Doctorate - Knowledge

892:, comparable to US research doctorates. Although all doctorates are research degrees, professional doctorates normally include taught components, while the name PhD/DPhil is normally used for doctorates purely by thesis. Professional, practitioner, or practice-based doctorates such as the DClinPsy, MD, DHSc, EdD, DBA, EngD and DAg are full academic doctorates. They are at the same level as the PhD in the national qualifications frameworks; they are not first professional degrees but are "often post-experience qualifications" in which practice is considered important in the research context. In 2009 there were 308 professional doctorate programs in the UK, up from 109 in 1998, with the most popular being the EdD (38 institutions), DBA (33), EngD/DEng (22), MD/DM (21), and DClinPsy/DClinPsych/ClinPsyD (17). Similarly, in Australia, the term "professional doctorate" is sometimes applied to the 2206:(the right to promote). In the Netherlands all full professors have ius promovendi, as well as other academic staff granted this right on individual basis by the board of their university (almost always senior associate professors). The promotor has the role of principal advisor and determines whether the thesis quality suffices and can be submitted to the examining committee. The examining committee is appointed by the academic board of the university based on recommendation of the promotor and consists of experts in the field. The examining committee reviews the thesis manuscript and has to approve or fail the thesis. Failures at this stage are rare because promotors generally not submit work they deem inadequate to the examining committee, supervisors and promotor lose prestige among their colleagues should they allow a substandard thesis to be submitted. 247: 1393:), that is meant to introduce laymen to the thesis topic. The opponent follows with a short talk on the topic, after which the pair critically discuss the dissertation. The proceedings take two to three hours. At the end the opponent presents their final statement and reveals whether he/she will recommend that the faculty accept it. Any member of the public then has an opportunity to raise questions, although this is rare. Immediately after the defence, the supervisor, the opponent and the candidate drink coffee with the public. Usually, the attendees of the defence are given the printed dissertation. In the evening, the passed candidate hosts a dinner ( 2402: 1031:) is the highest academic degree. The intention is that candidates produce original contributions in their field knowledge within a frame of academic excellence. A dissertation or thesis is prepared under the supervision of a tutor or director. It is reviewed by a Doctoral Committee composed of examiners external to the program and at least one examiner external to the institution. The degree is conferred after a successful dissertation defence. In 2006, there were approximately 2,151 postgraduate careers in the country, of which 14% were doctoral degrees. Doctoral programs in Argentina are overseen by the 4821:

degree, including both preprofessional and professional preparation, equals at least 6 full-time-equivalent academic years. Some doctor's degrees of this type were formerly classified as first-professional degrees. Examples of this type of degree may include the following and others, as designated by the awarding institution: the D.C. or D.C.M. (in chiropractic); D.D.S. or D.M.D. (in dentistry); L.L.B. or J.D. (in law); M.D. (in medicine); O.D. (in optometry); D.O. (in osteopathic medicine); Pharm.D. (in pharmacy); D.P.M., Pod.D., or D.P. (in podiatry); or D.V.M. (in veterinary medicine).

2591: 1047:(AQF) categorizes tertiary qualifications into ten levels that are numbered from one to ten in ascending order of complexity and depth. Of these qualification levels, six are for higher education qualifications and are numbered from five to ten. Doctoral degrees occupy the highest of these levels: level ten. All doctoral degrees involve research and this is a defining characteristic of them. There are three categories of doctoral degrees recognized by the AQF: research doctorates, professional doctorates and higher doctorates. 885:(MD), Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS), Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), and Juris Doctor (JD). Contrariwise, for example, research doctorates like Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), Doctor of Education (EdD) and Doctor of Social Science (DSS) qualify as full academic doctorates in Canada though they normally incorporate aspects of professional practice in addition to a full dissertation. In the Philippines, the University of the Philippines Open University offers a Doctor of Communication (DComm) professional doctorate. 425:) after the medical school's founding in 1767. However, this was not a professional doctorate in the modern American sense. It was awarded for further study after the qualifying Bachelor of Medicine (MB) rather than a qualifying degree. The MD became the standard first degree in medicine in the US during the 19th century, but as a three-year undergraduate degree. It did not become established as a graduate degree until 1930. As the standard qualifying degree in medicine, the MD gave that profession the ability (through the 1788:). Professional doctorates obtained in other countries, not requiring a thesis or not being third cycle qualifications under the Bologna process, can only be used postnominally, e.g., "Max Mustermann, MD", and do not allow the use of the title Dr. In contrast to English, in which a person's name is preceded by at most one title (except in very ceremonious usage), the formal German mode of address permits several titles in addition to "Herr" or "Frau" (which, unlike "Mr" or "Ms", is not considered a title at all, but an 2835: 2943:, but many programs accept students immediately following undergraduate studies. Many programs gauge the potential of applicants to their program and grant a master's degree upon completion of the necessary course work. When so admitted, the student is expected to have mastered the material covered in the master's degree despite not holding one, though this tradition is under heavy criticism. Successfully finishing Ph.D. qualifying exams confers Ph.D. candidate status, allowing dissertation work to begin. 2809:(DTech) tied with the DD. The DSc was offered by all 49 responding institutions in 2008 and 15 out of 16 in 2013 and the DLitt by only one less in each case, while the DD was offered in 10 responding institutions in 2008 and 3 in 2013. In terms of number of higher doctorates awarded (not including honorary doctorates) the DSc was most popular, but the number of awards was very low: the responding institutions had averaged an award of at most one earned higher doctorate per year over the period 2003–2013. 386: 3021: 757:, etc. The degree developed in Germany in the 19th century "when holding a doctorate seemed no longer sufficient to guarantee a proficient transfer of knowledge to the next generation". In many federal states of Germany, the habilitation results in an award of a formal "Dr. habil." degree or the holder of the degree may add "habil." to their research doctorate such as "Dr. phil. habil." or "Dr. rer. nat. habil." In some European universities, especially in 964: 2372: 467:(JD), was established by the University of Chicago in 1902. However, it took a long time to be accepted, not replacing the Bachelor of Laws (LLB) until the 1960s, by which time the LLB was generally taken as a graduate degree. Notably, the JD and LLB curriculum were identical, with the degree being renamed as a doctorate, and it (like the MD) was not equivalent to the PhD, raising criticism that it was "not a 'true Doctorate 1051:

second-class honours or better or a master's degree with a substantial research component. Research doctorates are typically titled Doctor of Philosophy and they are awarded on the basis of an original and significant contribution to knowledge. Professional doctorates are typically titled Doctor of (field of study) and they are awarded on the basis of an original and significant contribution to professional practice.

1870:, doctorates are offered by universities. Entry requirements include master's degree. Some universities consider undergraduate degrees in professional areas such as engineering, medicine or law as qualifications for pursuing doctorate level degrees. Entrance examinations are held for almost all programs. In most universities, coursework duration and thesis is 3–7 years. The most common doctoral degree is Ph.D. 533:(abbreviated Ph.D., PhD or, at some British universities, DPhil) awarded in many countries throughout the world. In the U.S., for instance, although the most typical research doctorate is the PhD, accounting for about 98% of the research doctorates awarded, there are more than 15 other names for research doctorates. Other research-oriented doctorates (some having a professional practice focus) include the 433: 2759:, these include the provision of careers advice, in-depth advanced training in the subject area, provision of transferable skills, training in experimental design and statistics, training in good research conduct, and training for compliance with legal, ethical and professional frameworks. The statement also encourages peer-group development through cohort training and/or Graduate schools. 2090:, are gradually replacing these degrees. By 1994, more doctoral engineering degrees were earned for research within university laboratories (53%) than industrial research laboratories (47%). Since 1978, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) has provided tutorial and financial support for promising researchers in Asia and Africa. The program is called JSPS RONPAKU. 1255:

The original vision was purported to be to phase out the higher doctorate in favor of the ph.d. (or merge the two), but so far, there are no signs of this happening. Many Danish academics with permanent positions wrote ph.d. dissertations in the 90s when the system was new, since at that time, a ph.d. degree or equivalent qualifications began to be required for certain

1780:(from Latin honoris causa). Although the honorific does not become part of the name, holders can demand that the title appear in official documents. The title is not mandatory. The honorific is commonly used in formal letters. For holders of other titles, only the highest title is mentioned. Multiple holders of doctorate degrees can be addressed as 3367:, pp. XIX: "No other European institution has spread over the entire world in the way in which the traditional form of the European university has done. The degrees awarded by European universities – the bachelor's degree, the licentiate, the master's degree, and the doctorate – have been adopted in the most diverse societies throughout the world." 2627:(honorary degrees), all doctorates granted by British universities are research doctorates, in that their main (and in many cases only) component is the submission of an extensive and substantial thesis or portfolio of original research, examined by an expert panel appointed by the university. UK doctorates are categorised as: 330:. The traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of "Masters of Arts" was seven years, matching the apprenticeship term for other occupations. Originally the terms "master" and "doctor" were synonymous, but over time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the 2398:). They are granted by the university on behalf of the king. Its diploma has the force of a public document. The Ministry of Science keeps a national registry of theses called TESEO. According to the National Institute of Statistics (INE), fewer than 5% of M.Sc. degree holders are admitted to Ph.D. programmes. 2273:), renamed EngD from September 2022 onwards, which does not grant the right to use the dr. title abbreviation. In 2023, a pilot started at universities of applied sciences with a professional doctoral programme, in which the focus is on applying knowledge to improve or solve professional processes or products. 510:, the number and types of doctorates awarded by universities have proliferated throughout the world. Practice varies from one country to another. While a doctorate usually entitles a person to be addressed as "doctor", the use of the title varies widely depending on the type and the associated occupation. 1587:

Since 2002 candidates follow in-service training, but there is no written examination for the doctorate. The candidate has to write a thesis that is read by two external reviewers. The head of the institution decides whether the candidate can defend the thesis, after considering the external reviews.

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The ph.d. was introduced as a separate title from the higher doctorate in 1992 as part of the transition to a new degree structure, since the changes in the degree system would otherwise leave a significant amount of academics without immediately recognizable qualifications in international settings.

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Requirements usually include satisfactory performance in advanced graduate courses, passing an oral qualifying exam and submitting a thesis that must represent an original and relevant contribution to existing knowledge. The thesis is examined in a final public oral exam administered by at least five

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awards the licentiate degree as a two-year qualification at the doctoral level and the doctoral degree (PhD) as a four-year qualification. Sweden originally abolished the Licentiate in 1969 but reintroduced it in response to demands from business. Finland also has a two-year doctoral level licentiate

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in the UK and India) by the committee, which then awards the degree unconditionally, awards the degree conditionally (ranging from corrections in grammar to additional research), or denies the degree. Candidates may also be required to complete graduate-level courses in their field and study research

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Doctor's degree-research/scholarship: A Ph.D. or other doctor's degree that requires advanced work beyond the master's level, including the preparation and defense of a dissertation based on original research, or the planning and execution of an original project demonstrating substantial artistic or

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The license to teach law and issue legal opinions is the type of ijazah that resembles the medieval European university degree most closely The main difference between the two is that the granting authority is an individual professor, in the Islamic case, rather than a corporate institution in the

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Integrated doctorates, originally known as 'New Route PhDs', were introduced from 2000 onwards. These integrate teaching at master's level during the first one or two years of the degree, either alongside research or as a preliminary to starting research. These courses usually offer a master's-level

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A 2-year (or longer) research period includes extensions for up to 10 years. The student must present a thesis describing a discovery or original contribution. If approved by their thesis director, the study is presented to a panel of 5 distinguished scholars. Any Doctor attending the public defense

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who stops the examination, frequently mid sentence. Failure during this session is possible, but extremely rare. After formal approval of the thesis and the defence by the examining committee in a closed discussion, the session is resumed and the promotor grants the degree and hands over the diploma

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diploma in two years. The candidate diploma was all but abolished by 1989. It used to be attained after completion of the majority of courses of the academic study (usually after completion of course requirements of the third year in the program), after which the student was allowed to begin work on

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Prior to introduction of the Bologna process, Finland required at least 42 credit weeks (1,800 hours) of formal coursework. The requirement was removed in 2005, leaving the decision to individual universities, which may delegate the authority to faculties or individual professors. In Engineering and

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Higher doctorates are typically titled similarly to professional doctorates and are awarded based on a submitted portfolio of research that follows a consistent theme and is internationally recognized as an original and substantive contribution to knowledge beyond that required for the awarding of a

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of requiring lecturers to have completed a research doctorate spread. Universities' shift to research-oriented education (based upon the scientific method, inquiry, and observation) increased the doctorate's importance. Today, a research doctorate (PhD) or its equivalent (as defined in the US by the

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was known as the "faculty of philosophy". The Doctorate of Philosophy adheres to this historic convention, even though most degrees are not for the study of philosophy. Chris Park explains that it was not until formal education and degree programs were standardized in the early 19th century that the

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to recognise individuals who have made a substantial contribution to a particular field. Usually an appropriate higher doctorate is used in these circumstances, depending on the candidate's achievements. However, some universities differentiate between honorary and substantive doctorates, using the

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The duration of graduate studies varies. It is possible to graduate three years after the master's degree, while much longer periods are not uncommon. The study ends with a dissertation, which must present substantial new scientific/scholarly knowledge. The dissertation can either be a monograph or

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is applied. Usually, a prospective student discusses their plans with a professor. If the professor agrees to accept the student, the student applies for admission. The professor may recruit students to their group. Formal acceptance does not imply funding. The student must obtain funding either by

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In contrast to the US, many countries reserve the term "doctorate" for research degrees. If, as in Canada and Australia, professional degrees bear the name "Doctor of ...", etc., it is made clear that these are not doctorates. Examples of this include Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), Doctor of Medicine

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of 1179 guaranteed access—at that time essentially free of charge—to all able applicants. Applicants were tested for aptitude. This right remained a bone of contention between the church authorities and the universities, slowly distancing themselves from the Church. In 1213 the right was granted by

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King's College organized a medical faculty in 1767 and was the first institution in the North American Colonies to confer the degree of Doctor of Medicine. The first graduates in medicine from the College were Robert Tucker and Samuel Kissarn, who received the degree of Bachelor of Medicine in May

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Higher doctorates are awarded in recognition of a substantial body of original research undertaken over the course of many years. Typically the candidate submits a collection of previously published, peer-refereed work, which is reviewed by a committee of internal and external academics who decide

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The PhD was adopted in the UK following a joint decision in 1917 by British universities, although it took much longer for it to become established. Oxford became the first university to institute the new degree, although naming it the DPhil. The PhD was often distinguished from the earlier higher

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Until the 1990s, most natural science and engineering doctorates in Japan were earned by industrial researchers in Japanese companies. These degrees were awarded by the employees' former university, usually after years of research in industrial laboratories. The only requirement is submission of a

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When the dissertation is ready, the faculty names two expert pre-examiners with doctoral degrees from the outside the university. During the pre-examination process, the student may receive comments on the work and respond with modifications. After the pre-examiners approve, the doctoral candidate

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exit degree after the taught courses are completed. While passing the taught elements is often required, examination of the final doctorate is still by thesis (or equivalent) alone. The duration of integrated doctorates is a minimum of four years, with three years spent on the research component.

