Pike and shot - Knowledge

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offensive weapon; by the end of the 16th and into the 17th, its niche was primarily defensive, though this did not preclude fights between pikemen. The push of pike became rare and battles were increasingly resolved by shooting. Directly linked to this was halberds becoming less common, as their primary role in breaking the push became less relevant and their secondary role (repulsing cavalry) was better filled by more pikes: the French regulars abandoned the halberd in 1568 (aside from NCOs), and the Dutch not long after, while the Spanish army, as well as those of various Holy Roman Empire states, would continue to use the halberd in limited numbers into the mid-17th century (the English used the similar billhook). The predominance of shooting was not a universal advancement, however. For example, in the Wars of Religion of the 1560s and 1570s, 54% of wounds suffered by French soldiers were inflicted by swords, these being the most common weapons on the battlefield as pikemen, halberdiers, arquebusiers, musketeers, and cavalry all carried them as sidearms.

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against cavalry – still the dominant fast-attack arm on the battlefield – and was extremely sturdy and difficult to defeat. It was very hard to isolate or outflank and destroy a tercio by maneuver due to its great depth and distribution of firepower to all sides (as opposed to the maximization of combat power in the frontal arc as adopted by later formations). The individual units of pikemen and musketeers were not fixed and were re-ordered during battle to defend a wing or to bring greater fire power or pikes to bear in a certain direction. Finally, its depth meant that it could run over shallower formations in a close assault – that is, should the slow-moving tercio manage to strike the enemy line.

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musketeers, and those arquebusiers whose shooting was not blocked by friendly forces, were supposed to keep up a continuous fire by rotation. This led to a fairly slow rate of advance, estimated by modern writers at roughly 60 meters a minute. Movement of such seemingly unwieldy groups of soldiers was difficult but well-trained and experienced tercios were able to move and manoeuvre with surprising facility and to great advantage over less-experienced opponents. They would be co-ordinated with each other in a way that often caught attacking infantry or cavalry with fire coming from different directions from two or more of these strong infantry squares.

3049:, resulted in the abandonment of the deeper formations of troops more ideal for the melee-oriented pikemen. Military thinking switched to shallower lines that maximized the firepower of an infantry formation. By one calculation, a formation equipped entirely with mid-18th century flintlocks could output ten times as many shots in an equivalent period of time as a typical early 17th century pike and shot formation equipped with matchlocks (pike:shot ratio of 3:2), enormously changing the tactical calculus of the infantry's armament. From 1688 to 1696, 3 out of every 5 Austrian and British soldiers had a flintlock musket, the rest mostly had matchlocks. 2854:. Although inspired by the Romans, Maurice's soldiers carried the weapons of their day—250 were pikemen and the remaining 300 were arquebusiers and musketeers, 60 of the shot serving as a skirmish screen in front of the battalion, the rest forming up in two equal bodies, one on either side of the pikemen. Two or more of these battalions were to form the regiment, which was thus theoretically 1,100 men or stronger, but unlike the tercio, the regiment had the battalions as fully functional sub-units, each of mixed pike and shot which could, and generally did, operate independently, or could support each other closely. 38: 2799: 2960:

where all of the gunners in the ranks would fire at the same time. This was intended to bring down as many members of the opposing force's front line as possible, causing ranks moving up behind them to trip and fall as they were forced forward by the ranks further back. Finally, he embedded four small "infantry guns" into each battalion, allowing them to move about independently and not suffer from a lack of cannon fire if they became detached.

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and 40% pikes; this was adjusted in 1589 to 10% halberds, 30% pikes and 60% unspecified firearms. By 1600 France set a 1:1 ratio of pikes to firearms, and Spain 10% halberds, 30% pikes, 25% muskets, and 35% arquebuses. In 1560, following an order to increase the proportion of firearms, Spanish units in Italy became 54% pikes and 46% firearms. The Spanish average throughout the 16th century was 2 pikes for every 1 firearm.

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arquebusiers, 45 pikemen, 12 halberdiers and targeteers, and 3 musicians (two fifers and a drummer). A study of a selection of Dutch companies from 1587, standardized by William of Orange, showed 34% pikes, 9% halberds, 5% swords and bucklers, and 52% firearms. Bucklers disappeared from the ranks by the end of the 16th century, as did halberds except in the hands of NCOs and bodyguards.

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India, China, and Southeast Asia until about the mid-19th century due to being far less complicated to manufacture. For example, by the mid-17th century, only 10–13% of Javanese soldiers used firearms, and by the 1680s, 20% of Thai soldiers used firearms. By 1825, 50% of Burmese soldiers had firearms, and as late as 1858, only 15% of the Vietnamese soldiers summoned to fight the

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were not as useful in these engagements due to the pike's low value as a personal weapon (indeed, in the English Civil Wars, only 15% of battle deaths occurred in major battles, whereas nearly half occurred in battles with fewer than 250 total casualties). In 1632, the Spanish army standardized their infantry companies at 68% arquebuses and muskets and 32% pikes.

3082:, where flintlock muskets were outnumbered by matchlocks (the flintlock would not enter regular service until 1699). During the same conflict, the Polish-Lithuanian army also made extensive use of pikes. In 1703, the French army also discontinued the use of the pike, followed in 1704 by the British and in 1708 by the Dutch. Between 1699 and 1721, 2553:" at each corner. The large square in the center was made up of the pikemen, 56 files across and 22 ranks deep. The outer edges of the central pike square were lined with a thin rank of arquebusiers totaling 250 men. At each corner of this great pike square were the smaller squares of arquebusiers, called 2986:

positional advantage, but Gustav's smaller and lighter units were able to easily re-align to face the formerly open flank, their light guns cutting into their ranks while the heavier guns on both sides continued to exchange fire elsewhere. Tilly was soon driven from the field, his forces in disarray.

