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1157:, it, by no means, solved the question of the area. The Slavs in the Balkans were still mostly under non-Slavic rule, split between the rule of Austria-Hungary and the ailing Ottoman Empire. The Slavic states of the Balkans had learned that banding together as Slavs benefited them less than playing to the desires of a neighboring great power. That damaged the unity of the Balkan Slavs and encouraged competition between the fledgling Slav states.
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741:, they were to be sadly disappointed. Bismarck, unhappy to be conducting the Congress in the heat of the summer, had a short temper and a low tolerance for malarky. Thus, any grandstanding was cut short by the testy German chancellor. The ambassadors from the small Balkan territories whose fate was being decided were barely even allowed to attend the diplomatic meetings, which were between mainly the representatives of the great powers.
29:
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216:". Russia resented the lack of rewards, despite having won the war that the conference was supposed to resolve, and felt humiliated by the other great powers in their rejection of the San Stefano settlement. Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece all received far less than they thought they deserved, especially Bulgaria which was left with less than half of the territory envisioned by the Treaty of San Stefano. Bismarck became hated by
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conflicts between the major
European powers that threatened the status quo was against German interests. Also, at the Congress of Berlin, "Germany could not look for any advantage from the crisis" that had occurred in the Balkans in 1875. Therefore, Bismarck claimed impartiality on behalf of Germany at the Congress, which enabled him to preside over the negotiations with a keen eye for foul play.
287:", was opposed as a display of Pan-Slavic hegemonic ambition in southeastern Europe. In Imperial Russia, Pan-Slavism meant the creation of a unified Slavic state, under Russian direction, and was essentially a byword for Russian conquest of the Balkan peninsula. The realisation of the goal would have given Russia control of the
366:. The Congress of Berlin was thus mainly a dispute among supposed allies of Bismarck and his German Empire, the arbiter of the discussion, would thus have to choose before the end of the congress which of their allies to support. That decision was to have direct consequences on the future of European geopolitics.
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of 5 November 1878 the
Opposition proposed that the Foreign Minister should be impeached for violating the constitution by his policy during the Near East Crisis and by the occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The motion was lost by 179 to 95. By the Opposition rank and file the gravest accusations were
1084:
who was Serbia's first plenipotentiary at Berlin tells how he asked Jomini, one of the
Russian delegates, what consolation remained to the Serbs. Jomini replied that it would have to be the thought that 'the situation was only temporary because within fifteen years at the latest we shall be forced to
1032:
as a compensation for
Southern Bessarabia, but even so it did not benefit of substantial gain of territory despite its consistent war effort alongside Russia. Romanians deeply resented the loss of Southern Bessarabia and Russo-Romanian relationship remained very cold for decades. Montenegro obtained
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victory resulted in an Austro-Hungarian gain on the Balkan front that was brought about by the rest of the
European powers' preference for a stronger Austria-Hungarian Empire, which threatened basically no one, to a powerful Russia, which had been locked in competition with Britain in the so-called
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In Russia, the
Congress of Berlin was considered to be a dismal failure. After finally defeating the Turks despite many past inconclusive Russo-Turkish wars, many Russians had expected "something colossal", a redrawing of the Balkan borders in support of Russian territorial ambitions. Instead, the
1061:, the most important strategic section of the Balkans, was too multinational to be part of Bulgaria and permitted it to remain under the Ottoman Empire. Eastern Rumelia, which had its own large Turkish and Greek minorities, became an autonomous province under a Christian ruler, with its capital at
1073:
for most of the century. Gorchakov said, "I consider the Berlin Treaty the darkest page in my life". Many
Russians were furious over the European repudiation of their political gains, and though there was some thought that it represented only a minor stumble on the road to Russian hegemony in the
377:
fomented political pressure within Russia, which saw itself as the protector of the Serbs, to act against the
Ottoman Empire. David MacKenzie wrote that "sympathy for the Serbian Christians existed in Court circles, among nationalist diplomats, and in the lower classes, and was actively expressed
342:
in the second half of the 19th century. Britain and Russia had interests in the fate of the
Balkans. Russia was interested in the region, both ideologically, as a pan-Slavist unifier, and practically, to secure greater control of the Mediterranean. Britain was interested in preventing Russia from
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One reason that
Bismarck was able to mediate the various tensions at the Congress of Berlin was his diplomatic persona. He sought peace and stability when international affairs did not pertain to Germany directly. Since he viewed the current situation in Europe as favourable for Germany, any
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to serve as a base and an outside sponsor corresponding to France. The state that was meant to serve as the locus for unification of the Balkans under a "Slavic" rule was not always clear, as initiative wafted between Serbia and Bulgaria. Italian rhetoric by contrast cast Romania as
1687:"Vincent Ferraro. The Austrian Occupation of Novibazar, 1878–1909 (based on Anderson, Frank Maloy and Amos Shartle Hershey, Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870–1914. National Board for Historical Service. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1918"
1094:, established in 1873, was destroyed since Russia saw lack of German support on the issue of Bulgaria's full independence as a breach of loyalty and the alliance. The border between Greece and Turkey was not resolved. In 1881, after protracted negotiations, a compromise border
1053:, agreed to obey the specifications contained in the Organic Law of 1868 and to guarantee the civil rights of non-Muslim subjects. The region of Bosnia-Herzegovina was handed over to the administration of Austria-Hungary, which also obtained the right to garrison the
165:, sought to stabilise the Balkans, reduce the role of the defeated Ottoman Empire in the region, and balance the distinct interests of Britain, Russia and Austria-Hungary. He also wanted to avoid domination of the Balkans by Russia or the formation of a
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in exchange for guarantees that Britain would use the island as a base to protect the Ottoman Empire against possible Russian aggression. The latter obtained the administration of Bosnia-Herzegovina and secured the control of a corridor leading to the
752:. Until then, as Germany had become too powerful for isolation, his policy was to maintain the League of the Three Emperors. Now that he could no longer rely on Russia's alliance, he began to form relations with as many potential enemies as possible.
