3095:
3072:
3063:
3062:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2956:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2921:
2915:
2903:
2882:
2876:
2844:
2838:
2806:
2800:
2775:
2769:
2760:
2747:
2734:
2728:
2727:, March 5, 2004.
2715:
2709:
2708:, February 2001.
2693:
2687:
2684:
2665:
2642:Writers such as
2640:
2634:
2633:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2540:. Archived from
2530:
2524:
2523:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2442:
2439:The God delusion
2432:
2426:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2391:
2214:their religion.
2184:Kosher slaughter
2027:Rabbinic Judaism
1953:
1932:
1866:Orthodox Judaism
1811:Franz Rosenzweig
1757:Orthodox Judaism
1716:
1713:
1707:
1684:
1676:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1136:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1085:
1084:
1083:
357:Aruch HaShulchan
81:
75:
69:
46:
45:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4578:In Christianity
4549:
4546:Parody religion
4498:
4346:
4213:
4072:Catholic Church
4033:
3982:
3944:Religious texts
3939:
3792:
3787:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3686:
3682:
3677:Philippians 3:2
3675:
3671:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3611:
3605:
3598:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3555:
3551:
3542:
3516:
3497:
3478:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3436:
3421:
3414:
3409:. 10 July 2008.
3401:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3350:
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3312:
3296:
3287:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3256:
3241:
3237:
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3228:
3219:
3200:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3106:
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3007:
3000:
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2957:
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2883:
2879:
2845:
2841:
2807:
2803:
2776:
2772:
2761:
2750:
2735:
2731:
2717:Joe Berkofsky,
2716:
2712:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2662:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2614:
2610:
2601:
2578:
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2495:
2481:
2477:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2396:Spinoza: a life
2392:
2383:
2379:
2321:
2300:metzitzah b'peh
2238:
2230:Main articles:
2228:
2181:
2176:
2155:
2111:
2093:1 Thes. 2:14â15
2077:
2069:Main articles:
2067:
2031:Romans 11:26â27
2004:
1992:Main articles:
1990:
1985:
1975:Supersessionism
1971:
1954:
1947:
1933:
1926:
1900:reform movement
1896:
1886:
1862:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1825:
1819:
1795:Mordecai Kaplan
1788:
1778:
1773:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1701:
1689:This article's
1685:
1670:
1641:
1640:
1597:In Christianity
1577:
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1016:
1007:
1006:
997:Judeo-Christian
960:
959:
957:Other religions
948:
947:
908:
907:
896:
895:
831:
830:
819:
818:
773:
726:
725:
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715:
697:
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646:
602:
601:
599:Religious roles
590:
589:
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403:
402:
387:
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352:Mishnah Berurah
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4554:Related topics
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3971:Book of Mormon
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3935:Zoroastrianism
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3126:
3097:
3090:
3064:
3057:
3034:
3027:
3005:
2998:
2978:
2971:
2944:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2770:
2748:
2729:
2710:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2666:
2660:
2635:
2628:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:978-0415466073
2599:
2586:
2572:
2565:
2547:
2544:on 2005-12-17.
2525:
2518:
2500:
2493:
2475:
2460:
2453:
2427:
2411:
2404:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2282:. The emperor
2227:
2224:
2219:Temple Grandin
2203:animal welfare
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2154:
2151:
2110:
2107:
2081:death of Jesus
2071:Jewish deicide
2066:
2063:
1989:
1986:
1970:
1967:
1963:Uriel da Costa
1945:
1927:Louis Jacobs,
1924:
1914:, a prominent
1890:Jewish schisms
1885:
1882:
1858:Main article:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1830:Reform Judaism
1821:Main article:
1818:
1815:
1791:Baruch Spinoza
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1765:Reform Judaism
1753:Jewish schisms
1719:
1718:
1712:September 2016
1698:the key points
1688:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1584:
1578:
1576:Related topics
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1538:Bibliographies
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1380:Book of Mormon
1372:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1281:Zoroastrianism
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1015:Related topics
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
983:
982:
977:
972:
967:
961:
955:
954:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
909:
905:Major holidays
903:
902:
901:
898:
897:
894:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
861:Birkat Hamazon
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
832:
826:
825:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
811:
805:
804:
803:
802:
795:
788:
781:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
727:
724:Ritual objects
723:
722:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
708:
703:
696:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
664:
654:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
603:
597:
596:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
582:
577:
571:
570:
569:
568:
563:
558:
545:Rabbinic sages
540:
539:
534:
529:
524:
518:
517:
512:
507:
502:
496:
495:
490:
485:
479:
473:
472:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
458:
453:
451:Chevra kadisha
448:
443:
438:
433:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
404:
394:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
347:Shulchan Aruch
344:
339:
333:
327:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
266:
265:
264:
263:
258:
253:
241:
235:
234:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
223:Musar movement
220:
219:
218:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
182:
176:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
140:
139:
134:
133:
132:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
112:
111:
94:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
62:
61:
55:
54:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4657:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4605:Superstitions
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4179:Protestantism
4177:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3834:Protestantism
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3727:(7534): 137.