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requires that the candidate be successful in a competitive public exam and normally takes additional years. In the federal university system, doctors who are admitted as junior faculty members may progress (usually by seniority) to the rank of associate professor, then become eligible to take the

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in the discipline. The definition for a professional doctorate does not include a requirement for either a dissertation or study beyond master's level, in contrast to the definition for research doctorates ("doctor's degree – research/scholarship"). However, individual programs may have different

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Doctor's degree—professional practice: A doctor's degree that is conferred upon completion of a program providing the knowledge and skills for the recognition, credential, or license required for professional practice. The degree is awarded after a period of study such that the total time to the

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in some European countries. However, the purpose of the award is significantly different. While the habilitation formally determines whether an academic is suitably qualified to be a university professor, the higher doctorate does not qualify the holder for a position but rather recognises their

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in a related field. Exceptions are based on their individual academic merit. A second and a third foreign language are other common requirements, although the requirements regarding proficiency commonly are not strict. The admissions process varies by institution. Some require candidates to take

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While this section has focused on earned qualifications conferred in virtue of published work or the equivalent, a higher doctorate may also be presented on an honorary basis by a university — at its own initiative or after a nomination — in recognition of public prestige, institutional service,

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These are the most common doctorates in the UK and are normally awarded as PhDs. While the master/apprentice model was traditionally used for British PhDs, since 2003 courses have become more structured, with students taking courses in research skills and receiving training for professional and

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The degree is awarded in a formal, public, defence session, in which the thesis is defended against critical questions of the "opposition" (the examining committee). Specific formalities differ between universities, for example whether a public presentation is given, either before or during the

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Research doctorates and professional doctorates are both completed as part of a programme of study and supervised research. Both have entry requirements of the student having a supervisor that has agreed to supervise their research, along with the student possessing an honours degree with upper

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Criteria for admission to doctoral programs vary. Students may be admitted with a bachelor's degree in the U.S. and the U.K. However, elsewhere, e.g. in Finland and many other European countries, a master's degree is required. The time required to complete a research doctorate varies from three

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and was equivalent to a bachelor's degree. In France and other countries, it is the bachelor's-level qualification in the Bologna process. In the Pontifical system, the Licentiate in Sacred Theology (STL) is equivalent to an advanced master's degree, or the post-master's coursework required in

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In the 1930s, the renowned Orientalist Alfred Guillaume noted strong resemblances between Muslim and Western Christian institutions of higher learning. An example he cited is the ijazah, which he recognized as being akin to the medieval licentia docendi, the precursor of the modern university

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A Doctor of Engineering (DEng) is a professional degree. In contrast to a PhD in Engineering where students usually conduct original theory-based research, DEng degrees are built around applied coursework and a practice-led project and thus designed for working engineers in the industry. DEng

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is still used for academic recruitment purposes in many countries within the EU. It involves either a long new thesis (a second book) or a portfolio of research publications. The habilitation (highest available degree) demonstrates independent and thorough research, experience in teaching and

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Doctor's degree: The highest award a student can earn for graduate study. The doctor's degree classification includes such degrees as Doctor of Education, Doctor of Juridical Science, Doctor of Public Health, and the Doctor of Philosophy degree in any field such as agronomy, food technology,

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is a prerequisite. The normal duration is three years. The writing of a comprehensive thesis constitutes the bulk of the doctoral work. While the length of the thesis varies according to the discipline, it is rarely less than 150 pages, and often substantially more. Some 15,000 new doctoral

2921:(1879) following suit. Controversy and opposition followed the introduction of the Ph.D. into the U.S. educational system, lasting into the 1950s, as it was seen as an unnecessary artificial transplant from a foreign (Germany) educational system, which corrupted a system based on England's 2222:, a largely ceremonial role, but they are formally allowed to take over the defence on behalf of the candidate. Doctoral candidates The actual defence lasts exactly the assigned time slot (45 minutes to 1 hour exactly depending on the university) after which the defence is suspended by the 2189:

with additional courses and supervision), perform extensive research and write a dissertation consisting of published articles (over a period of four or more years). Research can also be conducted without official research assistant status, for example through a business-sponsored research

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degree. To earn an M.D. in a science specialty, one must have a master's degree (M.Sc.) (or two diplomas before the introduction of M.Sc. degree in Egypt) before applying. The M.D. degree involves courses in the field and defending a dissertation. It takes on average three to five years.

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Doctorate of Philosophy was reintroduced in Germany as a research degree, abbreviated as Dr. phil. (similar to Ph.D. in Anglo-American countries). Germany, however, differentiated then in more detail between doctorates in philosophy and doctorates in the natural sciences, abbreviated as

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scholarly achievement. Examples of this type of degree may include the following and others, as designated by the awarding institution: the Ed.D. (in education), D.M.A. (in musical arts), D.B.A. (in business administration), D.Sc. (in science), D.A. (in arts), or D.M (in medicine).

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for the thesis defence, who must also be an outside expert, with at least a doctorate. In all Finnish universities, long tradition requires that the printed dissertation hang on a cord by a public university noticeboard for at least ten days prior to for the dissertation defence.

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Now usually called higher doctorates in the United Kingdom, the older-style doctorates take much longer to complete since candidates must show themselves to be leading experts in their subjects. These doctorates are less common than the PhD in some countries and are often awarded

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For the ph.d. degree, the candidates (ph.d. students or fellows) – who are required to have a master's degree – enroll at a ph.d. school at a university and participate in a research training program, at the end of which they each submit a thesis and defend it orally at a formal

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After examining committee approval, the candidate publishes the thesis (generally more than 100 copies) and sends it to the examining committee, colleagues, friends and family with an invitation to the public defence. Additional copies are kept in the university library and the

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Students can only enroll in a doctorate system after completing a research university level master's degree; although dispensation can be granted on a case-by-case basis after scrutiny of the individual's portfolio. The most common way to conduct doctoral studies is to work as

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decided in 2010 that such Dr. med. degrees do not meet the international standards of a Ph.D. research degree. The duration of the doctorate depends on the field: a doctorate in medicine may take less than a full-time year to complete; those in other fields, two to six years.

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A Doctor of Pharmacy is awarded as the professional degree in pharmacy replacing a bachelor's degree. It is the only professional pharmacy degree awarded in the US. Pharmacy programs vary in length between four years for matriculants with a B.S./B.A. to six years for others.

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hours of questions from the jury or other doctors present. The defense and questions are public. The jury then deliberates in private and then declares the candidate admitted or "postponed". The latter is rare. New regulations were set in 2016 and do not award distinctions.

471:". When professional doctorates were established in the UK in the late 1980s and early 1990s, they did not follow the US model. Still, they were set up as research degrees at the same level as PhDs but with some taught components and a professional focus for research work. 864:

with little or no research content are typically aimed at professional performance. Many professional doctorates are named "Doctor of and abbreviated using the form "D" or "D", or may use the more generic titles "Professional Doctorate", abbreviated "ProfDoc" or "DProf",

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The doctorate has long existed in the UK as, originally, the second degree in divinity, law, medicine and music. But it was not until the late 19th century that the research doctorate, now known as the higher doctorate, was introduced. The first higher doctorate was the

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The jury members are designated by the head of the institution. The candidate's supervisor and the external reviewers are generally jury members. The maximum number of jury members is 8. The defense generally lasts 45 minutes in scientific fields, followed by 1 –

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as an entry-level professional qualification does not exist. Most doctorates are awarded with specific Latin designations for the field of research (except for engineering, where the designation is German), instead of a general name for all fields (such as the

2169:(engineer)(ir.). Following the Bologna protocol the Dutch adopted the Anglo-Saxon system of academic degrees. The old candidate's degree was revived to become the bachelor's degree and the doctorandus' (mr and ir degree) were replaced by master's degrees. 2293:(licensee) title was in use for a regular graduate until the Bologna reform changed the licentiaat degree to the master's degree (the Bologna reform abolished the two-year kandidaat degree and introduced a three-year academic bachelor's degree instead). 2146:(dr.). After successful completion of the first year of university, the student was awarded the propaedeutic diploma (not a degree). In some fields, this diploma was abolished in the 1980s. In physics and mathematics, the student could directly obtain a 4815:

education, engineering, public administration, ophthalmology, or radiology. The doctor's degree classification encompasses three main subcategories—research/scholarship degrees, professional practice degrees, and other degrees—which are described below.

452:" that trained students to apply or practice knowledge rather than generate it, similar to other students in vocational schools or institutes. In the UK, research doctorates initially took higher doctorates in Science and Letters, first introduced at 1389:, under the supervision of the thesis supervisor. Family, friends, colleagues and the members of the research community customarily attend the defence. After a formal entrance, the candidate begins with an approximately 20-minute popular lecture ( 2102:(法務博士) The program generally lasts two or three years. This curriculum is professionally oriented, but unlike in the US the program does not provide education sufficient for a law license. All candidates for a bar license must pass the bar exam ( 1032: 2504:

In the same Royal Decree the initial 3-year study period was replaced by a Research master's degree (one or two years; Professional master's degrees do not grant direct access to Ph.D. Programs) that concludes with a public dissertation called

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Many universities offer Ph.D./D.Phil. followed by a professional doctorate or joint Ph.D./D.Phil. with a professional degree. Often, Ph.D. work is sequential to the professional degree, e.g., Ph.D./D.Phil. in law after a J.D. or equivalent in

1135:. Competition for graduate financial aid is intense and most scholarships support at most 2 years of Master's studies and 4 years of doctoral studies. The normal monthly stipend for doctoral students in Brazil is between US$ 500 and $ 1000. 2850:

U.S. research doctorates are awarded for advanced study followed by successfully completing and defending independent research presented in the form of a dissertation. Professional degrees may use the term "doctor" in their titles, such as

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research doctorate. Typically, to be eligible to be awarded a higher doctorate a student must have completed a research doctorate at least seven to ten years prior to submitting the research portfolio used to award them a higher doctorate.

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Many postgraduate medical and surgical specialties students earn a doctorate. After finishing a 6-year medical school and one-year internship (house officer), physicians and surgeons earn the M.B. B.Ch. degree, which is equivalent to a US

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an award that is at a level above the PhD (or equivalent professional doctorate in the discipline), and that is typically gained not through a defined programme of study but rather by submission of a substantial body of research-based

876:'s National Center for Educational Statistics as degrees that require a minimum of six years of university-level study (including any pre-professional bachelor's or associate degree) and meet the academic requirements for professional 6385: 4123:

The DPhil is the name Oxford gives to its doctoral degree rather than the more familiar name PhD. used in most other universities, but the structure of the degree is identical to that of the PhD at leading economics graduate schools

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Dutch doctors may use PhD behind their name instead of the uncapitalized dr. before their name. Those who obtained a degree in a foreign country can only use one of the Dutch title dr. if their grade is approved as equivalent by the

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the general ability to conceptualise, design and implement a project for the generation of new knowledge, applications or understanding at the forefront of the discipline, and to adjust the project design in the light of unforeseen

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A doctoral degree can be revoked or rescinded by the university that awarded it. Possible reasons include plagiarism, criminal or unethical activities of the holder, or malfunction or manipulation of academic evaluation processes.

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The doctor's title is the highest academic title in the Netherlands and Flanders. In research doctorates the degree is always Ph.D. or dr. with no distinction between disciplines, and can only be granted by research universities.

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and requires, in addition to a doctorate, a second thesis or cumulative portfolio of peer-reviewed publications, a public lecture before a panel of experts (including external members from other universities), and a written exam.

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by 2020. Professional associations play a central role in this transformation amid criticisms on the lack of proper criteria to assure appropriate rigor. In many cases master's-level programs were relabeled as doctoral programs.

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in other systems.) Before only professors or senior full researchers of similar rank were normally authorized to supervise a doctoral candidate's work. Now habilitation is a prerequisite to the title of professor in university

1572:) is a research-only degree. It is a national degree and its requirements are fixed by the minister of higher education and research. Only public institutions award the doctorate. It can be awarded in any field of study. The 881:

requirements. There is also a category of "doctor's degree – other" for doctorates that do not fall into either the "professional practice" or "research/scholarship" categories. All of these are considered doctoral degrees.

2859:, but these degrees rarely contain an independent research component and are not research doctorates. Law school graduates, although awarded the J.D. degree, are not normally addressed as "doctor". In legal studies, the 1159:

In recent years some initiatives as jointly supervised doctorates (e.g. "cotutelles") have become increasingly common in the country, as part of the country's efforts to open its universities to international students.

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A guidelines with good practices and legal analysis has been published in 2018 by Association nationale des docteurs (ANDès) & Confédération des Jeunes Chercheurs (CJC) with funding of french Ministry of research.