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in his wilder moments, had expected less and were therefore less disappointed. Salisbury wrote at the end of 1878: We shall set up a rickety sort of Turkish rule again south of the Balkans. But it is a mere respite. There is no vitality left in
1089:
Italy was dissatisfied with the results of the Congress, and the tensions between Greece and the Ottoman Empire were left unresolved. Bosnia-Herzegovina would also prove to be problematic for the Austro-Hungarian Empire in later decades. The
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1028:, both of which were given nominal autonomy, under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Bulgaria was promised autonomy, and guarantees were made against Turkish interference, but they were largely ignored. Romania received
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would foster greater stability. During the process, Russia began to feel cheated despite eventually gaining independence for Bulgaria. Problems in the alliances in Europe before the First World War were thus noticeable.
596:. The British and the French governments were nervous about both the diminishing influence of the Ottoman Empire and the cultural expansion of Russia to the south, where both Britain and France were poised to colonise
1178:
714:, Bismarck supported Russia's position that "Turkish rule over a Christian community (Bulgaria) was an anachronism which undoubtedly gave rise to insurrection and bloodshed and should therefore be ended". He used the
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as an autonomous vassal of the sultan. That expanded Russia's sphere of influence to encompass the entire Balkans, which alarmed other powers in Europe. Britain, which had threatened war with Russia if it occupied
1172:. In hindsight, the stated goal of maintaining peace and balance of powers in the Balkans obviously failed since the region would remain a source of conflict between the great powers well into the 20th century.
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211:
The results were initially hailed as a success for peace in the region, but most of the participants were not satisfied with the outcome. The Ottomans were humiliated and had their weakness confirmed as the
709:
of Germany. Both were able to persuade other European leaders that a free and independent Bulgaria would greatly improve the security risks posed by a disintegrating Ottoman Empire. According to historian
330:, and politically from Serbia. Pan-Slavism required the end of Ottoman rule in the Balkans. How and whether that goal would be realised was the major question to be answered at the Congress of Berlin.
389:. act: The Berlin Congress in effect postponed resolution of the Bosnian question and left Bosnia and Herzegovina under Habsburg control. This was the goal of Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Count
460:
thus called the Congress of Berlin to discuss the partition of the Ottoman Balkans among the European powers and to preserve the League of Three Emperors in the face of the spread of European
669:
had already "ended on 6 June by Britain agreeing to all the Austrian proposals relative to Bosnia-Herzegovina about to come before the congress while Austria would support British demands".
1247:
that "would bring the western half of the Balkans under permanent Austrian influence". "High military authorities desired... immediate major expedition with Salonika as its objective".
1243:, which remained under Ottoman administration. The Sanjak preserved the separation of Serbia and Montenegro, and the Austro-Hungarian garrisons there would open the way for a dash to
351:
had stymied the ability of a third European power, Austria-Hungary, to expand its domain to the southwest any further. Germany, as the most powerful continental nation since the 1871
658:. The agreement predetermined Beaconsfield's position during the Congress and led him to issue threats to unleash a war against Russia if it did not comply with Ottoman demands.
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Two states that didn't participate in the war, Great Britain and Austria-Hungary, achieved great benefits from this Congress. The former was granted administrative control of
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Balkans, it actually gave Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia over to Austria-Hungary's sphere of influence and essentially removed all Russian influence from the area.
224:, and later found that he had tied Germany too closely to Austria-Hungary in the Balkans. Although Austria-Hungary gained substantial territory, this angered the
995:
1144:"If the treaty of San Stefano had been maintained, both the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary might have survived to the present day. The British, except for
646:
and saw any Russian attempt to gain access there as a grave threat to British power. On 4 June, before the Congress opened on 13 June, British Prime Minister
592:. The movement caused serious concern in Berlin and even more so in Vienna, which was afraid that the repressed Slavic nationalities would revolt against the
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by choosing between Russia and Austria as an ally. To maintain peace in Europe, Bismarck sought to convince other European diplomats that dividing up the
482:
The Congress was solicited by Russia's rivals, particularly Austria-Hungary and Britain, and was hosted in 1878 by Bismarck. It proposed and ratified the
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Bismarck's ultimate goal during the Congress of Berlin was not to upset Germany's status on the international platform. He did not wish to disrupt the
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1057:, a small border region between Montenegro and Serbia. Bosnia and Herzegovina were put on the fast track to eventual annexation. Russia agreed that
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The affected territories were instead granted varying degrees of independence. Romania became fully independent, though was forced to give part of
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part of the Ottoman Empire, but in 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus, whereas Bosnia-Herzegovina was annexed by Austria in 1908.
452:, and France did not want another power meddling in either the Mediterranean or the Middle East, where both powers were prepared to make large
1133:, clarified the objections of him and the government to the Treaty of San Stefano because of the favorable position in which it left Russia.
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Russia and Austria-Hungary, the two powers that were most invested in the fate of the Balkans, were allied with Germany in the conservative
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456:. Austria-Hungary desired Habsburg control over the Balkans, and Germany wanted to prevent its ally from going to war. German Chancellor
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Bowing to Russia's pressure, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro were all declared independent principalities. Russia recovered
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Immig, Nicole (2009). "The "New" Muslim Minorities in Greece: Between Emigration and Political Participation, 1881–1886".
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Iran-Turkey Relations, 1979–2011: Conceptualising the Dynamics of Politics, Religion and Security in Middle-Power States
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had little direct interest in the settlement and so was the only power that could mediate the Balkan question credibly.
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On 28 September 1878 the Finance Minister, Koloman von Zell, threatened to resign if the army, behind which stood the
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The underlying tensions of the region would continue to simmer for thirty years until they again exploded in the
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The principal mission of the participants at the Congress was to deal a fatal blow to the burgeoning movement of
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The Origins of the War of 1914: European relations from the Congress of Berlin to the eve of the Sarajevo murder
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Thus, the Berlin Congress sowed the seeds of further conflicts, including the Balkan Wars and (ultimately) the
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479:, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro attended the sessions that concerned their states, but they were not members.
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in Ottoman hands. Finally Bismarck wanted to encourage the development of civil rights for Jews in the region.
