3450:, she recognizes the presence of antisemitism as a result of religious influence that is blurred with anti-Judaism characteristics. Bikont's explanation of life in Poland as a Jew post World War I reveals how it is often difficult to distinguish between anti-Judaism and antisemitism during this time of growing anti-Judaic ideology. Poles and Jews "lived separate lives and spoke different languages" which prevented Jews from fully assimilating into Poland culture. Jewish religious culture remained present and Jew's "social and cultural life ran on a separate track" compared to Poles. The ethnic differences were made more obvious through the obvious differences in culture which fuel anti-Judaic acts. Although Jews ran separate lives from Poles, they coexisted for a long time. "Jews, especially the young, got along fine in Polish, but at home they spoke Yiddish." Socially, Jews and Poles often participated in "picnics, festivities … but Jews often met with an unfriendly response from Poles, and in the latter half of the thirties they were simply thrown out of these organizations." Bikont believes that negative views towards Jews were reinforced through religious organizations like the Catholic Church and National Party in northern Europe. "The lives of Catholics revolved around the parish and the world of churchgoers, as well as events organized by the National Party, which was blatant in its exclusion of Jews. Bikont considers that the murderous actions towards Jews in Poland resulted from " contempt and hostility towards Jews, feelings that were reinforced in the course of their upbringing." These events are classified as antisemitic because of the change from increase of hostility and exclusion. The delusional perception of Jews escalated in 1933 when there was a " swept up the whole town... 'Shooting, windows broken, shutters closed, women shrieking, running home." Bikont believes that these violent aggressions towards Jews are considered acts of antisemitism because they are performed as revolutionary acts that were a part of the National Party's agenda. Much of the difference between defining anti-Judaism from antisemitism relies on the source of influence for beliefs and actions against Jews. Once Jews were viewed as the other from Poles, the discrimination transformed from ideology of religion to race which are shown through acts of violence.
4498:, p. 44–45:"Hadrian officially renamed Judea Syria Palaestina after his Roman armies suppressed the Bar-Kokhba Revolt (the Second Jewish Revolt) in 135 C.E.; this is commonly viewed as a move intended to sever the connection of the Jews to their historical homeland. However, that Jewish writers such as Philo, in particular, and Josephus, who flourished while Judea was still formally in existence, used the name Palestine for the Land of Israel in their Greek works, suggests that this interpretation of history is mistaken. Hadrian's choice of Syria Palaestina may be more correctly seen as a rationalization of the name of the new province, in accordance with its area being far larger than geographical Judea. Indeed, Syria Palaestina had an ancient pedigree that was intimately linked with the area of greater Israel."</ref>
2668:, and thus competition for the religious loyalties of gentiles drove anti-Judaism. The debate and dialogue moved from polemic to bitter verbal and written attacks one against the other. However, since the last decades of the 20th century, the view that a proselytizing struggle between turn of the era Judaism and early Christianity may have been the main generator of anti-Jewish attitudes among early gentile believers in Jesus is eroding. Scholars have revisited the traditional claims about Jewish proselytizing and have largely concluded that active Jewish proselytizing was a later apologetic construct that does not reflect the reality of first century Judaism.
3676:
6980:
9049:
65:
59:
3465:
2351:. Frequent Jewish uprisings (two major wars in 66–73 and 133–136 CE, in addition to uprisings in Alexandria and Cyrene), xenophobia, and Jewish prerogatives and idiosyncrasies, were at the root of anti-Jewish feelings in some segments of Roman society. These confrontations did cause temporary erosions in the status of the Jews in the empire. Reversals in the relationship were temporary and did not have permanent or sustained impact.
1074:
3523:
71:
5063:
3313:"The terms 'anti-Judaism' (the Christian aversion toward the Jewish religion) and 'antisemitism' (aversion toward the Jews as a racial or ethnic group) are omnipresent in the controversies over the churches' responsibility with regard to the extermination of the Jews" and "since 1945, most of the works on 'anti-Semitism' have contrasted this term with 'anti-Judaism'
4076:—there was usually an atmosphere of understanding between the Jews and the empire ... These relations deteriorated seriously during Caligula's reign, and, though after his death the peace was outwardly re-established, considerable bitterness remained on both sides. ... Caligula ordered that a golden statue of himself be set up in the
3354:(1995) he nevertheless writes that with the arrival of anti-Semitism, "the ineradicable feelings and resentments of the Christian West were to be expressed thereafter in a new vocabulary". According to Jeanne Fabret, " there were fewer Christians going to church during the age of science, religious representations kept shaping minds.
3719:, 1843, argued that Judaism is not only a religion, because it is an attitude of alienation from the world resulting from the ownership of money and private property, and this feeling of alienation is not exclusive to the Jews. Rather than forcibly converting Jews to Christianity, he proposed the implementation of a program of
3328:
refers to
Christian theology and to Christian theology only while others argue that the term applies also to the discriminatory policy of the churches . Some authors also advance that eighteenth-century catechisms were "antisemitic" and others argue that the term cannot be used before the date of its
3738:
argued that "On the Jewish
Question" must be understood in terms of Marx's debates with Bruno Bauer over the nature of political emancipation in Germany. According to McLellan, Marx used the word "Judentum" in its colloquial sense of "commerce" to argue that Germans suffer, and must be emancipated
2719:
contrasted with counter-arguments from a fictionalized version of
Tarphon. "For centuries defenders of Christ and the enemies of the Jews employed no other method" than these apologetics. Apologetics were difficult as gentile converts could not be expected to understand Hebrew; translations of the
3742:
Yoav Peled (1992) sees Marx "shifting the debate over Jewish emancipation from the plane of theology... to the plane of sociology", thereby circumventing one of Bauer's main arguments. In Peled's view, "this was less than a satisfactory response to Bauer, but it enabled Marx to present a powerful
3406:
presents his thesis with these quotes: “Anti-Judaism should not be understood as some archaic or irrational closet in the vast edifices of
Western thought,” Nirenberg observes in his introduction. “It was rather one of the basic tools with which that edifice was constructed.” And as he ominously
3442:
onward, it is no longer possible to draw clear lines of distinction between religious and racial forms of hostility towards Jews . Once Jews have been emancipated and secular thinking makes its appearance without leaving behind the old
Christian hostility towards Jews, the new term antisemitism
3241:
The Church kept to its theological anti-Judaism and, favoring the mighty and rich, was careful not to encourage the passions of the people. But while it sometimes interfered on behalf of the Jews when they were the objects of mob fury, it at the same time fueled the fury by combating
Judaism.
3233:
in
Germany and countering the preachings of Bernardinus in Italy. These reactions were from knowing the history of mobs, incited against Jews, continuing attacks against their rich co-religionists. Anti-Judaism was a dynamic in the early Spanish colonies in the Americas, where Europeans used
3611:
provided a polemical list of what he considered "chronological and geographical inaccuracies and contradictions; theological impossibilities (anthropomorphic expressions, stories of fornication and whoredom, and the attributing of sins to prophets), as well as lack of reliable transmission
3361:, anti-Judaism is concerned with exaggerated accusations against Jews which nonetheless contain a particle of truth or evidence, whereas antisemitism reaches beyond unusual general inferences and is concerned with false suppositions. Thus Langmuir considers the labelling of Jews as '
3031:
From the 4th to 7th centuries, while the bishops opposed
Judaism in writing, the Empire enacted a variety of civil laws against Jews, such as forbidding them from holding public office, and an oppressive curial tax. Laws were enacted to harass their free observance of religion;
3743:
case for emancipation while, at the same time, launching his critique of economic alienation". He concludes that "the philosophical advances made by Marx in 'On the Jewish
Question' were necessitated by, and integrally related to, his commitment to Jewish emancipation".
2627:
4295:
Vol. 24, No. 3 (Spring 2006), pp. 115–126, p.117: "As a larger corpus of Jewish inscriptions and artifacts from the ancient world has become available, it has become clear that the observance of
Judaism in the Roman world was far more variegated than previously
2263:. At the time of Jesus' ministry, the Jews of the Roman Empire were a respected and privileged minority whose influence was enhanced by a relatively high level of literacy. The Jews were granted a number of concessions by the Romans (the right to observe the
3407:
concludes, hundreds of pages later, “We live in an age in which millions of people are exposed daily to some variant of the argument that the challenges of the world they live in are best explained in terms of ‘Israel’.” She describes the formation of
2529:
was probably the second issue (after the issue of Jesus as messiah) during which the theological argument was conducted in terms of anti-Judaism, with those who argued for the view that biblical law continued to be applicable being labelled
2159:
of the religion; (2) Jewish-Christian anti-Judaism - Jews who believe that Jesus is the Messiah; and (3) Gentilizing anti-Judaism - emphasis on the gentile character of the new movement and claiming God's rejection of the old Israel. Most
2875:. This form of anti-Judaism had proven futile and often served to strengthen Jewish faith. With Christianity ascendant in the Empire, the "Fathers, the bishops, and the priest who had to contend against the Jews treated them very badly.
3438:). "The dividing line the possibility of effective conversion . Jew ceases to be a Jew upon baptism." However, with racial antisemitism, "the assimilated Jew still a Jew, even after baptism ." According to William Nichols, "rom the
5364:
The Jew in the Haitian Imagination: A Popular History of Anti-Judaism and Proto-Racism. In Henry Goldschmidt and Elizabeth McAlister, eds., Race, Nation and Religion in the Americas. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004,
4153:
2656:
Taylor has observed that theological Christian anti-Judaism "emerge from the church's efforts to resolve the contradictions inherent in its simultaneous appropriation and rejection of different elements of the Jewish tradition."
2357:
was put to death in 95 CE for "living a Jewish life" or "drifting into Jewish ways", an accusation also frequently made against Early Christians, and which may well have been related to the administration of the Jewish tax under
3350:(1991) describes a transition from anti-Judaism to an atheist anti-Semitism going in parallel with the transition from religion to science, as if the former had vanished in the later and therefore differentiating both. In
3723:, in order to liberate the world from Judaism, thus defined. By framing his revolutionary economic and political project as the liberation of the world from Judaism, Marx expressed a "messianic desire" that was itself "
3055:, which successfully assisted the invading Persian Sassanids in conquering all of Roman Egypt and Syria. In reaction to this further anti-Jewish measures were enacted throughout the Byzantine realm and as far away as
2267:
and to substitute prayers for the emperor in place of participation in the imperial cult). They had been exempted from military service on the Sabbath, for example. Julius Caesar, who never forgot the debt he owed to
4896:"What 'Parting of the Ways?' Jews and Gentiles in the Ancient Mediterranean City" in The Ways that Never Parted: Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, ed. A.H. Becker, and A. Yoshiko Reed
2276:
and thereby saving his life and career, was supportive of Jews, allowing them uniquely a right to assembly and to collect funds for Jerusalem. His enmity toward Pompey, who had conquered Jerusalem and defiled the
5057:
3/2 (2004), pp. 238-254; Philippe Bobichon, "¿ Como se integra el tema de la filiación en la obra y en el pensamiento de Justino ?", in: P. de Navascués Benlloch, M. Crespo Losada, A. Sáez Gutiérrez (dir.),
3066:
The pattern wherein Jews were relatively free under pagan rulers until the Christian conversion of the leadership, as seen with Constantine, would be repeated in the lands beyond the now collapsed Roman Empire.
2617:
3299:, of Jews being both enemy and friend, writing: "The Jews are not odious to God for the very reason they are Jews; for how could this have happened since they were embellished with so many great gifts...."
4093:"In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."
3851:
3587:. The Quran presents Muslims as neither Jews nor Christians but as followers of Abraham who was in a physical sense the father of both the Jews and the Arabs and lived before the revelation of the
3369:, on the other hand, he regards as antisemitic. In his view, anti-Judaism and antisemitism have existed side by side from the 12th century onwards and have strengthened each other ever since. The
4115:"In effect, they seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief—that Jesus was the Messiah. Unless males were
3285:, noted church historian and Luther biographer, wrote "One could wish that Luther had died before ever this tract was written. His position was entirely religious and in no respect racial".
2637:
2711:
2607:
3399:, through Islam and the Crusades to Enlightenment Universalism to the present day defining it as a "theoretical framework for making sense of the world in terms of Jews and Judaism."
6439:
3411:
as "warring sects of mostly ex-pagan gentiles", stating that "the war was against heresy; the target was other gentile Christians. But the ammunition of choice was anti-Judaism.
2243:
In Ancient Rome, religion was an integral part of the civil government. Beginning with the Roman Senate's declaration of the divinity of Julius Caesar on 1 January 42 BC, some
2423:
in general. The wider Roman administration most likely would not have understood any distinction. Historians debate whether or not the Roman government distinguished between
7318:
2281:, enhanced his status among them, as he ordered the reconstruction of the walls of Jerusalem after the destruction wrought by Pompey. He may also have cultivated Jews as
3591:. In order to show that the religion which is practiced by the Jews is not the pure religion that was practiced by Abraham, the Quran mentions the incident in which the
6499:
3888:
3663:
Differentiation laws were enforced much more regularly following the decline of secular influence within Islamic society and external threats posed by non-Muslims.