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Michael Mallett. "The Italian Wars 1494–1559 War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe." Routledge: October 2018. "The Black Band of Guelders, one of the most prestigious landskecht contingents, which fought for the French at Marignano, had 12,000 pikemen, 2,000 arquebusiers, 2,000 swordsmen, and

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In the end, Maurice's armies depended primarily on defensive siege warfare to wear down the Spanish attempting to wrest control of the heavily fortified towns of the Seven Provinces, rather than risking the loss of all through open battle. On the rare occasion that open battle occurred, this reformed

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In addition to standardizing drill, weapon caliber, pike length, and so on, Maurice turned to his readings in classical military doctrine to establish smaller, more flexible combat formations than the ponderous regiments and tercios which then presided over open battle. Each Dutch battalion was to be

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in 1700, Russian line infantry companies were 83% muskets and 17% pikes. The musketeers were initially equipped with sword-like plug bayonets; they did not fully switch to socket bayonets until 1709. A Swedish infantry company at the start of the war consisted of 66% muskets and 33% pikes. While they

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The proportion of melee weapons to shot varied depending on the state and era, as did the exact weapons used. In general, the later the date, the more prominent firearms were. Due to this, the role of the pike changed over time. In the late 15th century and the first half of the 16th, the pike was an

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and established the Landsknechte units. Many of their tactics were adapted from the Swiss mercenaries, but the use of firearms was added. The firearms, in conjunction with the pike formations, gave the Imperials a tactical edge over the French. Those pike and shot regiments were recruited in Germany,

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doctrine used by the French. A common end date for the use of the pike in infantry formations is 1700, although some armies such as the Prussians had already abandoned the pike decades prior, whereas others such as the Swedish and Russians continued to use it for several decades afterward—the Swedes

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against the cavalry-heavy Manchus. The arquebusiers inflicted many losses on the Manchus, but were routed. This prompted a revision of military tactics in Korea. After the defeat at Sarhū, the Joseon forces revised their doctrine to have spearmen supporting the arquebusiers to better withstand shock

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He started by re-arranging the formations to be thinner, typically only four to six ranks deep, spreading them out horizontally into rectangles instead of squares. This further maximized the number of musketeers near the front of the formation. Additionally he introduced the practice of volley fire,

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In 1618–1629, the pike to shot ratio fluctuated between 1 and 2 muskets per pike for various Western European armies. 1631–1632 saw an increased proportion of firearms, with some formations being more than 80% gunmen. The standard in the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire in 1641 was 66% muskets

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were 58% muskets and arquebuses, 36% pikes, and 6% halberds; this changed again in 1627 to 65% muskets, 20% pikes, and 15% halberds. The ideal field ratio often deviated from the usual combat experience; skirmishes, sieges, and minor actions were far more common than large pitched battles, and pikes

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In Venice the proportions were first fixed in 1548, at 10% halberds, 30% arquebuses, and 60% pikes. French contracts of 1562 simply specified 33% of arquebusiers. For the English 1571-2 campaign in France the recommended balance in newly formed companies was 6% halberds, 20% muskets, 34% arquebuses,

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Normal attrition of combat units (including sickness and desertion) and the sheer lack of men usually led to the tercios being far smaller in practice than the numbers above suggest but the roughly 1:1 ratio of pikemen to shooters was generally maintained. The tercios for all armies were usually of

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The rapidly rising percentage of firearms spurred by pike-and-shot battles, until reaching near-100% by the 18th century, was generally not mirrored in non-European countries that did not adopt such tactics. Nor was the proliferation of the flintlock; matchlocks remained the most common firearms in

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The Spanish army standardized the tercio arrangement in 1534. At this time a tercio was 14 companies of two types. The first type, numbering twelve per tercio, had 219 pikemen and 20 musketeers. The second, comprising the remaining 2, had 224 arquebusiers and 15 musketeers. Thus, at full strength a

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was one of the first forces to use the arquebus to a large degree. In its 1477 to 1488 wars, 25 percent of its soldiers had firearms (both arquebuses and more primitive handgonnes), an unusually high ratio for the time. The average in Europe by the end of the 15th century was that 10 percent of the

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organized its army into 1,250 lances of nine men each, thus its forces were 2/8 heavy cavalry (men-at-arms and sergeants), 3/8 mounted archers (who also carried hand weapons and could fight dismounted), 1/8 pikemen, 1/8 crossbowmen, and 1/8 handgunners; the last man in each lance was a noncombatant

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officially stopped using pikemen in 1699. It had been progressively phasing out both pikes and lances since the Thirty Years War. Following Montecuccoli's reforms in the 1660s, the paper strength of an Imperial infantry company was 48 pikemen, 88 musketeers, and 8 shieldmen. The Imperial Army used

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Gustav also placed detached musketeers in small units among the cavalry. In traditional deployments the infantry would be deployed in the middle with cavalry on both sides, protecting the flanks. Battles would often open with the cavalry attacking their counterparts in an effort to drive them off,

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The great rivals of the Spanish/Habsburg Empire, the Kings of France, had access to a smaller and poorly organized force of pike and shot. The French military establishment showed considerably less interest in shot as a native troop type than did the Spanish until the end of the sixteenth century,

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in the 1530s by order of Charles. The tercios were originally made up of one-third pikemen, one-third arquebusiers and one-third swordsmen. Tercios were administrative organizations and were in charge of up to 3000 soldiers. These were divided into ten companies that were deployed in battle. These

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tercio had 2,628 pikemen (77%), 448 arquebusiers (14%), and 300 musketeers (9%). However in practice, muster rolls showed that tercios averaged 1,500-strong and had a ratio of 31% shot to 69% pikes. The musketeers used a particularly heavy firearm which fired balls twice the size of an arquebus's.