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Bismarck at the crossroads: the reorientation of German foreign policy after the Congress of Berlin, 1878–1880
608:, had managed to create in Bulgaria an autonomous principality, under the nominal rule of the Ottoman Empire.
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In the long term, the settlement led to rising tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary, and disputes over
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The arrangement was not acceptable to the British, who considered the entire Mediterranean to be a British
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The Idea of National Self-Determination and the Recognition of New States at the Congress of Berlin (1878)
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Palace, from 13 June to 13 July 1878. The congress revised or eliminated 18 of the 29 articles in the
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Bismarck manipulates the emperors of Austria, Germany & Russia like a ventriloquist's puppets.
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in the Balkans. Grievances with the results of the congress festered until they exploded in the
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Weeks, Richard G. Jr. (1979). "Peter Shuvalov and the Congress of Berlin: A Reinterpretation".
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as independent, and the territories of all three of them were expanded. Russia created a large
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431:, Russia had liberated almost all of the Ottoman European possessions. The Ottomans recognised
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1065:. The remaining portions of the original "Greater Bulgaria" became the new state of Bulgaria.
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by the Ottomans in 1870 had been intended to separate the Bulgarians, religiously from the
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Bismarck and the Development of Germany, Volume II: The Period of Consolidation, 1871–1880
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in 1877 by A. Synvet, a renowned French professor of the Ottoman Lyceum of Constantinople
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Though most of Europe went into the Congress expecting a diplomatic show, much like the
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Disraeli, Gladstone, and the Eastern question: a study in diplomacy and party politics
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Djordjevic, Dimitrije. "The Berlin Congress of 1878 and the Origins of World War I".
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The Serbs were upset with "Russia... consenting to the cession of Bosnia to Austria":
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In the decades leading up to the congress, Russia and the Balkans had been gripped by
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The Congress of Berlin is frequently viewed as the culmination of the battle between
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in the coming war, in return for ceding Bosnia Herzegovina to Austria-Hungary in the
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Dimitrije Djordjevic, "The Berlin Congress of 1878 and the Origins Of World War I."
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and substantially greater geopolitical power. That desire evolved similarly to the
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Marshall, Philip R. (1975). "William Henry Waddington: The Making of a Diplomat".
1129:. In the 'Salisbury Circular' of 1 April 1878, the British Foreign Secretary, the
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after a naval demonstration of the great powers had resulted in the cession of
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by Ioannis Gennadius, published by the English cartographer E. Stanford in 1877
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and led to decades of tensions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, culminating in the
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2471:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 790–791.
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Stone, James J. (2013). "Bismarck and Blowitz at the Congress of Berlin".
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The Congress was attended by Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany,
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247:(1912 and 1913 respectively). Continuing nationalism in the Balkans was
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was returned to the Ottomans on condition of reforms to its governance.
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604:. By the Treaty of San Stefano, the Russians, led by Foreign Minister
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MacKenzie, David (2004). "Jovan Ristic at the Berlin Congress 1878".
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The Balkans were a major stage for competition between the European
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2424:(1929). "Diplomatic Relations after the Congress of Berlin".
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The Balkans, 1804–1999: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers
1255:, were allowed to advance to Salonika. In the session of the
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1878 meeting of representatives of the major European powers
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Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878
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Alex G., Papadopoulos; Triantafyllos G., Petridis (2021).
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Though the Congress of Berlin constituted a harsh blow to
619:. The new principality, including a very large portion of
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https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/berlin-congress-of
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International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)
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Negotiations between Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister
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47:(representing Germany) is shown in the centre, between
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Allegorical depiction of Bulgarian autonomy after the
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Hellenic Statecraft and the Geopolitics of Difference
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The Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century
1016:. The Bulgarian state that Russia had created by the
718:
of 1875 as proof of growing animosity in the region.
411:
Bulgaria after the Conference of Constantinople, 1876
19:
For similar international conferences in Berlin, see
2367:. ISA Annual Convention. New Orleans. Archived from
1239:
also obtained the right to station garrisons in the
1085:
fight Austria.' 'Vain consolation!' comments Ristić.
310:
Balkan Slavs felt they needed both an equivalent to
91:. Represented at the meeting were Europe's then six
1237:
occupation and administration of Bosnia-Herzegovina
2504:. Oxford University Press,Mumbai. pp. 228–54.
1859:
1273:Fan signed by the delegates in the Berlin Congress
2333:
2000:
1754:
689:Borders of Bulgaria according to the preliminary
139:. The congress concluded with the signing of the
4500:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
4441:
2271:. Princeton University Press. pp. 415–442.
1897:. Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1993, pp. 239–40.
2458:"Berlin § Berlin, Congress and Treaty of"
2005:. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. pp. 244–46.
1857:
1184:Pro-Greek map of the ethnic composition of the
4333:Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria
419:Bulgaria after the Treaty of San Stefano, 1878
333:
161:The leader of the congress, German Chancellor
3990:
3385:
2561:
2501:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918
1851:
1645:
1037:, along with the primary Albanian regions of
989:
2087:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1914–1918
1862:The Serbs and Russian Pan-Slavism, 1875–1878
1788:Struggle for the Mastery of Europe 1848–1918
1734:. University of Georgia Press. p. 169.
1227:Internal opposition to Andrássy's objectives
147:which had been signed three months earlier.
2403:European Alliances and Alignments 1871–1890
1759:. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. p. 228.
87:, which had been won by Russia against the
39:(1881), depicting the final meeting at the
3997:
3983:
3392:
3378:
2568:
2554:
1985:
1965:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 139–143.
1939:(New York: W.W. Norton, 1964), pp. 245–46.
1627:Armenian delegation at the Berlin Congress
1118:. Both of these territories had to remain
996:
982:
343:accomplishing its goals. Furthermore, the
200:was made a semi-independent principality,
154:Borders in the Balkan peninsula after the
4318:First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)
2446:Britain and the Eastern Question, 1875–78
2420:
2339:
2316:
2184:
2169:
2018:
2001:Ragsdale, Hugh; Ponomarev, V. N. (1993).