2214:
ideology which was articulated in the 19th century. Some scholars have found intersections between theology and racism and as a result, they have coined the term
2864:, and directed the secular arm against its enemies." Animosity existed on both sides, and in 351 the Jews of Palestine revolted against Constantine's son in the
6706:
6104:
1922:
3324:, the scientific analysis of the links and difference between both terms is made difficult for two reasons. First is the definition: some scholars argue that
8014:
6634:
6487:
5967:
4080:. ... Only Caligula's death, at the hands of Roman conspirators (41), prevented the outbreak of a Jewish-Roman war that might well have spread to the entire
2339:. Although this idea has been pointed out as a mere assumption, with no basis in historical sources, according to other scholars. After 70, Jews and Jewish
6578:
5915:
2828:
After his defeat of Licinius in 323 CE, Constantine showed Christians marked political preference. He repressed Jewish proselytism and forbade Jews from
1287:
6511:
4390:
Schoenfeld, 2006, p.115–116: "The participation of Jews in the Roman military is a topic that is underemphasized or frankly ignored by historians".
1302:
9023:
7563:
7326:
6035:
3329:
first appearance in 1879. The second difficulty is that these two concepts place themselves in different contexts: the old and religious for the
2502:
of Judaism. The two issues came to be linked in a theological discussion within the Christian community as to whether the coming of the Messiah (
1808:
1345:
1341:
6912:
6385:
6379:
6179:
4116:
3856:
2755:
began a period of Roman benevolence toward the Jewish faith. Meanwhile, imperial hostility toward Christianity continued to crystallize; after
2526:
2483:
2969:, his homilies deliver a scathing critique of Jewish religious and civil life, warning Christians not to have any contact with Judaism or the
2763:
world generated anti-Jewish feelings among the early Christians. Feelings of mutual hatred arose, driven in part by Judaism's legality in the
7015:
6682:
6598:
6566:
6373:
2336:
1788:
4989:
8009:
7150:
7145:
7137:
6646:
6593:
6588:
6583:
1892:
3636:. Examples of these and more extreme persecutions occurred under the authority of multiple, radical Muslim Movements such as that of the
6900:
6415:
4030:
3801:
2100:
3383:
considers the allegation of Jewish impiety toward the gods and misanthropy, a core element of anti-Judaism in the version formulated by
7652:
7294:
6712:
6089:
5029:
3861:
2054:
1951:
6008:
4939:
Jewish Proselytizing in the first Century in The Jews among Pagans and Christians: In the Roman Empire -Judith Lieu, John North, et al
4192:
2439:) on the basis that they were not Jews. From then on, practising Jews paid the tax while Christians did not. Christianity is based on
7955:
6718:
6535:
3044:
2116:
is a term which is used to describe a range of historic and current ideologies which are totally or partially based on opposition to
1857:
1822:
1734:
1725:
2300:(37–41) has been proposed as the "first open break between Rome and the Jews", even though problems were already evident during the
7960:
3786:
2865:
1655:
1586:
1457:
1389:
1238:
2251:. This created religious difficulties for those Jews, monotheistic, who adhere strictly to their customary law, and worshipers of
7773:
7265:
2234:
6445:
4204:
3739:
from, capitalism. The second half of Marx's essay, McLellan concludes, should be read as "an extended pun at Bauer's expense".
2444:
1680:
1645:
1522:
1452:
1398:
6493:
6694:
6094:
5901:
4591:
4573:
4444:
4417:
4369:
3986:
3866:
3427:
1946:
590:
6742:
4240:
8456:
8431:
7898:
7888:
7871:
7866:
7783:
3893:
2391:
2148:
there have been Christian, Islamic, nationalistic, Enlightenment rationalist, and socio-economic variations of this theme.
948:
5363:
3040:
against Jewish daily prayers. Both Christians and Jews engaged in recorded mob violence in the waning days of the Empire.
8751:
7908:
7881:
7312:
6838:
6700:
6028:
5813:
4020:
3871:
3791:
3781:
2961:
are a more informal and rhetorically forceful set of sermons preached in church. Delivered while Chrysostom was still a
1798:
1567:
1492:
1322:
1267:
993:
6003:
8707:
8054:
7950:
7923:
7903:
7231:
7200:
7173:
7105:
5867:
4885:
4544:
3599:, in order to argue that Jews do not believe in a part of the revelation that was given to them, and their practice of
2555:
2403:
1537:
1512:
1407:
1297:
4323:
Ashbrook, Harvey Susan; DesRosiers, Nathaniel; Lander, Shira L.; Pastis, Jacqueline Z.; Ullucci, Daniel, eds. (2015).
4169:
3209:
became a proximate cause of much anti-Jewish sentiment during the Middle Ages. In Italy and later Poland and Germany,
8619:
8004:
7195:
7008:
6622:
6603:
5981:
5891:
5877:
5856:
5590:
5271:
4212:
3566:
3504:
1956:
1862:
1675:
1615:
1572:
1552:
1477:
1422:
1417:
1312:
1282:
1180:
1104:
3548:
2848:) in silver. He also promulgated a law which condemned to the stake Jews who persecuted their apostates by stoning.
8947:
7984:
7928:
7347:
7190:
6676:
3991:
3776:
3269:, which describes the Jews in extremely harsh terms, excoriating them, and providing detailed recommendation for a
3132:
3071:
enacted laws against Jews after coming to the throne after his conversion in 514; likewise after the conversion of
2788:
2570:
2366:
1934:
1831:
1542:
1532:
1467:
3238:
and forms of thinking against Native and African peoples, in effect transferring anti-Judaism onto other peoples.
2594:
8677:
7662:
7591:
7241:
6954:
6924:
6064:
5998:
5580:
3104:
3052:
2818:
2759:, the empire was at war with it. An unequal power relationship between Jews and Christians in the context of the
2578:
2515:
2408:
2121:
2093:
1897:
1710:
1705:
1630:
1557:
1517:
1497:
1487:
1437:
1384:
1364:
1332:
1277:
1262:
8271:
5849:
Christians and Jews in Dispute: Disputational Literature and the Rise of Anti-Judaism in the West (c. 1000-1150)
9015:
7819:
7407:
6942:
6640:
6021:
5838:
5802:
5563:
5464:
5412:
4946:
4928:
4903:
4720:
4691:
4667:
4646:
4625:
4517:
4409:
3707:
3607:. Furthermore, the Quran claim they attribute to God what he has not revealed. In his polemic against Judaism,
3533:
3486:
3251:
2354:
2047:
1778:
1743:
1720:
1690:
1665:
1660:
1635:
1625:
1620:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1577:
1502:
1412:
1369:
1317:
1272:
1247:
1229:
1165:
6069:
5923:
4576:
p. 225. No known Christians are recorded for having been put to death on these grounds however. Giorgio Jossa,
2861:
1902:
8812:
8807:
8546:
7516:
7464:
7342:
7205:
6960:
6936:
6724:
6523:
4235:
3482:
2244:
2003:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1715:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1650:
1640:
1562:
1547:
1527:
1447:
1432:
1427:
1379:
1374:
1359:
1354:
1252:
5741:
Y. Peled: From theology to sociology: Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx on the question of Jewish emancipation, in:
5514:
8746:
7994:
7824:
7741:
7474:
7168:
7001:
6850:
6748:
6572:
5748:
5743:
3954:
2976:"There are legions of theologians, historians and writers who write about the Jews the same as Chrysostom:
2943:
2395:
1847:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1748:
1670:
1507:
1472:
1462:
1442:
1327:
1307:
1257:
966:
6774:
5459:. Vol. 3, J–O. Grand Rapids, Michigan / Cambridge UK / Leiden / Boston: Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 57.
3203:
to spy on Jews and Moors wherever "by words or writings they urged the Catholics to embrace their faith".
8930:
7979:
7793:
7538:
7511:
7504:
6199:
3959:
3188:
3107:, legislation against heresies grew more severe. The Church, once confining itself to only the powers of
2653:" though a second hypothesis holds that early Christian anti-Judaism was inherited from the pagan world.
2273:
2064:
1867:
1783:
1758:
1753:
1482:
1292:
391:
6788:
5053:
Philippe Bobichon, "Préceptes éternels et Loi mosaïque dans le Dialogue avec Tryphon de Justin Martyr",
2715:, a polemical debate giving the Christian assertions for the Messiahship of Jesus by making use of the
8995:
8266:
7856:
7533:
7479:
7300:
7088:
5437:
4565:
4010:
3296:
3265:
2482:, but that in itself would not have severed the Jewish connection. Another point of divergence was the
2399:
2086:
1185:
177:
81:
6754:
8897:
8021:
7836:
7831:
7667:
7048:
6882:
6858:
6826:
6670:
6475:
6457:
6451:
6409:
6111:
6079:
4361:
3944:
3883:
3846:
3821:
3735:
2784:
2563:
2282:
1968:
1912:
197:
140:
5030:"ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"
3277:, it "may be termed the first work of modern anti-Semitism, and a giant step forward on the road to
9028:
8977:
8822:
8461:
7989:
7778:
7672:
7132:
7100:
6688:
6272:
6247:
6189:
6074:
6048:
3816:
3771:
3687:
3446:
Similarly, in Anna Bikont's investigation of "the massacre of Jews in wartime Jedwabne, Poland" in
3370:
2424:
2238:
2059:
1917:
1907:
1140:
1058:
956:
679:
2671:
A statement about whether scrolls could be left to burn in a fire on the Sabbath is attributed to
8962:
8907:
8766:
8663:
8182:
7945:
7913:
7788:
7053:
6965:
6469:
6391:
5257:
Abrahamson et al. The Persian conquest of Jerusalem in 614 compared with Islamic conquest of 638.
4993:
4196:
4188:
4124:
3878:
3544:
3475:
2551:
207:
107:
5916:"Anti-Judaism and Early Christianity: on David Nirenbergs "Anti-Judaism, the Western Tradition""
3143:. Jews were not ignored by such legislation, either, as they allegedly instigated Christians to
2470:
The main distinction of the Early Christian community from its Jewish roots was the belief that
8712:
8047:
7999:
7974:
7940:
7918:
7893:
7876:
7861:
7841:
7798:
7768:
7621:
7385:
7362:
7236:
7122:
7083:
7058:
6918:
6894:
6610:
6194:
6167:
6143:
6138:
5863:
5438:
A fuzzy distinction – Anti-Judaism and anti-Semitism (An excerpt from Le Judaisme et ses Juifs)
3981:
3949:
3900:
3716:
3308:
3060:
2985:
2269:
2215:
2144:. The opposition is maintained by the adaptation of Jewish prophecy and texts. According to
2035:
1998:
1983:
1048:
684:
5220:
4577:
4559:
4403:
4355:
2145:
9071:
8852:
8756:
8526:
8489:
8441:
8329:
7969:
7935:
7851:
7846:
7731:
7494:
7287:
7247:
7185:
7180:
7117:
7043:
6888:
6547:
6332:
6297:
6267:
6121:
6044:
5676:
4979:
Friedlander (1899) cited in Pearson in 'Gnosticism, Judaism and Egyptian Christianity' (1990)
4432:
The Jerusalem Temple in Diaspora: Jewish Practice and Thought during the Second Temple Period
4430:
4064:"The reign of Gaius Caligula (37–41) witnessed the first open break between the Jews and the
3922:
3640:
3288:
3274:
3230:
3214:
3068:
3017:
2993:
2977:
2646:
2374:
2285:
to buttress his position in the East against the latter. At times he treated the high priest
1973:
1884:
1097:
1053:
971:
5033:
8872:
8521:
7706:
7657:
7629:
7352:
7282:
7068:
6870:
6806:
6616:
6427:
6312:
6217:
6153:
6116:
6013:
4716:
4658:
Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro & Gargola, Daniel J & Talbert, Richard John Alexander,
4137:
4081:
4025:
3917:
3439:
3037:
3021:
3001:
2328:
2156:
2008:
1977:
1145:
1028:
961:
116:
24:
2876:
2202:
As the rejection of a particular way of thinking about God, anti-Judaism is distinct from
2140:, or way of life which is held to have superseded theirs as the "light to the nations" or
8:
8967:
8598:
8536:
8446:
8383:
8293:
8281:
7736:
7647:
7639:
7402:
7395:
7127:
7112:
7063:
6782:
6762:
6517:
6403:
6347:
6317:
6282:
6172:
5432:
4679:
4073:
4035:
4000:
3912:
3435:
3419:
3396:
3321:
3292:
3218:
3200:
3172:
2928:
2872:
2697:
2632:
2479:
2448:
2301:
2207:
2020:
1155:
1120:
983:
674:
447:
283:
8952:
8915:
8882:
8877:
8842:
8799:
8687:
8658:
8578:
8541:
8076:
7716:
7543:
7226:
6876:
6800:
6794:
6352:
6322:
6307:
6184:
5943:
5777:
Langmuir, Gavin (1971). "Anti-Judaism as the necessary preparation for anti-Semitism".
5668:
4040:
3932:
3907:
3841:
3625:
3408:
3373:
is another example of antisemitism, though it is based in distorted notions of Judaism.