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with "El Gran Capitán". The arquebusiers could shoot down their foes, and could then run to the nearby pikemen for shelter if enemy cavalry or pikes drew near. This was especially necessary because the firearms of the early 16th century were inaccurate, took a very long time to load and only had a

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Philip T. Hoffman. "Why Did Europe Conquer the World?". Princeton University Press: January 2017. Pages 56–58. A matchlock would output 1–2 shots per minute, a flintlock 2–4, and a formation of 1,000 for each unit would respectively have 400 and 1,000 gunners, with the matchlock musketeers having

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These battalions were fielded much less deep than the infantry squares of the Spanish, the pikemen being generally described as five to ten ranks deep, the shot eight to twelve ranks. In this way, fewer musketeers were left inactive in the rear of the formation, as was the case with tercios which

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in 1631. Battle opened in traditional fashion, with Tilly's cavalry moving forward to attack the flanks. This drove off the Saxons on the one flank, but on the other Gustav's new combined cavalry/musket force drove off any attempt to charge. With one flank now open Tilly nevertheless had a major

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The effect of these changes was profound. Gustav had been largely ignored by most of Europe after his mixed results in Poland, and when he arrived in Germany in 1630 he was not immediately challenged. He managed to build up a force of 24,000 regulars and was joined by a force of 18,000 Saxons of

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To modern eyes the tercio square seems cumbersome and wasteful of men, many of the soldiers being positioned so that they could not bring their weapons to bear against the enemy. However, in a time when firearms were short-ranged and slow to load, it had its benefits. It offered great protection

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wrote a military manual outlining his ideal compositions for military formations. In regards to missile weapons, an infantry brigade of 2,699 men was to be equipped with 1,080 matchlock arquebuses and 216 bows (40% firearms). A cavalry brigade of 2,988 men was to be equipped with 1,152 bows, 432

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was now so deadly that combat was often decided by shooting alone. Moreover, the flintlock could be loaded and fired approximately twice as fast as the matchlock, and misfired far less. The abandonment of the pike, together with the faster firing rate made possible by the standardization of the

3020:. Both times, they were defeated, but their performance left a strong impression on the Manchus. The first emperor of the newly declared Qing dynasty later wrote: "The Koreans are incapable on horseback but do not transgress the principles of the military arts. They excel at infantry fighting." 2989:

Follow-up battles had similar outcomes, and Tilly was eventually mortally wounded during one of these. By the end of 1632 Gustav controlled much of Germany. His successes were short-lived however, as the opposing Imperial forces quickly adopted similar tactics. From this point on pike and shot

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of at least three tercios, with one in the front and two behind, the rearward formations echeloned off on either side so that all three resembled a stepped pyramid. The word tercio means "a third" (that is, one third of the whole brigade). This entire formation would be flanked by cavalry. The

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According to a Castilian ordinance for "people of war" of 1497, Spanish foot soldiers were divided into three categories. One-third of the infantry carried pikes; one-third had swords and shields; and the final one-third consisted of crossbowmen and gunmen. It is in this configuration that the

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also had their own small contingents of arquebusiers, usually comprising not more than 10–20% of their total force. The French were also late to adopt the musket, the first reference to their use being at the end of the 1560s—twenty years after its use by the Spanish, Germans and Italians.

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In the 1570s the standard infantry company in Dutch service (whether they be Dutch or foreign hires such as Germans and English) had about 150 men, including 4 officers (a captain, lieutenant, quartermaster, and barber-surgeon), 5 NCOs (two sergeants and three corporals), 15 musketeers, 65

2680:. Detachments of around 1,000 men could be sent off to separate duty, but in practice the Legions were initially little more than an ill-disciplined rabble and a failure as a battlefield force, and as such were soon relegated to garrison duty until they matured in the seventeenth century. 2724:, defending themselves with the pike when surviving heavy cavalry got close. Although the battle was ultimately lost by the Spanish and Imperial forces, it demonstrated the self-sufficiency of the mixed pike and shot formations, something sorely lacking in the French armies of the day. 3093:

Even later, the obsolete pike would still find a use in such countries as Ireland, Russia, and China, generally in the hands of desperate peasant rebels who did not have access to firearms. One attempt to resurrect the pike as a primary infantry weapon occurred during the

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a real advantage before the two forces met. Under normal conditions detached musketeers without pikemen would be easy targets for the enemy cavalry, but if they did close to sabre range, the Swedish cavalry would be a more immediate concern.

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and 33% pikes. As pike-on-pike clashes became less common in field battles, so did armor. By 1660 body armor had mostly disappeared in pike and shot formations; the pikes themselves had also shortened, from 18 feet to 13 feet. During the

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Maurice called for a deployment of his battalions in three offset lines, each line giving the one in front of it close support by means of a checkerboard formation, another similarity to Roman military systems, in this case the Legion's

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In 1601, Spanish regiments in the Low Countries were 44% pikes and 56% muskets and arquebuses. German ones had far fewer firearms, with 79% pikes to 21% arquebuses and muskets. Proportions changed, and by 1625 the field infantry of the

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supported their gunmen (25–30% of their initial force) with spear and bow levies, but the pike was not as emphasized as it was in contemporary Europe due to the lack of a large cavalry threat in either Japan or Korea. At the 1619

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manned by two men each, and 512 arquebuses (33% firearms), plus eight proper cannons. On paper these were roughly in line with contemporary European rates but it is not known if these proportions were ever reached in practice.