1960:
1918:
1755:Ragsdale, Hugh; Ponomarev, V. N. (1993).
748:, the congress saw a shift in Bismarck's
576:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
204:became a special administration, and the
4004:
2959:Provisional Government of Western Thrace
2451:
2289:
1268:
1168:, the Austro-Hungarian heir, led to the
684:
676:
513:
506:(1871), the treaty rearranged the East.
414:
406:
396:
262:
149:
27:
2266:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1791:. UK: Oxford University Press. p.
1724:
1221:Greek Delegation in the Berlin Congress
510:Other powers' fear of Russian influence
486:. The meetings were held at Bismarck's
427:in 1876 and the Russian victory in the
4442:
2508:
2494:
2485:
2399:
2375:
2130:
2118:
2080:
2065:
1986:Oakes, Augustus; Mowat, R. B. (1918).
1948:
1906:
1818:
1781:
1769:
328:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
4143:Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878
3978:
3373:
2549:
2536:Full text of the Treaty of Berlin in
2360:
2239:
2196:
2030:
1893:Ragsdale, Hugh, and V. N. Ponomarev.
1731:Understanding Life in the Borderlands
1376:(State Secretary for Foreign Affairs)
1294:Earl of Beaconsfield (Prime Minister)
1924:
1866:. Cornell University Press. p.
558:adding citations to reliable sources
529:
4470:19th-century diplomatic conferences
4378:Convention of Constantinople (1881)
4032:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
3401:International relations (1814–1919)
3087:Initial phase of the Greek genocide
2990:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
2539:The History of the Eastern Question
2361:Fabry, Mikulas (24–27 March 2002).
1990:. Clarendon Press. pp. 332–60.
672:
522:by the German-English cartographer
373:and the violent suppression of the
13:
2400:Langer, William L. (1950). "5–6".
2304:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1975.tb01189.x
2070:. London: Croom Helm. p. 112.
2033:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
1495:(representing Armenian population)
1231:Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister
693:(red stripes) and the superseding
21:Berlin Conference (disambiguation)
14:
4511:
4475:Diplomatic conferences in Germany
2591:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
2518:
2426:Slavonic and East European Review
2068:Armenia: The Survival of A Nation
1961:Kissinger, Henry (4 April 1995).
1831:William Norton Medlicott (1963).
4228:
4220:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4053:Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
4048:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
4027:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
2524:
2488:Russia and the Balkans 1870-1880
1587:
1565:
1546:
1527:
1503:
1465:
1442:
1416:
1406:Baron Heinrich Karl von Haymerle
1384:
1352:
1320:
1282:
1214:
1193:
1177:
1166:assassination of Franz Ferdinand
960:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
771:
534:
79:to reorganise the states in the
4460:1878 in international relations
4368:Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881
2575:
2310:
2283:
2260:
2233:
2190:
2136:
2074:
2066:Walker, Christopher J. (1980).
2059:
2024:
2003:Imperial Russian Foreign Policy
1994:
1979:
1954:
1895:Imperial Russian Foreign Policy
1887:
1874:
1824:
1757:Imperial Russian Foreign Policy
1136:In 1954, the British historian
545:needs additional citations for
295:, thus economic control of the
75:(13 June – 13 July 1878) was a
3077:Bulgarians deportation program
2648:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
2334:References and further reading
1937:Bismarck and the German Empire
1775:
1748:
1718:
1705:
1679:
1666:
1639:
1338:(Ambassador to Great Britain)
665:and British Foreign Secretary
518:Ethnic composition map of the
429:Russo-Turkish War in 1877–1878
378:through the Slav committees".
1:
4128:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
3771:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits
3725:1917 Franco-Russian agreement
3715:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
2928:Romanian landings in Bulgaria
1713:The European World: A History
1049:. The Ottoman government, or
258:
192:. Britain took possession of
85:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
4348:Battles for Plav and Gusinje
4133:Romanian War of Independence
3631:Second Industrial Revolution
3505:League of the Three Emperors
3020:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914
2415:Congress of Berlin and After
1834:Congress of Berlin and After
1646:Suleyman Elik (March 2013).
1264:
1092:League of the Three Emperors
870:Anglo-German naval arms race
723:League of the Three Emperors
627:, could easily threaten the
267:Pro-Greek ethnic map of the
143:, replacing the preliminary
7:
4383:British Occupation of Egypt
4263:Budapest Convention of 1877
3661:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
3015:Autonomy of Northern Epirus
2242:Canadian Journal of History
1837:. Routledge. pp. 14–.
1608:
1164:of 1912–1913. In 1914, the
387:Budapest Convention of 1877
334:Great powers in the Balkans
10:
4516:
4373:French conquest of Tunisia
3710:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
3034:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
2349:. Oxford University Press.
650:had already concluded the
400:
123:; and four Balkan states:
55:(Russia). On the left are
18:
4290:
4258:Constantinople Conference
4238:
4153:
4123:
4105:1878 Macedonian rebellion
4097:
4066:
4040:
4019:
4012:
3869:
3733:
3646:
3531:European balance of power
3523:
3458:
3407:
3354:
3195:Konstantinos Sapountzakis
3100:
3059:
3007:
2998:
2982:
2946:
2885:
2874:
2843:
2712:
2701:
2634:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
2583:
2411:Medlicott, William Norton
2199:Journal of Modern History
2149:. Routledge. p. 88.
2045:10.1080/13602000903411408
1652:. Routledge. p. 12.
1584:Albanians in the Congress
755:
623:as well as access to the
369:Ottoman brutality in the
4313:1876 Ottoman coup d'état
3822:Venezuela Naval Blockade
3493:Anglo-Russian Convention
2969:Treaty of Constantinople
2861:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
1858:David MacKenzie (1967).
1632:
1622:Berlin Conference (1884)
1374:Bernhard Ernst von Bülow
1260:raised against Andrassy.
