552:(RH) is the measure of the humidity, or the water vapor content, in relation to the atmosphere and ranges from damp to dry. Material properties determine the effect that different levels of RH can have on any particular item. Organic materials like wood, paper, and leather, as well as some inorganic material like metals are susceptible to damage from incorrect RH. Damage ranges from physical changes like cracking and warping of organic materials to chemical reactions like corrosion of metals. Temperature has a direct effect on relative humidity: as warm air cools, relative humidity increases and as cool air warms up, relative humidity falls. Dampness can cause the growth of mold which has its own damaging properties. Research in the field has determined the various ranges and fluctuations of incorrect humidity, the sensitivity of various objects to each one, and has helped establish guidelines for proper environmental conditions specific to the objects in question.
394:, organic material that is susceptible to deterioration from both living organisms and environmental factors. Some ancient wood is recognized for its archaeological value and falls into two categories: dry and waterlogged. The recommended temperature for storage and display of wooden artifacts is 21 °C (70 °F) during the winter months and 21–24 °C (70–75 °F) during the summer months. The recommended relative humidity for storage and display of wooden artifacts during the winter months is 35%–45% and 55%–65% during the summer months. Effective cleaning of wooden artifacts includes waxing, polishing, dusting, and buffing. For the maintenance of the wooden structure of the architectural heritage, fire-resistant coatings can be used to enhance the fire-resistant performance of the structure.
470:, or biological changes and differ based on the material properties of the subject at hand. A large portion of conservation science research is the study of the behavior of different materials under a range of environmental conditions. One method used by scientists is to artificially age objects in order to study what conditions cause or mitigate deterioration. The results of these investigations informs the field on the major risk factors as well as the strategies to control and monitor environmental conditions to aid in long term preservation. Further, scientific inquiry has led to the development of more stable and long-term treatment methods and techniques for the types of damages that do occur.
340:. Corrosion occurs when metals come into contact with water, acids, bases, salts, oils, polishes, pollutants and chemicals. Mechanical damage, breakage, dents, and scratches can occur from mishandling metal objects and result in damage to the metal object. Over polishing can lead to deterioration and potentially misidentification by removing plating, decoration, makers' marks, or engravings. Mechanical, electrical, and chemical interventions are often used in the treatment of metals. Appropriate storage of metal objects helps to increase their longevity; it is recommended that metal objects be stored in closed systems with well-sealed doors and drawers with relative humidity between 35 and 55%.
110:, in conjunction with the broader field of restoration and preservation, has resulted in what is now recognized as modern conservation. Using analytical techniques and tools, conservation scientists are able to determine what makes up a particular object or artwork. In turn, this knowledge informs how deterioration is likely to occur due to both environmental effects and the inherent traits of that given material. The necessary environment to maintain or prolong the current state of that material, and which treatments will have the least amount of reaction and impact on the materials of the objects being studied, are the primary goals of conservation research.
689:
803:
352:, oxygen, water, heat, and pollutants. There are no international standards for the storage of plastics so it is common for museums to employ similar methods to those used to preserve paper and other organic materials. A wide range of instruments and techniques can be used in the treatment of plastics including 3-D scanning and printing technologies as a means of reproducing broken or missing parts. Recommended relative humidity for plastics is 50% along with a temperature of 18–20 °C (64–68 °F).
541:. Lightning strikes can cause the timber in the building to catch fire by the heat of the lightning arc. Lightning can also split wood and cause damage to the building structure. The lightning current will generate heat after passing through the timber and generate gas inside, and the impact force formed by the instantaneous expansion of the gas will knock the wood out of damage pits or cracks. Stone decorations on ancient buildings may also suffer physical damage from lightning.
20:
521:, can be emitted from light sources and can also be damaging to material culture. Cultural institutions are tasked with finding the balance between needing light for patrons and guests and exposure to the collection. Any amount of light can be damaging to a variety of objects and artworks and the effects are cumulative and irreversible. Conservation science has helped establish 50
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and could be hazardous to those working with them. Alternatively, previous restoration efforts may have involved chemicals that are now known to have dangerous side effects with prolonged exposure. In these cases, conservation science may reveal the nature of these hazards as well as present solutions for how to prevent current and future exposure.
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light sensitivity of common materials used in material culture and the length of time permissible before deterioration is likely to occur. Control strategies must be considered on an item by item basis. Light, ultraviolet, and thermometers for infrared radiation are some of the tools used to detect when levels fall outside of an acceptable range.
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or cracked ceramics can develop stains from being soaked in water during cleaning. Increased temperatures can cause darkening of already existing stains and can lead to cracks. Glass can become damaged from 'weeping glass' wherein droplets of moisture form on glass surfaces. This can lead to a leaching out of unstable components that produce an
485:. Organic material such as paper, textiles, and wood are especially susceptible to combustion. Inorganic material, while less susceptible, may still suffer damage if exposed to fire for any period of time. The materials used to extinguish fires, such as chemical retardants or water, can also result in further damage to material culture.