2664:, in which he was defeated and captured. Francis had declared the establishment of the French "Legions" in the 1530s, large infantry formations of 6,000 men which were roughly composed of 60% pikemen, 30% arquebusiers and 10% 2830:

from Spanish control starting in 1568. After soldiering on for years with a polyglot army of foreign-supplied troops and mercenaries, the Dutch took steps to reform their armies starting in 1590 under their captain-general,

2273:, one of the great victories of the Italian Wars, in which the heavily outnumbered Spanish pike-and-shot forces, in a strong defensive position, crushed the attacking gendarmes and Swiss mercenaries of the French army. 2565:

1,000 to 2,000 men, although even these numbers could be reduced by the conditions already mentioned. Tercio-type formations were also used by other powers, chiefly in the Germanic areas of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Contemporary Japanese units, while heavily focused on firearms by East Asian standards, had higher ratios of other weapons to arquebuses compared to late 16th to early 17th century European formations. When Japan

2341:, the standard unit, had 400 men, of whom 300 were pikemen (75%), 50 were arquebusiers (12.5%), and 50 were halberdiers or two-handed swordsmen (12.5%). Arquebusiers, halberdiers, and swordsmen 2874:, and crushing them. Maurice's reforms are more famous for the effect they had on others—taken up and perfected, and would be put to the test on the battlefields of the seventeenth century. 3102:

planned to recruit twenty regiments of pikemen in 1862. In April 1862 it was authorized that every Confederate infantry regiment would include two companies of pikemen, a plan supported by

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by an army composed of armoured gendarme cavalry and Swiss mercenary infantry. The chastened Spanish undertook a thorough reorganization of their army and tactics under the great captain

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companies were further subdivided into small units that could be deployed individually or brought together to form great battle formations that were sometimes called "Spanish squares".

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Jörgensen, Christer; Pavkovic, Michael F.; Rice, Rob S.; Schneid, Frederick C.; Scott, Chris L. (2006). Fighting Techniques of the Early Modern World. Thomas Dunne Books. Page 12.

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A 16th-century pamphlet showing a mixed pike and shot formation. Pikemen are represented by the letter "p", the two "winges of shot" by the letter "o". (The letter "h" represents

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formations gradually spread out into ever-wider rectangles to maximize firepower of the muskets. Formations became more flexible, with more firepower and independence of action.

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continued to show valuable flexibility as the Italian Wars progressed, and the Spanish string of battlefield successes continued. The colunellas were eventually replaced by the

2376:", miniature bombards loaded with one hundred pellets each, essentially 21.6 kg blunderbusses (20% firearms). A wagon brigade of 3,109 men was equipped with 145 wagons, 256 2508: 2870:

army, as many reformed armies have done in the past, behaved variably, running from the Spanish tercios one day, fighting those same tercios only a few days later, at the

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As these squares matured in usage during the 16th century, they generally took on the appearance of a "bastioned square" – that is, a large square with smaller square "

2237:("El Gran Capitán"). Realizing that he could not match the sheer offensive power of the French gendarmes and Swiss pikes, he took advantage of the shooting power of 2245:, and to employ them in a mutually-supporting formation, preferably in a strong defensive position. At first, this mixed infantry formation was referred to as a 2714:

In the one great battle fought in the sixteenth century between the French and their Imperial rivals after the Spanish and Imperial adoption of the tercio, the

2337:'s companies consisted of 70% pikes, 12% arquebuses, 12% two-handed swords, and 6% halberds. For landsknechts in general, the usual arrangement was that one 3363:

Alexander Astroth. "The Decline of Japanese Firearm Manufacturing and Proliferation in the Seventeenth Century." Emory Endeavors in History: 2013. Page 136.

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Delbrück, Hans (1990) . The Dawn of Modern Warfare. History of the Art of War. IV. Transl. Walter J. Renfroe, Jr. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

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In 1588, the English Trained Bands consisted of 36% arquebusiers, 6% musketeers, 16% bowmen, 26% pikemen, and 16% billmen. Lansdowne MS 56, attributed to

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Andrade, Tonio (2016). "The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History." Princeton University Press. Page 187.

2691:, or, to a lesser extent, French pikemen being supported at times by bands of mercenary adventurer shot, largely Gascons and Italians. (The Swiss and 3036:, had been in use since the mid-16th century, but remained less common than matchlocks until the late 17th), or to greatly decrease their numbers. A 2315:

set his companies at 50% pikes, 33% swords and shields, and 17% arquebuses. This ratio was flexible and could be changed as tactics required. The

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decided to reorganize his battlefield formations, initially adopting the "Dutch formations", but then adding a number of innovations of his own.

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The armies of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, further developed the pike and shot formation. The front line of Charles' German

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had firearms. By the 1840s, only 30–40% of Chinese soldiers had firearms (all matchlocks), the rest being armed with spears, swords, and bows.

3456:(2016). "The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History." Princeton University Press. Pages 240–241. 2398:

in 1592, 30% of Japanese soldiers had firearms, and the rest were equipped with pikes, swords, and bows. Firearms usage declined after 1603.

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foes had to improvise a native infantry force, it was largely made up of arquebusiers with few if any pikes (other than the large blocks of

2319:, which demonstrated the power of the arqebus, had the Spanish army roughly following this ratio, with the infantry being 25% arquebusiers. 2417:

in the 1690s still had 2 muskets for every 1 pike. Meanwhile, by 1687, the French army's ratio was set at 75–80% muskets and 20–25% pikes.

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Guthrie, William. "The Later Thirty Years War: From the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia." Praeger: Feb. 2003. Page 33.

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Gahir, Sunita; Spencer, Sharon, eds. (2006). "Weapon – A Visual History of Arms and Armor". New York City: DK Publishing. Page 260.

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Chandler, David G.; Beckett, Ian Frederick William (2003). "The Oxford History of the British Army." Oxford University Press. p. 65

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thereby opening the infantry to a cavalry charge from the side. An attempt to do this against his new formations would be met with

2253:. It interspersed formations of men in close order armed with the pike and looser formations armed with the firearm, initially the 1058: 3007:, the Koreans (drawing on lessons from 1592 to 1598) deployed an all-shot formation (10,000 arquebusiers and 3,000 archers) using 2999: 1485: 2133:. Other weapons such as swords, halberds, and crossbows were also sometimes used. The formation was initially developed by the 3524: 3499: 3381:

Stuart Reid. "All The King's Armies: A Military History of the English Civil War: 1642–1651." History Press: 2007. Chapter 1.