1022:Principality of Bulgaria
918:Anglo-Russian Convention
798:Second Concert of Europe
445:Principality of Bulgaria
360:League of Three Emperors
4282:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
3827:Alaska boundary dispute
3500:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
3483:Franco-Russian Alliance
3039:Balkans campaign of WWI
2688:Albanian revolt of 1912
2468:Encyclopædia Britannica
2453:Phillips, Walter Alison
2092:Oxford University Press
1711:Jerome L. Blum, et al.
1402:(Ambassador to Germany)
1344:(Ambassador to Germany)
1306:(Ambassador to Germany)
882:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
864:First Sino-Japanese War
858:Franco-Russian Alliance
828:Austro–Serbian Alliance
322:The recognition of the
319:, a "second Piedmont".
283:, which had created a "
156:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
4480:History of the Balkans
4465:19th century in Berlin
4089:Kresna–Razlog uprising
4084:Razlovtsi insurrection
4079:April Uprising of 1876
3746:Unification of Germany
3693:Taft–Katsura agreement
3313:Crown Prince Alexander
3291:Crown Prince Ferdinand
3254:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha
3082:Massacres of Civilians
3072:Massacres of Albanians
3025:Sarajevo Assassination
2954:Greek–Serbian Alliance
2947:Diplomacy and politics
2844:Diplomacy and politics
2668:Bulgarian Independence
2509:Waller, Bruce (1974).
2486:Sumner, B. H. (1937).
2267:Pflanze, Otto (1990).
1431:Comte de Saint-Vallier
1370:(Ambassador to France)
1312:(Ambassador to France)
1274:
1262:
1151:
1087:
942:Second Moroccan Crisis
786:Unification of Germany
698:
682:
527:
524:Ernst Georg Ravenstein
420:
412:
272:
190:Bosnia and Herzegovina
180:to Russia, and gained
158:
68:
63:(Russia) (seated) and
51:(Austria-Hungary) and
4426:52.51167°N 13.38194°E
4268:Treaty of San Stefano
4110:Epirus Revolt of 1878
4074:Stara Zagora Uprising
3832:First Moroccan Crisis
3546:Spread of nationalism
3510:Eight-Nation Alliance
3339:Other Balkan states:
3180:Eleftherios Venizelos
2856:Albanian Independence
2658:Young Turk Revolution
2357:(1998) 12 #1 pp 1–10.
1884:(1998) 12 #1 pp 1–10.
1676:. Congress of Berlin
1537:Theodoros Deligiannis
1408:(Ambassador to Italy)
1298:Marquess of Salisbury
1272:
1249:
1142:
1131:Marquess of Salisbury
1079:
1020:was divided into the
1018:Treaty of San Stefano
924:Young Turk Revolution
906:First Moroccan Crisis
691:Treaty of San Stefano
688:
680:
667:Marquess of Salisbury
631:, which separate the
517:
496:Treaty of San Stefano
418:
410:
403:Treaty of San Stefano
397:Treaty of San Stefano
383:benevolent neutrality
345:Unifications of Italy
281:Treaty of San Stefano
266:
153:
145:Treaty of San Stefano
77:diplomatic conference
31:
4358:Dual Alliance (1879)
4253:Reichstadt Agreement
4115:Cretan revolt (1878)
4006:Great Eastern Crisis
3837:Algeciras Conference
3817:Annexation of Hawaii
3756:Great Eastern Crisis
3751:Unification of Italy
3741:Formation of Romania
3558:French–German enmity
3190:Pavlos Kountouriotis
2533:at Wikimedia Commons
2254:10.3138/cjh.48.2.253
1257:Hungarian Parliament
1241:Sanjak of Novi Pazar
1055:Sanjak of Novi Pazar
804:Great Eastern Crisis
716:Great Eastern Crisis
554:improve this article
423:After the Bulgarian
375:Herzegovina Uprising
218:Russian nationalists
186:Sanjak of Novi Pazar
4422: /
4298:Bulgarian Exarchate
3902:Philippine–American
3887:First Sino-Japanese
3720:Racconigi agreement
3666:Treaty of Frankfurt
3626:Great Rapprochement
3580:Scramble for Africa
3217:Crown Prince Danilo
3067:Carnegie Commission
2964:Treaty of Bucharest
2653:Macedonian Struggle
2629:Serbo-Bulgarian War
2479:(1935) pp 431–89.
2475:Seton-Watson, R.W.
2205:(S1): D1055–D1070.
2121:, pp. 133–134.
1951:, pp. 138–140.
1909:, pp. 135–138.
1821:, pp. 135–137.
1772:, pp. 120–127.
1728:(25 January 2010).
1726:Zartman, I. William
1518:Mihail Kogălniceanu
1428:(Foreign Minister)
1426:Monsieur Waddington
1300:(Foreign Secretary)
1010:Southern Bessarabia
792:Franco-Prussian War
703:Alexander Gorchakov
644:sphere of influence
629:Dardanelles Straits
606:Alexander Gorchakov
371:Serbian–Ottoman War
353:Franco-Prussian War
324:Bulgarian Exarchate
206:region of Macedonia
61:Alexander Gorchakov
59:(Austria-Hungary),
4495:Late modern Europe
4431:52.51167; 13.38194
4278:Congress of Berlin
4013:Wars and conflicts
3761:Congress of Berlin
3678:Reinsurance Treaty
3656:Congress of Vienna
3636:Industrial warfare
3602:Scramble for China
3296:Alexandru Averescu
3264:Hasan Tahsin Pasha
3185:Panagiotis Danglis
3092:Places burned down
2618:Congress of Berlin
2531:Congress of Berlin
2444:Millman, Richard.
1783:Taylor, Alan J. P.