3210:
3124:
3025:
2997:
2981:
2920:
2900:
2152:
2137:
2042:
1961:
1210:
1043:
373:
187:
150:
42:
5266:
Rosenwein, Barbara H. (2004). A Short History of the Middle Ages. Ontario. pp. 71–72.
3632:
were still, on occasion, driven to enforce discriminatory laws against members of the
3540:
3229:. Kings, nobles, and bishops discouraged this behavior, protecting Jews from the monk
3095:, and under the Moors (also Muslims), Jews regained their usurped religious freedoms.
3063:
began, during which many Jews initially rose up again against their Byzantine rulers.
2539:
9048:
9005:
8638:
8583:
8573:
8565:
8531:
8416:
8365:
8187:
8040:
7585:
7390:
7253:
7038:
6930:
6658:
6560:
6433:
6277:
6227:
6222:
5977:
5897:
5873:
5852:
5834:
5798:
5791:
5586:
5559:
5460:
5408:
5267:
4942:
4924:
4899:
4881:
4755:
Hopkins, Keith. A World Full of Gods. Great Britain: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999.
4687:
4663:
4642:
4621:
4587:
4569:
4540:
4513:
4440:
4413:
4365:
4208:
4077:
4045:
3796:
3644:
3637:
3140:
3013:
2664:
religion in the early centuries of the Christian or common era, converting so-called
2650:
2582:
2503:
2312:
2192:
2168:
1150:
466:
261:
169:
3152:
2732:
would serve as a flawed basis for such cross-cultural arguments, as demonstrated by
8857:
8717:
8669:
8588:
8406:
7553:
7548:
7422:
7095:
6948:
6864:
6844:
6664:
6327:
6252:
6084:
5955:
5911:
4961:
Daniel Boyarin, Border Lines - The Partition of Judaeo-Christianity (2006) pg 57-58
4436:
4291:
3927:
3831:
3826:
3414:
3403:
3048:
2892:
2880:
2729:
2692:
2491:
2332:
2324:
2290:
2260:
1929:
1170:
1090:
752:
651:
387:
348:
333:
89:
64:
5692:
4970:
Kuhn (1960) and Maier (1962) cited by Paget in 'The Written Gospel' (2005), pg 210
4921:
A Light Among the Gentiles: Jewish Missionary Activity in the Second Temple Period
3402:
In agreeing with Nirenberg's analysis and conclusion while recommending the book,
2573:
in 70 CE would lead Christians to "doubt the efficacy of the ancient law", though
2316:
9052:
8957:
8887:
8643:
8593:
8411:
8298:
7579:
7332:
6984:
6906:
6812:
6736:
6730:
6463:
6397:
6262:
6257:
6148:
5971:
5939:
5887:
5553:
4399:
3971:
3937:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3392:
3376:
3176:
3088:
3084:
2935:
2845:
2511:
2432:
2416:
2344:
2320:
2129:
2125:
2076:
1993:
988:
896:
790:
343:
135:
100:
5831:
Anti-Judaism and Early Christian Identity: A Critique of the Scholarly Consensus
3259:
has been accused of antisemitism, primarily in relation to his statements about
2771:, where the rivalry was most bitter, Jews most likely demanded the execution of
8817:
8484:
8308:
8303:
8276:
8145:
7711:
7521:
7489:
7454:
7375:
6652:
6541:
6529:
6342:
6126:
6099:
5768:
5764:
4065:
4015:
4005:
3836:
3652:
3366:
3358:
3282:
3168:
3156:
3009:
2946:, (died 407 CE) is very negative in his treatment of Judaism, though much more
2912:
2853:
2806:
2802:
2752:
2725:
2622:
2440:
2370:
2278:
1941:
1200:
1078:
852:
647:
536:
442:
338:
214:
202:
145:
128:
95:
9065:
8727:
8628:
8220:
8125:
7684:
7526:
7459:
7306:
6832:
6818:
6628:
6357:
6337:
6232:
5959:
3811:
3388:
3362:
3343:
3278:
3256:
3222:
3148:
2908:
2841:
2837:
2794:
2716:
2706:
2590:
2559:
2547:
2507:
2495:
2484:
questioning by Christians of the continuing applicability of the Law of Moses
2348:
2141:
1852:
1215:
1205:
1175:
904:
819:
328:
228:
192:
58:
7258:
3443:
becomes almost unavoidable, even before explicitly racist doctrines appear."
3273:
against them and their permanent oppression and/or expulsion. According to
2589:
rejecting the entirety of Judaic influence on the Christian faith, would be
8942:
8847:
8837:
8737:
8702:
8682:
8623:
8551:
8436:
8339:
8286:
7748:
7694:
7558:
7270:
7221:
7078:
7024:
6158:
6133:
4583:
4579:
Jews Or Christians?: The Followers of Jesus in Search of Their Own Identity
4287:"Sons of Israel in Caesar's Service: Jewish Soldiers in the Roman Military"
3976:
3966:
3766:
3761:
3752:
3183:
and their Jewish supporters, and thus the imperial army sent to advance on
2916:
2849:
2829:
2810:
2764:
2519:
2456:
2248:
2203:
2025:
2013:
1988:
1033:
978:
857:
762:
722:
669:
623:
427:
236:
32:
3658:
3423:
observes that "if the Jew did not exist, the antisemite would invent him."
8920:
8832:
8761:
8697:
8653:
8471:
8426:
8379:
8313:
8157:
8120:
7611:
7417:
7412:
7380:
6421:
6237:
3596:
3164:
3144:
3136:
3112:
3080:
3056:
2857:
2760:
2675:(died 135 CE). A disputed interpretation identifies these books with the
2499:
2464:
2286:
2164:
appear concerned with the phenomenon described by his third definition.
664:
121:
5060:
Filiación. Cultura pagana, religión de Israel, orígenes del cristianismo
4852:{ M. Simon, Versus Israel-Jews and Christians in the Roman Empire (1986)
4286:
3675:
3147:, either directly or unconsciously, by their existence. They sent forth
2645:. The traditional hypothesis holds that the anti-Judaism of these early
70:
27:. For racial hostility to, prejudice against, or discrimination against
8985:
8892:
8867:
8827:
8421:
8192:
8177:
8172:
8140:
8115:
7803:
7689:
7606:
7337:
7276:
6292:
6287:
4788:
3756:
3648:
3592:
3583:
polemic against the Jews is given to the conception of the religion of
3489: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3196:
3128:
3116:
3005:
2721:
2702:
2661:
2642:
2612:
2586:
2554:, who after Jesus's death was widely acknowledged as the leader of the
2543:
2340:
1160:
909:
659:
452:
247:
5405:
Peter Martyr Vermigli And The European Reformations: Semper Reformanda
2293:. Jews reacted to his assassination by mourning him publicly in Rome.
8648:
8479:
8370:
8167:
8152:
8135:
8130:
8110:
7726:
7601:
7596:
7484:
6768:
6481:
4178:, Ch. 3, The Early Church: Making Sense of the World in Jewish Terms.
4120:
4103:
3806:
3712:
3629:
3431:
3184:
3108:
3076:
3033:
2989:
2970:
2947:
2924:
2904:
2833:
2822:
2814:
2748:
2665:
2535:
2531:
1190:
877:
576:
422:
399:
5851:(Variorum Collected Studies Series). Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate.
4875:
4534:
3551:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3464:
9000:
8633:
8215:
8162:
8063:
7700:
7616:
7469:
7428:
6979:
6505:
6242:
5942:(Fall 2014). "'Judaism' as Political Concept: Toward a Critique of
3608:
3180:
3160:
3072:
2884:
2798:
2772:
2680:
2574:
2359:
2297:
2256:
2184:
2176:
2133:
934:
919:
882:
872:
867:
732:
618:
571:
557:
414:
363:
182:
155:
5454:
4357:
The Toleration of the Jews Under Julius Caesar and Augustus Part 1
8990:
8692:
8603:
8451:
8398:
8334:
8228:
5393:, (Nashville: Abingdon Press, New American Library, 1983), p. 297
4877:
Jewish-Christian Relations - The First Centuries (Mascarat, 2019)
4249:, Ch. 4, "To every prophet an adversary": Jewish Enmity in Islam.
4069:
3633:
3613:
3584:
3426:
Anti-Judaism has been distinguished from antisemitism based upon
3384:
3120:
3092:
2966:
2939:
2896:
2768:
2744:
2475:
2460:
2412:
2347:, and after 135 were barred from Jerusalem except for the day of
2305:
2264:
2252:
2196:
2172:
2117:
1135:
1018:
924:
842:
747:
737:
692:
552:
547:
518:
506:
474:
353:
320:
304:
299:
289:
252:
50:
20:
5515:"Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition by David Nirenberg: Review"
4325:
A most reliable witness: Essays in honor of Ross Shepard Kraemer
3111:, increasingly appealed to secular powers. Heretics such as the
2887:
of Caesaria call them 'a perverse, dangerous, and criminal sect.
8938:
8501:
8088:
7721:
7677:
7499:
7434:
7073:
6993:
6302:
5710:
4477:
3270:
3226:
2962:
2955:
2756:
2737:
2733:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2452:
2222:
2221:
Other examples of anti-Judaism include the Islamic doctrine of
2211:
2188:
1023:
914:
862:
847:
837:
832:
805:
800:
783:
757:
742:
727:
702:
697:
613:
566:
541:
523:
437:
432:
409:
368:
358:
294:
271:
266:
5491:
Abulafia (1998, part II, 77), citing Langmuir (1971, 383–389).
4510:
John Attitudes Toward Judaism in Pagan and Christian Antiquity
4322:
2343:
were only allowed to practice their religion if they paid the
8494:
8344:
8235:
8210:
8105:
6554:
6009:
The Spanish Inquisition – Presentation with images and videos
3600:
3588:
3580:
3206:
3195:) had granted equal rights to Muslims, Christians, and Jews,
3192:
2688:
2487:
2471:
2428:
929:
827:
776:
769:
633:
628:
608:
603:
598:
513:
501:
496:
491:
484:
479:
404:
276:
242:
6043:
4639:
Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, A.D. 70 to 135
2871:
From the middle of the 5th century, apologetics ceased with
2206:
but historically, it has also encouraged the development of
8722:
8505:
8375:
8032:
5482:
Abulafia (1998, part II, 77), referring to Langmuir (1971).
4102:"Domitian ordered the execution of Flavius Clemens ... for
3339:
As examples regarding the nuances put forward by scholars:
3235:
2180:
1013:
528:
28:
4405:
Julius Caesar: The Life and Times of the People's Dictator
3666:
3295:, took pains to maintain the contradiction, going back to
2247:, and demanded to be worshiped accordingly throughout the
8862:
8349:
8249:
4489:
3889:
History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
3604:
3260:
3131:
were thus "treated with cruelty" which culminated in the
3079:
in 589, which would have lasting effect when codified by
3043:
Through this period Jewish revolts continued. During the
2844:) and then only after paying a special tax (probably the
2420:
5521:
2934:
All these theological and polemical attacks combined in
2566:
until his death in 62, thirty years after Jesus' death.
2550:
demonstrate a "long battle against Judaizing." However,
4327:. Part I: Jews and Christians in the Greco-Roman World.
3659:
During the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period
2385:
6707:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
5693:"The Neo-Lachrymose Conception of Jewish-Arab History"
5533:
4512:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 88, 98.
3221:, called for the expulsion of Jews all over Italy and
2973:
and to keep away from the rival religion's festivals.
2778:
2427:
before 96 CE, when Christians successfully petitioned
6635:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
6488:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
5833:. Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill Academic Publishers.
5494:
3619:
3175:
taught Jewish doctrine as superior to Christian; the
2660:
Modern scholars believe that Judaism may have been a
2183:
as adherents of it—by persons who accept a competing
2161:
5954:(1). Regents of the University of California: 1–29.
5455:
Fahlbusch, Erwin; Geoffrey William Bromiley (1999).
4923:. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. pp. 126–30.
4193:"The Question of Anti-semitism in the New Testament"
4148:n.b. source likely means Cyprian's later treatise,
3628:, the relatively tolerant societies of the various
3302:
3213:stirred up the poor against the usury of the Jews;
2813:) and seeing a rebirth outside the Roman Empire in
2151:There are three types of Anti-Judaism according to
5790:
2518:), of the Judaic laws in what came to be called a
2337:historical ties of the Jewish people to the region
2860:). "No sooner was armed than it forgot its most
2171:, it is based on "total or partial opposition to
9063:
7774:Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP)
3217:, aided by the practical notion of establishing
2919:claims Jews were possessed by an impure spirit.
2649:"were inherited from the Christian tradition of
2546:(d. ~67 CE), whose letters comprise much of the
2157:criticism of the beliefs and religious practices
7327:The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews
4536:Jewish-Christian Relations' The First Centuries
4339:Jewish-Christian Relations: The First Centuries
2915:trope and accuses Jews of despising Roman law.
6386:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
6380:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
5747:, Volume 13, Number 3, 1992, pp. 463–485(23);
5690:
4618:The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction
4561:Judaism and Christianity in First-century Rome
3187:massacred Jews along the way. In Spain, where
2825:heresies were nearly extinct in Christianity.