3180: 3514: 2413:, the Imperial Army had set its infantry companies at 61% firearms, 33% pikes, and 6% shieldmen. The English army of the 1841: 134: 2998:

Meanwhile in East Asia, the utility of pike and shot style formations were still being tested. The Japanese army in the

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and continued to prefer close combat arms, particularly heavy cavalry, as the decisive force in their armies until the

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Simon Millar, Peter Dennis. "Vienna 1683: Christian Europe Repels the Ottomans." Osprey Publishing: 2008. Page 22-24.

3163: 2935: 2785: 2638: 2494: 2361: 2312: 2234: 1490: 81: 59: 3106:. Many pikes were produced but were never used in battle and the plan to include pikemen in the army was abandoned. 2917: 2767: 2620: 2476: 52: 2978: 2214: 1568: 2683:

In practice, pike and shot formations that the French used on the sixteenth-century battlefield were often of an

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Bouko de Groot. "Dutch Armies of the 80 Years’ War 1568–1648 (1)." Bloomsbury Publishing, April 7 2017. Page 12

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short range, meaning the shooters were often only able to get off a few shots before the enemy was upon them.

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P. Groen (ed.), De Tachtigjarige Oorlog, Van opstand naar geregelde oorlogvoering 1568–1648 (The Hague 2013).

3099: 3070: 2557:(sleeves), each 240 men strong. Finally, two groups in open order, each of 90 men and armed with the longer 2308: 2117:

that first appeared during the late 15th and early 16th centuries, and was used until the development of the

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Chandler, David G. "The Art of Warfare in the Age of Marlborough" Spellmount Limited: 1990. Page 78.

2364:, states that ideally infantry formations should consist of 50% shot, 30% pikes, and 20% billhooks. 2898: 2748: 2601: 2457: 2386: 2066: 1933: 1480: 1173: 991: 839: 46: 3327:

Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, p. 163-165.

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Gabriele Esposito. "Armies of the Great Northern War: 1700–1720." Osprey: 2019. Pages 10 and 16.

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Foremost amongst the enemies of the Spanish Habsburg empire in the late 16th century were the

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all carried swords, Swedish musketeers were not completely equipped with bayonets until 1704.

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had an army armed 70% with pikes, 10% with muskets, and the remaining 20% with halberds,

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The Black Bands of Giovanni: Infantry and Diplomacy During the Italian Wars (1526–1528)

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By the 16th century, late-medieval troop types that had proven most successful in the

3611: 3570:, eds Brett D. Steele and Tamera Dorland. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2005. 3552: 3520: 3159: 3075: 2832: 2230: 2134: 2087: 1996: 1943: 1846: 1836: 1831: 1801: 1784: 1779: 1752: 1697: 1398: 1388: 1383: 1373: 1293: 1283: 1278: 1253: 1223: 1113: 1083: 1078: 1068: 1063: 1053: 968: 921: 891: 730: 523: 500: 434: 102:.) A group of "loose shotte" has been pushed forward into the front of the formation. 3592:

Fighting Techniques of the Early Modern World: Equipment, Combat Skills, and Tactics

3568:

The Heirs of Archimedes: Science and the Art of War Through the Age of Enlightenment

3269:

J. R. Hale: "War and Society in Renaissance Europe, 1450 —1620." London 1985, p. 52.

2406:(1642–1651), both sides preferred 2 guns to 1 pike, though this ratio was flexible. 2207:. The emerging artillery corps of heavy cannons was a rapidly improving technology. 2056: 3426:

Artéus, G Karolinska och Europeisk stridstaktik 1700–1712, P 29, 30. Exlibria, 1972

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began to abandon the pike altogether (flintlocks and proto-flintlocks, such as the

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turned his undefeated 31,000-man veteran army to do battle, meeting Gustav at the

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questionable quality under von Arnim. Battle was first joined in major form when

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After the mid-seventeenth century, armies that standardized the adoption of the

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Charney, Michael (2004). "Southeast Asian Warfare, 1300–1900." Page 55-56, 246.

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This was essentially the condition of the French Royal infantry throughout the

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This new tactic resulted in triumph for the Spanish and Fernández de Córdoba's

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The Battle of Lützen: an examination of 17th century military material culture

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in the late 17th century. This type of formation combined soldiers armed with

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The French Reluctance to Adopt Firearms Technology in the Early Modern Period

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Showaler, Dennis. "The Early Modern World." Greenwood Press: 2007. Page 63.

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could be affixed to the musket, turning it into a spear, and the musket's

2711:

they sometimes hired), rendering formal pike and shot tactics impossible.

3223:

Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw, "The Italian Wars: 1494–1559", p. 64.

3008: 2965: 2823: 2258: 2241:, an emerging technology at the time, with the defensive strength of the 2200: 2178: 2139: 1991: 1742: 1707: 1546: 1233: 1198: 911: 854: 757: 541: 262: 257: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2327: 1948: 1918: 1640: 1009: 3205:

Lopez, Ignacio. "The Spanish Tercios 1536–1704." Osprey: 2012. Page 4.

3144:

Jeremy Black, "European Warfare: 1494–1660", Routledge 2002, p. 39-40.

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cavalry. The new Korean force was tested against the Manchus again in

2798: 3041: 1938: 1762: 1712: 1662: 1652: 1647: 1512: 1303: 1298: 1263: 705: 391: 358: 247: 3183:. Toronto, ON, Canada: Rakoczi Press. pp. 35–36. Archived from 2887: 2737: 2590: 2446: 2863: 2851: 2718:, the Imperial pike and shot formations shot down attacking French 2704: 2703:

that occupied most of the latter sixteenth century, and when their

2669: 2561:, were placed in front of, and to the sides of, the arquebusiers. 2528: 2254: 2238: 2126: 2111: 1953: 1928: 1561: 1193: 1168: 786: 341: 215: 3037: 2811: 2677: 2665: 2573: 2550: 2541: 2250: 2118: 1963: 1923: 1687: 1521: 1517: 864: 849: 725: 386: 381: 351: 290: 252: 99: 2307:

Spanish army won the first Italian Wars. In preparation for the

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Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict

3057: 2949: 2558: 2196: 2188: 2149: 2130: 1470: 871: 688: 424: 2181:, dominated European warfare, especially the heavily armoured 2948:

After bad experiences with the classic tercios formations in

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in particular were using it to great effect until 1721. The

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Armies using the tercio generally intended to field them in

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A model of a section of a pike and shot formation from the

242: 237: 94: 2826:(often retroactively known as the "Dutch"), who fought a 2660:

to establish his own pike and shot contingents after the

2507: 115: 3178: 3158:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. pp. 205–10. 2835:, who had read ancient military treatises extensively. 2814:) dress was not common for military troops at the time. 2668:. These legions were raised regionally, one in each of 3487: 3551:. Pisa: Pisa University Press, Edizioni Plus, 2005. 3585:

A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century

2436: 2968:, perhaps not dangerous on its own, but giving the 2839:550 men strong, similar to the size of the ancient 2580: 3056:fought on 19 May 1643, the Spanish abandoned the 3623: 3594:. New York, New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2006. 3086:converted almost all Russian foot-regiments to 3181:"A thousand years of the Hungarian art of war" 3577:New York, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. 2687:nature, the large blocks of Swiss mercenary, 2088: 2916:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2766:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2619:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2475:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3498:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGuthrie2003 ( 3118:, a society devoted to study of the period 2095: 2081: 2936:Learn how and when to remove this message 2786:Learn how and when to remove this message 2639:Learn how and when to remove this message 2495:Learn how and when to remove this message 82:Learn how and when to remove this message 2797: 2506: 2187:(a professional version of the medieval 1059:List of military strategies and concepts 93: 45:This article includes a list of general 3493: 3153: 14: 3624: 3512: 2877: 2303:infantry were equipped with firearms. 2249:("colonelcy"), and was commanded by a 2535:during the Italian wars. The Spanish 2322:Following its 1506 military reforms, 2993: 2914:adding citations to reliable sources 2881: 2764:adding citations to reliable sources 2731: 2617:adding citations to reliable sources 2584: 2473:adding citations to reliable sources 2440: 31: 3610:. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1973. 3587:. London: Methuen & Co., 1937. 24: 3632:Warfare of the early modern period 3608:The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529 2656:; this despite the desire of King 51:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 3643: 3179:Anthony Tihamer Komjathy (1982). 3109: 2437:Spanish and Imperial developments 2367:In 1571 the Ming Chinese general 2330:, or other close-combat weapons. 2311:of 1502 to 1504, Spanish general 2213:opposed the French armies in the 3575:France in the Sixteenth Century. 2979:Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly 2886: 2858:deployed in a bastioned-square. 2736: 2727: 2589: 2445: 2215:War of the Burgundian Succession 133: 36: 3590:Jorgensen, Christer (et al.). 3533: 3506: 3478: 3468: 3459: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3272: 3263: 3254: 3245: 2581:The French failure to keep pace 2153:) infantries, and later by the 3601:. University of Glasgow, 2015 3235: 3226: 3217: 3208: 3199: 3172: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3074:this configuration during the 13: 1: 3475:twice the number of misfires. 3122: 3100:Confederate States of America 3071:Army of the Holy Roman Empire 2257:. They reappeared during the 2527:, renowned for their use of 2313:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba 2235:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba 2161:armies in the 17th century. 7: 3116:The Pike & Shot Society 1552:Military–industrial complex 1031:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 3648: 3562:Baumgartner, Frederic J. 3154:Vaughan, Richard (2002) . 3023: 2810:in Stockholm. Consistent ( 2276: 2177:and the late phase of the 3606:Taylor, Frederick Lewis. 3573:Baumgartner, Frederic J. 3519:. ABC-CLIO. p. 202. 2281: 2164: 1616:Loss-of-strength gradient 473:Combat information center 3513:Tucker, Spencer (2011). 2828:long war of independence 2125:and soldiers armed with 1934:Military science fiction 1419:Technology and equipment 840:List of military tactics 3314:J. Tincey and R. Hook, 3260:Jörgensen et al, p. 15. 3078:, most famously at the 3060:system and adopted the 2701:French Wars of Religion 2654:French Wars of Religion 2343:all received double pay 2002:Wartime sexual violence 1758:Full-spectrum dominance 1569:Supply-chain management 66:more precise citations. 2815: 2516: 2387:German Catholic League 1914:Awards and decorations 1887:Peace through strength 1862:Low-intensity conflict 1496:Conscientious objector 1369:Area of responsibility 103: 3045:flintlock musket and 2983:Battle of Breitenfeld 2801: 2515:in "bastioned square" 2510: 2345:compared to pikemen. 2300:Black Army of Hungary 506:Torpedo data computer 496:Ship gun fire-control 97: 3547:Arfaioli, Maurizio. 2910:improve this section 2872:Battle of Nieuwpoort 2760:improve this section 2613:improve this section 2469:improve this section 2431:Cochinchina campaign 2420:At the start of the 2372:arquebuses, and 60 " 2222:Austria, and Tyrol. 2211:Emperor Maximilian I 2032:Military occupations 1867:Military engineering 1769:Unrestricted Warfare 1626:Force multiplication 524:Military manoeuvrers 3316:The Armada Campaign 3242:1,000 halberdiers." 2878:Swedish innovations 2317:Battle of Cerignola 2271:Battle of Cerignola 2259:conquest of Granada 2135:Holy Roman Imperial 1718:Penal military unit 1703:Rules of engagement 1379:Command and control 1004:Operations research 468:Director (military) 458:Fire-control system 228:Command and control 109:Part of a series on 3336:Guthrie, p. 16-17. 3187:on 26 January 2011 3135:Hillgarth, p. 377. 3096:American Civil War 2816: 2806:on display at the 2716:Battle of Ceresole 2517: 2422:Great Northern War 2404:English Civil Wars 2227:Battle of Seminara 2171:Hundred Years' War 2115:tactical formation 1827:Counter-insurgency 1748:Command of the sea 1693:Jewish laws on war 1668:Geneva Conventions 1204:Divide and conquer 999:Military operation 964:Tactical objective 463:Fire-control radar 440:Electronic-warfare 104: 27:Infantry formation 3597:Schürger, André. 