795:, "habilitation to supervise (doctoral and post-doctoral) research", abbreviated HDR) which is the prerequisite to supervise PhDs and to apply to Full Professorships. In many countries of the previous Soviet Union ( 190:) and doctorate, both of which now became the accepted teaching qualifications. According to Keith Allan Noble (1994), the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150 by the University of Paris. 1929:), is obtained after two additional years, specializing in a branch of the field. This degree requires more advanced thesis work, usually involving academic research or an internship. The final degree is called a 7656: 4527: 1351:

Entrance to a doctoral program is available only for holders of a master's degree; there is no honors procedure for recruiting Bachelors. Entrance is not as controlled as in undergraduate studies, where a strict

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institutes (institutes of higher vocational education that are not universities but often called "Universities of Applied Sciences" in English) do not award doctoral or other academic degrees. The student must:

1151:

competitive exam for vacant full professorships. In São Paulo state universities, associate professorships and subsequent eligibility to apply for a full professorship are conditioned on the qualification of

3376:

Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. – Sep., 1984), pp. 586–588

2687:

the creation and interpretation of new knowledge, through original research or other advanced scholarship, of a quality to satisfy peer review, extend the forefront of the discipline, and merit publication

8000: 6078: 4862:

Though considered to be bachelor's programs in academic standing, some professional programs yield degrees with other nomenclature. Examples: DDS (Dental Surgery), MD (Medicine), LLB, or JD (Juris Doctor)

1535:), a professional qualification to supervise doctoral work. (This diploma is similar in spirit to the older State doctorate, and the requirements for obtaining it are similar to those necessary to obtain 761:-speaking countries, the degree is insufficient to have teaching duties without professor supervision (or teaching and supervising PhD students independently) without an additional teaching title such as 7843: 2747:

issued a 'Statement of Expectations for Postgraduate Training', which lays out the expectations for training in PhDs funded by the research councils. In the latest version (2016), issued together with

1956:) of one or two years, usually including an internship. An Italian "Master's" is not the same as a master's degree; it is intended to be more focused on professional training and practical experience. 2603:

gave PhDs crimson gowns rather than scarlet. Professional doctorates were introduced in Britain in the 1980s and 1990s. The earliest professional doctorates were in the social sciences, including the

1357:

working in a research unit or through private scholarships. Funding is more available for natural and engineering sciences than in letters. Sometimes, normal work and research activity are combined.

4367: 1247:) is required to submit a thesis of major scientific significance, and to proceed to defend it orally against two official opponents, as well as against any and all opponents from the auditorium ( 1068:

tests while others base admissions on a research proposal application and interview only. In both instances however, a faculty member must agree prior to admission to supervise the applicant.

4635: 6624: 6378: 3417:

case of the university. Despite this point, Makdisi has likened the ijazat al-ifta' wa'l-tadris to the medieval Latin licentia docendi and suggests that it served as a model for that degree.

2736:

degrees and then formally transferred onto the PhD after a year or two. Students who are not considered likely to complete a PhD may be offered the opportunity to complete an MPhil instead.

4412: 683:

preparation for a doctorate (i.e. similar in level to the Swedish/Finnish licentiate degree). While other licences (such as the Licence in Canon Law) are at the level of master's degrees.

650:). The submitted dissertation is assessed by a committee of, typically, internal, and external examiners. It is then typically defended by the candidate during an oral examination (called 4318: 6023: 1251:) – no matter how long the proceedings take. The official opponents are required to be full professors. The candidate is required to have a master's degree, but not necessarily a ph.d. 486:

lecturing, and, more recently, the ability to generate supportive funding. The habilitation follows the research doctorate, and in Germany, it can be a requirement for appointment as a

4598: 4956: 2599:

doctorates by distinctive academic dress. At Cambridge, for example, PhDs wear a master's gown with scarlet facings rather than the full scarlet gown of the higher doctors, while the

2489:

mark is awarded after the public defense as the result of a private, anonymous vote. Votes are verified by the university. A unanimous vote of the reviewers nominates Doctors granted

1516:

with the purpose to lessen what had become an increasingly long period of time between the typical students' completion of their Diplôme d'études supérieures, roughly equivalent to a

1325:

Obtain such understanding of the general theory of science and letters and such knowledge of neighbouring research fields that they are able to follow the development of these fields.

815:

philanthropy, or professional achievement. In a formal listing of qualifications, and often in other contexts, an honorary higher doctorate will be identified using language like "

678:

degree, similar to Sweden's. Outside of Scandinavia, the licentiate is usually a lower-level qualification. In Belgium, the licentiate was the basic university degree prior to the

393:

The use and meaning of the doctorate have changed over time and are subject to regional variations. For instance, until the early 20th century, few academic staff or professors in

3476: 1553: 6595: 6715: 2421:

A 2-year (or longer) period of studies concludes with a public dissertation presented to a panel of 3 Professors. Upon approval from the university, the candidate receives a

1423:

and further experience. Exceptions may be granted by the university governing board, but this is uncommon, and usually due to other work and expertise considered equivalent.

785:, "the right to teach", a specific academic subject at universities for a lifetime. The French academic system used to have a higher doctorate, called the "state doctorate" ( 1792:

or "address"), including repetitions in the case of multiple degrees, as in "Frau Prof. Dr. Dr. Schmidt", for a person who would be addressed as "Prof. Schmidt" in English.

1776:, dropping the designation entirely. However, leaving out the designation is only allowed when the doctorate degree is not an honorary doctorate, which must be indicated by 6347:"Article 3 of the Law of 14 February 1987, No.41 | L. 14 febbraio 1987, n. 41 Istituzione della Scuola superiore di studi universitari e di perfezionamento S. Anna di Pisa" 4497: 319:

and also doctorates in the social/political sciences, abbreviated as Dr. rer. pol., similar to the other traditional doctorates in medicine (Dr. med.) and law (Dr. jur.).

6993: 1768:

Over fifty doctoral designations exist, many of them rare or no longer in use. As a title, the degree is commonly written in front of the name in abbreviated form, e.g.,

698:

A higher tier of research doctorates may be awarded based on a formally submitted portfolio of published research of an exceptionally high standard. Examples include the

6551: 5346: 4523: 6046: 4846: 5008: 4874: 5224: 3860: 2669:

e.g. DD, LLD, DSc, DLitt; higher level than junior doctorates, usually awarded either for a substantial body of work over an extended period or as honorary degrees.

6943: 4011: 2703: 7992: 7217: 7177: 2690:

a systematic acquisition and understanding of a substantial body of knowledge which is at the forefront of an academic discipline or area of professional practice

7589: 6304: 6082: 456:

in 1882. The PhD spread to the UK from the US via Canada and was instituted at all British universities from 1917. The first (titled a DPhil) was awarded at the

6176: 4823:

Doctor's degree—other: A doctor's degree that does not meet the definition of a doctor's degree—research/scholarship or a doctor's degree—professional practice.

4290: 1104:(Doctor of Sciences) is normally used to refer collectively to doctorates in the natural sciences (i.e. Physics, Chemistry, Biological and Life Sciences, etc.) 7835: 7276: 2246:

Those who have multiple doctor (dr.) titles may use the title dr.mult. Those who have received honoris causa doctorates may use dr.h.c. before their own name.

6972: 3429: 3321:

It remains the case that no equivalent of the bachelor's degree, the licentia docendi, or higher degrees ever emerged in the medieval or early modern Islamic

7788: 7865: 3952: 1906:

was introduced by law and presidential decree in 1980, in a reform of academic teaching, training and experimentation in organisation and teaching methods.

1827:. It is considered as an additional academic qualification rather than an academic degree formally. It qualifies the owner to teach at German universities ( 1310:

The Finnish requirement for the entrance into doctoral studies is a master's degree or equivalent. All universities have the right to award doctorates. The

7639: 6749: 5283: 4446: 417:

Professional doctorates developed in the United States from the 19th century onward. The first professional doctorate offered in the United States was the

7421: 4344: 4184: 3891: 2677:

states in the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies (which covers junior doctorates but not higher doctorates) that:

4934: 3782: 1233:. In the disputation, the candidates defend their theses against three official opponents, and may take opponents or questions from those present in the 6675:"Anders dan 'Doctor' of 'PhD': Waarom het Professional Doctorate in Nederland niet het academische professional doctorate in het Verenigd Koninkrijk is" 2431:

is allowed to challenge the candidate with questions. If approved, the candidate receives the doctorate. Four marks used to be granted: Unsatisfactory (

8178: 8140: 8103: 8066: 6628: 4576: 2785:

In terms of number of institutions offering the awards, the most common doctorates of this type in UKCGE surveys carried out in 2008 and 2013 were the

2289:

the doctorandus title was only used by those who actually started their doctoral work. Doctorandus is still used as a synonym for a Ph.D. student. The

1319:

Demonstrate understanding of their field and its meaning, while preparing to use scientific or scholarly study in their field, creating new knowledge.

638:

Criteria for research doctorates vary but typically require completion of a substantial body of original research, which may be presented as a single

3585: 3501: 1208:, for humanistic and STEM subjects) – the higher doctorate – introduced in 1479. The second part of the title communicates the field of study – e.g. 922:('for the sake of the honor'), waiving the usual requirements for granting the degree. Some universities do not award honorary degrees, for example, 7155: 4627: 6936:"Raíces de las normas y tradiciones del protocolo y ceremonial universitario actual: las universidades del Antiguo Régimen y los actos de colación" 4228: 1362: 4416: 3531: 2946:

The International Affairs Office of the U.S. Department of Education has listed 18 frequently awarded research doctorate titles identified by the

1072:

faculty members, two of whom must be external. After completion, which normally consumes 4 years, the candidate is commonly awarded the degree of

7531: 7503: 5977: 5400: 5199: 2884: 1152: 7243: 7122: 4767: 4733: 4699: 773:

Since 2004, the honorary title of "Privatdozent" (before this, completing the habilitation resulted in appointment as a civil servant). In many

8384: 8354: 7935: 7767: 7693: 4311: 3396: 2549:

All doctorate holders are reciprocally recognised as equivalent in Germany and Spain (according to the "Bonn Agreement of November 14, 1994").

1549: 6014: 2659:– e.g. EdD, ProfDoc/DProf, EngD, etc.; usually include taught elements and have an orientation that combines professional and academic aspects 2674: 1557: 440:(April 2008). The American code for academic dress identifies academic doctors with three bands of velvet on the sleeve of the doctoral gown. 6804: 4969: 4077: 4055: 2157:

title, implying that the student's initial studies were finished. In addition to these 'general' degrees, specific titles equivalent to the

7334: 6420: 6353: 6096: 5375: 4485:

The degree is open to everyone (including non-Belgians) who has earned the B.A. (in Belgium: licentiaat or licence) or an equivalent degree

7100: 6251: 5629: 5099: 6849: 2875:

after Pharm.D. Such professional degrees are referred to as an entry-level doctorate program and Ph.D. as a post-professional doctorate.

943: 872:

In the US, professional doctorates (formally "doctor's degree – professional practice" in government classifications) are defined by the

7909: 7453: 6217: 6191: 5315: 4258: 3471: 2715:

personal development. However, the assessment of the PhD remains based on the production of a thesis or equivalent and its defence at a

8039: 6880: 6835: 6526: 6154: 5744: 4102: 2721:

oral examination, normally held in front of at least two examiners, one internal and one external. Access to PhDs normally requires an

2427:(part qualified doctor, equivalent to M.Sc.). From 2008 it is possible to substitute the former diploma by a recognized master program. 1678:; humanities such as philosophy, philology, history, and social sciences such as sociology, political science, or psychology as well); 1347:

of peer-reviewed articles). In fine arts, the dissertation may be substituted by works and/or performances as accepted by the faculty.

7030: 3712: 1111:). Some graduate students are additionally supported by institutional scholarships granted by federal government agencies like CNPq ( 370: 7968: 7653: 5178: 2939:

The median number of years for completion of U.S. doctoral degrees is seven. Doctoral applicants were previously required to have a

733:

or "faculty to teach") under a university procedure with a thesis and an exam is commonly regarded as belonging to this category in

85:

to individuals deemed worthy of special recognition, either for scholarly work or other contributions to the university or society.

7560: 6495: 62:

In most countries, a research degree qualifies the holder to teach at university level in the degree's field or work in a specific

791: 7813: 7710: 6280: 5261: 5067: 2077:. It produced the majority of engineering doctoral degrees from national universities. University-based doctoral programs called 2039: 7618: 6465: 5354: 5033: 4501: 1259:. Until the late 20th century, the higher doctorate was a condition for attaining full professorship; it is no longer required 7675: 7305: 6566: 5766: 7001: 6446: 5957: 5912: 5889: 5866: 5843: 5820: 5797: 5457: 5097:

Doctor of Philosophy. Doctor of Juridical Science. Master of Laws by Research. Master of Taxation by Research. Faculty of Law

4835: 3722: 3660: 3355: 2270: 2266: 931: 7729: 6716:"University of Applied Sciences Professional Doctorate. A professional degree programme focusing on practice-based research" 5671: 5561: 4995: 2465:

Since September 2012 and regulated by Royal Decree (R.D. 99/2011) (in Spanish), three marks can be granted: Unsatisfactory (

4881: 4801: 2706:. The higher doctorates are stated to be "A higher level of award", which is not covered by the qualifications frameworks. 1369:

it an edited collection of 3 to 7 journal articles. Students unable or unwilling to write a dissertation may qualify for a

1298:

The Egyptian M.D. degree is written using the name of one's specialty. For example, M.D. (Geriatrics) means a doctorate in

341:

in 1608 at Lyons or maybe Avignon (she "defended theses" in 1606 or 1607, although claims that she received a doctorate in

337:

University degrees, including doctorates, were originally restricted to men. The first women to be granted doctorates were

5232: 3560: 2517:. An approved project earns a master's degree that grants access to a Ph.D. program and initiates the period of research. 3849: 1385:

The doctoral dissertation takes place in public. The opponent and the candidate conduct a formal debate, usually wearing

1044: 6935: 5116: 4090:

We offer research degrees both at Master's level (represented by the two-year MPhil programme) and at DPhil (PhD level).