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are made. There are three broad categories of conservation science with respect to cultural heritage: understanding the materials and techniques used by artists, study of the causes of deterioration, and improving techniques and materials for examination and treatment. Conservation science includes aspects of
569:, cracking, fading, and disintegration. Too high temperatures can also promote biological reactions like mold growth. Temperatures that are too low can also result in physical damages such as embrittlement and cracking. Temperature fluctuations can cause materials to expand and contract rapidly which causes
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from air, water, and physical touch can wear away surface texture. Carved stone should not be regularly cleaned as cleaning can cause deterioration by opening its pores as well as removing surface features such as engravings, artists' tools, and historical marks. Dirt, moss, and lichen do not usually
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can also occur when leather comes into contact with metals. There are two primary methods for leather conservation: application of dressings or treatments to prolong the life of the leather and improving the means by which leather is stored. The second method is a preventive approach while the first,
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Along with assessing the current state and potential risk of future deterioration of artworks and objects, scientific study may be necessary to determine if there is risk to the conservators themselves. For example, some pigments used in paintings contain highly toxic elements such as arsenic or lead
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include microorganisms, insects, and rodents and are able to disfigure, damage, and destroy material culture. Both organic material and inorganic material are highly susceptible. Damage can occur from pests consuming, burrowing into, and excreting on material. The presence of pests can be the result
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can be maintained for much longer periods of time and are two of the most durable materials. The biggest risk to glass and ceramics is breakage, however improper display and storage can lead to stains and discoloration. Ceramics can become stained from inappropriate cleaning and repair while porous
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and are able to reach objects from transference from other objects, dissipation in the air, or intrinsically as part of the object's makeup. They all have the potential to cause adverse reactions with material culture. Conservation science aids in identifying both material and pollutant properties
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as the benchmark level of light intensity that allows the human eye to operate within the full range the visible light spectrum. While this is a baseline for many museums, adjustments are often needed for based on specific situations. Conservation science has informed the industry on the levels of
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primarily causes physical changes such as warping, stains, discoloration, and other weakening to both inorganic and organic materials. Water can come from natural sources such as flooding, mechanical/technological failures, or human error. Water damage to organic material may lead to the growth of
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to determine exactly what further analysis would be required and whether the subject of the study will be able to withstand more rigorous examination. Additionally, since the goal of conservation-restoration is to only do the minimum required for preservation, this initial assessment falls in line
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of art, architecture, technical art history and other cultural works through the use of scientific inquiry. General areas of research include the technology and structure of artistic and historic works. In other words, the materials and techniques from which cultural, artistic and historic objects
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of the object's material and the magnitude of the force being inflicted. Impact, shock, vibration, pressure, and abrasion are a few examples of physical forces that can have adverse effects on material culture. Physical forces can occur from natural disasters like earthquakes, working forces like
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and structural weakening. Dust is one of the most common airborne pollutants and its presence can attract pests as well as alter the object's surface. Research in the field informs conservators on how to properly manage damage that occurs as well as means to monitor and control pollutant levels.
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Stone objects take on many forms including sculpture, architecture, ornamental decoration, or functional pieces. Deterioration of stone depends on several factors such as the type of stone, geographical or physical location, and maintenance. Stone is subject to a number of decay mechanisms that
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and temperature, pests, pollutants, and physical forces such as fire and water. Textiles may be treated in a number of ways including vacuuming, wet cleaning, dry cleaning, steaming, and ironing. To preserve the integrity of textiles, storage and display environments result in as little light
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Dissociation is the loss of an object, its associated data, or its value due to outside influence. Adherence to proper policies and procedures is the best defense against dissociation and as such, meticulous record keeping is the basis for all good practice. Conservation science aids in the
813:. The portable tool is hooked up to a rig that allows it to pan left and right, up and down, so as to scan the entire surface of the portrait. The height can also be manually adjusted to ensure focus is maintained. This technique provides information on the paints used which aids in
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Prior to thorough scientific analysis, a detailed visual assessment of the object, heritage site, or artwork is necessary in addition to gathering all relevant historic and current documentation. Diagnosing the current state in a non-invasive way allows both conservators and
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Prior to any type of scientific analysis, detailed documentation of the initial state of the object and justification for all proposed examinations is required to avoid unnecessary or potentially damaging study and keep the amount of handling to a minimum. Processes such as
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causes cumulative and irreversible damage to light-sensitive objects. The energy from light interacts with objects at the molecular level and can lead to both physical and chemical damage such as fading, darkening, yellowing, embrittlement, and stiffening.
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The type of material present will be the deciding factor in what method will be appropriate for study. For example, organic materials are likely to be destroyed if exposed to too much radiation, a concern when doing X-ray and electron-based imaging.
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needed to preserve that item. Incorrect temperatures, whether too high, too low, or fluctuating between the two, can cause varying levels of deterioration for objects. Temperatures that are too high can lead to chemical and physical damage such as
153:. The deterioration of paper may be the result of pests such as vermin, insects, and microbes, or by theft, fire, and flood. More specifically, paper deteriorates from two mechanisms that alter its hue and weaken its fibers:
736:, and even what kind of tools an artist may have used to create their works. While there are many different specialized and generic tools used for conservation science studies, some of the most common are listed below.
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are woven fabrics or cloth that represent culture, material legacy of international trade, social history, agricultural development, artistic trends, and technological progress. There are four main material sources:
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other pests such as mold. In addition to the physical effects of water directly on an object or artwork, moisture in the air directly affects relative humidity which can in turn exacerbate deterioration and damage.
228:, excessive dryness resulting in cracking and breakage, fading from exposure to light, mold resulting in odors, stains, and distortion, and insects and dust, both of which can cause holes and abrasions.
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667:, the deliberate destruction or disfigurement of an asset, are directly controlled and limited by the security measures put in place at a cultural institution. Conservation science can aid in the
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Method for identifying materials in works of art based on the fact that each compound or element has a specific combination of atoms, each of which will have a unique peak in the resultant
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or identification of stolen objects. In addition, the research of the field can help inform decisions as to the best course of action repair, minimize, or mitigate damage from vandalism.
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Manrique Tamayo, Silvia N.; Valcarcel Andres, Juan; Osca Pons, Julia (2013). "Applications of
Reflectance Transformation Imaging for Documentation and Surface Analysis in Conservation".