3526:978-1-59884-429-0 3076:Great Turkish War 2994:Outside of Europe 2946: 2945: 2938: 2833:Maurice of Nassau 2804:Thirty Years' War 2796: 2795: 2788: 2649: 2648: 2641: 2505: 2504: 2497: 2309:Third Italian War 2110:was a historical 2105: 2104: 1997:Horses in warfare 1944:Anti-war movement 1847:Gunboat diplomacy 1837:Disaster response 1785:Philosophy of war 1780:Principles of war 1753:Deterrence theory 1698:Right of conquest 1621:Lanchester's laws 1389:Principles of war 1079:Counter-offensive 1064:Military campaign 969:Target saturation 892:Counterinsurgency 501:Gun data computer 435:Close air support 397:Aircraft carriers 92: 91: 84: 16:(Redirected from 3639: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3278:Iganacio, p. 13. 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3156:Charles the Bold 3151: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3080:Battle of Vienna 3054:Battle of Rocroi 3030:flintlock musket 2941: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2890: 2882: 2791: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2740: 2732: 2644: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2593: 2585: 2500: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2449: 2441: 2411:Battle of Vienna 2374:crouching tigers 2292:Burgundian State 2097: 2090: 2083: 1852:Humanitarian aid 1790:Security dilemma 1611:Power projection 1394:Economy of force 1374:Chain of command 1089:Defence in depth 1074:Commerce raiding 897:Defeat in detail 233:Defense ministry 137: 128: 127: 118: 106: 105: 87: 80: 76: 73: 67: 62:this article by 53:inline citations 40: 39: 32: 21: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3622: 3621: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354:Ignacio, p. 13. 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214:Iganacio, p. 5. 3213: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3112: 3047:paper cartridge 3026: 3005:Battle of Sarhū 2996: 2970:Swedish cavalry 2954:Gustav II Adolf 2942: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2907: 2891: 2880: 2820:Seven Provinces 2792: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2757: 2741: 2730: 2662:Battle of Pavia 2645: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2610: 2594: 2583: 2501: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2466: 2450: 2439: 2284: 2279: 2225:In 1495 at the 2175:Burgundian Wars 2167: 2101: 2072: 2071: 2022: 2012: 2011: 1977: 1969: 1968: 1909: 1899: 1898: 1872:Multilateralism 1857:Law enforcement 1817: 1807: 1806: 1775:Just war theory 1733: 1723: 1722: 1673:Geneva Protocol 1643: 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operation 1018: 1013: 1006: 1001: 995: 990: 989: 986: 985: 982: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 950: 949: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 868: 867: 862: 857: 847: 838: 833: 832: 829: 828: 825: 824: 822:Unconventional 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 770: 768:Disinformation 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 739: 738: 733: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 692: 687: 686: 683: 682: 679: 678: 673: 666: 665: 664: 663: 662: 661: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 619: 618: 617: 616: 615: 614: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 567: 566: 565: 564: 559: 554: 545: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 526: 521: 519:Basic training 516: 509: 508: 503: 498: 493: 486: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 448: 447: 445:Reconnaissance 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 410: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 372: 371: 366: 364:Special forces 361: 356: 355: 354: 344: 339: 332: 331: 326: 321: 319:Reconnaissance 316: 311: 306: 301: 294: 293: 284: 279: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 219: 214: 213: 210: 209: 206: 205: 204: 203: 198: 188: 187: 186: 181: 171: 170: 169: 162:Post-classical 159: 154: 148: 143: 142: 139: 138: 130: 129: 111: 110: 90: 89: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3644: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3617: 3616:0-8371-5025-6 3613: 3609: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3581:Oman, Charles 3579: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3557:88-8492-231-3 3554: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3536: 3528: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3509: 3501: 3495: 3490: 3481: 3471: 3462: 3455: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3324: 3317: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3248: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3167: 3165:0-85115-918-4 3161: 3157: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3128: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3104:Robert E. Lee 3101: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3088:line infantry 3085: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3062:line infantry 3059: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3034:miquelet lock 3031: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2940: 2937: 2929: 2926:November 2022 2919: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2895:This section 2893: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2875: 2873: 2867: 2865: 2859: 2855: 2853: 2850:described by 2849: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2790: 2787: 2779: 2776:November 2022 2769: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2745:This section 2743: 2739: 2734: 2733: 2728:Dutch reforms 2725: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2672:, Languedoc, 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2643: 2640: 2632: 2629:November 2022 2622: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2598:This section 2596: 2592: 2587: 2586: 2578: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525:doppelsöldner 2523:consisted of 2522: 2514: 2509: 2499: 2496: 2488: 2485:November 2022 2478: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2454:This section 2452: 2448: 2443: 2442: 2434: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2399: 2397: 2396:invaded Korea 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2362:Lord Burghley 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2290:In 1471, the 2288: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2108:Pike and shot 2098: 2093: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2075: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2016: 2015: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1924:Warrior caste 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1903: 1902: 1895: 1894:Show of force 1892: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1882:Peacebuilding 1880: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1738:Air supremacy 