8048:
7009:
6567:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
6374:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
6029:
6004:The Gospel of John and Christian Anti-Judaism
3708:On_the_Jewish_Question § Interpretations
2805:, the influence of Judaism was fading in the
2705:work in the early Church to address Judaism.
2228:
2094:
1098:
7784:Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)
6689:Violence against Hindus in independent India
5869:Constantine's Sword: the Church and the Jews
5691:Cohen, Mark; Stillmann, Norman (June 1991).
5346:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5307:
3603:shows their worldliness and disobedience of
6901:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh
6416:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
5282:
5280:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5182:
5180:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5148:
5146:
5085:
5083:
5012:
5010:
4739:
4737:
4150:Three Books of Testimonies Against the Jews
4031:Persecution of early Christians by the Jews
3857:Persecution of Oriental Orthodox Christians
3802:Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites
2691:is not as dangerous to the Jewish faith as
2289:on equal terms by writing to him as Rome's
8514:
8055:
8041:
7295:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death
7016:
7002:
6036:
6022:
5910:
5788:
5662:
5539:
4941:. NY: Routledge. pp. 53, 55, 70–71).
4893:
4873:
4532:
4483:
4468:
4309:(1995) 20–21 which elaborated on Gager J.
4257:
4255:
3862:Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians
2954:is a philosophical treatise, Saint John's
2101:
2087:
1105:
1091:
6536:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
5966:
5938:
5886:
5716:
5649:. Poland Translation Program. p. 27.
5634:. Poland Translation Program. p. 26.
5619:. Polish Translation Program. p. 24.
5555:Christian Antisemitism: A History of Hate
5527:
5512:
5500:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5335:
5323:
5304:
4246:
4175:
3647:in the 12th century, and in the 1160s CE
3567:Learn how and when to remove this message
3505:Learn how and when to remove this message
3245:
2605:Anti-Judaic works of this period include
2380:
1858:Female genital mutilation laws by country
8798:
5896:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
5811:
5722:
5513:Dobkowski, Michael N. (April 11, 2013).
5478:
5476:
5292:
5277:
5239:
5227:
5192:
5177:
5158:
5143:
5131:
5080:
5068:
5007:
4918:
4798:
4758:
4734:
4715:
4709:
4539:. Washington: Mascarat. pp. 39–40.
4495:
4203:(2nd ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan:
3787:Christian observances of Jewish holidays
3331:anti-Judaism' the new and political for
3098:
2866:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus
2498:of Christianity appears to parallel the
2179:—and the total or partial opposition to
6500:French Revolutionary dechristianisation
5862:
5551:
4936:
4267:
4252:
4072:' heyday and the trouble caused by the
3852:Persecution of Christians by Christians
3667:Modernist and Enlightenment Antijudaism
3454:
3225:and caused the massacre of the Jews at
3087:of Law. This code inspired Jews to aid
2235:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
9064:
8075:
6446:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
5828:
5763:
5644:
5629:
5614:
5578:
5421:
5350:
5329:
5317:
5298:
5286:
5245:
5233:
5207:
5186:
5171:
5152:
5137:
5125:
5113:
5101:
5089:
5074:
5062:, vol. III, Madrid, 2011, pp. 337-378
5016:
4990:"POINT BY POINT OUTLINE - SHABBOS 116"
4861:
4840:
4828:
4816:
4804:
4776:
4764:
4743:
4703:
4343:Related Strangers: Jews and Christians
4307:Related Strangers: Jews and Christians
4273:
4261:
4237:cited by Abulafia (1998, part II, 77).
4205:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
2600:
2245:Emperors were proclaimed gods on Earth
16:Total or partial opposition to Judaism
8787:
8074:
8036:
6997:
6695:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
6017:
5999:Was St. John Chrysostom Anti-Semitic?
5686:
5684:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5473:
5402:
4641:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (1999),
4507:
4455:
4453:
4341:(Mascarat, 2019); Wilson Stephen G.,
3987:Persecution of minority Muslim groups
3387:, to reflect a pathology arising in
5770:Antisemitism: Its History and Causes
4912:
4867:
4187:
3894:Role of Christianity in civilization
3670:
3516:
3487:adding citations to reliable sources
3458:
2950:in expression. While Saint Justin's
2899:, other teachers are more vehement.
2832:their slaves. Jews were barred from
2392:List of events in early Christianity
2386:Early Christianity and the Judaizers
7313:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
6839:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
6789:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh
6701:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
6494:Christianization of the Sámi people
5893:Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition
5872:. Mariner Books, Houghton Mifflin.
5653:
4607:, H. H. Ben-Sasson editor, page 322
4021:Jewish views on religious pluralism
3872:Sectarian violence among Christians
3792:Christian views on the Old Covenant
3381:Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition
2779:From Constantine to the 8th century
2709:(died 165 CE) wrote the apologetic
2638:Instructiones Adversus Gentium Deos
2272:for playing a decisive role in the
2155:: (1) Prophetic Anti-judaism - the
13:
7794:Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)
5773:. New York: International Library.
5681:
5599:
4898:. Tubingen: Mohr. pp. 35–63.
4880:. WA: Mascarat. pp. 320–322.
4662:, Oxford University Press (2004),
4660:The Romans: From Village to Empire
4450:
4074:census after Archelaus' banishment
4068:empire. Until then—if one accepts
3867:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
3620:Between the 9th and 13th centuries
3059:France. Soon thereafter, 634, the
2404:Anti-Judaism in early Christianity
14:
9083:
8620:Attributes of God in Christianity
6683:Violence against Muslims in India
6677:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan
6623:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
5992:
5847:Abulafia, Anna Sapir (ed)(1998).
3651:Abd al-Nabi ibn Mahdi who was an
3365:' as anti-Judaic; accusations of
3045:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
2836:except on the anniversary of the
1863:Legal aspects of ritual slaughter
1181:Catholic priests in public office
9047:
7348:White genocide conspiracy theory
7023:
6978:
5457:The Encyclopedia of Christianity
4721:"Anti-Semitism or anti-Judaism?"
3992:Sectarian violence among Muslims
3777:Christianity and other religions
3674:
3521:
3463:
3303:Scholarly analyses and contrasts
2789:State church of the Roman Empire
2571:destruction of the Second Temple
1072:
69:
63:
57:
8678:Great Architect of the Universe
7592:Institute for Historical Review
7512:General Order No. 11 (US, 1862)
7242:International Jewish conspiracy
7139:
6955:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
6925:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
5789:Ben-Sasson, H. H. (1976).
5756:
5735:
5638:
5623:
5572:
5545:
5506:
5485:
5448:
5396:
5383:
5370:
5356:
5260:
5251:
5222:Eight Homilies Against the Jews
5213:
5119:
5107:
5095:
5047:
5022:
4982:
4973:
4964:
4955:
4855:
4846:
4834:
4822:
4810:
4782:
4770:
4749:
4697:
4686:, Blackwell Publishing,(2006),
4673:
4652:
4631:
4610:
4603:Dio Cassius 67.14.1–2, 68.1.2;
4597:
4553:
4526:
4501:
4473:The Crisis Under Gaius Caligula
4462:
4423:
4393:
4384:
4375:
4348:
4331:
4142:
4130:
4109:
4096:
4087:
4058:
3782:Christian–Jewish reconciliation
3474:needs additional citations for
3091:(a Muslim) in his overthrow of
3053:Jewish revolt against Heraclius
2736:'s difficulties debating Rabbi
2628:De Catholicae Ecclesiae Unitate
2516:Abrogation of Old Covenant laws
19:For the scholarly criticism of
6943:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
6913:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
6647:Communist Romanian persecution
5920:Marginalia: LA Review of Books
5793:A History of the Jewish People
5585:. Poland Translation Program.
5558:. Jason Aronson. p. 314.
5443:Journal of Ethnographic Theory
4410:University of California Press
4316:
4299:
4279:
4228:
4181:
3252:Martin Luther and antisemitism
2048:Christian countercult movement
1957:Oriental Orthodox Christianity
1166:Separation of church and state
1:
8457:Trinity of the Church Fathers
7789:Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC)
7517:Racial policy of Nazi Germany
7495:Beilis trial (Russian Empire)
7465:Pogroms in the Russian Empire
6961:2024 Istanbul church shooting
6937:Christchurch mosque shootings
6725:Religious violence in Nigeria
6719:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
5973:Anti-Judaism: a psychohistory
5814:"When Palestine Meant Israel"
5407:. Brill Academic Publishers.
4684:Christianity: An Introduction
4163:
4152:bound under the title of his
2415:. It was seen as such by the
2191:and consider certain genuine
1952:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
1893:Traditional African religions
8788:
8062:
7769:Anti-Defamation League (ADL)
7475:1968 Polish political crisis
6851:War crimes in the Kosovo War
6641:Communist Polish persecution
6512:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
6440:Crusades against schismatics
5797:. Harvard University Press.
5744:History of Political Thought
5659:Encyclopedia of Islam, Uzayr
4874:Bibliowicz, Abel M. (2019).
4605:History of the Jewish People
4533:Bibliowicz, Abel M. (2019).
3348:The History of Anti-Semitism
3047:many Jews sided against the
2944:archbishop of Constantinople
2938:'s six sermons delivered at
2931:, or Nasi, were a low race.
2396:Biblical law in Christianity
2225:and other forms of enmity,
2132:by the adherents of another
2130:replacement of Jewish people
1848:Apostasy in Islam by country
7:
8708:Phenomenological definition
7539:Night of the Murdered Poets
5818:Biblical Archaeology Review
4311:The Origins of Antisemitism
3960:Muslim supporters of Israel
3746:
3547:the claims made and adding
3420:The Anti-Semite and the Jew
2335:in an attempt to erase the
1868:Religious male circumcision
10:
9088:
7534:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign
7505:Anti-Zionist League (Iraq)
7480:Jewish Anti-Zionist League
7445:Antisemitic laws, policies
7301:On the Jews and Their Lies
5829:Taylor, Miriam S. (1995).
4894:Fredriksen, Paula (2003).
4566:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
4011:Jewish religious movements
3705:
3643:in the 11th century, the
3395:, flowing thereafter from
3391:, that came to underwrite
3306:
3266:On the Jews and their Lies
3249:
3179:preached against both the
2895:merely reproaches Jews as
2782:
2577:would linger on until the
2400:Paul of Tarsus and Judaism
2389:
2232:
2229:Pre-Christian Roman Empire
18:
9045:
9014:
8976:
8929:
8906:
8794:
8783:
8736:
8612:
8564:
8470:
8397:
8358:
8322:
8259:
8248:
8201:
8096:
8087:
8083:
8070:
7812:
7757:
7638:
7572:
7443:
7361:
7214:
7161:
7031:
6975:
6883:South Thailand insurgency
6859:Walisongo school massacre
6827:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
6476:Expulsion of the Moriscos
6452:European wars of religion
6366:
6210:
6055:
5647:The Crime and the Silence
5632:The Crime and the Silence
5617:The Crime and the Silence
5582:The Crime and the Silence
5552:Nichols, William (1993).
4362:Wipf and Stock Publishers
3945:Islam and other religions
3884:Christianity and violence
3847:Persecution of Christians
3822:Criticism of Christianity
3579:A prominent place in the
3448:The Crime and the Silence
3171:was a Jewish heresy; the
2856:of the Roman Empire (see
2785:Constantine I and Judaism
1853:Blasphemy laws by country
8462:Trinitarian universalism
7779:Community Security Trust
7653:Black Death persecutions
6273:Extrajudicial punishment
5960:10.1525/rep.2014.128.1.1
5812:Jacobson, David (2001),
5403:James, Frank A. (2004).
5362:McAlister, Elizabeth. "
4937:Goodman, Martin (1992).
4620:, Paulist Press (1995),
4051:
3955:Islamic–Jewish relations
3817:Anti-Christian sentiment
3772:Christianity and Judaism
2527:circumcision controversy
2510:) annulled either some (
2431:to exempt them from the
2239:Religion in ancient Rome
1288:Central African Republic
1141:Religious discrimination
8664:Godhead in Christianity
7985:Palestinian Territories
7490:Dreyfus Affair (France)
6966:Crocus City Hall attack
6713:Persecution of Tibetans
6470:French Wars of Religion
6392:Yellow Turban Rebellion
5219:Saint John Chrysostom:
4919:McKnight, Scot (1991).
3879:History of Christianity
2120:, on the denial or the
2043:New religious movements
1789:Palestinian territories
7799:Stephen Roth Institute
7447:and government actions
7386:Portuguese Inquisition
7363:Religious antisemitism
7237:Double genocide theory
7123:Secondary antisemitism
7059:Religious antisemitism
6919:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
6895:Maspero demonstrations
6743:Huế Phật Đản shootings
5719:, pp. 4, 423–459.
5517:. Jewish Book Council.