4022: 1373:

degree by completing the coursework requirement and writing a shorter thesis, usually summarizing one year of research.

7213: 7188: 3314: 3086: 2959: 2888: 2250: 2011: 851: 7597: 6296: 7080: 6173: 6123: 5949: 4964: 4361: 4282: 3832: 3766: 3409: 3364: 3210: 2604: 1668:

sciences, i.e. physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, computer science and information technology, or psychology);

1003: 570: 7265: 2988:

students defend their thesis at the end of their study before a thesis committee in order to be conferred a degree.

953: 5291: 3437: 2240: 2211: 2035: 1895: 894: 342: 7792: 6649: 5447: 1419:

The doctorate is a formal requirement for a docenture or professor's position, although these in practice require

8093: 7482: 7363: 5041: 4149:"Business Professional Doctoral Programs: Student Motivations, Educational Process, and Graduate Career Outcomes" 2928:

Ph.D.s and other research doctorates in the U.S. typically entail successful completion of coursework, passing a

1295:

degree. They can then apply to earn a master's degree or a speciality diploma, then an MD degree in a specialty.

7873: 7392: 6756: 4524:"Quadro Nazionale delle Qualifiche della Santa Sede [National Qualifications Framework of the Holy See]" 4438: 3960: 246: 8032: 7413: 5145: 4195: 3917:'doctoral degree' is used only in respect of qualifications at level 8 on the FHEQ/SCQF level 12 on the FQHEIS. 3902: 2542:

was the only one in Spain authorised to confer the doctorate. This law remained in effect until 1954, when the

2417:

All doctoral programs are research-oriented. A minimum of 4 years of study is required, divided into 2 stages:

2254: 2227:

to the candidate, and usually congratulates the candidate and gives a personal speech praising the work of the

2218:

session, specific phrasing in the procedure, and dress code. In most protocols, candidates can be supported by

985: 866: 554: 5904: 5881: 5858: 5835: 5812: 5789: 5714: 4926: 3793: 2722: 2612: 1377:

applies the faculty for permission to print the thesis. When granting this permission, the faculty names the

518:

Research doctorates are awarded in recognition of publishable academic research, at least in principle, in a

127: 4562: 3743:

The UK higher doctorate has a long history with the first (a DSc) being offered by Durham University in 1882

2483:) as maximum mark. In the public defense the doctor is notified if the thesis has passed or not passed. The 1353: 8320: 6541:. Annual meeting of the Research Committee of Sociology of Law, Paris. European Network on Law and Society. 6330: 4472: 3956: 3161:

Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",

2702:

In the UK, the (junior) doctorate is a qualification awarded at FHEQ level 8/level 12 of the FQHEIS on the

2546:

joined in commemoration of its septcentenary. In 1970, the right was extended to all Spanish universities.

2461:). Those Doctors granted their degree "Summa Cum Laude" were allowed to apply for an "Extraordinary Award". 1573: 673:

Licentiate degrees vary widely in their meaning, and in a few countries are doctoral-level qualifications.

628: 426: 158: 3581: 2520:

A doctorate is required in order to teach at the university. Some universities offer an online Phd model.

718:(DCL) degrees found in the UK, Ireland and some Commonwealth countries, and the traditional doctorates in 8089: 7905: 7151: 5587: 4224: 2947: 2860: 1263:

for any positions, but is considered amply equivalent to the ph.d. when applying for academic positions.

546: 444:

In the shape of the German-style PhD, the modern research degree was first awarded in the US in 1861, at

407: 402: 6896:"Alone in the Academic Ultraperiphery: Online Doctoral Candidates' Quest to Belong, Thrive, and Succeed" 5408: 5203: 4220: 1401:) in honour of the opponent. Usually, the candidate invites their family, colleagues and collaborators. 429:, established in 1847 for this purpose) to set and raise standards for entry into professional practice. 4797: 4763: 4729: 4695: 4661: 4567: 3523: 3004: 3000: 2902: 2732:. Courses normally last three years, although it is common for students to be initially registered for 981: 873: 774: 7539: 7510: 5969: 2768:

whether the candidate deserves the doctorate. The higher doctorate is similar in some respects to the

912:

When a university wishes to formally recognize an individual's contributions to a particular field or

8379: 8025: 7239: 7130: 6964: 4755: 4721: 4687: 4665: 2981: 2929: 1761: 1256: 632: 7931: 7759: 7691: 4398: 3824:

Comparing American and British Legal Education Systems: Lessons for Commonwealth African Law Schools

3638: 3232: 856:

Depending on the country, professional doctorates may also be research degrees at the same level as

53:

awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism

8158: 7932:"Table A-1. Types of research doctoral degrees recognized by the Survey of Earned Doctorates: 2016" 7184: 7027:"The Mathematics PhD in the United Kingdom: Historical Notes for the Mathematics Genealogy Project" 4631: 4191: 4073: 4018: 3898: 3789: 3338: 3132: 3110: 2823: 2756: 1463:

During the first half of the 20th century, following the submission of two theses (primary thesis,

620: 562: 437: 17: 5171:"Three to Receive Honorary Degrees for Contributions to Science and Technology, and Public Policy" 1610:) can also be used by medical and pharmaceutical practitioners who hold a doctor's State diploma ( 1584:(4,000 granted every year with a gross salary of 1758 euros per month as of September 2016). 8085: 6811: 5003: 4069: 4047: 3061: 2572: 2543: 1854:—around 2005—as an alternative track towards becoming a professor at universities (with tenure), 1795:

In the German university system it is common to write two doctoral theses, the inaugural thesis (

1760:

In medicine, "doctoral" dissertations are often written alongside undergraduate study therefore,

974: 692: 558: 267: 31: 7326: 6409: 6346: 5759:"Valtioneuvoston asetus yliopistojen tutkinnoista 794/2004 – Säädökset alkuperäisinä – FINLEX ®" 5379: 4468: 3809:

The first Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) in the UK was awarded by the University of Oxford in 1917

3032: 1890:

generally constituted the highest academic degree obtainable in Italy. The first institution in

807:

there is the higher doctorate (above the title of "Candidate of Sciences"/PhD) under the title "

8131: 7096: 6243: 6205: 5617: 5096: 4930: 2914: 2539: 1639: 1108: 949: 927: 550: 526: 374: 346: 6856: 6018: 5480: 3618: 3391: 3196: 2826:(D.Univ.) for these purposes, and reserve the higher doctorates for formal academic research. 1481: 8192: 7897: 7445: 6221: 5322: 4906: 3822: 3756: 2328: 2262: 1420: 647: 582: 578: 6895: 6780: 6533: 4148: 4110: 2776:

Higher doctorates were defined by the UK Council for Graduate Education (UKCGE) in 2013 as:

2697:

a detailed understanding of applicable techniques for research and advanced academic enquiry

8306: 8262: 8168: 8154: 8112: 8057: 5838:. Kasvatustieteen laitoksen tutkimuksia 219. Pages 29 and 125–126. University of Helsinki. 4442: 4250: 4106: 3493: 2999:

in 2007. Advanced Practice Registered Nurses were expected to completely transition to the

2894: 2843: 2806: 2744: 2725: 2580: 2576: 2401: 2349: 2258: 2064:

dissertation, along with articles published in well-known journals. This program is called

1880: 1807: 574: 566: 530: 457: 179: 67: 7026: 3728: 2995:

In the twenty-first century professional doctorates appeared in other fields, such as the

1811:), which opens the road to a professorship. Upon completion of the habilitation thesis, a 8: 8297: 8282: 7957: 6202: 5170: 3246: 2996: 2608: 2600: 2579:

transforming its DSc from an advanced study course to a research degree in 1885, and the

1476: 1370: 1272: 1176: 1143: 1107:

All graduate programs in Brazilian public universities are tuition-free (mandated by the

861: 847: 816: 715: 668: 534: 449: 422: 350: 215: 167: 115: 7568: 6503: 1630:

Doctoral degrees in Germany are research doctorates and are awarded by a process called

1142:

usually enables an individual to apply for a junior faculty position equivalent to a US

274:

1652). The term "philosophy" does not refer here to the field or academic discipline of

8224: 8149: 5861:. Kasvatustieteen laitoksen tutkimuksia 219. Pages 29 and 129. University of Helsinki. 4572: 4386: 4135: 3626: 3280: 3220: 3178: 3066: 2940: 2906: 2856: 2802: 2748: 2729: 2186: 1344: 1292: 1189:. At the same time, a minor, two-year research training program, leading to a title of 1064: 923: 808: 800: 703: 624: 616: 418: 394: 358: 331: 299: 259: 154: 82: 7821: 7708: 6277: 5253: 5075: 1937:) and is obtained after three years of academic research on the subject and a thesis. 1580:

Doctoral candidates can apply for a three-year fellowship. The most well known is the

1124: 8316: 8080: 7633: 7076: 6917: 6874: 6829: 6696: 6462: 6148: 5953: 5945: 5908: 5885: 5862: 5839: 5816: 5793: 5738: 5453: 5045: 4357: 3828: 3762: 3718: 3405: 3360: 3310: 3284: 3272: 3255: 3206: 2964:

Many fields offer professional doctorates (or professional master's degrees) such as

2790: 2786: 2584: 2568: 2564: 2410: 2286: 707: 699: 538: 453: 362: 186:), the latter was ultimately reduced to an intermediate step to the master's degree ( 7590:"What is the difference between a Pharm.D. and a Ph.D. degree?: College of Pharmacy" 5907:. Kasvatustieteen laitoksen tutkimuksia 219. Pages 160–180. University of Helsinki. 5884:. Kasvatustieteen laitoksen tutkimuksia 219. Pages 130–160. University of Helsinki. 3612: 8346: 8302: 8219: 8075: 7672: 7297: 6907: 6686: 6443: 5758: 4163: 3387: 3264: 3170: 2868: 2590: 2395: 2334: 2312: 2027: 2015: 1531:). A special diploma was created called the "accreditation to supervise research" ( 1394: 522: 366: 303: 231: 211: 55: 6444:

The Science and Technology Resources of Japan: A Comparison with the United States

5146:"University of Berkley. Doctoral, Masters, Bachelors and Associate Degrees Online" 3652: 2571:, introduced in 1882. This was soon followed by other universities, including the 2202:

Every Ph.D. thesis has to be promoted by research university staff member holding

8341: 8325: 8287: 8272: 8239: 8049: 7733: 7726: 7714: 7697: 7679: 7660: 6469: 6450: 6334: 6284: 6180: 5124: 5103: 3892:"The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies" 3480: 2898: 2839: 2798: 2406: 2106:), attend the Legal Training and Research Institute and pass the practical exam ( 1910: 1752: 1661: 1501: 1437: 1194: 907: 889: 758: 679: 587: 445: 291: 150: 50: 7745:

Prior, Moody E. (1965). "The Doctor of Philosophy Degree". in Walters, E. (ed.)

6691: 4789: 2834: 2151:

their doctorandus thesis. The successful completion of this thesis conveyed the

8311: 8267: 8234: 8117: 6912: 5815:. Kasvatustieteen laitoksen tutkimuksia 219. Page 108. University of Helsinki. 5618:"Os doutorados em cotutela no Brasil e em seus principais parceiros acadêmicos" 3552: 3309:(2. ed., repr. ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 155. 3076: 2933: 2752: 2302: 2203: 1959:

Regardless of the field of study, the title for Bachelors Graduate students is

1665: 1517: 1505: 1322:

Obtain a good understanding of development, basic problems and research methods

1128: 542: 501: 338: 323: 255: 193: 131: 7958:"The Chronicle of Higher education : The Faculty : Credential Creep" 5792:. Kasvatustieteen laitoksen tutkimuksia 219. Page 27. University of Helsinki. 5562:"What is a higher doctorate? - Support - my.UQ - The University of Queensland" 5535: 5452:(2nd ed.). South Australia: Australian Qualifications Framework Council. 4317:. Swedish National Agency for Higher Education. May 2011. pp. 14–15, 26. 3356:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages

3104: 3102: 2322:

The title was abolished with the end of the Empire in 1917 and revived by the

1921:), requires three years and a short thesis. The second-level degree, called a 8373: 6921: 6700: 6174:

STATUTO DELLA SCUOLA NORMALE SUPERIORE DI PISA (legge 18 giugno 1986, n. 308)

5445: 3276: 3268: 3251:"From Jāmi' ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue" 3081: 2794: 1652: 860:. The relationship between research and practice is considered important and 834: 821: 746: 611: 601: 477: 316: 279: 102:

derives from Latin, meaning "teacher" or "instructor". The doctorate (Latin:

8017: 5254:"No honorary degrees is an MIT tradition going back to ... Thomas Jefferson" 4968:. National Qualifications Authority of Ireland. October 2006. Archived from 4907:"Doctor of Communication – Faculty of Information and Communication Studies" 3599:

1769, and that of Doctor of Medicine in May 1770 and May 1771, respectively.