257:. Careful handling and storage is the surest means to preventing damage to glass and ceramics. The below table displays recommended storage conditions for damaged and unstable objects:
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in museums and other collections. In addition to the use of specialized equipment, visual inspections are often the first step in order to look for obvious signs of damage, decay,
652:, the material properties of the object will inform the necessary steps (i.e. building, housing, and handling) that need to take place to mitigate the effects of physical forces.
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specialize in publishing and disseminating information relating to both tools used for and outcomes of conservation science research, as well as recent discoveries in the field.
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122:. Knowledge of the material properties of cultural heritage and how they deteriorate over time helps conservators formulate actions to preserve and conserve cultural heritage.
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may also be damaging to certain materials and requires careful consideration. Conservation science has aided in the development of thermal control methods to eradicate pests.
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an older method, is an interventive approach. Leather artifacts are best stored with relative humidity between 45% and 55% and a temperature of 18–20 °C (64–68 °F).
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Research into the chemical and physical properties intrinsic to the materials used to create cultural heritage objects is a large part of the study of conservation science.
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Shashoua, Yvonne. (2014). A Safe Place: Storage
Strategies for Plastics. Conservation Perspectives, The GCI Newsletter. Spring 2014.The Getty Conservation Institute.
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Most common IR technique used to obtain spectral information through the constructive and destructive interference of electromagnetic waves using an interferometer
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authentication or identification of misplaced objects and detailed records of all past, present, and future study is necessary for the prevention of dissociation.
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Sadongei, A; Kuwanwisiwma, L; Loma'omvaya, M (2005). "Describing the problem: Contaminated artifacts and Hopi cultural use". In
Odegaard, N; Sadongei, A (eds.).
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Non-invasive and non-destructive method for chemical analysis that requires very small quantities of sample from inconspicuous locations on artworks and objects
775:(EBSD) can provide better contrast within the microscope in order to better visualize different phases, materials, and compounds present to identify composition
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Method of surface imaging whereby the location of the light source can be changed to image so an object or artwork is illuminated from a variety of directions
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1091:"Analytical imaging studies of the migration of degraded orpiment, realgar, and emerald green pigments in historic paintings and related conservation issues"
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Known for their excellent speed, sensitivity, and resolution, better light-gathering power than dispersive instruments, and wavelength precision and accuracy
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exposure as possible. Safe environments for textiles include those with a temperature of around 21 °C (70 °F) and relative humidity of 50%.
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Centre for
Doctoral Training in Science and Engineering in Arts, Heritage and Archaeology at UCL, University of Oxford and University of Brighton
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van Loon, Annelies; Noble, Petria; Krekeler, Anna; Van der Snickt, Geert; Janssens, Koen; Abe, Yoshinari; Nakai, Izumi; Dik, Joris (2017-06-27).
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are the primary natural cause of damage to architectural heritage because ancient buildings generally use timber with high oil content, such as
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are any interaction with an object that changes its current state of motion. Physical forces can cause a range of damage from small cracks and
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Giovannetti, Giulio; Guerrini, Andrea; Carnieri, Emiliano; Salvadori, Piero A. (2016). "Magnetic resonance imaging for the study of mummies".
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Optical microscope used to visually study very small paint fragments (mounted in epoxy) as a means of identifying paints used by artists.
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and exhibit different strengths and colors based on their composition. Metals and alloys commonly found in cultural objects include
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Dirksen, V., 1997. The
Degredation and Conservation of Leather. Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies, 3, pp.6–10. DOI:
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Pollutants consist of a wide range of compounds that can have detrimental chemical reactions with objects. Pollutants can be
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437:, in-filling, and retouching of losses. It is recommended that paintings be stored with other heritage and art collections.
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of other deterioration mechanisms such as incorrect temperature, incorrect relative humidity, and the presence of water.
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that are found naturally in the environment. Most metal objects are made from a combination of individual metals called
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Destructive/invasive method – requires obtaining a sample from an object or artwork and exposing it to X-Ray radiation
2017:
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994:
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Can identify elements both on the surface and sub-surface by performing x-ray scans over the entirety of an artwork
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253:. If allowed to remain on the glass for an extended period of time, this solution can produce fine cracks known as
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Non-destructive/non-invasive method - scans of the object's surface do not require sampling or removal of material
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820:
2109:
Shin, Dong Hoon; Lee, In Sun; Kim, Myeung Ju; Oh, Chang Seok; Park, Jun Bum; Bok, Gi Dae; Yoo, Dong Soo (2010).
433:. Conservation techniques for paintings include dirt and varnish removal, consolidation, structural treatments,
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American
Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC) – Research and Technical Studies Group
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1497:
3236:
3166:
3123:
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2835:
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Dambrogio, Jana; Ghassaei, Amanda; Staraza Smith, Daniel; Jackson, Holly; Demaine, Martin L. (2 March 2021).
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Deck, C. (2016). The Care and
Preservation of Furniture and Wooden Objects . Dearborn: The Henry Ford Museum.
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or if there are products of deterioration and decay that ought to be removed or cleaned prior to preservation
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2945:
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2845:
2325:"Unlocking history through automated virtual unfolding of sealed documents imaged by X-ray microtomography"
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May, Eric; Jones, Mark (2007-10-31). Conservation
Science: Heritage Materials. Royal Society of Chemistry.
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handling, cumulative forces like gravity, or low-level forces like building vibrations. During an object's
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Conservation science studies the process by which the various mechanisms of deterioration cause changes to
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172:(RH) of below 65% and above 40% and an ideal temperature between 18 and 20 °C (64 and 68 °F).
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838:
705:
688:
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1959:
Gates, G. A. (2014). "Discovering the material secrets of art: Tools of cultural heritage science".
1670:"An experimental study of the damage degrees to ancient building timber caused by lightning strikes"
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Fahey, Mary (2007). "The Care and
Preservation of Antique Textiles and Costumes." Henry Ford Museum.