4234:Langmuir (1971, 383),
3982:Persecution of Muslims
3950:Christianity and Islam
3901:Spread of Christianity
3717:On the Jewish Question
3309:Religious antisemitism
3293:Reformed Protestantism
3246:During the Reformation
2998:Athanasius the Sinaite
2986:Theodore of Mopsuestia
2695:sects." The anonymous
2381:Christian anti-Judaism
2270:Antipater the Idumaean
2216:religious antisemitism
2036:Religious antisemitism
8490:Fate of the unlearned
8442:Shield of the Trinity
7759:Organizations working
7319:Contemporary imprints
7248:The International Jew
7118:Rootless cosmopolitan
6889:Boko Haram insurgency
6548:Pontic Greek genocide
6458:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
6268:Extrajudicial killing
6045:Religious persecution
5976:. Perspective Press.
5677:Encyclopedia of Islam
5645:Bikont, Anna (2004).
5630:Bikont, Anna (2004).
5615:Bikont, Anna (2004).
5579:Bikont, Anna (2004).
5378:A History of the Jews
4717:Elshtain, Jean Bethke
4420:pp. 209–217, 209–213.
4285:Andrew J. Schoenfeld,
3923:Criticism of religion
3641:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
3289:Peter Martyr Vermigli
3215:Bernardinus of Feltre
3135:establishment of the
3099:After the 8th century
3069:Sigismund of Burgundy
3028:, among the Latins."
2994:Cosmas Indicopleustes
2936:Saint John Chrysostom
2911:recycled the earlier
2862:elementary principles
2747:was an "enemy of the
2647:fathers of the Church
2474:was the long-awaited
2375:Edict of Thessalonica
1885:Religious persecution
7761:against antisemitism
7707:Martyrdom in Judaism
7573:Antisemitic websites
7485:Leo Frank trial (US)
7381:Catholic Inquisition
7353:Zionist antisemitism
7069:Antisemitism studies
6871:September 11 attacks
6807:1984 anti-Sikh riots
6671:Rawalpindi massacres
6617:White Terror (Spain)
6428:Massacre at Ayyadieh
6313:Population cleansing
5968:Rappaport, Ernest A.
4508:Gager, John (1985).
4471:, pp. 254–256,
4447:pp. 29–32, 32, n.55.
4337:Bibliowicz Abel M.,
4138:Council of Jerusalem
4119:, they could not be
4106:tendencies ..."
4026:Judaism and violence
3918:Criticism of Judaism
3483:improve this article
3455:Islamic anti-Judaism
3393:Western civilization
3022:Venantius Fortunatus
3002:Hilarius of Poitiers
2712:Dialogue with Trypho
2556:Jerusalem Christians
2542:). The teachings of
2455:translations of the
2409:Christianity started
2377:on 27 February 380.
2367:adopted Christianity
2319:changed the name of
1146:Religious censorship
25:Criticism of Judaism
9024:Slavic Native Faith
8447:Trinitarian formula
8384:Father of Greatness
8267:Abrahamic religions
7737:Spanish Inquisition
7648:Rhineland massacres
7403:Rhineland massacres
7396:Spanish Inquisition
7128:Stereotypes of Jews
7113:Racial antisemitism
7064:Persecution of Jews
6783:Bangladesh genocide
6763:Cultural Revolution
6755:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
6518:Circassian genocide
6404:Rhineland massacres
6318:Population transfer
6283:Forced displacement
6095:Jehovah's Witnesses
5914:(9 December 2013).
5732:(1970), pp. 141–142
5730:Marx before Marxism
5433:Jeanne Favret-Saada
4723:. Christian Century
4680:McGrath, Alister E.
4616:Wylen, Stephen M.,
4201:Jews and Christians
4078:Temple in Jerusalem
4036:Persecution of Jews
4001:History of religion
3913:Criticism of Israel
3436:racial antisemitism
3397:Nicene Christianity
3379:, in his 2013 book
3322:Jeanne Favret-Saada
3201:Spanish Inquisition
3103:Beginning with the
2990:Theodoret of Cyprus
2873:Cyril of Alexandria
2707:Saint Justin Martyr
2698:Letter to Diognetus
2687:must be burned for
2633:Cyprian of Carthage
2608:De Adversus Iudeaos
2601:Anti-Judaic polemic
2558:, worshiped at the
2480:Confession of Peter
2449:Greek Old Testament
2425:Christians and Jews
2302:Census of Quirinius
2208:racial antisemitism
2142:God's chosen people
1156:Religious pluralism
1121:Freedom of religion
984:Abrahamic religions
883:Selichot (S'lichot)
675:Bar and bat mitzvah
178:Principles of faith
8986:Abrahamic prophecy
8916:Ayyavazhi theology
8688:Apophatic theology
8077:Conceptions of God
7956:Conservative Party
7717:Pale of Settlement
7227:Christian Identity
7201:Soviet mathematics
7106:Working definition
6877:2002 Gujarat riots
6801:Cambodian genocide
6795:Lebanese Civil War
6573:Soviet persecution
6410:Jerusalem massacre
6323:Sectarian violence
6308:Political violence
5944:political theology
5669:Hava Lazarus-Yafeh
5353:, pp. 114–115
5332:, pp. 111–114
5320:, pp. 116–117
4793:Adversus Marcionem
4706:, pp. 127–128
4637:Dunn, James D.G.,
4429:Jonathan Trotter,
4305:Wilson Stephen G.
4041:History of Zionism
3933:Islam and violence
3908:Criticism of Islam
3842:Anti-Protestantism
3686:. You can help by
3626:Islamic Golden Age
3532:possibly contains
3409:Early Christianity
3211:John of Capistrano
3125:Apostolic Brothers
3036:went so far as to
3026:Isidore of Seville
3000:among the Greeks;
2982:Diodorus of Tarsus
2274:Battle of Pelusium
2162:scholarly analyses
2138:political theology
1211:Confessional state
1079:Judaism portal
1044:Holocaust theology
9059:
9058:
9041:
9040:
9037:
9036:
8779:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8670:Latter Day Saints
8639:Divine simplicity
8560:
8559:
8417:Consubstantiality
8393:
8392:
8244:
8243:
8188:Theistic finitism
8030:
8029:
7673:Ghettos in Europe
7586:The Daily Stormer
7391:Roman Inquisition
7254:Jewish Bolshevism
6991:
6990:
6931:Rohingya genocide
6659:Direct Action Day
6611:Šahovići massacre
6561:Armenian genocide
6555:Assyrian genocide
6442:(13th–15th cent.)
6436:(12th–16th cent.)
6434:Northern Crusades
6278:Forced conversion
6228:Cultural genocide
6223:Communal violence
6105:post–Cold War era
6090:Eastern Orthodoxy
5912:Fredriksen, Paula
5903:978-0-393-34791-3
5540:Fredriksen (2013)
5389:Bainton, Roland:
4592:978-3-161-49192-4
4574:978-0-802-84265-7
4484:Ben-Sasson (1976)
4469:Ben-Sasson (1976)
4445:978-9-004-40985-9
4418:978-0-520-23502-1
4381:Trotter 2019 p.27
4370:978-1-625-64575-3
4197:Dunn, James D. G.
4189:Dunn, James D. G.
4046:History of Israel
3797:Christian Zionism
3704:
3703:
3645:Almohad Caliphate
3577:
3576:
3569:
3534:original research
3515:
3514:
3507:
3404:Paula Frederiksen
3141:Pope Innocent III
3014:Sulpicius Severus
2942:. Chrysostom, an
2929:Jewish Patriarchs
2801:were issuing the
2701:was the earliest
2651:Biblical exegesis
2583:Marcion of Sinope
2441:Jewish monotheism
2411:as a sect within
2365:The Roman Empire
2313:Jewish-Roman wars
2296:The crisis under
2185:system of beliefs
2111:
2110:
1947:Jehovah's Witness
1923:post–Cold War era
1875:
1874:
1230:Status by country
1151:Religious liberty
1115:
1114:
467:Important figures
141:Reconstructionist
9079:
9051:
8796:
8795:
8785:
8784:
8672:
8512:
8511:
8407:Athanasian Creed
8257:
8256:
8094:
8093:
8085:
8084:
8072:
8071:
8057:
8050:
8043:
8034:
8033:
7554:Holocaust denial
7423:Host desecration
7232:Cultural Marxism
7162:Antisemitism and
7141:
7096:New antisemitism
7018:
7011:
7004:
6995:
6994:
6983:
6982:
6949:2020 Delhi riots
6865:Kosheh massacres
6845:Bosnian genocide
6665:1946 Bihar riots
6328:Social cleansing
6253:Ethnic cleansing
6038:
6031:
6024:
6015:
6014:
5987:
5963:
5940:Nirenberg, David
5935:
5933:
5931:
5922:. Archived from
5907:
5888:Nirenberg, David
5883:
5844:
5825:
5808:
5796:
5774:
5751:
5739:
5733:
5728:David McLellan:
5726:
5720:
5717:Nirenberg (2013)
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5688:
5679:
5666:
5660:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5612:
5597:
5596:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5549:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5528:Nirenberg (2013)
5525:
5519:
5518:
5510:
5504:
5501:Nirenberg (2013)
5498:
5492:
5489:
5483:
5480:
5471:
5470:
5452:
5446:
5430:
5419:
5418:
5400:
5394:
5387:
5381:
5374:
5368:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5275:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5249:
5248:, pp. 76–80
5243:
5237:
5236:, pp. 70–71
5231:
5225:
5217:
5211:
5210:, pp. 67–68
5205:
5190:
5184:
5175:
5169:
5156:
5150:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5032:. Archived from
5026:
5020:
5014:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4992:. Archived from
4986:
4980:
4977:
4971:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4934:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4891:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4796:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4677:
4671:
4656:
4650:
4635:
4629:
4614:
4608:
4601:
4595:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4448:
4427:
4421:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4373:
4352:
4346:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4320:
4314:
4303:
4297:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4250:
4247:Nirenberg (2013)
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4185:
4179:
4176:Nirenberg (2013)
4173:
4157:
4156:; so linked here
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4113:
4107:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4085:
4062:
3928:History of Islam
3832:Anti-clericalism
3827:Anti-Catholicism
3727:," according to
3699:
3696:
3678:
3671:
3616:) of the text".
3572:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3552:
3549:inline citations
3525:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3490:
3467:
3459:
3415:Jean-Paul Sartre
3316:
3281:". In contrast,
3061:Muslim conquests
3049:Byzantine Empire
2959:Against the Jews
2893:Gregory of Nyssa
2890:
2881:Pope Sylvester I
2840:'s destruction (
2751:", the reign of
2693:Jewish Christian
2492:Apostolic Decree
2417:early Christians
2333:Aelia Capitolina
2325:Syria Palaestina
2291:pontifex maximus
2261:early Christians
2103:
2096:
2089:
1235:
1234:
1171:Anti-clericalism
1117:
1116:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1077:
1076:
1075:
349:Aruch HaShulchan
73:
67:
61:
38:
37:
9087:
9086:
9082:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9077:
9076:
9062:
9061:
9060:
9055:
9053:Religion portal
9033:
9010:
8972:
8953:Holy Scriptures
8925:
8902:
8790:
8771:
8732:
8668:
8644:Divine presence
8608:
8556:
8510:
8466:
8412:Comma Johanneum
8389:
8354:
8318:
8252:
8240:
8197:
8079:
8066:
8061:
8031:
8026:
7808:
7762:
7760:
7753:
7634:
7623:The Right Stuff
7580:Bible Believers
7568:
7448:
7446:
7439:
7357:
7333:Self-hating Jew
7210:
7191:Nation of Islam
7157:
7027:
7022:
6992:
6987:
6977:
6971:
6907:Yazidi genocide
6813:Revival Process
6749:Thích Quảng Đức
6737:Buddhist crisis
6731:Istanbul pogrom
6599:1970–1987
6594:1958–1964
6589:1928–1941
6584:1921–1928
6579:1917–1921
6464:Goa Inquisition
6398:Battle of Tours
6388:(c.550–c. 1200)
6382:(c. 324–c. 491)
6362:
6263:Ethnic violence
6258:Ethnic conflict
6206:
6205:
6204:
6051:
6042:
5995:
5990:
5984:
5948:Representations
5929:
5927:
5926:on 24 June 2021
5904:
5880:
5841:
5805:
5765:Lazare, Bernard
5759:
5754:
5740:
5736:
5727:
5723:
5715:
5711:
5701:
5699:
5689:
5682:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5643:
5639:
5628:
5624:
5613:
5600:
5593:
5577:
5573:
5566:
5550:
5546:
5538:
5534:
5526:
5522:
5511:
5507:
5499:
5495:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5453:
5449:
5431:
5422:
5415:
5401:
5397:
5388:
5384:
5376:Johnson, Paul:
5375:
5371:
5361:
5357:
5349:
5336:
5328:
5324:
5316:
5305:
5297:
5293:
5285:
5278:
5265:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5218:
5214:
5206:
5193:
5185:
5178:
5170:
5159:
5151:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5112:
5108:
5100:
5096:
5088:
5081:
5073:
5069:
5052:
5048:
5039:
5037:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5015:
5008:
4999:
4997:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4931:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4888:
4872:
4868:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4839:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4815:
4811:
4803:
4799:
4787:
4783:
4775:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4742:
4735:
4726:
4724:
4714:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4678:
4674:
4657:
4653:
4636:
4632:
4615:
4611:
4602:
4598:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4506:
4502:
4496:Jacobson (2001)
4494:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4467:
4463:
4459:Canfora p. 213.