3726:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3695:
3691:
3688:Gilad, Elon.
3684:
3678:
3673:
3665:
3659:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3601:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3572:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3553:
3543:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3443:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3417:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3338:0-8122-3766-8
3334:
3330:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3311:0-87820-418-0
3307:
3303:
3302:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3230:
3220:
3218:0-8006-3122-6
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3199:0-385-51022-5
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3166:
3162:
3160:0-8091-3355-5
3156:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3137:
3129:
3127:0-415-16105-3
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3102:
3093:
3091:0-8028-3934-7
3087:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3060:
3058:0-8006-1878-5
3054:
3050:
3049:
3041:
3039:
3030:
3028:0-521-78155-8
3024:
3020:
3016:
3015:"Paul's Life"
3009:
3001:
2999:0-8006-0499-7
2995:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2941:
2940:E. P. Sanders
2936:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:Israel Shahak
2639:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2612:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:, the consul
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:meat industry
2189:
2185:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2163:Immanuel Kant
2160:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2102:Nostra aetate
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:New Testament
2086:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1951:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1937:David Einhorn
1930:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1874:intermarriage
1871:
1867:
1861:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1817:Chosen people
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1715:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:Superstitions
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1182:Protestantism
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
958:
952:
951:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
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4232:Christianity
4209:Zorostianism
4140:Anti-Judaism
4135:Antisemitism
4079:Christianity
4057:BahĂĄ'i Faith
3899:
3814:Christianity
3804:BahĂĄËĂ Faith
3746:. Retrieved
3724:
3720:
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3698:. Retrieved
3693:
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3658:cite journal
3647:. Retrieved
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2818:
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2535:
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2509:
2503:
2484:
2478:
2469:
2463:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2395:
2364:
2335:Anti-Zionism
2330:Antisemitism
2325:Anti-Judaism
2298:
2296:
2276:Roman Senate
2264:Roman Empire
2254:
2246:circumcision
2239:
2216:
2211:jugular vein
2200:
2182:
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2100:
2078:
2059:
2054:
2035:
2005:
1960:
1956:
1952:, Macmillan.
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1912:Louis Jacobs
1897:
1863:
1838:ethnocentric
1826:
1799:personal God
1789:
1782:Personal God
1776:Personal God
1745:disputations
1741:Christianity
1722:
1709:
1693:
1691:lead section
1544:Christianity
1414:Christianity
1162:Christianity
1152:BahĂĄËĂ Faith
1047:Anti-Judaism
1042:Antisemitism
1036:
987:Samaritanism
965:Christianity
866:Shehecheyanu
797:
790:
783:
776:
771:Four species
678:Pidyon haben
632:Rosh yeshiva
543:
436:Beth midrash
382:Noahide laws
125:Conservative
37:Antisemitism
25:Anti-Judaism
4536:New Atheism
4509:Agnosticism
4314:By country
4281:Persecution
4194:Sunni Islam
4157:Neopaganism
4145:Persecution
4118:Persecution
4106:Persecution
4067:Catholicism
4004:Ellen White
3920:Scientology
3915:Neopaganism
3797:By religion
3694:haaretz.com
2696:Avi Shafran
2297:The act of
2292:Philippians
2196:Deut. 12:21
2168:immortality
2023:Hellenistic
1749:Middle Ages
1564:Scientology
1496:By country
1463:Persecution
1313:Ellen White
1266:Scientology
1261:Neopaganism
1144:By religion
731:Sefer Torah
693:Bereavement
673:Zeved habat
456:Holy Temple
396:Holy cities
130:Conservadox
4634:Categories
4514:Antitheism
4303:In Judaism
4199:Shia Islam
4096:Falun Gong
3905:Monotheism
3649:2007-07-24
3570:1400820804
3541:0742516695
3515:1584653078
3496:019517674X
3477:0520212509
3429:Chabad.org
3388:Chabad.org
2899:019507453X
2680:0742543668
2661:0684852659
2629:0743246209
2566:9057024977
2519:0765805995
2494:0878552405
2454:0618680004
2405:0521002931
2377:References
2242:brit milah
2207:anesthesia
2044:James Dunn
1979:Marcionism
1973:See also:
1888:See also:
1780:See also:
1485:In Judaism
1251:Monotheism
918:Yom Kippur
461:Tabernacle
206:Chosenness
178:Philosophy
159:Humanistic
4595:Sexuality
4524:Criticism
4503:Movements
4328:In Odisha
4259:Christian
4254:Terrorism
4237:Mormonism
4184:Rastafari
4152:Mormonism
4047:Ahmadiyya
3930:Yazdânism
3888:Wahhabism
3696:. Haaretz
3366:(2): 75.