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When combined with "computational surface flattening" CT can be used to analyze and read rolled,
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1439:"Novel Ti3C2Tx MXene/epoxy intumescent fire-retardant coatings for ancient wooden architectures"
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Keune, Katrien; Mass, Jennifer; Mehta, Apurva; Church, Jonathan; Meirer, Florian (2016-04-21).
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to complete destruction or disintegration of material. The level of damage is dependent on the
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can reveal surface features such as the weave of parchment paper, whether a print was done in
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and the types of reactions that will occur. Reactions range from discoloration and stains, to
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Li, Jingxiao; Zhang, Xiaoqing; Li, Ci; Li, Rujian; Qian, Muhui; Song, Pingjian (2017-12-01).
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24:
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2516:"Scientific methods inform conservation efforts in the quest to preserve cultural heritage"
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2235:"Three Egyptian mummies receive CT scans | The Source | Washington University in St. Louis"
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Old
Poisons, New Problems: A Museum Resource for Managing Contaminated Cultural Materials
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94:(AIC) Code of Ethics which outlines best practice for conservators and scientists alike.
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137:' which also encompasses scientific aspects less directly related to cultural heritage
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is a manufactured product made from the skin of animals. Leather can deteriorate from
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Safe environments for the storage and display of paper artifacts include having a
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1225:"Textiles and the Environment – Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 13/1"
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that affect their longevity for future generations. These mechanisms may produce
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1392:. In: Smith C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer, New York, NY
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2111:"Magnetic resonance imaging performed on a hydrated mummy of medieval Korea"
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Huang, Shan; Wang, Lei; Li, Yuchen; Liang, Chaobo; Zhang, Junliang (2021).
1188:. American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC).
119:
115:
69:
2423:
2261:"A computational platform for the virtual unfolding of Herculaneum Papyri"
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782:(specific type of paint used) in art works and compounds that may aid in
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561:
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201:
65:
61:
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Skoog, Douglas; West, Donald; Holler, F. James; Crouch, Stanley (2014).
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Can reveal sub-surface structure as well as some composition information
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133:, conservation science is considered part of the broader field called '
2400:"Cultural Heritage Imaging | Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI)"
1454:
769:(EDS) to identify specific elements or compounds present in the object
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to build up within the material and eventual deterioration over time.
348:
Plastics experience degradation from several factors including light,
3695:
3048:
2322:
2035:"Boot Camp for Conservators Explores X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry"
1332:"Storage of Metals – Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 9/2"
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590:
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254:
229:
49:
2449:"Conservation Tools: Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)"
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Allows scientists to analyze whether the object's appearance merits
27:, which can be used for the analysis of cultural heritage materials.
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779:
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180:
19:
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National Archives and Records Administration Preservation Programs
2424:"MCI Imaging Studio | Museum Conservation Institute | Smithsonian"
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in order to determine appropriate analysis and treatment methods.
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Observatorio para la Investigación en Conservación del Patrimonio
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Heritage Science Masters at UCL Centre for Sustainable Heritage
1979:"The Microscope in Art Conservation and Authentication Studies"
1927:"Microscopy – Under Covers – The University of Chicago Library"
937:"Art meets science in analysis of ancient dancing horse statue"
610:
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to aid in identification and understanding of burial practices
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may specialize with specific materials and work closely with
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Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property
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Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione e il Restauro, Rome
2210:"CT scans offer a glimpse into lives of 3 Egyptian mummies"
2060:"Artificial orpiment, a new pigment in Rembrandt's palette"
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Conservation Skills: Judgement, Method and Decision Making
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Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property
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329:
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Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment
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1729:
1727:
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Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
2685:
Plan Nacional de Investigación en Conservación (España)
2008:
Derrick, Michele; Stulik, Dusan; Landry, James (1999).
560:
Material properties directly determine the appropriate
200:
Deterioration of textiles can be caused by exposure to
2669:
2258:
1199:
861:
documents without disturbing the artifacts' condition.
2474:
2214:
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
1724:
336:. The most common form of deterioration for metal is
114:
fall under four broad categories including cleaning,
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1088:
989:. Marina del Rey, CA: Getty Conservation Institute.
2007:
1844:
1371:
http://www.conservationregister.com/PIcon-Stone.asp
2479:. California: Cengage Learning. pp. 699, 714.
1821:
1819:
1817:
1183:"Defining the Conservator: Essential Competencies"
982:
850:Particularly useful for imaging artifacts such as
3899:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
3840:Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty
2976:Mold control and prevention (library and archive)
2791:Conservation and restoration of cultural property
2012:. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
1692:
1487:. Asiarta Foundation. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
1412:"Basic care – Furniture and objects made of wood"
1144:. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press. pp. 1–3.
3880:
3863:Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies
3853:Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence
3817:Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's
2514:Ploeger, Rebecca; Shugardate=2016-11-18, Aaron.
1436:
1280:The Care and Preservation of Glass and Ceramics.
1073:"AIC Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice"
1016:"Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) | The Getty"
399:conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts
3858:Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative
3830:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin
2259:Stabile, S.; Palermo, F.; Bukreeva, I. (2021).
1814:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
985:The Nature of Conservation: A Race Against Time
3794:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum
2951:Integrated pest management (cultural property)
2670:Italian Association of Conservation Scientists
934:
544:
447:
2715:
2382:International Journal of Conservation Science
2010:Infrared Spectroscopy in Conservation Science
1883:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1858:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1833:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1803:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1771:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1741:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1713:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1645:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1584:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1556:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-22
1528:. Canadian Conservation Institute. 2017-09-14
481:is caused by chemical reactions resulting in
141:, as well its management and interpretation.