4458:
4451:
4428:
4424:
4400:Luciano Canfora
4398:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4354:Dora Askowith,
4353:
4349:
4336:
4332:
4321:
4317:
4304:
4300:
4284:
4280:
4272:
4268:
4260:
4253:
4245:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4207:. p. 180.
4186:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4147:
4143:
4135:
4131:
4114:
4110:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4063:
4059:
4054:
3938:Spread of Islam
3749:
3729:David Nirenberg
3725:quite Christian
3721:anti-Capitalism
3710:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3684:needs expansion
3669:
3661:
3624:Throughout the
3622:
3595:worshipped the
3573:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3538:
3526:
3522:
3511:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3480:
3468:
3457:
3377:David Nirenberg
3314:
3311:
3305:
3254:
3248:
3199:instituted the
3101:
3089:Tariq ibn-Ziyad
3085:Visigothic Code
2907:as falsifiers;
2901:Saint Augustine
2888:
2846:Fiscus Judaicus
2791:
2781:
2743:Though Emperor
2603:
2512:Supersessionism
2447:(generally the
2437:Fiscus Judaicus
2406:
2388:
2383:
2355:Flavius Clemens
2321:Iudaea province
2304:in 6 and under
2241:
2231:
2146:David Nirenberg
2126:Mosaic covenant
2107:
2077:Religion portal
2071:
2070:
2069:
1935:Catholic Church
1887:
1877:
1876:
1681:North Macedonia
1646:Northern Cyprus
1453:Northern Cyprus
1232:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1196:
1195:
1186:Confessionalism
1130:
1111:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1009:
1008:
999:
998:
989:Judeo-Christian
952:
951:
949:Other religions
940:
939:
900:
899:
888:
887:
823:
822:
811:
810:
765:
718:
717:
708:
707:
689:
655:
654:
639:
638:
594:
593:
591:Religious roles
582:
581:
544:
540:
470:
469:
458:
457:
419:
395:
394:
379:
378:
344:Mishnah Berurah
324:
323:
312:
311:
286:
239:
232:
231:
220:
219:
173:
172:
161:
160:
92:
85:
84:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9085:
9075:
9074:
9057:
9056:
9046:
9043:
9042:
9039:
9038:
9035:
9034:
9032:
9031:
9026:
9020:
9018:
9012:
9011:
9009:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8982:
8980:
8974:
8973:
8971:
8970:
8965:
8963:Predestination
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8935:
8933:
8927:
8926:
8924:
8923:
8918:
8912:
8910:
8904:
8903:
8901:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8818:Biblical canon
8815:
8810:
8804:
8802:
8792:
8791:
8781:
8780:
8777:
8776:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8743:
8741:
8734:
8733:
8731:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8674:
8673:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8616:
8614:
8613:Other concepts
8610:
8609:
8607:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8570:
8568:
8562:
8561:
8558:
8557:
8555:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8518:
8516:
8509:
8508:
8499:
8498:
8497:
8487:
8485:Apocalypticism
8482:
8476:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8403:
8401:
8399:Trinitarianism
8395:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8387:
8373:
8368:
8362:
8360:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8326:
8324:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8314:Zoroastrianism
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8290:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8263:
8261:
8254:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8149:
8148:
8146:Urmonotheismus
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8091:
8081:
8080:
8068:
8067:
8060:
8059:
8052:
8045:
8037:
8028:
8027:
8025:
8024:
8019:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7966:
7965:
7964:
7963:
7958:
7951:United Kingdom
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7932:
7931:
7926:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7874:
7869:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7828:
7827:
7816:
7814:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7765:
7763:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7712:Nuremberg Laws
7709:
7704:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7681:
7680:
7675:
7668:Jewish quarter
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7644:
7642:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7627:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7582:
7576:
7574:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7566:
7564:ZOG conspiracy
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7524:
7522:Final Solution
7514:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7455:Ghetto benches
7451:
7449:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7437:
7432:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7378:
7376:Jewish deicide
7373:
7367:
7365:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7309:
7304:
7297:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7251:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7218:
7216:
7215:Related topics
7212:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7093:
7092:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7035:
7033:
7029:
7028:
7021:
7020:
7013:
7006:
6998:
6989:
6988:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6963:
6958:
6952:
6946:
6940:
6934:
6933:(2016–ongoing)
6928:
6927:(2014–ongoing)
6922:
6916:
6915:(2014–ongoing)
6910:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6891:(2009–ongoing)
6886:
6885:(2004–ongoing)
6880:
6874:
6868:
6862:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6848:
6842:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6810:
6804:
6798:
6792:
6791:(1971–ongoing)
6786:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6772:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6734:
6728:
6727:(1953–ongoing)
6722:
6716:
6715:(1950–ongoing)
6710:
6709:(1949–ongoing)
6704:
6698:
6692:
6691:(1947–ongoing)
6686:
6685:(1947–ongoing)
6680:
6679:(1947–ongoing)
6674:
6668:
6662:
6656:
6653:Noakhali riots
6650:
6644:
6638:
6632:
6626:
6620:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6570:
6564:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6542:Greek genocide
6539:
6533:
6530:Adana massacre
6527:
6521:
6515:
6509:
6503:
6497:
6491:
6485:
6479:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6395:
6394:(c.184–c. 205)
6389:
6383:
6377:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6343:State religion
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6248:Discrimination
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6202:
6200:Zoroastrianism
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6127:Untouchability
6124:
6114:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6049:discrimination
6041:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5994:
5993:External links
5991:
5989:
5988:
5982:
5964:
5936:
5908:
5902:
5884:
5878:
5864:Carroll, James
5860:
5845:
5839:
5826:
5809:
5803:
5786:
5785:: p. 383.
5775:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5734:
5721:
5709:
5680:
5661:
5652:
5637:
5622:
5598:
5591:
5571:
5564:
5544:
5532:
5530:, p. 464.
5520:
5505:
5493:
5484:
5472:
5465:
5447:
5420:
5413:
5395:
5382:
5369:
5355:
5334:
5322:
5303:
5291:
5276:
5259:
5250:
5238:
5226:
5212:
5191:
5176:
5157:
5142:
5130:
5118:
5106:
5094:
5079:
5067:
5064:online article
5055:Revue Biblique
5046:
5021:
5006:
4981:
4972:
4963:
4954:
4947:
4929:
4911:
4904:
4887:978-1513616483
4886:
4866:
4854:
4845:
4833:
4821:
4809:
4797:
4781:
4769:
4757:
4748:
4733:
4719:(2004-05-18).
4708:
4696:
4672:
4651:
4630:
4609:
4596:
4552:
4546:978-1513616483
4545:
4525:
4518:
4500:
4488:
4476:
4461:
4449:
4422:
4392:
4383:
4374:
4347:
4330:
4315:
4313:(1983) 35–112.
4298:
4278:
4266:
4251:
4239:
4227:
4213:
4180:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4154:first treatise
4141:
4129:
4108:
4095:
4086:
4066:Julio-Claudian
4056:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4016:Jewish schisms
4013:
4008:
4006:Jewish history
4003:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3837:Anti-Mormonism
3834:
3829:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3748:
3745:
3736:David McLellan
3702:
3701:
3681:
3679:
3668:
3665:
3660:
3657:
3638:Fatimid Caliph
3621:
3618:
3575:
3574:
3529:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3512:
3471:
3469:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3424:
3412:
3400:
3374:
3367:well-poisoning
3363:Christ-killers
3359:Gavin Langmuir
3355:
3352:The Aryan Myth
3304:
3301:
3297:Paul of Tarsus
3291:, a shaper of
3283:Roland Bainton
3247:
3244:
3219:mont-de-piétés
3169:Orleans heresy
3157:David de Dinan
3153:Amaury de Béne
3149:metaphysicians
3100:
3097:
3075:, king of the
3010:Paulus Orosius
2913:anti-Christian
2854:state religion
2807:Land of Israel
2803:Edict of Milan
2780:
2777:
2753:Antoninus Pius
2623:Minucius Felix
2602:
2599:
2595:Church in Rome
2591:excommunicated
2552:James the Just
2490:), though the
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2371:state religion
2279:Holy of Holies
2230:
2227:
2193:Judaic beliefs
2169:Gavin Langmuir
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:Zoroastrianism
2062:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1726:United Kingdom
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1201:State religion
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1007:Related topics
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
975:
974:
969:
964:
959:
953:
947:
946:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
901:
897:Major holidays
895:
894:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
853:Birkat Hamazon
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
824:
818:
817:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
803:
797:
796:
795:
794:
787:
780:
773:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
719:
716:Ritual objects
715:
714:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
700:
695:
688:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
656:
646:
645:
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
595:
589:
588:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
574:
569:
563:
562:
561:
560:
555:
550:
537:Rabbinic sages
532:
531:
526:
521:
516:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
488:
487:
482:
477:
471:
465:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
450:
445:
443:Chevra kadisha
440:
435:
430:
425:
418:
417:
412:
407:
402:
396:
386:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
339:Shulchan Aruch
336:
331:
325:
319:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
258:
257:
256:
255:
250:
245:
233:
227:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:
215:Musar movement
212:
211:
210:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
168:
167:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
132:
131:
126:
125:
124:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
104:
103:
86:
80:
79:
78:
75:
74:
54:
53:
47:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9084:
9073:
9070:
9069:
9067:
9054:
9050:
9044:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9021:
9019:
9017:
9013:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8996:Denominations
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8981:
8979:
8975:
8969:
8968:Last Judgment
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8940:
8937:
8936:
8934:
8932:
8928:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8913:
8911:
8909:
8905:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8786:
8782:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8735:
8729:
8728:Unmoved mover
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8671:
8667:
8666:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8629:Binitarianism
8627:
8625:
8621:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8611:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8563:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8513:
8507:
8503:
8500:
8496:
8493:
8492:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8469:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8400:
8396:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8361:
8357:
8351:
8350:Supreme Being
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8321:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8237:
8234:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8225:
8222:
8221:Gender of God
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8200:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8147:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8126:Kathenotheism
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8058:
8053:
8051:
8046:
8044:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8023:
8020:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8006:
8005:United States
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7883:
7880:
7879:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7811:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7756:
7750:
7747:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7685:The Holocaust
7683:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7641:
7637:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7587:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7571:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7549:Doctors' plot
7547:
7545:
7544:Slánský trial
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7528:
7527:The Holocaust
7525:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7500:Farhud (Iraq)
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7460:Hep-Hep riots
7458:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7442:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7408:Martin Luther
7406:
7404:
7401:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7360:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7343:Weaponization
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7310:
7308:
7307:Philosemitism
7305:
7303:
7302:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7266:Khazar theory
7264:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7213:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7196:Olympic Games
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7175:
7174:New Testament
7172:
7171:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7160:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7019:
7014:
7012:
7007:
7005:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6986:
6981:
6974:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6941:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6899:
6896:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6833:Yugoslav Wars
6831:
6828:
6825:
6820:
6819:Big Excursion
6817:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6776:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6687:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6629:The Holocaust
6627:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6524:Dungan Revolt
6522:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6338:State atheism
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6233:Deprogramming
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6185:Protestantism
6183:
6181:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6100:LDS or Mormon
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6039:
6034:
6032:
6027:
6025:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5985:
5983:9780960338207
5979:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5879:0-395-77927-8
5875:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5857:0-86078-661-7
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5832:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5795:
5794:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5725:
5718:
5713:
5698:
5694:
5687:
5685:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5665:
5656:
5648:
5641:
5633:
5626:
5618:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5594:
5592:9780374710323
5588:
5584:
5583:
5575:
5567:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5548:
5541:
5536:
5529:
5524:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5497:
5488:
5479:
5477:
5468:
5462:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5416:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5386:
5380:(1987), p.242
5379:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5351:Lazare (1903)
5347:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5331:
5330:Lazare (1903)
5326:
5319:
5318:Lazare (1903)
5314:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5300:
5299:Lazare (1903)
5295:
5288:
5287:Lazare (1903)
5283:
5281:
5273:
5272:1-55111-290-6
5269:
5263:
5254:
5247:
5246:Lazare (1903)
5242:
5235:
5234:Lazare (1903)
5230:
5224:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5208:Lazare (1903)
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5188:
5187:Lazare (1903)
5183:
5181:
5173:
5172:Lazare (1903)
5168:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5154:
5153:Lazare (1903)
5149:
5147:
5139:
5138:Lazare (1903)
5134:
5127:
5126:Taylor (1995)
5122:
5115:
5114:Taylor (1995)
5110:
5103:
5102:Taylor (1995)
5098:
5091:
5090:Lazare (1903)
5086:
5084:
5076:
5075:Lazare (1903)
5071:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5036:on 2005-07-12
5035:
5031:
5025:
5018:
5017:Lazare (1903)
5013:
5011:
4996:on 2007-10-12
4995:
4991:
4985:
4976:
4967:
4958:
4950:
4944:
4940:
4932:
4926:
4922:
4915:
4907:
4901:
4897:
4889:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4870:
4863:
4862:Taylor (1995)
4858:
4849:
4842:
4841:Taylor (1995)
4837:
4831:, p. 127
4830:
4829:Taylor (1995)
4825:
4819:, p. 115
4818:
4817:Taylor (1995)
4813:
4806:
4805:Lazare (1903)
4801:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4779:, p. 128
4778:
4777:Taylor (1995)
4773:
4766:
4765:Lazare (1903)
4761:
4752:
4745:
4744:Lazare (1903)
4740:
4738:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4705:
4704:Taylor (1995)
4700:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4628:, Pp 190-192.