2371:Karl Marx
2262:. In the
2174:Practices
1737:practices
1696:summarize
1614:Sexuality
1559:Mormonism
1510:In Odisha
1441:Christian
1436:Terrorism
1419:Mormonism
1276:Yazdânism
1236:Wahhabism
1037:Criticism
1002:Pluralism
980:Mormonism
886:Kol Nidre
660:education
585:Acharonim
431:Synagogue
408:Jerusalem
90:Movements
4573:In Islam
4568:Apostasy
4340:Pakistan
4298:In Islam
4227:Buddhism
4101:Hinduism
4062:Buddhism
4019:Muhammad
3878:Islamism
3861:Hinduism
3819:Catholic
3809:Buddhism
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3700:3 August
3644:29580193
3636:11568485
3588:epispasm
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2319:See also
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2260:epispasm
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2019:gentiles
2013:was the
1946:â
1925:â
1908:polemics
1755:between
1727:and its
1592:In Islam
1587:Apostasy
1522:Pakistan
1480:In Islam
1409:Buddhism
1328:Muhammad
1226:Islamism
1209:Hinduism
1167:Catholic
1157:Buddhism
1067:Muhammad
970:Hinduism
943:Hanukkah
881:Tachanun
876:Havdalah
741:Tefillin
688:Marriage
580:Rishonim
566:Savoraim
423:Tiberias
372:Tzedakah
292:Rabbinic
191:Kabbalah
164:Haymanot
98:Orthodox
51:a series
49:Part of
21:religion
4600:Slavery
4531:CÄrvÄka
4519:Atheism
4335:Nigeria
4269:Islamic
4244:Judaism
4189:Sikhism
4130:Judaism
4052:Atheism
3925:Sikhism
3900:Judaism
3895:Jainism
3742:1336756
3468:207â224
2746:, 2006.
2652:Judaism
2447:, 245.
2284:Hadrian
2147:tawatur
2115:Abraham
2095:). The
2087:in the
2015:Messiah
1916:Masorti
1870:Halakha
1747:in the
1725:Judaism
1619:Slavery
1554:Judaism
1517:Nigeria
1451:Islamic
1426:Judaism
1352:By text
1271:Sikhism
1247:Judaism
1243:Jainism
1027:Zionism
933:Shavuot
851:Kaddish
828:Prayers
761:Menorah
756:Mezuzah
746:Tzitzit
701:Yeshiva
656:Culture
561:Amoraim
556:Tannaim
527:Rebecca
515:Solomon
483:Abraham
362:Kashrut
313:Tosefta
308:Midrash
298:Mishnah
280:Piyutim
261:Ketuvim
256:Nevi'im
196:Messiah
154:Renewal
144:Karaite
109:Hasidic
59:Judaism
4615:Jewish
4610:Muslim
4274:Jewish
4204:Sufism
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3961:Hadith
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1981:, and
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1763:, and
1735:, and
1634:Jewish
1629:Muslim
1456:Jewish
1387:Talmud
1370:Hadith
1032:Israel
928:Pesach
923:Sukkot
871:Hallel
856:Minyan
846:Aleinu
841:Amidah
814:Gartel
809:Kittel
792:Hadass
766:Shofar
751:Kippah
736:Tallit
711:Cheder
706:Kollel
622:Hazzan
575:Geonim
550:Chazal
532:Rachel
446:Sukkah
441:Mikveh
418:Hebron
400:places
377:Niddah
367:Tzniut
303:Talmud
275:Siddur
270:Ḥumash
245:Tanakh
201:Ethics
137:Reform
116:Modern
104:Haredi
76:
70:
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4563:Abuse
4352:Books
4318:India
4264:Hindu
4249:Islam
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4113:Islam
4091:Druze
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4009:Jesus
3994:Aisha
3956:Quran
3951:Bible
3873:Islam
3640:S2CID
3612:(PDF)
3153:â21.
2244:, or
2131:Uzair
2123:usury
2119:Torah
2011:Jesus
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1365:Quran
1360:Bible
1323:Moses
1318:Jesus
1303:Aisha
1221:Islam
1062:Jesus
1057:Music
975:Islam
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836:Shema
799:Arava
785:Lulav
778:Etrog
642:Kohen
637:Mohel
627:Dayan
617:Posek
612:Rebbe
607:Rabbi
522:Sarah
510:David
505:Aaron
500:Moses
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488:Isaac
413:Safed
285:Zohar
251:Torah
237:Texts
216:Names
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3664:link
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