2108:
1869:
1148:
1118:11245.1/080e76f8-43f1-4464-afa3-8b9646e2484a
2538:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1667:
844:Non-destructive way to image larger objects
809:of the wooden, painted portrait of a Roman
3359:Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera
2722:
2708:
2646:Italian Risk Map of the Cultural Heritage.
1782:
1259:
1257:
1255:
2906:Disaster preparedness (cultural property)
2656:Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
2356:
2292:
2142:
2085:
2075:
1116:
1106:
442:conservation and restoration of paintings
2806:Conservation science (cultural property)
1759:
1757:
1755:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1572:
1570:
1045:Conservation Science: Heritage Materials
1041:
801:
762:to study structural and surface features
687:
555:
378:cause decay to stone but may add to its
18:
1544:
1542:
1365:The Institute of Conservation. (2011).
1274:
1272:
1252:
1010:
1008:
1006:
889:Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
739:
696:There are a variety of methods used by
3881:
2491:"Conservation and Scientific Research"
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
976:
974:
972:
970:
655:
101:
39:is the interdisciplinary study of the
2703:
2470:
2468:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1900:
1752:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1626:
1567:
1367:Care and Conservation of Carved Stone
1177:
1175:
1042:May, Eric; Jones, Mark (2007-10-31).
807:X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF)
236:
2477:Fundamentals of analytical chemistry
1539:
1269:
1067:
1065:
1037:
1035:
1003:
980:
767:Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy
149:The majority of paper is made up of
2446:
2032:
1595:
1390:Wood: Conservation and Preservation
967:
291:18–21 °C (64–70 °F), 45%
280:18–21 °C (64–70 °F), 55%
269:18–21 °C (64–70 °F), 40%
92:American Institute for Conservation
13:
2991:Preservation (library and archive)
2465:
1996:
1961:American Ceramics Society Bulletin
1943:
1656:
1443:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
1369:. Retrieved 15 December 2019 from
1172:
928:
867:Reflectance Transformation Imaging
626:
14:
3910:
2574:
1639:"Light, ultraviolet and infrared"
1062:
1032:
700:to support work in the fields of
288:Temperature and relative humidity
277:Temperature and relative humidity
266:Temperature and relative humidity
125:In many countries, including the
3845:Conservation-restoration of the
3721:Indigenous intellectual property
2127:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01185.x
1610:"Museum Collection Environments"
1498:"The 10 Agents of Deterioration"
1485:Painting conservation techniques
1265:http://doi.org/10.5334/jcms.3972
875:Non-invasive method that yields
835:Computerized Tomography Scanning
773:Electron Backscatter Diffraction
2956:Inventory (library and archive)
2856:Cultural property documentation
2695:National Heritage Science Forum
2608:Canadian Conservation Institute
2591:AIC/NU Art Conservation Science
2546:
2507:
2483:
2440:
2416:
2392:
2373:
2316:
2252:
2227:
2202:
2159:
2102:
2051:
2026:
1971:
1919:
1894:
1514:
1490:
1477:
1430:
1404:
1395:
1382:
1359:
1350:
1324:
1299:
1285:
1243:
1217:
821:X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
674:
663:, the removal of an asset, and
79:
3354:Bone, horn, and antler objects
2896:Digital photograph restoration
1192:
1133:
1082:
1048:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
935:Erin Blakemore (17 Sep 2022).
1:
3539:South Asian household shrines
3237:Reconstruction (architecture)
3167:Cultural property radiography
3124:Registrar (cultural property)
2876:Cultural resources management
2836:Collections management system
2447:Lee, Christine (2015-02-03).
1707:"Incorrect relative humidity"
1282:The Henry Ford: Dearborn, MI.
960:
596:
161:Treatment for paper includes
3808:Conservation-restoration of
3799:Conservation-restoration of
3172:Detachment of wall paintings
2946:Intangible cultural heritage
2861:Cultural property exhibition
2846:Cultural heritage management
2613:Getty Conservation Institute
2558:The Art Institute of Chicago
1686:10.1016/j.elstat.2017.08.009
1020:Getty Conservation Institute
749:Scanning Electron Microscopy
529:
404:
74:Getty Conservation Institute
7:
3252:Transfer of panel paintings
2690:Icon Heritage Science Group
2596:Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
2404:culturalheritageimaging.org
1905:. New York, NY: Routledge.
948:
883:to analyze surface features
817:and compositional studies.
545:Incorrect relative humidity
448:Mechanisms of deterioration
409:Painting materials include
343:
175:
72:. Institutions such as the
10:
3915:
3716:Heritage language learning
2986:Optical media preservation
2554:"Conservation and Science"
2349:10.1038/s41467-021-21326-w
2285:10.1038/s41598-020-80458-z
2168:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
839:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
706:architectural conservation
683:
451:
216:
3784:
3756:Oral history preservation
3597:
3326:
3270:
3137:
3039:
2871:Cultural property storage
2866:Cultural property imaging
2741:
2180:10.1016/j.mri.2016.03.012
2087:10067/1448640151162165141
2077:10.1186/s40494-017-0138-1
1674:Journal of Electrostatics
1522:"Agents of deterioration"
1108:10.1186/s40494-016-0078-1
304:Metals are produced from
299:
165:, bleaching and washing.
155:acid-catalyzed hydrolysis
3803:by Elías García Martínez
3021:Sustainable preservation
2033:Lee, Lynn (2013-12-09).
1615:. National Park Services
1483:Ebert, Bettina. (2010).