4627:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4606:
4600:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4548:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4515:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4492:
4486:, p. 334
4485:
4480:
4474:
4470:
4465:
4456:
4454:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4387:
4378:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4275:
4274:Lazare (1903)
4270:
4263:
4262:Lazare (1903)
4258:
4256:
4248:
4243:
4236:
4231:
4216:
4214:0-8028-4498-7
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4105:
4099:
4090:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3812:Philosemitism
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:Anti-Semitism
3760:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3698:
3689:
3685:
3682:This section
3680:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3664:
3656:
3654:
3653:Imam of Yemen
3650:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3571:
3568:
3560:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3530:This section
3528:
3519:
3518:
3509:
3506:
3498:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3472:This section
3470:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3440:Enlightenment
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3389:ancient Egypt
3386:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3344:Leon Poliakov
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3333:anti-Semitism
3332:
3327:
3323:
3320:According to
3318:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3279:the Holocaust
3276:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3257:Martin Luther
3253:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2909:Saint Ambrose
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2838:Second Temple
2835:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:(in favor of
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2717:Old Testament
2714:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:Second Temple
2557:
2553:
2549:
2548:New Testament
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:Second Coming
2505:
2501:
2497:
2496:Apostolic Age
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2419:, as well as
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2308:(before 31).
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2199:inferior."
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:According to
2165:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:Protestantism
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1918:Christophobia
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:United States
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:South America
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1216:Atheist state
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1206:Secular state
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1176:School prayer
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1002:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
950:
944:
943:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
905:Rosh Hashanah
903:
902:
898:
892:
891:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
821:
815:
814:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
793:
792:
788:
786:
785:
781:
779:
778:
774:
772:
771:
767:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
712:
711:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
649:
643:
642:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
592:
586:
585:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
543:
539:
538:
534:
533:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
468:
462:
461:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
389:
383:
382:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
329:Mishneh Torah
327:
326:
322:
316:
315:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
285:
282:
281:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
238:
235:
234:
230:
224:
223:
216:
213:
209:
206:
205:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
171:
165:
164:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
109:
106:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
91:
88:
87:
83:
77:
76:
72:
66:
60:
56:
55:
52:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
9072:Anti-Judaism
8863:Hamartiology
8848:Ecclesiology
8838:Pneumatology
8747:Christianity
8738:Names of God
8713:Philo's view
8703:Personal god
8683:Great Spirit
8622: /
8579:Christianity
8437:Perichoresis
8340:Emanationism
8282:Christianity
8272:Baháʼí Faith
8250:Singular god
8223:
8183:Spiritualism
8015:21st century
7995:South Africa
7961:Labour Party
7882:21st century
7825:Saudi Arabia
7749:Yellow badge
7699:
7695:Jewish quota
7622:
7584:
7559:Yellow badge
7427:
7371:Anti-Judaism
7370:
7325:
7311:
7299:
7275:
7271:Ku Klux Klan
7246:
7222:Anti-Zionism
7206:Universities
7169:Christianity
7079:Adolf Hitler
7025:Antisemitism
6835:(1991–2001)
6815:(1984–1989)
6775:Famen Temple
6765:(1966–1976)
6575:(1922–1991)
6544:(1913–1922)
6080:Christianity
6070:Baháʼí Faith
5972:
5951:
5947:
5928:. Retrieved
5924:the original
5919:
5892:
5868:
5848:
5830:
5821:
5817:
5792:
5782:
5778:
5769:
5757:Bibliography
5742:
5737:
5729:
5724:
5712:
5700:. Retrieved
5696:
5672:
5664:
5655:
5646:
5640:
5631:
5625:
5616:
5581:
5574:
5554:
5547:
5535:
5523:
5508:
5496:
5487:
5456:
5450:
5442:
5436:
5404:
5398:
5391:Here I Stand
5390:
5385:
5377:
5372:
5358:
5325:
5301:, p. 86
5294:
5289:, p. 87
5262:
5253:
5241:
5229:
5221:
5215:
5189:, p. 66
5174:, p. 73
5155:, p. 72
5140:, p. 59
5133:
5128:, p. 47
5121:
5116:, p. 49
5109:
5104:, p. 48
5097:
5092:, p. 60
5077:, p. 57
5070:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5038:. Retrieved
5034:the original
5024:
5019:, p. 56
4998:. Retrieved
4994:the original
4984:
4975:
4966:
4957:
4938:
4920:
4914:
4895:
4876:
4869:
4857:
4848:
4836:
4824:
4812:
4807:, p. 61
4800:
4792:
4784:
4772:
4767:, p. 50
4760:
4751:
4746:, p. 49
4725:. Retrieved
4711:
4699:
4683:
4675:
4659:
4654:
4638:
4633:
4617:
4612:
4604:
4599:
4584:Mohr Siebeck
4578:
4560:
4555:
4535:
4528:
4509:
4503:
4491:
4479:
4472:
4464:
4431:
4425:
4404:
4395:
4386:
4377:
4356:
4350:
4345:(1995) 20–21
4342:
4338:
4333:
4324:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4290:
4281:
4276:, p. 64
4269:
4264:, p. 63
4242:
4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4200:
4183:
4171:
4149:
4144:
4132:
4111:
4098:
4089:
4060:
3977:Anti-Sunnism
3972:Anti-Shi'ism
3967:Islamophobia
3767:Anti-Zionism
3753:Antireligion
3741:
3733:
3711:
3692:
3688:adding to it
3683:
3662:
3634:Jewish faith
3623:
3578:
3563:
3554:
3531:
3501:
3492:
3481:Please help
3476:verification
3473:
3447:
3418:
3380:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3312:
3287:
3275:Paul Johnson
3264:
3263:in his book
3255:
3240:
3234:anti-Judaic
3205:
3145:judaizations
3133:13th century
3102:
3065:
3042:
3030:
2975:
2958:
2951:
2933:
2927:claimed the
2917:Saint Jerome
2870:
2850:Christianity
2830:circumcising
2827:
2811:Christianity
2792:
2765:Roman Empire
2742:
2710:
2696:
2670:
2659:
2655:
2636:
2626:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2568:
2524:
2520:New Covenant
2478:, as in the
2469:
2457:Hebrew Bible
2436:
2407:
2364:
2353:
2310:
2295:
2249:Roman Empire
2242:
2220:
2204:antisemitism
2201:
2166:
2153:Douglas Hare
2150:
2114:Anti-Judaism
2113:
2112:
2031:Anti-Judaism
2030:
2026:Antisemitism
2014:Islamophobia
1913:Christianity
1903:Baháʼí Faith
1799:Saudi Arabia
1568:Turkmenistan
1323:South Africa
1268:Burkina Faso
1039:Anti-Judaism
1038:
1034:Antisemitism
979:Samaritanism
957:Christianity
858:Shehecheyanu
789:
782:
775:
768:
763:Four species
670:Pidyon haben
624:Rosh yeshiva
535:
428:Beth midrash
374:Noahide laws
117:Conservative
33:Antisemitism
8921:Krishnology
8898:Soteriology
8853:Eschatology
8833:Christology
8698:Open theism
8654:Exotheology
8552:Zoroastrian
8515:By religion
8472:Eschatology
8427:Homoiousian
8380:Ahura Mazda
8158:Panentheism
8121:Hermeticism
7980:New Zealand
7732:Segregation
7640:Persecution
7612:Radio Islam
7418:Blood libel
7413:Blood curse
7186:Middle Ages
7032:Core topics
6921:(2014–2017)
6909:(2014–2017)
6903:(2013–2016)
6841:(1992–1996)
6803:(1975–1979)
6797:(1975–1990)
6703:(1948–1980)
6649:(1945–1989)
6643:(1945–1989)
6637:(1941–1945)
6631:(1939–1945)
6619:(1936–1975)
6604:legislation
6569:(1917–1990)
6563:(1915–1923)
6557:(1914–1924)
6538:(1912–1913)
6526:(1862–1877)
6508:(1857–1858)
6502:(1789–1801)
6490:(1683–1922)
6484:(1673–1829)
6478:(1609–1614)
6472:(1562–1598)
6466:(1561–1812)
6460:(1526–1791)
6454:(1522–1712)
6448:(1500–1526)
6424:(1184–1908)
6422:Inquisition
6333:Segregation
6298:Intolerance
6238:Desecration
6180:Neopaganism
6173:Persecution
6139:Persecution
6122:Persecution
6085:Catholicism
4864:, p. 7
4843:, p. 8
4649:, Pp 33-34.
4372:pp.201–202.
4117:circumcised
3597:Golden calf
3371:blood libel
3326:anti-Judaic
3137:Inquisition
3129:Luciferians
3105:8th century
3081:Reccesuinth
3057:Merovingian
3038:enact a law
2921:Saint Cyril
2903:labels the
2858:Christendom
2852:became the
2819:3rd century
2795:Constantine
2761:Greco-Roman
2597:in 144 CE.
2581:. However,
2579:5th century
2514:), or all (
2500:Noahide Law
2287:Hyrcanus II
2055:Neopaganism
1978:Hinduphobia
1930:Catholicism
1735:Middle East
1538:South Korea
1523:Philippines
1513:North Korea
1408:Afghanistan
723:Sefer Torah
685:Bereavement
665:Zeved habat
448:Holy Temple
388:Holy cities
122:Conservadox
9006:Philosophy
8893:Sophiology
8873:Philosophy
8868:Messianism
8828:Paterology
8432:Hypostasis
8422:Homoousian
8253:theologies
8193:Theopanism
8178:Polytheism
8141:Monotheism
8116:Henotheism
7857:Costa Rica
7820:Arab world
7804:Yad Vashem
7727:Refuseniks
7690:Jewish hat
7663:Expulsions
7630:Stormfront
7338:Xenophobia
7288:in English
7277:Mein Kampf
7259:Żydokomuna
7089:Propaganda
6418:(643–1526)
6293:Iconoclasm
6288:Hate crime
6218:Censorship
6112:Falun Gong
5840:9004021353
5804:0674397312
5565:0876683987
5466:0802824153
5414:9004139141
5040:2007-01-08
5000:2008-02-11
4948:0415049725
4930:0800624521
4905:0800662091
4789:Tertullian
4727:2007-02-01
4694:, Page 174
4692:1405108991
4668:0195118758
4647:0802844987
4626:0809136104
4594:pp.141–143
4519:0195036077
4296:supposed."
4164:References
3757:antitheism
3706:See also:
3695:April 2021
3630:caliphates
3593:Israelites
3557:March 2016
3541:improve it
3495:March 2016
3307:See also:
3250:See also:
3197:Gregory XI
3177:Dominicans
3165:Mosaic Law
3117:Albigenses
3006:Prudentius
2978:Epiphanius
2948:hyperbolic
2905:Talmudists
2879:in Spain;
2842:Tisha B'Av
2783:See also:
2722:Septuagint
2703:apologetic
2666:proselytes
2662:missionary
2643:Lactantius
2613:Tertullian
2445:scriptures
2433:Jewish tax
2390:See also:
2349:Tisha B'Av
2345:Jewish tax
2341:proselytes
2315:(66–135),
2311:After the
2233:See also:
2128:, and the
2122:abrogation
1969:Falun Gong
1676:Montenegro
1616:Azerbaijan
1573:Uzbekistan
1553:Tajikistan
1478:Kazakhstan
1423:Bangladesh
1418:Azerbaijan
1313:Mauritania
1283:Cape Verde
1161:Secularism
910:Yom Kippur
453:Tabernacle
198:Chosenness
170:Philosophy
151:Humanistic
8883:Practical
8878:Political
8843:Cosmology
8800:Christian
8659:Holocaust
8649:Egotheism
8604:Goddesses
8599:Mormonism
8527:Christian
8480:Afterlife
8366:Sustainer
8173:Polydeism
8168:Pantheism
8153:Mysticism
8136:Monolatry
8131:Nontheism
8111:Dystheism
8022:Venezuela
7837:Australia
7832:Argentina
7813:By region
7742:Expulsion
7602:Metapedia
7597:Jew Watch
7283:in Arabic
7049:Geography
7044:Economics
6769:Four Olds
6482:Test Acts
6348:Terrorism
6190:Rastafari
6144:Ahmadiyya
4670:, p. 426.