1693:on 19 January 2012
1475:Karatheodori Pasha
1454:(Foreign Minister)
1396:(Foreign Minister)
1332:(Foreign Minister)
1310:Richard B.P. Lyons
1275:
894:Russo-Japanese War
852:Reinsurance Treaty
810:Campaign in Bosnia
763:Events leading to
739:Congress of Vienna
699:
683:
528:
421:
413:
364:Continental Europe
273:
245:Second Balkan Wars
214:sick man of Europe
159:
73:Congress of Berlin
69:
37:Congress of Berlin
4405:
4404:
4343:League of Prizren
4273:Cyprus Convention
4248:Berlin Memorandum
4151:
4150:
4058:Kumanovo uprising
3972:
3971:
3941:Albanian Revolts
3798:German Naval Laws
3782:Naval arms races
3766:Berlin Conference
3698:Hague Conventions
3367:
3366:
3274:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
3153:Stiliyan Kovachev
2878:Second Balkan War
2851:London Conference
2683:Italo-Turkish War
2673:31 March Incident
2529:Media related to
2392:978-1-86207-073-8
2156:978-1-351-01869-2
1844:978-1-136-24317-2
1741:978-0-8203-3614-5
1659:978-1-136-63088-0
1362:Otto von Bismarck
1292:Benjamin Disraeli
1208:Nikolai Pavlovich
1006:
1005:
948:Italo-Turkish War
936:Racconigi Bargain
840:Berlin Conference
707:Otto von Bismarck
652:Cyprus Convention
648:Lord Beaconsfield
637:Mediterranean Sea
611:That sparked the
586:
585:
578:
488:Reich Chancellery
475:. Delegates from
471:, Russia and the
458:Otto von Bismarck
249:one of the causes
163:Otto von Bismarck
65:Benjamin Disraeli
43:on 13 July 1878.
41:Reich Chancellery
4507:
4490:June 1878 events
4485:July 1878 events
4450:1878 conferences
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4328:Eastern Question
4233:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4017:
4016:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3976:
3975:
3892:Spanish–American
3812:Fashoda Incident
3688:Treaty of Björkö
3673:Treaty of Berlin
3607:Open Door Policy
3541:Eastern question
3488:Entente Cordiale
3394:
3387:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3333:Božidar Janković
3328:Stepa Stepanović
3200:Viktor Dousmanis
3049:Macedonian front
3044:Serbian campaign
2974:Treaty of Athens
2923:Southern Dobruja
2866:Treaty of London
2705:First Balkan War
2570:
2563:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2528:
2514:
2505:
2496:Taylor, A. J. P.
2491:
2472:
2460:
2441:
2422:Medlicott, W. N.
2407:
2396:
2385:. Granta Books.
2372:
2371:on 21 June 2008.
2350:
2341:Albertini, Luigi
2327:
2326:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2082:Taylor, A. J. P.
2078:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1689:. Archived from
1683:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1643:
1592:
1591:
1570:
1569:
1551:
1550:
1532:
1531:
1508:
1507:
1493:Mkrtich Khrimian
1485:Mehmed Ali Pasha
1470:
1469:
1447:
1446:
1439:Kingdom of Italy
1434:Monsieur Desprey
1421:
1420:
1389:
1388:
1368:Prince Hohenlohe
1357:
1356:
1330:Prince Gorchakov
1325:
1324:
1287:
1286:
1218:
1202:Treaty of Berlin
1197:
1181:
1030:Northern Dobruja
998:
991:
984:
900:Entente Cordiale
876:Fashoda Incident
846:Bulgarian Crisis
775:
760:
759:
695:Treaty of Berlin
673:Bismarck as host
581:
574:
570:
567:
561:
538:
530:
484:Treaty of Berlin
285:Greater Bulgaria
182:Northern Dobruja
167:Greater Bulgaria
141:Treaty of Berlin
81:Balkan Peninsula
67:(Great Britain).
33:Anton von Werner
4515:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4455:1878 in Germany
4440:
4439:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4401:
4286:
4240:
4234:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4155:
4147:
4119:
4093:
4062:
4036:
4008:
4003:
3973:
3968:
3907:Boxer Rebellion
3865:
3729:
3683:Treaty of Paris
3648:
3642:
3575:New Imperialism
3536:Ottoman decline
3519:
3466:Triple Alliance
3454:
3415:Austria-Hungary
3403:
3398:
3368:
3363:
3350:
3148:Radko Dimitriev
3138:Vasil Kutinchev
3096:
3055:
3003:
2994:
2978:
2942:
2893:Kilkis–Lachanas
2881:
2870:
2839:
2708:
2697:
2624:Eastern Rumelia
2579:
2574:
2521:
2393:
2355:Serbian Studies
2336:
2331:
2330:
2319:Serbian Studies
2315:
2311:
2288:
2284:
2265:
2261:
2238:
2234:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2079:
2075:
2064:
2060:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2010:
1999:
1995:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1882:Serbian Studies
1879:
1875:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1611:
1606:
1586:
1579:Stanko Radonjić
1564:
1545:
1526:
1513:Ion C. Brătianu
1502:
1464:
1457:Count De Launay
1441:
1415:
1383:
1381:Austria-Hungary
1351:
1319:
1281:
1267:
1253:Archduke Albert
1229:
1222:
1219:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1182:
1170:First World War
1138:A. J. P. Taylor
1127:First World War
1104:Arta Prefecture
1026:Eastern Rumelia
1002:
973:
834:Triple Alliance
758:
746:Henry Kissinger
675:
582:
571:
565:
562:
551:
539:
512:
405:
399:
336:
261:
253:First World War
202:Eastern Rumelia
109:Austria-Hungary
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4513:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:Pact of Halepa
4350:
4345:
4340:
4338:British Cyprus
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4303:Deligrad Event
4300:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3939:
3934:
3924:
3919:
3917:Russo-Japanese
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3882:Anglo-Egyptian
3879:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3856:Bosnian Crisis
3853:
3852:
3851:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3805:Austro-Italian
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3780:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3703:Martens Clause
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3585:Egyptian Lever
3572:
3570:Pax Britannica
3567:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3551:Sovereign debt
3548:
3543:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3478:Triple Entente
3475:
3474:
3473:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3445:United Kingdom
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3318:Radomir Putnik
3315:
3310:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3259:Ali Rıza Pasha
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3229:Ottoman Empire
3226:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3158:Georgi Todorov
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3036:
3031:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2835:Second Çatalca
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:Bosnian Crisis
2660:
2655:
2650:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2622:Annexation of
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2534:
2520:
2519:External links
2517:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2492:
2483:
2473:
2463:Chisholm, Hugh
2449:
2442:
2418:
2408:
2397:
2391:
2373:
2358:
2351:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2309:
2282:
2259:
2248:(2): 253–276.