576:
500:
488:
355:
144:
3761:Preservation of meaning
3746:Language revitalization
3414:Illuminated manuscripts
3192:Historic paint analysis
3084:Conservation technician
2886:Deaccessioning (museum)
2826:Collections maintenance
2751:Agents of deterioration
1735:"Incorrect temperature"
915:Conservation scientists
765:Also may involve using
758:and high magnification
698:conservation scientists
473:
454:Agents of deterioration
385:
285:Archaeological ceramics
112:Conservation treatments
87:conservation scientists
16:Interdisciplinary study
3771:Tradition preservation
3424:Iron and steel objects
3313:Outdoor bronze objects
3257:UVC-based preservation
3114:Photograph conservator
3079:Conservation scientist
2831:Collections management
2761:Archaeological science
1502:National Postal Museum
981:Ward, Phillip (1986).
955:Conservation scientist
818:
778:Can help to determine
693:
28:
3776:Traditional knowledge
3741:Language preservation
3349:Ancient Greek pottery
3247:Textile stabilization
3109:Paintings conservator
2996:Preservation metadata
2881:Database preservation
2735:historic preservation
2664:University of Bologna
2329:Nature Communications
1901:Caple, Chris (2000).
1852:"Thieves and vandals"
1278:Deck, Clara. (2016).
805:
691:
556:Incorrect temperature
511:Ultraviolet radiation
350:ultraviolet radiation
118:, consolidation, and
25:infrared spectrometer
22:
3564:Time-based media art
3374:Copper-based objects
3288:Archaeological sites
3217:Mass deacidification
3162:Cradling (paintings)
3074:Conservator-restorer
2901:Digital preservation
1931:www.lib.uchicago.edu
1388:Macchioni N. (2014)
740:Scientific equipment
37:conservation science
3868:World Heritage Site
3731:Indigenous language
3631:Endangered language
3529:Shipwreck artifacts
3509:Photographic plates
3459:Musical instruments
3212:Lining of paintings
3129:Textile conservator
3104:Objects conservator
3094:Exhibition designer
3001:Preservation survey
2926:Found in collection
2816:Collection (museum)
2786:Calendar (archives)
2756:Archival processing
2341:2021NatCo..12.1184D
2277:2021NatSR..11.1695S
1418:. 22 September 2017
1338:. 14 September 2017
1231:. 14 September 2017
941:The Washington Post
656:Theft and vandalism
102:Material properties
3726:Indigenous culture
3069:Collection manager
2966:Media preservation
2961:Inventory (museum)
2821:Collection catalog
2639:2011-05-19 at the
2623:2010-05-10 at the
2601:2010-12-12 at the
2115:Journal of Anatomy
1376:2020-02-22 at the
1204:en.m.wikipedia.org
877:surface topography
819:
694:
515:Infrared radiation
237:Glass and ceramics
29:
3889:Cultural heritage
3876:
3875:
3825:Pompeian frescoes
3711:Heritage language
3601:cultural heritage
3389:Flags and banners
3334:cultural property
3298:Heritage railways
3278:cultural property
3227:Paleo-inspiration
2911:Film preservation
2851:Cultural property
2841:Cultural heritage
2731:Cultural heritage
2495:www.metmuseum.org
1827:"Physical forces"
1455:10.1002/app.50649
1167:978-1-84755-762-9
1055:978-1-84755-762-9
852:mummified remains
780:paint composition
710:cultural heritage
550:Relative humidity
535:Lightning strikes
517:, in addition to
295:
294:
251:alkaline solution
210:relative humidity
170:relative humidity
108:Materials science
46:materials science
33:cultural property
3906:
3894:Applied sciences
3812:by Thomas Eakins
3810:The Gross Clinic
3706:Folklore studies
3616:Applied folklore
3589:Wooden furniture
3584:Wooden artifacts
3579:Woodblock prints
3559:Tibetan thangkas
3419:Insect specimens
3308:Outdoor artworks
3303:Historic gardens
2936:Heritage science
2724:
2717:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2675:Heritage Science
2658:, peer-reviewed
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2296:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2079:
2064:Heritage Science
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2005:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1956:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1823:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1793:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1761:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1703:
1690:
1689:
1665:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1635:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1606:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1261:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1170:
1159:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1095:Heritage Science
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1012:
1001:
1000:
988:
978:
944:
859:folded or sealed
726:stereomicroscopy
714:cultural objects
702:art conservation
460:material culture
260:
259:
208:(IR), incorrect
151:cellulose fibers
135:Heritage Science
31:With respect to
3914:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3819:The Last Supper
3786:
3780:
3766:Primitive music
3676:Folk instrument
3651:Family folklore
3641:Ethnomusicology
3636:Ethnochoreology
3603:
3600:
3593:
3514:Plastic objects
3499:Performance art
3484:Panel paintings
3479:Painting frames
3444:Leather objects
3364:Ceramic objects
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:and restoration
3329:
3322:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:and restoration
3273:
3266:
3232:Paper splitting
3147:Aging (artwork)
3139:
3133:
3119:Preservationist
3041:
3035:
2891:Digital library
2743:
2737:
2728:
2641:Wayback Machine
2625:Wayback Machine
2603:Wayback Machine
2577:
2572:
2571:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2512:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2473:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2430:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2378:
2374:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2164:
2160:
2107:
2103:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1957:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1693:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1596:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1378:Wayback Machine
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1160:
1149:
1138:
1134:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1040:
1033:
1024:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1004:
997:
979:
968:
963:
951:
931:
929:Further reading
756:high resolution
742:
686:
677:
658:
650:risk assessment
629:
627:Physical forces
599:
579:
558:
547:
532:
503:
491:
476:
456:
450:
407:
388:
358:
346:
302:
274:Crizzling glass
239:
219:
178:
163:deacidification
147:
104:
82:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3912:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3814:
3805:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3751:Living history
3748:
3743:
3738:
3736:Language death
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3671:Folk etymology
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3621:Dance notation
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3534:Silver objects
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3318:Outdoor murals
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3242:Rissverklebung
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3157:Arrested decay
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3140:and techniques
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
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3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
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3028:
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3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
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2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2931:Heritage asset
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2776:Bioarchaeology
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2738:
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2726:
2719:
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2576:
2575:External links
2573:
2570:
2569:
2545:
2506:
2482:
2464:
2453:The Getty Iris
2439:
2415:
2391:
2372:
2315:
2271:(1695): 1695.