4136:See also
4125:Acts 15:1
4104:Judaizing
3807:Judaizers
3734:However,
3713:Karl Marx
3545:verifying
3434:grounds (
3417:'s essay
3189:Castilian
3185:Jan Ziska
3163:followed
3161:Pasagians
3109:canon law
3077:Visigoths
3034:Justinian
3018:Gennadius
2971:synagogue
2925:Jerusalem
2834:Jerusalem
2823:Judaizing
2817:. By the
2815:Babylonia
2749:synagogue
2728:prior to
2587:advocated
2564:Jerusalem
2540:Acts 15:5
2536:Pharisees
2532:Judaizers
2373:with the
2329:Jerusalem
2197:practices
2189:practices
2060:Rastafari
1999:Ahmadiyya
1942:Mormonism
1832:Australia
1706:Slovakia
1543:Sri Lanka
1533:Singapore
1468:Indonesia
1191:Theocracy
1029:Criticism
994:Pluralism
972:Mormonism
878:Kol Nidre
652:education
577:Acharonim
423:Synagogue
400:Jerusalem
82:Movements
9066:Category
9001:Kabbalah
8948:Prophets
8823:Glossary
8789:By faith
8752:Hinduism
8634:Demiurge
8624:in Islam
8584:Hinduism
8574:Buddhism
8566:Feminist
8522:Buddhist
8330:Absolute
8323:Concepts
8299:Hinduism
8294:Buddhism
8260:By faith
8224:and gods
8216:Divinity
8202:Concepts
8163:Pandeism
8064:Theology
7990:Pakistan
7924:Imperial
7701:Judensau
7658:Boycotts
7617:Redwatch
7607:Podblanc
7470:May Laws
7429:Judensau
7133:Timeline
7101:Three Ds
7084:Americas
6985:Religion
6506:Utah War
6376:(64–313)
6353:Violence
6243:Domicide
6195:Yazidism
6117:Hinduism
6075:Buddhism
6056:By group
5970:(1975).
5890:(2013).
5866:(2002).
5767:(1903).
5749:Abstract
4364:, 2014
4220:17 April
4191:(1999).
3747:See also
3609:Ibn Hazm
3231:Radulphe
3191:custom (
3181:Hussites
3173:Albigens
3151:such as
3121:Beghards
3093:Roderick
3073:Reccared
2956:homilies
2952:Dialogue
2897:infidels
2891:" While
2885:Eusebius
2799:Licinius
2773:Polycarp
2689:paganism
2683:): "The
2681:Gilyonim
2618:Octavius
2575:Ebionism
2538:" (e.g.
2465:morality
2360:Domitian
2298:Caligula
2257:Sabazius
2177:religion
2134:religion
1974:Hinduism
1908:Buddhism
1711:Slovenia
1631:Bulgaria
1558:Thailand
1518:Pakistan
1498:Mongolia
1493:Maldives
1488:Malaysia
1438:Cambodia
1385:Paraguay
1365:Colombia
1333:Tanzania
1303:DR Congo
1278:Cameroon
1263:Botswana
1129:Concepts
1059:Muhammad
962:Hinduism
935:Hanukkah
873:Tachanun
868:Havdalah
733:Tefillin
680:Marriage
572:Rishonim
558:Savoraim
415:Tiberias
364:Tzedakah
284:Rabbinic
183:Kabbalah
156:Haymanot
90:Orthodox
43:a series
41:Part of
8991:Aggadah
8939:Oneness
8931:Islamic
8813:Outline
8808:History
8767:Judaism
8762:Jainism
8718:Process
8693:Olelbis
8594:Judaism
8537:Islamic
8452:Trinity
8335:Brahman
8309:Sikhism
8304:Jainism
8277:Judaism
8229:Goddess
8010:History
7946:Ukraine
7914:Romania
7899:Hungary
7889:Germany
7872:Belgium
7867:Austria
7722:Pogroms
7054:History
7039:Canards
6739:(1963)
6496:(1700s)
6211:Methods
6168:Judaism
6159:Sunnism
6149:Shi'ism
6065:Atheism
5930:15 June
5445:, 2014.
4568:, 1998
4412:, 2007
4199:(ed.).
4070:Sejanus
3614:tawatur
3585:Abraham
3581:Quranic
3539:Please
3385:Manetho
3113:Vaudois
3083:in the
3051:in the
2967:Antioch
2940:Antioch
2769:Antioch
2745:Hadrian
2685:Gospels
2677:Gospels
2593:by the
2494:of the
2476:Messiah
2461:liturgy
2413:Judaism
2369:as its
2317:Hadrian
2306:Sejanus
2283:clients
2265:Sabbath
2253:Mithras
2173:Judaism
2124:of the
2118:Judaism
2021:Judaism
2004:Alevism
1976: (
1898:Atheism
1840:Topical
1823:Oceania
1779:Lebanon
1744:Bahrain
1721:Ukraine
1691:Romania
1666:Hungary
1661:Germany
1656:Georgia
1636:Croatia
1626:Belgium
1621:Belarus
1611:Austria
1606:Armenia
1601:Andorra
1596:Albania
1578:Vietnam
1503:Myanmar
1458:Georgia
1413:Armenia
1370:Ecuador
1318:Morocco
1298:Comoros
1273:Burundi
1248:Algeria
1136:Laicism
1019:Zionism
925:Shavuot
843:Kaddish
820:Prayers
753:Menorah
748:Mezuzah
738:Tzitzit
693:Yeshiva
648:Culture
553:Amoraim
548:Tannaim
519:Rebecca
507:Solomon
475:Abraham
354:Kashrut
305:Tosefta
300:Midrash
290:Mishnah
272:Piyutim
253:Ketuvim
248:Nevi'im
188:Messiah
146:Renewal
136:Karaite
101:Hasidic
51:Judaism
21:Judaism
9029:Wiccan
8978:Jewish
8958:Angels
8888:Public
8858:Ethics
8547:Taoist
8542:Jewish
8502:Heaven
8359:God as
8089:Theism
8000:Turkey
7975:Mexico
7941:Sweden
7929:Soviet
7919:Russia
7909:Norway
7894:Greece
7877:France
7862:Europe
7842:Canada
7678:Mellah
7625:(blog)
7435:Pogrom
7074:Nazism
6968:(2024)
6957:(2023)
6951:(2020)
6945:(2019)
6939:(2019)
6897:(2011)
6879:(2002)
6873:(2001)
6867:(2000)
6861:(2000)
6853:(1999)
6847:(1995)
6829:(1990)
6821:(1989)
6809:(1984)
6785:(1971)
6777:(1966)
6771:(1966)
6757:(1963)
6751:(1963)
6745:(1963)
6733:(1955)
6721:(1950)
6697:(1948)
6673:(1947)
6667:(1946)
6661:(1946)
6655:(1946)
6625:(1933)
6613:(1924)
6532:(1909)
6520:(1864)
6514:(1860)
6430:(1191)
6412:(1099)
6406:(1096)
6367:Events
6303:Pogrom
6154:Sufism
5980:
5900:
5876:
5855:
5837:
5801:
5779:Viator
5697:Tikkun
5673:Tahrif
5589:
5562:
5463:
5411:
5365:61-82.
5270:
4945:
4927:
4902:
4884:
4690:
4666:
4645:
4624:
4590:
4572:
4543:
4516:
4443:
4416:
4368:
4292:Shofar
4211:
3649:Shiite
3432:ethnic
3428:racial
3271:pogrom
3193:fueros
3167:; the
3159:; the
3127:, and
2963:priest
2877:Hosius
2757:Decius
2738:Simlai
2734:Origen
2730:Aquila
2673:Tarfon
2635:, and
2585:, who
2534:" or "
2463:, and
2453:Targum
2402:, and
2223:tahrif
2212:racist
1774:Kuwait
1769:Jordan
1764:Israel
1716:Turkey
1701:Serbia
1696:Russia
1686:Norway
1651:France
1641:Cyprus
1587:Europe
1563:Turkey
1548:Taiwan
1528:Russia
1448:Cyprus
1433:Brunei
1428:Bhutan
1380:Panama
1375:Guyana
1360:Canada
1355:Brazil
1253:Angola
1239:Africa
1024:Israel
920:Pesach
915:Sukkot
863:Hallel
848:Minyan
838:Aleinu
833:Amidah
806:Gartel
801:Kittel
784:Hadass
758:Shofar
743:Kippah
728:Tallit
703:Cheder
698:Kollel
614:Hazzan
567:Geonim
542:Chazal
524:Rachel
438:Sukkah
433:Mikveh
410:Hebron
392:places
369:Niddah
359:Tzniut
295:Talmud
267:Siddur
262:Ḥumash
237:Tanakh
193:Ethics
129:Reform
108:Modern
96:Haredi
68:
62:
31:, see
23:, see
9016:Pagan
8908:Hindu
8757:Islam
8589:Islam
8532:Hindu
8495:Fitra
8345:Logos
8287:Islam
8236:Numen
8211:Deity
8106:Deism
8097:Forms
7970:Japan
7936:Spain
7904:Italy
7852:Chile
7847:China
7181:Islam
7138:19th
6400:(732)
6134:Islam
5702:1 May
4586:2006
4439:2019
4437:BRILL
4195:. In
4121:saved
4052:Notes
3601:usury
3589:Torah
3346:, in
3236:memes
3227:Trent
3223:Tyrol
3207:Usury
2793:When
2767:; in
2726:Greek
2724:into
2679:(see
2504:First
2488:Torah
2486:(the
2472:Jesus
2435:(the
2429:Nerva
2175:as a
2009:Sufis
1994:Shi'a
1989:Sunni
1984:Islam
1814:Yemen
1804:Syria
1794:Qatar
1749:Egypt
1671:Italy
1508:Nepal
1473:Japan
1463:India
1443:China
1342:North
1328:Sudan
1308:Egypt
1258:Benin
1054:Jesus
1049:Music
967:Islam
930:Purim
828:Shema
791:Arava
777:Lulav
770:Etrog
634:Kohen
629:Mohel
619:Dayan
609:Posek
604:Rebbe
599:Rabbi
514:Sarah
502:David
497:Aaron
492:Moses
485:Jacob
480:Isaac
405:Safed
277:Zohar
243:Torah
229:Texts
208:Names
8723:Tian
8506:Hell
8376:Good
8371:Time
7151:21st
7146:20th
6047:and
5978:ISBN
5932:2021
5898:ISBN
5874:ISBN
5853:ISBN
5835:ISBN
5799:ISBN
5704:2016
5587:ISBN
5560:ISBN
5461:ISBN
5409:ISBN
5268:ISBN
4943:ISBN
4925:ISBN
4900:ISBN
4882:ISBN
4688:ISBN
4664:ISBN
4643:ISBN
4622:ISBN
4588:ISBN
4570:ISBN
4541:ISBN
4514:ISBN
4441:ISBN
4414:ISBN
4366:ISBN
4222:2024
4209:ISBN
4082:East
3755:and
3357:For
3261:Jews
3155:and
2821:the
2797:and
2787:and
2569:The
2544:Paul
2525:The
2421:Jews
2327:and
2259:and
2237:and
2210:, a
2195:and
2187:and
2181:Jews
1784:Oman
1759:Iraq
1754:Iran
1483:Laos
1399:Asia
1344:and
1293:Chad
1014:Jews
660:Brit
650:and
529:Leah
29:Jews
8943:God
8941:of
6358:War
5956:doi
5952:128
5946:".
5824:(3)
4935:,
4127:)."
3715:in
3690:.
3605:God
3543:by
3485:by
3430:or
3317:".
3139:by
2965:in
2923:of
2641:by
2631:by
2621:by
2611:by
2562:in
2506:or
2459:),
2451:or
2331:to
2323:to
1809:UAE
334:Tur
321:Law
203:God
9068::
8740:in
8504:/
8382:,
7140:C.
5950:.
5918:.
5822:27
5820:,
5816:,
5781:,
5695:.
5683:^
5675:,
5671:,
5601:^
5475:^
5441:,
5435:,
5423:^
5337:^
5306:^
5279:^
5194:^
5179:^
5160:^
5145:^
5082:^
5009:^
4791:,
4736:^
4682:,
4582:,
4564:,
4452:^
4435:,
4408:,
4360:,
4289:,
4254:^
4084:."
3731:.
3655:.
3123:,
3119:,
3115:,
3024:,
3020:,
3016:,
3012:,
3008:,
3004:,
2996:,
2992:,
2988:,
2984:,
2980:,
2883:;
2868:.
2775:.
2740:.
2625:,
2615:,
2522:.
2467:.
2443:,
2398:,
2394:,
2362:.
2255:,
2218:.
2136:,
45:on
8386:)
8378:(
8056:e
8049:t
8042:v
7017:e
7010:t
7003:v
6037:e
6030:t
6023:v
5986:.
5962:.
5958::
5934:.
5906:.
5882:.
5859:.
5843:.
5807:.
5783:2
5706:.
5595:.
5568:.
5542:.
5503:.
5469:.
5417:.
5367:"
5274:.
5043:.
5003:.
4951:.
4933:.
4908:.
4892:,
4890:.
4795:.
4730:.
4549:.
4522:.
4402:,
4224:.
4123:(
3697:)
3693:(
3612:(
3570:)
3564:(
3559:)
3555:(
3537:.
3508:)
3502:(
3497:)
3493:(
3479:.
3335:.
3315:'
2889:'
2530:"
2102:e
2095:t
2088:v
1980:)
1106:e
1099:t
1092:v
390:/
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