8229: 5506: 4599:"Homeland Security, Doctor of Professional Studies | St. John's University" 3099: 3071: 2852: 2769: 2360: 1840: 1802: 1444:, "DrE", the old doctorate introduced in 1808), the third cycle doctorate ( 1276: 1132: 913: 888:

All doctorates in the UK and Ireland are third cycle qualifications in the

762: 726: 643: 581:(D.Eng., D.E.Sc. or D.E.S., also awarded in Japan and South Korea), the UK 488: 482: 464: 397:

universities held doctorates, except for very senior scholars and those in

311: 234:

notes a difference in the granting authority (individual professor for the

207: 135: 119: 7866:"Structure of the U.S. Education System : Research Doctorate Degrees" 6130: 4927:"Aberystwyth University – Professional Doctorate in Agriculture D4201 DAg" 2950:(NSF) as representing degrees equivalent in research content to the Ph.D. 2897:(Ph.D. or D.Phil.). This degree was first awarded in the U.S. at the 1861 1035:, an agency in Argentina's Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. 8292: 6051: 5225:"University Regulations: Academic Regulations: Graduate Record 2005–2006" 3353:

Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in:

2984:", since they are the first field-specific master's or doctoral degrees. 2965: 2376: 2307: 2153: 2123: 1230: 898:(SJD), which, like the UK professional doctorates, is a research degree. 750: 719: 519: 507: 398: 354: 295: 107: 4880:. Australian Qualifications Framework Council. June 2013. Archived from 4843:

Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada

3020: 2142:(drs.) (with equivalent degrees in engineering – ir. and law – mr.) and 2003:(engineer) are awarded only upon passing a post-graduation examination ( 1527:

After 1984, only one type of doctoral degree remained: the "doctorate" (

1408:), but many fields retain their traditional titles: Doctor of Medicine ( 7050: 5700: 2098:

The only professional doctorate in Japan is the Juris Doctor, known as

1472: 1299: 1234: 988: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 275: 75: 71: 63: 7474: 7355: 6739:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2012, Table 2.1. 5653: 3182: 1987:. Graduates in the fields of Education, Art and Music are also called 436:

American academic doctors gather before the commencement exercises at

7789:"Vanderbilt Owen Graduate School of Management : PhD Admissions" 7384: 6900:

The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning

6674: 5149: 3401: 3302: 3202: 2977: 2918: 2717: 2219: 1975:), not to be confused with the title for the Ph.D., which is instead 1847: 1386: 1340: 1022: 877: 227: 5999: 4185:"Status of the Doctorate of Business Administration (DBA) in the UK" 3953:"Structure of the U.S. Education System: Research Doctorate Degrees" 3126: 3124: 3122: 1577:

matriculations occur every year and ≈10,000 doctorates are awarded.

1471:) to the Faculty of Letters (in France, "letters" is equivalent to " 963: 5722: 3174: 2973: 2969: 2922: 2872: 2528: 2371: 1221: 411: 385: 203: 139: 7727:

History & Purpose – The Graduate School – Princeton University

4167: 3307:

The rise of early modern science : Islam, China, and the West

3250: 2405:

Traditionally, the friends of a new doctor honored him painting a

1329:

The way to show that these general requirements have been met is:

206:

was the origin of the doctorate later issued in medieval European

7736:. Gradschool.princeton.edu (2010-10-01). Retrieved on 2010-10-26. 5536:"Higher Doctorates Procedure - University of Southern Queensland" 3119: 2910: 2381: 2356:

title retains the exclusivity it had in the times of The Empire.

2319:) marks the highest academic level achieved by a formal process. 2282: 1453: 1282:

The Medical doctorate (abbreviated as M.D.) is equivalent to the

1175:

A three-year ph.d. degree program, which replaced the equivalent

1168: 804: 738: 734: 463:

Following the MD, the next professional doctorate in the US, the

448:. This differed from the MD in that the latter was a vocational " 307: 287: 238:

and a corporate entity in the case of the university doctorate).

66:. There are a number of doctoral degrees; the most common is the 6379:"Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) Decree" 6327: 6097:"Duden: Professorinnen und Professoren anschreiben oder anreden" 2388:

Doctoral degrees are regulated by Royal Decree (R.D. 778/1998),

1948:, one can complete a "Master's" (first-level Master's after the 1452:, created in 1954 and shorter than the State doctorate) and the 389:

Man and woman wearing Durham and Glasgow PhD gowns, respectively

8277: 8244: 8163: 4353: 3682: 3521: 2976:, etc., that require such degrees for professional practice or 2682:

Doctoral degrees are awarded to students who have demonstrated:

1886: 1536: 1489:

which could be received for the submission of a single thesis.

1033:

National Commission for University Evaluation and Accreditation

754: 742: 691:"Post-doctoral degree" redirects here. Not to be confused with 674: 639: 283: 251: 198: 5446:

Australian Government Department of Education (January 2013).

3850:"HOW DID LAWYERS BECOME 'DOCTORS'? FROM THE LL.B. TO THE J.D." 2007:), and registration in the relevant professional association. 1181:

in 1992, and does not grant the holder the right to the title

2733: 2524: 2223: 1891: 1867: 1644: 1513: 1485:. There was also the less prestigious "university doctorate" 1436:

Before 1984 three research doctorates existed in France: the

1283: 1113:

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

830: 765:. In Austria, the habilitation bestows the graduate with the 686: 432: 327: 6750:"Real decreto 778/1998 de 30 de abril (B.O.E. De 1 de mayo)" 5929:

Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes And Thinkers

1839:). This has been the traditional prerequisite for attaining 1193:, was phased out to meet the international standards of the 1119:). Personal scholarships are provided by the various FAP's ( 1117:

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento do Pessoal de Ensino Superior

659:

years, excluding undergraduate study, to six years or more.

7504:"University of Texas, College of Pharmacy, Pharm. D./Ph.D." 2535:

can sit and cover their heads in the presence of the King.

2532: 2323: 2047: 1076:(Doctor) followed by the main area of specialization, e.g. 796: 163: 7446:"Directory of Postprofessional Ph.D. and ScD/DSc Programs" 6781:"Consulta de la Base de datos de Tesis Doctorales (TESEO)" 4498:"Licence, Master's, Doctorate and Other Academic Programs" 3137:, vol. 5, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, pp. 1957–1958 3115:, vol. 3, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, pp. 1155–1156 2326:

in 1934 when a lower complementary degree was added - the

635:(S.T.D., or D.S.Th.) are research doctorates in theology. 577:(DMan), various doctorates in engineering, such as the US 414:

career. However, many recipients do not work in academia.

70:(PhD), awarded in many different fields, ranging from the 7836:"Tradition of Oxbridge 'free' Masters degrees under fire" 7749:. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education, p. 32. 7214:"RCUK unveils expectations for doctoral training support" 6596:"Informatie van de Rijksoverheid | Rijksoverheid.nl" 6483:

For a Justice System to Support Japan in the 21st Century

4657: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3151:, Society for Research into Higher Education, 1994, p. 8. 2359:

Similar title/degree systems were adopted by many of the

1708:; economics, business administration, political science); 857: 826: 711: 3464: 2639:– normally PhD/DPhil; the most common form of doctorate 1243:

For the higher doctorate, the candidate (referred to as

1123:) at the state level, especially FAPESP in the state of 789:), but, in 1984, it was superseded by the habilitation ( 6556:

to Associate Professors at Dutch Research Universities"

3901:. November 2014. pp. 16–17, 30, 36. Archived from 3149:

Changing doctoral degrees: an international perspective

2657:

Professional / practice-based / practitioner doctorates

1835:

receives the authorization to teach a certain subject (

153:, which required the applicant to pass a test, take an 6713: 6270: 6268: 6244:"Decreto Presidente Repubblica 11 luglio 1980, n. 382" 4993: 3693: 3343:, vol. 3, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, cols 1155–1156 2645:– integrated PhDs including teaching at master's level 1361:

Science, required coursework varies between 40 and 70

7240:"Statement of Expectations for Postgraduate Training" 7099:. International Association for Practice Doctorates. 7075:. Phillmore & Co. Ltd. pp. 35, 40, 219–220. 7020: 7018: 4415:. Finnish National Board of Education. Archived from 1909:

Italy uses a three-level degree system following the

1271:

In Egypt, the highest degree doctorate is awarded by

869:" (DPS) or "Doctor of Professional Practice" (DPP). 6735:

Leitenberg, Milton and Raymond A. Zilinskas (2012),

2243:, little effort is spent in identifying such fraud. 1416:), Doctor of Science in arts (Art and Design), etc. 1404:

Doctoral graduates are often Doctors of Philosophy (

1063:

Doctoral candidates are normally required to have a

954:

Doctor of Philosophy § Degrees around the globe

149:(i.e. the doctorate) was originally reserved to the 7993:"10 High-Profile People Whose Degrees Were Revoked" 7654:

American higher education in the ... – Google Books

6265: 3582:"History of the College of Physicians and Surgeons" 2653:– PhD by Published Works; only awarded infrequently 2231:(laudatio), before the session is formally closed. 278:; it is used in a broader sense under its original 7682:. Gradschool.cornell.edu. Retrieved on 2010-10-26. 7073:Academical Dress of British and Irish Universities 7061:, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 619. 7015: 5588:"Higher Doctorate Admission Requirements Schedule" 916:efforts, it may choose to grant a doctoral degree 7902:Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2014 7621:. Archived from the original on September 9, 2006 7619:"Office of Public Affairs at Yale – News Release" 5923: 5921: 5310: 5308: 5202:. Cornell University. 15 May 2003. Archived from 4277: 4275: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3820: 1618:mentioned above). The diploma is a first-degree. 605:) and the economics and social science doctorate 306:) were traditionally known as philosophy, and in 270:developed in Germany in the 17th century (likely 8371: 7673:Cornell University Graduate School – Our History 7638:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7611: 6737:The Soviet Biological Weapons Program: A History 5616:Olavo Leite, André; Carmo, Valter Moura (2014). 5615: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3947: 3945: 3717:. UK Council for Graduate Education. p. 6. 3430:"Erhard-Weigel-Gesellschaft: Biographie Weigels" 3386: 3194: 2709: 1512:degree was created on the model of the American 1302:, which is equivalent to a Ph.D. in Geriatrics. 646:, or as a portfolio of shorter project reports ( 170:, where it became a universal license to teach ( 6965:"Ley Moyano de Instrucción Pública de 1857: 14" 6544: 5997: 5672:"Undskyld mig men hvad betyder ph.d. egentlig?" 4146: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3483:, York, UK: The Higher Education Academy, p. 4. 2885:Graduate science education in the United States 1858:is no longer the only university career track. 8355:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin) 7144: 7070: 6453:Nsf.gov (2004-11-10). Retrieved on 2010-10-26. 5918: 5305: 4272: 3397:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 2557: 2083: 2070: 1339:Prepare and publicly defend a dissertation (a 1171:offers two types of "doctorate"-like degrees: 1146:. Progression to full professorship, known as 525:. The best-known research degree title in the 218:agree that there is a resemblance between the 8047: 8033: 6893: 6012: 4845:. Council of Ministers of Education, Canada. 4342: 3975: 3614:Training for the Public Profession of the Law 2512: 2506: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2422: 2389: 1548:) in national public research agency such as 1026: 310:and elsewhere in Europe the basic faculty of 178:continued to hold a higher prestige than the 7663:. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 2010-10-26. 7440: 7438: 7178:"Characteristics Statement: Master's Degree" 6894:Melián, Efrem; Meneses, Julio (2024-05-16). 6289: 6044: 5669: 4526:. Congregazione per l'Educazione Cattolica. 4012:"Characteristics Statement: Doctoral Degree" 3922: 3792:. September 2011. p. 12. Archived from 1815:is awarded, which is indicated by appending 1632: 1336:Demonstrate critical and independent thought 1275:est. 970, which grants ( العالمية Ālimiyya\ 781:, Latin for "the permission to lecture", or 557:/Professional Doctorate (ProfDoc or DProf), 7934:. National Science Foundation. March 2018. 7187:. September 2015. p. 6. Archived from 6650:"PDEng becomes EngD as of 1 September 2022" 6590: 6588: 6586: 5905:Peura, A (2004) Tohtoriksi tulemisen tarina 5882:Peura, A (2004) Tohtoriksi tulemisen tarina 5859:Peura, A (2004) Tohtoriksi tulemisen tarina 5836:Peura, A (2004) Tohtoriksi tulemisen tarina 5813:Peura, A (2004) Tohtoriksi tulemisen tarina 5790:Peura, A (2004) Tohtoriksi tulemisen tarina 4147:Grabowski, Louis; Miller, Jeanette (2015). 3847: 3754: 3710: 2618: 2575:establishing its ScD in the same year, the 2348:title is seen as roughly equivalent to the 2117: 1100:(Doctor of Medicine). The generic title of 944:List of doctoral degrees awarded by country 917: 687:Higher doctorate and post-doctoral degrees 322:University doctoral training was a form of 8040: 8026: 6481:The Justice System Reform Council (2001). 6166: 6164: 5507:"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) | UNSW Sydney" 4836:"Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework" 4794:National Center for Educational Statistics 4760:National Center for Educational Statistics 4726:National Center for Educational Statistics 4692:National Center for Educational Statistics 4179: 4177: 2893:The most common research doctorate is the 2265:) also award a 2-year (industry oriented) 1460:created in 1923), for technical research. 241: 7435: 7418:College of Nursing and Health Professions 6911: 6690: 6496:"Program Introduction and Dean's Message" 5695: 5693: 5530: 5528: 4996:"Professional Doctorate Awards in the UK" 4156:International Journal of Doctoral Studies 3337:Verger, J. (1999), "Doctor, doctoratus", 3109:Verger, J. (1999), "Doctor, doctoratus", 2980:. Some of these degrees are also termed " 2134:(the lowest degree), depending on gender 1801:), completing a course of study, and the 1544:) and to the title of Research Director ( 1479:, the doctoral candidate was awarded the 1004:Learn how and when to remove this message 841: 585:(EngD), the German engineering doctorate 7055:The History of the University of Oxford. 7024: 6583: 6297:"Italy's big six form network for elite" 5106:, The University of New South Wales 2009 4563:"Doctor of Professional Studies Program" 4343:Helena Mähler (2004). Jan Sadlak (ed.). 3758:A History of Foreign Students in Britain 3610: 3380: 3245: 3195:Devin J. Stewart, Josef W. Meri (2005). 3163:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3003:by 2015, and physical therapists to the 2863:is considered the equivalent to a Ph.D. 2833: 2817:Most British universities award degrees 2643:Integrated subject specialist doctorates 2589: 2400: 2370: 431: 384: 282:meaning of "love of wisdom". In most of 245: 6500:Yokohama National University Law School 6241: 6161: 6111:History of the Arabic Written Tradition 5665: 5663: 5597:. University of Queensland. 23 May 2023 4688:"Doctor's degree-professional practice" 4243: 4174: 4109:Department of Economics. Archived from 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3645: 3160: 2953: 2122:The traditional academic system of the 595:) the German natural science doctorate 14: 8372: 7532:"Doctor of Pharmacy Degree (Pharm.D.)" 7475:"PharmD/Ph.D. Combined Degree Program" 7103:from the original on 30 September 2016 6879:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6834:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6672: 6278:Ricerca Italiana, Scuole di Eccellenza 6153:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6079:"Führung ausländischer Hochschulgrade" 5743:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5690: 5648: 5646: 5525: 5481:"Professional Doctorate | UNSW Sydney" 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5034:"C02027v4 Doctor of Juridical Science" 4722:"Doctor's degree-research/scholarship" 3857:New York State Bar Association Journal 3336: 3188: 3154: 3130: 3108: 2249:The Dutch universities of technology ( 2093: 1448:, also called doctorate of specialty, 937: 8385:Academic degrees of the United States 8021: 7938:from the original on 2 September 2018 6714:Vereniging Hogescholen (March 2021). 6673:Houten, Maarten M. Van (2021-12-30). 6524: 6359:from the original on 14 February 2012 5670:Bjørn-Hansen, Søren (16 April 2016). 5068:"Doctor of Juridical Science (20810)" 5007:. UK Council for Graduate Education. 4804:from the original on 2 September 2018 4770:from the original on 2 September 2018 4736:from the original on 2 September 2018 4702:from the original on 2 September 2018 4136:Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED)2022 3617:. Boston: Merrymount Press. pp. 3522:Universidad de Alcala (UAH), Madrid. 3239: 2267:Professional Doctorate in Engineering 2165:(master) (mr.), and for engineering: 1533:Habilitation à diriger des recherches 950:Doctor (title) § Worldwide usage 932:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 901: 792:Habilitation à diriger des recherches 513: 410:) is generally a prerequisite for an 6994:"BOE.es, Documento BOE-A-1995-12243" 5660: 4937:from the original on 12 January 2022 4638:from the original on 17 October 2016 4628:"Doctorate of Professional Practice" 4579:from the original on 17 October 2016 4221:"Research degrees: Doctoral College" 3877: 3653:"Doctor of medicine profession (MD)" 3459:Academic Genealogy of Mathematicians 3359:, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 3301: 3015: 2762: 2058: 2040:Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies 1999:. Many professional titles, such as 1846:and employment as a full university 1412:), Doctor of Science in technology ( 986:adding citations to reliable sources 957: 371:María Isidra de Guzmán y de la Cerda 230:and others reject Makdisi's theory. 7912:from the original on 6 October 2016 7356:"Berkeley Law, Ph.D. Program (JSP)" 7246:from the original on 1 October 2016 7220:from the original on 6 October 2016 7158:from the original on 6 October 2016 5643: 5622:Revista Brasileira de Pós-Graduação 5542:. University of Southern Queensland 5449:Australian Qualifications Framework 5422: 5014:from the original on 6 October 2016 4994:Kathryn Brown & Carlton Cooke. 4957:"Review of Professional Doctorates" 4668:from the original on 8 October 2016 4530:from the original on 5 October 2016 4449:from the original on 2 October 2016 4373:from the original on 2 October 2016 4324:from the original on 6 October 2016 4312:"National Qualifications Framework" 4231:from the original on 4 October 2016 3663:from the original on 9 October 2016 3588:from the original on 5 October 2016 2878: 2812: 2594:Ph.D. Gown, University of Cambridge 1940:Alternatively, after obtaining the 1913:. The first-level degree, called a 1825:Dr. rer. nat. habil. Max Mustermann 1647:). The most important degrees are: 1045:Australian Qualifications Framework 623:(DDS) are research doctorates. The 24: 7414:"Ph.D. in Rehabilitation Sciences" 7123:"Compare different qualifications" 6625:"DUO – IB-Groep/An academic title" 6463:Ronpaku (Dissertation Phd) Program 6218:"LEGGE del 21 FEBBRAIO 1980 n. 28" 6045:Bernd Kramer (28 September 2015). 5264:from the original on 14 April 2006 4852:from the original on 14 March 2016 3859:. New York State Bar Association. 3087:List of fields of doctoral studies 2960:List of doctoral degrees in the US 2889:List of doctoral degrees in the US 2704:national qualifications frameworks 2498:Premio Extraordinario de Doctorado 2375:The ancient ceremony of bestowing 2251:Eindhoven University of Technology 2012:Superior Graduate Schools in Italy 1952:; second-level Master's after the 852:List of doctoral degrees in the US 25: 8396: 7385:"Ph.D. Program, UW School of Law" 7298:"Ph.D. Program – Yale Law School" 6410:"2005 Universita in Italia Guida" 6059:from the original on 24 June 2018 6026:from the original on 6 April 2018 5974:Enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr 5044:. 30 October 2009. Archived from 4965:European Universities Association 4658:"Doctor of Professional Practice" 4080:from the original on 22 June 2016 3827:. Cambria Press. pp. 20–25. 3783:"Doctoral degree characteristics" 3461:, World Scientific, 2010, p. 183. 2723:upper second class or first class 2605:Doctor of Business Administration 2552: 2126:provided basic academic diploma: 1894:to create a doctoral program was 571:Doctor of Business Administration 118:. Its roots can be traced to the 7985: 7950: 7924: 7890: 7858: 7828: 7806: 7781: 7752: 7739: 7720: 7702: 7685: 7666: 7647: 7582: 7553: 7524: 7496: 7467: 7406: 7377: 7348: 7327:"Distance Learning Ph.D. in Law" 7319: 7290: 7258: 7232: 7206: 7170: 7115: 7089: 7064: 7044: 6986: 6957: 6928: 6887: 6842: 6797: 6773: 6742: 6729: 6707: 6679:Tijdschrift voor Hoger Onderwijs 6666: 6642: 6617: 6527:"Justice System Reform in Japan" 6518: 6488: 6475: 6472:. JSPS. Retrieved on 2010-10-26. 6456: 6437: 6402: 6371: 6339: 6318: 6235: 6210: 6196: 6192:Law of February 21, 1980, No. 28 6185: 6116: 6113:, Volume 1, BRILL, 2016, p. vii. 6103: 6089: 6013:Sarah Schmidt (1 October 2015). 6000:"Guide to a Doctorate in France" 4058:from the original on 2015-10-17. 4021:. September 2015. Archived from 3714:Higher Doctorates in the UK 2013 3019: 2829: 2623:Today, except for those awarded 2409:on the walls (in this case, the 2212:Royal Library of the Netherlands 2036:Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa 1898:in 1927 under the historic name 1896:Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa 1082:Doutor em Ciências da Computação 962: 345:in 1608 have been discredited), 8094:Certificate of Higher Education 8003:from the original on 2016-08-14 7974:from the original on 2017-03-29 7846:from the original on 8 May 2016 7770:from the original on 2008-04-13 7485:from the original on 2013-10-20 7456:from the original on 2013-10-20 7424:from the original on 2013-10-24 7395:from the original on 2013-10-20 7366:from the original on 2013-10-20 7337:from the original on 2013-10-20 7308:from the original on 2013-09-06 7279:from the original on 2016-08-23 7033:from the original on 2016-03-04 6975:from the original on 2012-03-07 6946:from the original on 2008-03-04 6606:from the original on 2010-03-23 6426:from the original on 2017-01-07 6391:from the original on 2012-03-20 6307:from the original on 2012-09-23 6254:from the original on 2016-09-29 6071: 6038: 6015:"Kommt ein Doktor zum Arzt ..." 6006: 5991: 5980:from the original on 2016-12-02 5962: 5934: 5931:, Blackwell Publishing, p. 208. 5895: 5872: 5849: 5826: 5803: 5780: 5769:from the original on 2016-10-19 5751: 5707: 5632:from the original on 2015-05-22 5609: 5580: 5554: 5513:. University of New South Wales 5499: 5487:. University of New South Wales 5473: 5393: 5368: 5339: 5276: 5246: 5217: 5192: 5181:from the original on 2008-07-09 5163: 5138: 5109: 5090: 5060: 5042:University of Technology Sydney 5026: 4987: 4949: 4919: 4899: 4867: 4828: 4782: 4748: 4714: 4680: 4650: 4620: 4609:from the original on 2018-08-23 4591: 4555: 4542: 4516: 4500:. Campus France. Archived from 4490: 4461: 4431: 4405: 4336: 4304: 4293:from the original on 2008-05-03 4261:from the original on 2016-06-04 4213: 4140: 4129: 4095: 4062: 4040: 3866:from the original on 2017-01-03 3841: 3814: 3775: 3748: 3675: 3604: 3574: 3563:from the original on 2016-05-17 3545: 3534:from the original on 2012-10-07 3515: 3504:from the original on 2016-10-18 3486: 3451: 3422: 3370: 3131:Verger, J. (1999), "Licentia", 2352:in Western countries while the 1200:A 'full' doctor's degree (e.g. 1084:(Doctor of Computer Sciences), 973:needs additional citations for 380: 27:Academic or professional degree 7760:"Graduate Degree Requirements" 5970:"La formation doctorale – ESR" 5200:"Dear Uncle Ezra: Question 19" 5074:. 24 June 2010. Archived from 4048:"University of Oxford answers" 3347: 3330: 3295: 3141: 2495:for an "Extraordinary Award" ( 2255:Delft University of Technology 2197: 2020:Scuola Superiore Universitaria 1878:Until the introduction of the 1121:Fundações de Amparo à Pesquisa 867:Doctor of Professional Studies 555:Doctor of Professional Studies 93: 13: 1: 6552:"VSNU Guidelines on Granting 4287:americangraduateeducation.com 4283:"Research Doctorate Programs" 3683:"Landmarks in Yale's history" 3553:"A Brief History of Columbia" 3434:Erhard-weigel-gesellschaft.de 3092: 3011: 2805:(DD); in the 2008 survey the 2710:Subject specialist doctorates 2637:Subject specialist doctorates 2613:Doctor of Clinical Psychology 2424:Diploma de Estudios Avanzados 2161:degree were awarded for law: 1985:Dottore/Dottoressa magistrale 1977:Dottore/Dottoressa di Ricerca 1333:Complete graduate coursework. 1257:academic positions in Denmark 662: 271: 110:as a license to teach Latin ( 81:Many universities also award 6563:Universiteiten van Nederland 5347:"Types of Graduate Programs" 5290:(in Spanish). Archived from 5117:"Higher Degrees by Research" 4473:Embassy of the United States 3957:U.S. Department of Education 3755:H. Perraton (17 June 2014). 2846:degree in the United States. 2844:Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) 2130:and three academic degrees: 2044:"Diploma di Perfezionamento" 1983:grants instead the title of 1900:"Diploma di Perfezionamento" 1770:Dr. rer. nat. Max Mustermann 1638:. The concept of a US-style 1504:) and 1958 (for letters and 1458:diplôme de docteur-ingénieur 1131:and FAPEMIG in the state of 1038: 1016: 777:countries, the degree gives 629:Doctor of Practical Theology 427:American Medical Association 159:Third Council of the Lateran 7: 8090:Diploma of Higher Education 7906:National Science Foundation 6692:10.59532/tvho.v39i3-4.13389 6417:Guidalaureebiennali.miur.it 5942:The French Education System 4552:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 4225:University of Hertfordshire 4070:"BUCSIS Research Programme" 3055: 2948:National Science Foundation 2861:Doctor of Juridical Science 2558:History of the UK doctorate 2276: 2237:Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs 1850:. With the introduction of 1510:Doctorat de troisième cycle 1446:Doctorat de troisième cycle 1096:(Doctor of Engineering) or 547:Doctor of Juridical Science 138:authorities who taught and 10: 8401: 7644:. Retrieved on 2010-10-26. 