2251:
2226:
2201:
2174:(6): 785–794.
2158:
2121:(3): 329–334.
2101:
2050:
2039:The Getty Iris
2025:
2018:
1995:
1970:
1942:
1918:
1911:
1893:
1877:"Dissociation"
1868:
1843:
1813:
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904:
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886:
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873:
864:
863:
862:
855:
848:
845:
837:(CT Scan) and
832:
831:
830:
827:
811:portrait mummy
799:
798:
797:
794:
787:
776:
770:
763:
741:
738:
712:, and care of
685:
682:
676:
673:
669:authentication
657:
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628:
625:
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531:
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406:
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387:
384:
357:
354:
345:
342:
301:
298:
293:
292:
289:
286:
282:
281:
278:
275:
271:
270:
267:
264:
238:
235:
218:
215:
206:infrared light
177:
174:
146:
143:
127:United Kingdom
103:
100:
81:
78:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3911:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3869:
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3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
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3836:
3833:
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3828:
3826:
3823:
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3815:
3813:
3811:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
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3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:Folk medicine
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
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3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:Ancient music
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:Stained glass
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3524:Road vehicles
3522:
3520:
3519:Rail vehicles
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:New media art
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:Ivory objects
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:Human remains
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Glass objects
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
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3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
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3335:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3276:of immovable
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:Desmet method
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
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3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:and expertise
3038:
3032:
3031:Web archiving
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
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2992:
2989:
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2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Inherent vice
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
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2902:
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2897:
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2802:
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2736:
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2705:
2702:
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2230:
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2189:
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2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
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2140:
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2124:
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2112:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2019:0-89236-469-6
2015:
2011:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1914:
1912:0-415-18881-4
1908:
1904:
1897:
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1857:
1853:
1847:
1832:
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1660:
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1573:
1571:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:(27): 50649.
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1417:
1416:www.canada.ca
1413:
1407:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1362:
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1337:
1336:www.canada.ca
1333:
1327:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1295:. 2008-04-09.
1294:
1288:
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1275:
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1256:
1246:
1230:
1229:www.canada.ca
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1057:
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1036:
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1017:
1011:
1009:
1007:
998:
996:0-941103-00-5
992:
987:
986:
977:
975:
973:
971:
966:
956:
953:
952:
942:
938:
933:
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916:
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865:
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808:
804:
800:
795:
792:
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781:
777:
774:
771:
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764:
761:
757:
754:Able to take
753:
752:
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747:
746:
745:
737:
735:
731:
727:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
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690:
681:
672:
670:
666:
662:
653:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
624:
621:
620:acidification
616:
612:
608:
604:
594:
592:
588:
583:
574:
572:
568:
567:embrittlement
563:
553:
551:
542:
540:
536:
527:
524:
520:
519:visible light
516:
512:
507:
498:
495:
486:
484:
480:
471:
469:
465:
461:
455:
445:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:acrylic paint
402:
400:
395:
393:
392:biodegradable
383:
381:
376:
372:
371:applied decay
368:
364:
363:environmental
353:
351:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
297:
290:
287:
284:
283:
279:
276:
273:
272:
268:
265:
263:Weeping glass
262:
261:
258:
256:
252:
247:
243:
234:
231:
227:
223:
214:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
173:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
99:
95:
93:
88:
77:
75:
71:
67:
64:, as well as
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
3846:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3691:Folk process
3646:Ethnopoetics
3604:preservation
3464:Neon objects
3337:by item type
3328:Conservation
3281:by item type
3272:Conservation
3222:Overpainting
3182:Display case
3011:Repatriation
2805:
2561:. Retrieved
2557:
2548:
2523:. Retrieved
2520:Books, Et Al
2519:
2509:
2498:. Retrieved
2494:
2485:
2476:
2456:. Retrieved
2452:
2442:
2431:. Retrieved
2427:
2418:
2407:. Retrieved
2403:
2394:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2268:
2264:
2254:
2243:. Retrieved
2241:. 2014-10-24
2238:
2229:
2218:. Retrieved
2216:. 2018-02-23
2213:
2204:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2042:. Retrieved
2038:
2028:
2009:
1987:. Retrieved
1985:. 2003-11-09
1982:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1934:. Retrieved
1930:
1921:
1902:
1896:
1885:. Retrieved
1880:
1871:
1860:. Retrieved
1855:
1846:
1835:. Retrieved
1830:
1805:. Retrieved
1800:
1797:"Pollutants"
1773:. Retrieved
1768:
1743:. Retrieved
1738:
1715:. Retrieved
1710:
1677:
1673:
1647:. Retrieved
1642:
1617:. Retrieved
1586:. Retrieved
1581:
1558:. Retrieved
1553:
1530:. Retrieved
1525:
1516:
1505:. Retrieved
1501:
1492:
1479:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1415:
1406:
1397:
1384:
1366:
1361:
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1335:
1326:
1314:. Retrieved
1311:aiccm.org.au
1310:
1301:
1287:
1279:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1228:
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1203:
1194:
1141:
1135:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1044:
1023:. Retrieved
1019:
984:
940:
919:conservators
911:
791:preservation
743:
722:
695:
678:
675:Dissociation
659:
630:
600:
580:
559:
548:
533:
504:
492:
477:
457:
439:
408:
396:
389:
370:
366:
362:
359:
347:
303:
296:
240:
220:
197:
193:
189:
185:
179:
167:
158:
154:
148:
139:conservation
124:
120:pest control
116:desalination
105:
96:
83:
80:Introduction
70:anthropology
41:conservation
36:
30:
3847:H.L. Hunley
3626:Early music
3574:Vinyl discs
3569:Totem poles
3504:Photographs
3449:Lighthouses
3439:Lacquerware
3394:Fur objects
3332:of movable
3262:VisualAudio
3207:Leafcasting
3152:Anastylosis
3099:Mount maker
3059:Art handler
2916:Finding aid
2766:Archaeology
2660:open access
2335:(1): 1184.