2232:
2211:10.1086/242036
2189:
2185:Albertini 1952
2174:
2170:Albertini 1952
2162:
2155:
2135:
2133:, p. 151.
2123:
2111:
2104:
2073:
2058:
2039:(4): 511–522.
2023:
2019:Albertini 1952
2008:
1993:
1978:
1971:
1953:
1941:
1923:
1919:Albertini 1952
1911:
1899:
1886:
1873:
1850:
1843:
1823:
1808:
1801:
1774:
1762:
1747:
1740:
1717:
1704:
1678:
1665:
1658:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1597:Abdyl Frasheri
1581:
1580:
1577:
1559:
1558:
1540:
1539:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1497:
1496:
1487:
1482:
1480:Sadullah Pasha
1477:
1462:Ottoman Empire
1459:
1458:
1455:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1394:Count Andrássy
1378:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1346:
1345:
1342:Baron d'Oubril
1339:
1336:Count Shuvalov
1333:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1304:Baron Ampthill
1301:
1295:
1279:United Kingdom
1276:
1266:
1263:
1233:Gyula Andrássy
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1206:Lithograph by
1199:
1192:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
993:
986:
978:
975:
974:
972:
971:
970:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
930:Bosnian Crisis
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
780:
777:
776:
768:
767:
757:
754:
705:of Russia and
674:
671:
663:Gyula Andrássy
584:
583:
542:
540:
533:
511:
508:
473:Ottoman Empire
454:colonial gains
450:Constantinople
425:April Uprising
401:Main article:
398:
395:
391:Gyula Andrássy
335:
332:
305:Pan-Italianism
260:
257:
171:Constantinople
169:, and to keep
89:Ottoman Empire
57:Alajos Károlyi
53:Pyotr Shuvalov
49:Gyula Andrássy
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4512:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4438:
4435:
4398:
4397:
4396:Anna Karenina
4393:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4363:Brsjak revolt
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4308:Niš Committee
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4239:International
4237:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3995:
3993:
3988:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3965:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3922:Italo-Turkish
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3877:Russo-Turkish
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3849:Treaty of Fes
3847:
3846:
3845:
3844:Agadir Crisis
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3515:Balkan League
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3471:Dual Alliance
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3450:United States
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:Petar Bojović
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3222:Janko Vukotić
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:Constantine I
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:Nikola Ivanov
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:First Çatalca
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Pente Pigadia
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2693:Balkan League
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2432:(22): 66–79.
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2377:Glenny, Misha
2374:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2325:(2): 321–339.
2324:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2187:, p. 33.
2186:
2181:
2179:
2172:, p. 19.
2171:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2105:0-19-881270-1
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2021:, p. 32.
2020:
2015:
2013:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1972:0-671-51099-1
1968:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1921:, p. 20.
1920:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1804:
1802:0-19-881270-1
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1715:(1970) p. 841
1714:
1708:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1628:
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1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1575:Božo Petrović
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1494:
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1488:
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1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:Count Károlyi
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1364:(Chancellor)
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1271:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1063:Philippopolis
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
999:
994:
992:
987:
985:
980:
979:
977:
976:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
816:Dual Alliance
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
783:
782:
781:
779:
778:
774:
770:
769:
766:
762:
761:
753:
751:
747:
744:According to
742:
740:
735:
731:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
708:
704:
696:
692:
687:
679:
670:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
580:
577:
569:
559:
555:
549:
548:
543:This section
541:
537:
532:
531:
525:
521:
516:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:, the former
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
417:
409:
404:
394:
392:
388:
384:
379:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
341:
331:
329:
325:
320:
318:
313:
308:
306:
302:
301:Pan-Germanism
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
270:
265:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
157:
152:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:Great Britain
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
35:'s painting,
34:
30:
26:
22:
4407:
4394:
4389:Marche slave
4387:
4277:
3790:
3786:Anglo-German
3775:
3760:
3647:Treaties and
3408:Great powers
3345:Ismail Kemal
3128:Mihail Savov
3123:Stoyan Danev
3101:Participants
3000:
2918:Kresna Gorge
2876:
2745:Kirk Kilisse
2703:
2639:Cretan State
2617:
2537:
2510:
2500:
2487:
2476:
2466:
2445:
2429:
2425:
2414:
2402:
2381:
2369:the original
2363:
2354:
2345:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2298:(1): 79–97.
2295:
2291:
2285:
2268:
2262:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2165:
2145:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2086:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1962:
1956:
1944:
1936:
1935:Erich Eyck,
1914:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1881:
1876:
1861:
1853:
1833:
1826:
1787:
1777:
1765:
1756:
1750:
1730:
1720:
1712:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:the original
1681:
1668:
1648:
1641:
1582:
1560:
1556:Jovan Ristić
1541:
1522:
1498:
1460:
1437:
1411:
1379:
1347:
1315:
1277:
1250:
1230:
1159:
1152:
1146:Beaconsfield
1143:
1135:
1124:
1108:
1096:was accepted
1088:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1047:Plav-Gusinje
1007:
743:
736:
732:
720:
700:
660:
641:
610:
587:
572:
563:
552:Please help
547:verification
544:
500:Paris (1856)
481:
466:
422:
380:
368:
357:
340:great powers
337:
321:
309:
274:
234:
222:Pan-Slavists
210:
175:
160:
93:great powers
72:
70:
36:
25:
4429: /
4323:Opalchentsi
4020:Montenegrin
3964:World War I
3927:Balkan Wars
3912:Second Boer
3897:Banana Wars
3861:July Crisis
3792:Dreadnought
3777:Weltpolitik
3621:Pan-Slavism
3239:Nazim Pasha
3133:Ivan Fichev
3118:Ivan Geshov
3113:Ferdinand I
3029:World War I
2755:Lule Burgas
2720:Sarantaporo
2577:Balkan Wars
2277:j.ctt7zvf42
2131:Glenny 2000
2119:Glenny 2000
1949:Glenny 2000
1907:Glenny 2000
1819:Glenny 2000
1770:Glenny 2000
1452:Count Corti
1162:Balkan Wars
1155:Pan-Slavism
1106:to Greece.