7154:. Graduate Prospects Ltd. 6913:10.19173/irrodl.v25i2.7702 5568:. University of Queensland 4875:"AQF qualification titles" 4798:US Department of Education 4764:US Department of Education 4730:US Department of Education 4696:US Department of Education 4662:Carnegie Mellon University 4568:Gabelli School of Business 3821:Kenneth K. Mwenda (2007). 3394:. In Josef W. Meri (ed.). 3005:Doctor of Physical Therapy 3001:Doctor of Nursing Practice 2982:first professional degrees 2957: 2903:University of Pennsylvania 2882: 2773:contribution to research. 2455:), and "Summa cum laude" ( 2329:Candidate of the Sciences 2301:Introduced in 1819 in the 1823:) to the doctorate, e.g., 1625: 1542:Professeur des universités 1305: 1163: 947: 941: 905: 895:Scientiae Juridicae Doctor 874:US Department of Education 845: 775:Central and Eastern Europe 690: 666: 499: 88: 29: 8334: 8253: 8212: 8205: 8177: 8139: 8130: 8102: 8065: 8056: 7696:October 30, 2009, at the 7097:"Professional Doctorates" 7059:Nineteenth Century Oxford 7053:and M.C Curthouys, eds., 3848:David Perry (June 2012). 2930:comprehensive examination 2651:Doctorates by publication 2514:Proyecto de Fin de Máster 2513: 2507: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2423: 2390: 2346:Candidate of the Sciences 2338: 2316: 2296: 2084: 2071: 1762:European Research Council 1612:diplôme d'État de docteur 1426: 1127:, FAPERJ in the state of 1058: 633:Doctor of Sacred Theology 7814:"Admissions Information" 7747:Graduate Education Today 7185:Quality Assurance Agency 6654:Stan Ackermans Institute 6047:"Akademische Ramschware" 5998:ANDès & CJC (2022). 5927:Alan D. Schrift (2006), 4632:Robert Gordon University 4445:Belgium and Luxembourg. 4192:Quality Assurance Agency 4074:University of Buckingham 4019:Quality Assurance Agency 3899:Quality Assurance Agency 3790:Quality Assurance Agency 3473:Redefining the Doctorate 3340:Lexikon des Mittelalters 3269:10.1177/0011392106058837 3134:Lexikon des Mittelalters 3112:Lexikon des Mittelalters 2934:defending a dissertation 2824:Doctor of the University 2757:British Heart Foundation 2675:Quality Assurance Agency 2619:British doctorates today 2508:Trabajo de Fin de Máster 2366: 2239:though according to the 2183:onderzoeker in opleiding 2118:Netherlands and Flanders 2053: 1873: 1861: 1467:, and secondary thesis, 1266: 1088:(Doctor of Philosophy), 729:teaching qualification ( 621:Doctor of Dental Surgery 607:Doctor rerum politicarum 573:(D.B.A. or DBA), the UK 563:Doctor of Social Science 495: 438:Brigham Young University 202:issued in early Islamic 45:, meaning "teacher") or 8086:Higher National Diploma 7717:. Bicentennial Timeline 7071:George W. Shaw (1995). 6206:No. 382 of 11 July 1980 5004:University of Leicester 4756:"Doctor's degree-other" 4251:"Engineering doctorate" 3584:. Columbia University. 3524:"Universidad de Alcalá" 3062:Postdoctoral researcher 2905:followed in 1871, with 2573:University of Cambridge 2544:University of Salamanca 2458:Sobresaliente Cum Laude 2112:Shihou Shushusei koushi 1748:; veterinary medicine); 1092:(Doctor of Economics), 693:Postdoctoral researcher 627:(Th.D., D.Th. or ThD), 597:Doctor rerum naturalium 559:Doctor of Public Health 401:. After that time, the 268:doctorate of philosophy 242:17th and 18th centuries 172:licentia ubique docendi 32:Doctor (disambiguation) 6723:Vereniging Hogescholen 6301:Times Higher Education 5915:. Retrieved 1-14-2009. 5892:. Retrieved 1-14-2009. 5869:. Retrieved 1-14-2009. 5846:. Retrieved 1-14-2009. 5823:. Retrieved 1-14-2009. 5800:. Retrieved 1-14-2009. 5701:"Doktor | lex.dk" 4931:Aberystwyth University 4439:"University Education" 4194:. 2016. Archived from 3498:Catholic Encyclopaedia 2847: 2783: 2700: 2595: 2540:Complutense University 2414: 2385: 2354:Doctor of the Sciences 2308:Doctor of the Sciences 2179:assistent in opleiding 2148:kandidaats (candidate) 2042:keep their historical 1884:in the mid-1980s, the 1821:habilitata/habilitatus 1746:medicinae veterinariae 1640:professional doctorate 1633: 1568:Today, the doctorate ( 1546:Directeur de recherche 1508:), the less demanding 1450:Doctorat de spécialité 1398: 1109:Brazilian constitution 1027: 928:University of Virginia 918: 842:Professional doctorate 565:(D.S.Sc. or DSocSci), 551:Doctor of Musical Arts 527:English-speaking world 441: 421:at Kings College (now 390: 375:Complutense University 347:Elena Cornaro Piscopia 263: 174:). However, while the 59:("licence to teach"). 8193:Candidate of Sciences 5654:"Ph.d. | lex.dk" 2837: 2778: 2679: 2593: 2404: 2374: 2305:, the academic title 2263:Wageningen University 2241:opportunity principle 2024:Schools of Excellence 1798:Inauguraldissertation 1606:The title of doctor ( 1487:Doctorat d'université 1421:postdoctoral research 712:Doctor of Law or Laws 648:thesis by publication 619:(MD or MD (Res)) and 583:Engineering Doctorate 579:Doctor of Engineering 500:Further information: 435: 388: 249: 157:, and pay a fee. The 145:The right to grant a 140:interpreted the Bible 8263:Academic certificate 8155:Postgraduate diploma 7057:, vol. VII, part 2: 6940:Protocolo y Etiqueta 6328:Scuole di Eccellenza 6303:. 18 February 2000. 5566:support.my.uq.edu.au 5376:"Study in Argentina" 4550:Sociology in Austria 4443:Fulbright Commission 4413:"University Degrees" 4201:on 17 September 2016 4107:University of Oxford 4103:"DPhil in Economics" 4052:University of Oxford 3799:on 18 September 2017 3711:Tina Barnes (2013). 3657:Medical Encyclopedia 3404:. pp. 201–203. 3392:"Degrees, or Ijazah" 3247:Al-Attas, Syed Farid 3205:. pp. 201–203. 2954:Professional degrees 2895:Doctor of Philosophy 2807:Doctor of Technology 2745:Research Councils UK 2581:University of Oxford 2577:University of London 2344:In this system, the 2259:University of Twente 2032:Scuole di Eccellenza 1931:dottorato di ricerca 1904:dottorato di ricerca 1881:dottorato di ricerca 1808:Habilitationsschrift 1614:, distinct from the 1469:thèse complémentaire 1456:of doctor-engineer ( 1410:lääketieteen tohtori 1094:Doutor em Engenharia 982:improve this article 862:professional degrees 575:Doctor of Management 567:Doctor of Management 549:(J.S.D. or S.J.D.), 537:(Ed.D. or EdD), the 531:Doctor of Philosophy 458:University of Oxford 68:Doctor of Philosophy 30:For other uses, see 8298:Professional degree 7842:. 23 October 2011. 6942:. 26 October 2007. 6203:Presidential Decree 6019:Süddeutsche Zeitung 5944:, Routledge, 1985, 5284:"Tipos de posgrado" 4887:on 13 December 2016 3147:Keith Allan Noble, 3072:Habilitation thesis 2997:Doctor of Audiology 2609:Doctor of Education 2601:University of Wales 2477:) and "Cum laude" ( 2350:research doctorates 2094:Professional degree 1831:). The holder of a 1736:medicinae dentariae 1500:. In 1954 (for the 1494:Doctorat ès lettres 1482:Doctorat ès lettres 1477:University of Paris 1391:lectio praecursoria 1273:Al-Azhar University 1212:(in the sciences), 1206:Doctor Philosophiae 1144:assistant professor 1086:Doutor em Filosofia 938:National variations 848:Professional degree 799:), for example the 716:Doctor of Civil Law 535:Doctor of Education 450:professional degree 423:Columbia University 351:University of Padua 216:Syed Farid al-Attas 196:theorizes that the 168:University of Paris 83:honorary doctorates 8225:Doctor of Sciences 7732:2009-07-19 at the 7713:2016-06-21 at the 7678:2009-08-29 at the 7659:2015-09-13 at the 7266:"Credential Creep" 7242:. September 2016. 6525:Foote, D. (2005). 6468:2009-04-24 at the 6449:2016-03-05 at the 6333:2012-05-22 at the 6283:2012-03-07 at the 6179:2012-02-17 at the 6109:Carl Brockelmann, 5656:. 29 January 2024. 5102:2011-07-06 at the 5078:on 10 October 2010 5072:UWA Handbooks 2010 4573:Fordham University 4469:"American Studies" 3963:on 27 January 2012 3479:2016-10-06 at the 3249:(1 January 2006). 3198:Degrees, or Ijazah 3067:Compilation thesis 3031:. You can help by 2907:Cornell University 2901:commencement. The 2857:Doctor of Medicine 2848: 2842:awarded the first 2803:Doctor of Divinity 2749:Cancer Research UK 2596: 2415: 2386: 2187:research assistant 1961:Dottore/Dottoressa 1774:Dr. Max Mustermann 1492:In the 1950s, the 1406:filosofian tohtori 1345:compilation thesis 1312:ammattikorkeakoulu 1102:Doutor em Ciências 1098:Doutor em Medicina 1090:Doutor em Economia 1080:(Doctor of Laws), 924:Cornell University 902:Honorary doctorate 809:Doctor of Sciences 801:Russian Federation 710:(DLitt or LittD), 704:Doctor of Divinity 625:Doctor of Theology 617:Doctor of Medicine 569:(D.M. or D.Mgt.), 541:(D.Sc. or Sc.D.), 514:Research doctorate 442: 391: 359:Bologna University 300:natural philosophy 264: 260:Doctor of Medicine 155:oath of allegiance 122:in which the term 49:is a postgraduate 8367: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8317:Specialist degree 8201: 8200: 8169:Engineer's degree 8126: 8125: 8113:Bachelor's degree 8081:Foundation degree 7908:. December 2015. 7898:"Technical Notes" 7194:on 6 October 2016 6085:on 11 April 2009. 5958:978-0-7099-1683-3 5913:978-952-10-4386-4 5890:978-952-10-4386-4 5867:978-952-10-4386-4 5844:978-952-10-4386-4 5821:978-952-10-4386-4 5798:978-952-10-4386-4 5540:policy.usq.edu.au 5459:978-0-9870562-2-1 4975:on 6 October 2016 4548:Christian Fleck, 4504:on 6 October 2016 4419:on 6 October 2016 4113:on 6 October 2016 4028:on 6 October 2016 3724:978-0-9563812-7-9 3611:Reed, A. (1921). 3470:Park, C. (2007), 3256:Current Sociology 3049: 3048: 2791:Doctor of Letters 2787:Doctor of Science 2763:Higher doctorates 2726:bachelor's degree 2666:Higher doctorates 2631:Junior doctorates 2587:(DLitt) in 1900. 2585:Doctor of Letters 2583:establishing its 2569:Durham University 2565:Doctor of Science 2411:Seville Cathedral 2287:Flemish Community 2059:Dissertation-only 2046:title by law and 1981:laurea magistrale 1954:laurea magistrale 1946:laurea magistrale 1923:laurea magistrale 1919:Bachelor's degree 1852:Juniorprofessuren 1706:rerum politicarum 1414:tekniikan tohtori 1148:Professor Titular 1078:Doutor em Direito 1014: 1013: 1006: 708:Doctor of Letters 700:Doctor of Science 539:Doctor of Science 454:Durham University 363:Dorothea Erxleben 180:bachelor's degree 16:(Redirected from 8392: 8380:Doctoral degrees 8303:Graduate diploma 8220:Higher doctorate 8210: 8209: 8137: 8136: 8076:Associate degree 8063: 8062: 8042: 8035: 8028: 8019: 8018: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8008: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7973: 7962: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7878: 7872:. Archived from 7862: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7820:. Archived from 7810: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7791:. Archived from 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7756: 7750: 7743: 7737: 7724: 7718: 7706: 7700: 7689: 7683: 7670: 7664: 7651: 7645: 7643: 7637: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7605: 7596:. Archived from 7586: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7567:. Archived from 7561:"PharmD Program" 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7547: 7538:. Archived from 7528: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7509:. Archived from 7500: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7442: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7381: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7371: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7342: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7270: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7193: 7182: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7152:"What is a PhD?" 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7129:. 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Archived from 6492: 6486: 6479: 6473: 6460: 6454: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6425: 6414: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6390: 6383: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6358: 6351: 6343: 6337: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6293: 6287: 6276: 6272: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6220:. Archived from 6214: 6208: 6200: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6172: 6168: 6159: 6158: 6152: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6135: 6129:. Archived from 6128: 6120: 6114: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6081:. Archived from 6075: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5966: 5960: 5938: 5932: 5925: 5916: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5742: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5725:on 13 April 2018 5721:. 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Archived from 5113: 5107: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5013: 5000: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4974: 4961: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4857: 4851: 4840: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4811: 4809: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4559: 4553: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4480: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4390: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4372: 4351: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4323: 4316: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4279: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4200: 4189: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4153: 4144: 4138: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4120: 4118: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4027: 4016: 4008: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3959:. Archived from 3949: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3907: 3896: 3888: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3865: 3854: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3798: 3787: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3733: 3727:. Archived from 3708: 3691: 3690: 3689:. 3 August 2015. 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3630: 3622: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3494:"Juliana Morell" 3490: 3484: 3468: 3462: 3457:Sooyoung Chang, 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3436:. Archived from 3426: 3420: 3419: 3388:Devin J. Stewart 3384: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3224: 3216: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3158: 3152: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3128: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3044: 3041: 3023: 3016: 2879:Research degrees 2869:physical therapy 2813:Honorary degrees 2516: 2510: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2460: 2454: 2449:), "Cum laude" ( 2448: 2442: 2436: 2426: 2393: 2340: 2318: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2073: 1829:facultas docendi 1658:rerum naturalium 1636: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1582:Contrat Doctoral 1465:thèse principale 1030: 1009: 1002: 998: 995: 989: 966: 958: 921: 767:facultas docendi 731:facultas docendi 523:academic journal 470: 395:English-speaking 367:Halle University 304:natural sciences 273: 232:Devin J. Stewart 224:licentia docendi 212:Alfred Guillaume 147:licentia docendi 126:referred to the 112:licentia docendi 56:licentia docendi 21: 8400: 8399: 8395: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8359: 8342:Honorary degree 8330: 8326:Terminal degree 8288:Magister degree 8273:External degree 8255: 8249: 8197: 8173: 8150:Master's degree 8122: 8098: 8052: 8050:academic degree 8046: 8016: 8015: 8006: 8004: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7977: 7975: 7971: 7960: 7956: 7955: 7951: 7941: 7939: 7930: 7929: 7925: 7915: 7913: 7896: 7895: 7891: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7849: 7847: 7840:Telegraph.co.uk 7834: 7833: 7829: 7812: 7811: 7807: 7798: 7796: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7773: 7771: 7758: 7757: 7753: 7744: 7740: 7734:Wayback Machine 7725: 7721: 7715:Wayback Machine 7707: 7703: 7698:Wayback Machine 7690: 7686: 7680:Wayback Machine 7671: 7667: 7661:Wayback Machine 7652: 7648: 7631: 7630: 7624: 7622: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7603: 7601: 7588: 7587: 7583: 7574: 7572: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7545: 7543: 7530: 7529: 7525: 7516: 7514: 7502: 7501: 7497: 7488: 7486: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7459: 7457: 7444: 7443: 7436: 7427: 7425: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7398: 7396: 7383: 7382: 7378: 7369: 7367: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7340: 7338: 7325: 7324: 7320: 7311: 7309: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7282: 7280: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7223: 7221: 7216:. Vitae.ac.uk. 7212: 7211: 7207: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7180: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7161: 7159: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7136: 7134: 7121: 7120: 7116: 7106: 7104: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7083: 7069: 7065: 7049: 7045: 7036: 7034: 7023: 7016: 7007: 7005: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6978: 6976: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6949: 6947: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6892: 6888: 6872: 6871: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6850:"Archived copy" 6848: 6847: 6843: 6827: 6826: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6807: 6805:"Archived copy" 6803: 6802: 6798: 6789: 6787: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6743: 6734: 6730: 6718: 6712: 6708: 6671: 6667: 6658: 6656: 6648: 6647: 6643: 6634: 6632: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6609: 6607: 6594: 6593: 6584: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6558: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6536: 6529: 6523: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6480: 6476: 6470:Wayback Machine 6461: 6457: 6451:Wayback Machine 6442: 6438: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6335:Wayback Machine 6324: 6323: 6319: 6310: 6308: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6285:Wayback Machine 6274: 6273: 6266: 6257: 6255: 6240: 6236: 6227: 6225: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6201: 6197: 6190: 6186: 6181:Wayback Machine 6170: 6169: 6162: 6146: 6145: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6124:"Archived copy" 6122: 6121: 6117: 6108: 6104: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6062: 6060: 6043: 6039: 6029: 6027: 6011: 6007: 5996: 5992: 5983: 5981: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5939: 5935: 5926: 5919: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5772: 5770: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5736: 5735: 5728: 5726: 5715:"Archived copy" 5713: 5712: 5708: 5703:. 