1422:15 December
1342:15 December
1316:15 December
1235:15 December
1209:15 December
760:micrographs
641:brittleness
562:temperature
435:in-painting
427:water color
419:egg tempera
202:ultraviolet
66:art history
62:engineering
3883:Categories
3686:Folk music
3666:Folk dance
3599:Intangible
3197:Inpainting
3064:Auctioneer
3054:Art dealer
3006:Provenance
2811:Collecting
2744:and issues
2563:2019-12-14
2525:2019-12-14
2500:2019-12-14
2458:2019-12-12
2433:2019-12-11
2428:www.si.edu
2409:2019-12-11
2388:: 535–548.
2245:2019-12-08
2239:The Source
2220:2019-12-08
2044:2019-12-11
1989:2019-12-11
1936:2019-12-10
1887:2019-12-10
1862:2019-12-10
1837:2019-12-10
1807:2019-12-10
1775:2019-12-10
1745:2019-12-10
1717:2019-12-10
1649:2019-12-10
1619:2019-12-15
1588:2019-12-10
1560:2019-12-10
1532:2019-12-10
1507:2019-12-10
1025:2019-12-12
961:References
815:provenance
784:provenance
597:Pollutants
591:pesticides
587:Fumigation
483:combustion
452:See also:
390:Wood is a
367:mechanical
198:synthetic.
159:oxidation.
3801:Ecce Homo
3696:Folk play
3549:Taxidermy
3494:Parchment
3474:Paintings
3049:Archivist
2662:journal,
2188:1873-5894
2135:0021-8782
2096:2050-7445
2070:(1): 26.
1680:: 23–30.
1471:233881630
1463:1097-4628
1200:"Textile"
1127:2050-7445
1101:(1): 10.
718:infilling
665:vandalism
631:Physical
530:Lightning
440:See also
415:oil paint
405:Paintings
397:See also
338:corrosion
255:crizzling
230:Corrosion
90:with the
50:chemistry
3787:projects
3701:Foodways
3661:Folk art
3656:Folklore
3554:Textiles
3404:Herbaria
3379:Feathers
3344:Aircraft
3202:Kintsugi
3026:Treasure
2637:Archived
2621:Archived
2599:Archived
2534:cite web
2367:33654094
2303:33462265
2196:26979539
2153:20070429
1967:: 20–27.
1374:Archived
1307:"Metals"
1293:"Metals"
949:See also
923:curators
744:Source:
645:hardness
637:fissures
607:aerosols
468:physical
464:chemical
361:include
344:Plastics
246:ceramics
204:(UV) or
181:Textiles
176:Textiles
3785:Notable
3489:Papyrus
3434:Judaica
3293:Frescos
3138:Methods
3089:Curator
2771:Archive
2358:7925573
2337:Bibcode
2308:4 March
2294:7813886
2273:Bibcode
2265:Sci Rep
2144:2829391
1983:McCrone
1765:"Pests"
1578:"Water"
896:spectra
891:(FTIR)
881:texture
786:queries
734:ntaglio
732:or in i
720:, etc.
684:Methods
611:liquids
431:gouache
423:lacquer
375:Erosion
226:red rot
222:Leather
217:Leather
194:mineral
58:biology
54:physics
3454:Metals
3369:Clocks
2981:Museum
2971:Midden
2742:Topics
2365:
2355:
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2291:
2194:
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2094:
2016:
1909:
1550:"Fire"
1469:
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1165:
1125:
1052:
993:
869:(RTI)
841:(MRI)
823:(XRF)
751:(SEM)
730:relief
633:forces
615:solids
571:stress
429:, and
380:patina
369:, and
332:, and
326:pewter
322:copper
318:silver
310:alloys
300:Metals
196:, and
186:animal
60:, and
3040:Roles
3016:Ruins
2921:Fonds
1613:(PDF)
1467:S2CID
1186:(PDF)
1076:(PDF)
661:Theft
613:, or
603:gases
582:Pests
577:Pests
506:Light
501:Light
494:Water
489:Water
356:Stone
242:Glass
190:plant
145:Paper
131:Italy
3384:Film
2781:Book
2733:and
2540:link
2363:PMID
2310:2021
2299:PMID
2192:PMID
2184:ISSN
2149:PMID
2131:ISSN
2092:ISSN
2014:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1459:ISSN
1424:2019
1344:2019
1318:2019
1237:2019
1211:2019
1163:ISBN
1123:ISSN
1050:ISBN
991:ISBN
921:and
879:and
589:and
539:pine
513:and
479:Fire
474:Fire
386:Wood
334:iron
314:gold
306:ores
244:and
157:and
129:and
68:and
2353:PMC
2345:doi
2289:PMC
2281:doi
2176:doi
2139:PMC
2123:doi
2119:216
2082:hdl
2072:doi
1881:aem
1856:aem
1831:aem
1801:aem
1769:aem
1739:aem
1711:aem
1682:doi
1643:aem
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