1014:Crimean War
966:July Crisis
954:Balkan Wars
765:World War I
750:Realpolitik
697:(solid red)
617:Middle East
590:pan-Slavism
289:Dardanelles
277:Pan-Slavism
237:nationalism
226:South Slavs
188:along with
4444:Categories
4417:13°22′55″E
4414:52°30′42″N
4241:agreements
3649:agreements
3597:Great Game
3563:Revanchism
3249:Esad Pasha
3244:Zeki Pasha
3212:Nicholas I
3207:Montenegro
3060:Atrocities
2903:Bregalnica
2765:Adrianople
2678:Goudi coup
2584:Background
2094:. p.
1602:Jani Vreto
1562:Montenegro
1490:Catholicos
1116:Aegean Sea
1071:Great Game
712:Erich Eyck
625:Aegean Sea
613:Great Game
504:Washington
462:liberalism
433:Montenegro
349:of Germany
259:Background
178:Bessarabia
137:Montenegro
83:after the
4067:Bulgarian
3612:Meiji era
3459:Alliances
3269:Enver Bey
3008:Aftermath
2913:Kalimanci
2908:Knjaževac
2725:Kardzhali
2601:Bulgarian
2292:Historian
2227:144951273
2053:143664377
1963:Diplomacy
1265:Delegates
1059:Macedonia
1039:Podgorica
956:1912–1913
950:1911–1912
932:1908–1909
914:1906–1908
908:1905–1906
896:1904–1905
872:1898–1912
866:1894-1895
854:1887–1890
848:1885–1888
830:1881–1903
824:1880–1902
822:Boer Wars
806:1875–1878
794:1870–1871
788:1866–1871
635:from the
633:Black Sea
621:Macedonia
602:Palestine
594:Habsburgs
566:July 2022
492:Radziwill
297:Black Sea
293:Bosphorus
255:in 1914.
4291:See also
3359:Category
3234:Mehmed V
3170:George I
3108:Bulgaria
2795:Merhamli
2790:Kaliakra
2780:Monastir
2740:Kumanovo
2735:Sorovich
2596:Albanian
2498:(1954).
2455:(1911).
2379:(2000).
2343:(1952).
2084:(1954).
1785:(1954).
1609:See also
1245:Salonika
1235:and the
1102:and the
1100:Thessaly
888:May Coup
312:Piedmont
291:and the
198:Bulgaria
121:Ottomans
45:Bismarck
3592:In Asia
3425:Germany
3341:Albania
3308:Peter I
3286:Carol I
3281:Romania
3001:General
2886:Battles
2810:Korytsa
2800:Driskos
2760:Yenidje
2750:Scutari
2713:Battles
2611:Serbian
2465:(ed.).
2438:4202362
2219:1878445
1697:13 July
1500:Romania
1349:Germany
1186:Balkans
1140:wrote:
1120:de jure
912:Pig War
727:Balkans
526:of 1870
520:Balkans
502:and of
437:Romania
269:Balkans
251:of the
133:Romania
117:Germany
3950:Second
3937:Second
3734:Events
3524:Trends
3440:Russia
3420:France
3303:Serbia
3165:Greece
2898:Doiran
2830:Bizani
2825:Şarköy
2820:Bulair
2815:Lemnos
2775:Himara
2770:Prilep
2646:&
2481:online
2448:(1979)
2436:
2417:(1963)
2389:
2275:
2225:
2217:
2153:
2102:
2051:
1969:
1841:
1799:
1738:
1656:
1543:Serbia
1524:Greece
1413:France
1317:Russia
1149:them."
1111:Cyprus
1082:Ristić
1035:Nikšić
756:Legacy
656:Cyprus
477:Greece
441:Serbia
194:Cyprus
129:Serbia
125:Greece
119:; the
115:, and
105:France
97:Russia
4098:Greek
3955:Third
3945:First
3932:First
3435:Japan
3430:Italy
2983:Other
2938:Pirot
2933:Vidin
2606:Greek
2461:. In
2434:JSTOR
2273:JSTOR
2223:S2CID
2215:JSTOR
2049:S2CID
1633:Notes
1051:Porte
598:Egypt
469:Italy
317:Latin
241:First
113:Italy
4280:and
4041:Serb
3870:Wars
3027:and
2805:Elli
2644:IMRO
2387:ISBN
2151:ISBN
2100:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1699:2011
1654:ISBN
1045:and
1024:and
968:1914
962:1914
944:1911
938:1909
926:1908
920:1907
902:1904
890:1903
884:1902
878:1898
860:1894
842:1884
836:1882
818:1879
812:1878
800:1871
600:and
439:and
347:and
303:and
243:and
220:and
135:and
71:The
2300:doi
2250:doi
2207:doi
2096:253
2041:doi
1793:241
1043:Bar
639:.
556:by
4446::
2428:.
2413:.
2323:18
2321:.
2296:38
2294:.
2246:48
2244:.
2221:.
2213:.
2203:51
2201:.
2177:^
2098:.
2090:.
2047:.
2037:29
2035:.
2011:^
1926:^
1811:^
1795:.
1041:,
464:.
435:,
393:.
232:.
131:,
127:,
111:,
107:,
103:,
99:,
95::
3998:e
3991:t
3984:v
3393:e
3386:t
3379:v
3347:)
3343:(
2569:e
2562:t
2555:v
2542:.
2513:.
2490:.
2440:.
2430:8
2406:.
2395:.
2306:.
2302::
2279:.
2256:.
2252::
2229:.
2209::
2159:.
2108:.
2055:.
2043::
1975:.
1870:.
1868:7
1847:.
1805:.
1744:.
1701:.
1672:[
1662:.
1204:.
997:e
990:t
983:v
579:)
573:(
568:)
564:(
550:.
212:"
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