20 June 2021. 5699: 5698: 5691: 5681: 5679: 5678:(in Danish). DR 5668: 5661: 5652: 5651: 5644: 5635: 5633: 5628:(26): 969–997. 5614: 5610: 5600: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5490: 5488: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5444: 5423: 5414: 5412: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5385: 5383: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5360: 5358: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5306: 5297: 5295: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5260:. 8 June 2001. 5252: 5251: 5247: 5238: 5236: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5209: 5207: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5184: 5182: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5155: 5153: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5130: 5128: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5104:Wayback Machine 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5011: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4807: 4805: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4612: 4610: 4603:www.stjohns.edu 4597: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4478: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4394: 4393: 4384: 4383: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4356:. p. 202. 4349: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4296: 4294: 4281: 4280: 4273: 4264: 4262: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4175: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4130: 4116: 4114: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4083: 4081: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4014: 4010: 4009: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3951: 3950: 3923: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3878: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3819: 3815: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3753: 3749: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3709: 3694: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3659:. MedlinePlus. 3651: 3650: 3646: 3634: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3609: 3605: 3591: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3566: 3564: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3537: 3535: 3520: 3516: 3507: 3505: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3481:Wayback Machine 3469: 3465: 3456: 3452: 3443: 3441: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3412: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3371: 3352: 3348: 3335: 3331: 3317: 3300: 3296: 3244: 3240: 3228: 3227: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3193: 3189: 3169:(2): 175–182 , 3159: 3155: 3146: 3142: 3129: 3120: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3058: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3029:needs expansion 3014: 2962: 2956: 2941:master's degree 2899:Yale University 2891: 2883:Main articles: 2881: 2840:Yale University 2832: 2815: 2799:Doctor of Music 2765: 2730:master's degree 2712: 2621: 2560: 2555: 2443:), Remarkable ( 2369: 2299: 2279: 2200: 2120: 2096: 2081: 2068: 2061: 2056: 2022:), also called 1927:Master's degree 1911:Bologna Process 1902:. Further, the 1876: 1864: 1628: 1616:doctorat d'État 1598: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1574:master's degree 1522:Doctorat d'État 1498:Doctorat d'État 1496:was renamed to 1442:doctorat d'État 1438:State doctorate 1429: 1354:numerus clausus 1308: 1269: 1195:Bologna Process 1166: 1065:master's degree 1061: 1041: 1025:the doctorate ( 1019: 1010: 999: 993: 990: 979: 967: 956: 946: 940: 910: 908:Honorary degree 904: 890:Bologna Process 854: 844: 787:doctorat d'État 696: 689: 680:Bologna Process 671: 665: 588:Doktoringenieur 516: 504: 498: 468: 446:Yale University 403:German practice 383: 349:in 1678 at the 332:master's degree 292:social sciences 244: 151:Catholic Church 108:medieval Europe 96: 91: 51:academic degree 47:doctoral degree 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8398: 8388: 8387: 8382: 8365: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8352: 8344: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8314: 8312:Higher diploma 8309: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8268:Artist diploma 8265: 8259: 8257: 8256:classification 8251: 8250: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8216: 8214: 8207: 8203: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8195: 8190: 8184: 8182: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8152: 8146: 8144: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8118:Honours degree 8115: 8109: 8107: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8083: 8078: 8072: 8070: 8060: 8054: 8053: 8045: 8044: 8037: 8030: 8022: 8014: 8013: 7984: 7949: 7923: 7889: 7857: 7827: 7824:on 2009-02-25. 7805: 7780: 7751: 7738: 7719: 7701: 7684: 7665: 7646: 7610: 7581: 7552: 7523: 7495: 7466: 7434: 7405: 7389:washington.edu 7376: 7347: 7318: 7289: 7257: 7231: 7205: 7169: 7143: 7114: 7088: 7081: 7063: 7043: 7025:John Aldrich. 7014: 6985: 6969:wikisource.org 6956: 6927: 6906:(2): 114–131. 6886: 6841: 6796: 6772: 6741: 6728: 6706: 6685:(3–4): 23–35. 6665: 6641: 6616: 6582: 6554:Ius Promovendi 6543: 6539:on 2009-03-20. 6517: 6487: 6474: 6455: 6436: 6419:(in Italian). 6401: 6370: 6338: 6317: 6288: 6264: 6234: 6209: 6195: 6184: 6160: 6115: 6102: 6088: 6070: 6037: 6005: 5990: 5961: 5933: 5917: 5894: 5871: 5848: 5825: 5802: 5779: 5750: 5706: 5689: 5659: 5642: 5608: 5579: 5553: 5524: 5498: 5472: 5458: 5421: 5392: 5367: 5338: 5304: 5275: 5245: 5216: 5191: 5162: 5137: 5108: 5089: 5059: 5025: 4986: 4948: 4918: 4898: 4866: 4827: 4781: 4747: 4713: 4679: 4649: 4619: 4590: 4554: 4541: 4515: 4489: 4460: 4430: 4404: 4362: 4335: 4303: 4271: 4242: 4212: 4173: 4139: 4128: 4094: 4061: 4039: 3974: 3921: 3876: 3840: 3833: 3813: 3774: 3767: 3747: 3723: 3692: 3674: 3644: 3603: 3573: 3544: 3514: 3485: 3463: 3450: 3421: 3410: 3379: 3369: 3346: 3329: 3316:978-0521529945 3315: 3294: 3263:(1): 112–132. 3238: 3229:|journal= 3211: 3187: 3175:10.2307/604423 3153: 3140: 3118: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3077:Doctor (title) 3074: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3054: 3047: 3046: 3026: 3024: 3013: 3010: 2958:Main article: 2955: 2952: 2880: 2877: 2871:after DPT, in 2831: 2828: 2814: 2811: 2764: 2761: 2753:Wellcome Trust 2711: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2632: 2620: 2617: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2553:United Kingdom 2551: 2492:Apto Cum Laude 2486:Apto Cum Laude 2480:Apto Cum Laude 2463: 2462: 2428: 2368: 2365: 2303:Russian Empire 2298: 2295: 2278: 2275: 2204:ius promovendi 2199: 2196: 2119: 2116: 2095: 2092: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2005:esame di stato 1875: 1872: 1863: 1860: 1758: 1757: 1756:(engineering). 1749: 1739: 1732:Dr. med. dent. 1729: 1719: 1709: 1699: 1689: 1679: 1669: 1627: 1624: 1566: 1565: 1518:Master of Arts 1506:human sciences 1434: 1433: 1428: 1425: 1349: 1348: 1337: 1334: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1307: 1304: 1268: 1265: 1238:(ex auditorio) 1226: 1225: 1198: 1165: 1162: 1129:Rio de Janeiro 1060: 1057: 1040: 1037: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1011: 970: 968: 961: 942:Main article: 939: 936: 906:Main article: 903: 900: 843: 840: 771:venia legendi. 702:(DSc or ScD), 688: 685: 667:Main article: 664: 661: 631:(DPT) and the 543:Doctor of Arts 515: 512: 502:Doctor (title) 497: 494: 492:or professor. 382: 379: 339:Juliana Morell 324:apprenticeship 290:, philosophy, 286:, all fields ( 258:to obtain his 256:Claude Bernard 243: 240: 194:George Makdisi 132:church fathers 106:) appeared in 95: 92: 90: 87: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8397: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8252: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8176: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8164:Diplom degree 8162: 8160: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8129: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8058:Undergraduate 8055: 8051: 8043: 8038: 8036: 8031: 8029: 8024: 8023: 8020: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7970: 7966: 7959: 7953: 7937: 7933: 7927: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7893: 7879:on 2012-01-27 7875: 7871: 7867: 7861: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7809: 7795:on 2010-06-13 7794: 7790: 7784: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7755: 7748: 7742: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7723: 7716: 7712: 7709: 7705: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7669: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7650: 7641: 7635: 7620: 7614: 7600:on 2013-10-20 7599: 7595: 7591: 7585: 7571:on 2013-10-20 7570: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7542:on 2013-10-20 7541: 7537: 7533: 7527: 7513:on 2013-10-24 7512: 7508: 7505: 7499: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7441: 7439: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7380: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7261: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7190: 7186: 7179: 7173: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7133:on 2013-01-16 7132: 7128: 7127:ofqual.gov.uk 7124: 7118: 7102: 7098: 7092: 7084: 7082:0-85033-974-X 7078: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7047: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7019: 7004:on 2008-12-19 7003: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6923: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6890: 6882: 6876: 6862:on 2014-07-27 6858: 6851: 6845: 6837: 6831: 6817:on 2012-06-09 6813: 6806: 6800: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6762:on 2008-02-16 6758: 6751: 6745: 6738: 6732: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6669: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6631:on 2010-12-17 6630: 6626: 6620: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6572:on 2019-05-11 6568: 6564: 6557: 6555: 6547: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6506:on 2009-09-10 6505: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6484: 6478: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6459: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6440: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6405: 6387: 6380: 6374: 6355: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6321: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6271: 6269: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6242:Dario Cillo. 6238: 6224:on 2011-11-04 6223: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6167: 6165: 6156: 6150: 6136:on 2012-04-26 6132: 6125: 6119: 6112: 6106: 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Lewis, 5937: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5898: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5829: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5806: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5783: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5746: 5740: 5724: 5720: 5719:www.seci.info 5716: 5710: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5664: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5596: 5589: 5583: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5529: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5411:on 2008-12-06 5410: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5382:on 2008-09-16 5381: 5377: 5371: 5357:on 2010-08-25 5356: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5328:on 2006-10-31 5324: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5294:on 2008-06-12 5293: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5235:on 2008-10-10 5234: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5206:on 2010-08-25 5205: 5201: 5195: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5152:on 2008-09-30 5151: 5147: 5141: 5127:on 2009-09-12 5126: 5122: 5121:monash.edu.au 5118: 5112: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5093: 5077: 5073: 5069: 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2602: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2459: 2453: 2452:Sobresaliente 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2392: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2364: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2339:Кандидат наук 2336: 2332: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2213: 2207: 2205: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2154:doctoranda/us 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104:Shihou shiken 2101: 2091: 2080: 2067: 2066:ronbun hakase 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1882: 1871: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1838: 1837:venia legendi 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1742:Dr. med. vet. 1740: 1738:; dentistry); 1737: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1702:Dr. rer. pol. 1700: 1698:; economics); 1697: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1653:Dr. rer. nat. 1650: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1623: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1585: 1583: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1431: 1430: 1424: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1372: 1366: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1303: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1288: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1170: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1153:Livre-docente 1149: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1115:) and CAPES ( 1114: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1066: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1008: 1005: 997: 987: 983: 977: 976: 971:This section 969: 965: 960: 959: 955: 951: 945: 935: 933: 929: 925: 920: 919:honoris causa 915: 914:philanthropic 909: 899: 897: 896: 891: 886: 882: 879: 875: 870: 868: 863: 859: 853: 849: 839: 837: 836: 832: 828: 824: 823: 822:honoris causa 818: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 793: 788: 784: 780: 779:venia legendi 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 747:Liechtenstein 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 694: 684: 681: 676: 670: 660: 656: 655:methodology. 653: 649: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 613: 612:Dr. rer. pol. 608: 604: 603: 602:Dr. rer. nat. 598: 594: 590: 589: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 521: 520:peer-reviewed 511: 509: 503: 493: 491: 490: 484: 480: 479: 478:honoris causa 472: 466: 461: 459: 455: 451: 447: 439: 434: 430: 428: 424: 420: 415: 413: 409: 404: 400: 396: 387: 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 317:Dr. rer. nat. 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 269: 262:degree (1843) 261: 257: 254:presented by 253: 250:Cover of the 248: 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 156: 152: 148: 143: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 86: 84: 79: 78:disciplines. 77: 73: 69: 65: 60: 58: 57: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 8347: 8230:Habilitation 8213:Postdoctoral 8187: 8132:Postgraduate 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