1736: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1678:Islamic rules 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1658:Court-martial 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1557:Arms industry 1555: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1427: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1174:Broken-backed 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1049: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1016:Expeditionary 1014: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 996: 993: 988: 987: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 948: 945: 944: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 887:Counterattack 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 852: 851: 848: 846: 843: 842: 841: 836: 831: 830: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 812:Psychological 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 748:Combined arms 746: 744: 741: 737: 734: 732: 729: 728: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 693: 690: 685: 684: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 660: 657: 656: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 626: 625: 622: 621: 613: 610: 609: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 587:Fortification 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 573: 570: 569: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 547: 546: 543: 538: 537: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 511: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 450: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 408: 405: 403: 402:Landing craft 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 353: 350: 349: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 334: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 292: 288: 287:Standing army 285: 283: 280: 278: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 217: 212: 211: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 192: 189: 185: 182: 180: 179:pike and shot 177: 176: 175: 172: 168: 165: 164: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 149: 146: 141: 140: 136: 132: 131: 125: 117: 113: 112: 108: 107: 101: 96: 86: 83: 75: 65: 61: 55: 54: 48: 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 3607: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3574: 3567: 3563: 3548: 3535: 3515: 3508: 3494:Guthrie 2003 3489: 3480: 3470: 3461: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3395: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3315: 3310: 3301: 3292: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3247: 3237: 3228: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3189:. Retrieved 3185:the original 3174: 3155: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3092: 3051: 3027: 2997: 2988: 2975: 2962: 2958: 2947: 2932: 2923: 2908:Please help 2896: 2868: 2866:deployment. 2860: 2856: 2837: 2817: 2782: 2773: 2758:Please help 2746: 2719: 2713: 2709:Landsknechts 2708: 2698: 2693:Landsknechts 2692: 2688: 2684: 2682: 2650: 2635: 2626: 2611:Please help 2599: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2521:Landsknechte 2518: 2512: 2491: 2482: 2467:Please help 2455: 2427: 2419: 2409:At the 1683 2408: 2400: 2392: 2383: 2366: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2338: 2333:In 1515 the 2332: 2321: 2305: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2266: 2264: 2246: 2224: 2219:Italian wars 2209: 2182: 2168: 2148: 2140:Landsknechte 2138: 2107: 2106: 2007:Fifth column 1987:War resister 1982:Women in war 1877:Peacekeeping 1822:Arms control 1767: 1456:Mobilization 1451:Conscription 1409:Intelligence 1362:Organization 1008: 937:Encirclement 817:Radiological 753:Conventional 607:Subterranean 514:Development: 513: 490: 452: 414: 377:Naval units: 376: 369:Signal corps 336: 314:Intelligence 299:Specialties: 298: 223:Organization 178: 174:Early modern 78: 69: 50: 29: 3067:Charles XII 3009:volley fire 2966:volley fire 2824:Netherlands 2808:Army Museum 2689:Landsknecht 2666:Halberdiers 2378:swivel guns 2201:Landsknecht 2179:Reconquista 1992:War studies 1815:Non-warfare 1743:Appeasement 1708:Martial law 1547:War economy 1486:Transgender 1439:Recruitment 1199:Containment 1084:Culminating 992:Operational 912:Envelopment 855:Air assault 736:Air cavalry 696:Air defence 676:Information 577:Cold-region 542:Battlespace 491:Historical: 337:Land units: 263:Space force 258:Coast guard 191:Late modern 152:Prehistoric 100:halberdiers 64:introducing 3191:11 October 3123:References 3052:After the 2537:colunellas 2533:zweihänder 2369:Qi Jiguang 2335:Black Band 2328:hog-spears 2267:colunellas 2203:mercenary 2127:arquebuses 2052:War crimes 2042:Operations 1949:Foot drill 1919:Battle cry 1832:deterrence 1491:Harassment 1466:Specialism 1289:Technology 1284:Succession 1229:Liberation 1164:Asymmetric 1099:Empty fort 1010:Blitzkrieg 979:Withdrawal 942:Investment 721:Camouflage 716:Biological 654:Underwater 629:Amphibious 548:Aerospace 415:Air units: 392:Submarines 201:fourth-gen 196:industrial 184:napoleonic 72:March 2013 47:references 3098:when the 3042:firepower 3018:1636–1637 3000:Imjin War 2897:does not 2844:legionary 2747:does not 2721:gendarmes 2674:Champagne 2658:Francis I 2600:does not 2456:does not 2247:colunella 1939:War novel 1842:Grey-zone 1802:War games 1763:Overmatch 1713:War crime 1663:Desertion 1653:Ceasefire 1648:Armistice 1535:Logistics 1513:Mercenary 1501:Volunteer 1432:Personnel 1404:Engineers 1349:Sociology 1304:World war 1299:Total war 1279:Strategic 1269:Religious 1254:Political 1249:Perpetual 1224:Irregular 1139:Offensive 1114:Defensive 1109:Deception 1069:Attrition 922:Guerrilla 917:Formation 860:Airbridge 792:Loitering 706:Artillery 359:Artillery 309:Engineers 277:Irregular 248:Air force 18:Colunella 3626:Category 3065:of King 2864:Quincunx 2852:Vegetius 2846:480-man 2705:Huguenot 2670:Normandy 2574:brigades 2551:bastions 2529:arquebus 2339:Fähnlein 2324:Florence 2255:arquebus 2239:firearms 2217:and the 2199:and the 2184:gendarme 2112:infantry 1954:War song 1929:War film 1562:Materiel 1481:Children 1461:Training 1399:Medicine 1384:Doctrine 1339:Training 1274:Resource 1259:Princely 1209:Economic 1194:Conquest 1189:Colonial 1184:Cold war 1169:Blockade 1054:Strategy 1026:Maneuver 787:Infantry 743:Chemical 597:Mountain 557:Airborne 420:Fighters 387:Warships 342:Infantry 268:Reserves 216:Military 3084:Peter I 3038:bayonet 3024:Decline 2918:removed 2903:sources 2822:of the 2812:uniform 2768:removed 2753:sources 2678:Picardy 2621:removed 2606:sources 2542:tercios 2477:removed 2462:sources 2277:History 2269:at the 2251:colonel 2205:pikemen 2191:), the 2159:Swedish 2150:Tercios 2145:Spanish 2131:muskets 2129:and/or 2119:bayonet 2067:Writers 2062:Weapons 2027:Battles 1976:Related 1964:Wargame 1959:Uniform 1907:Culture 1688:Perfidy 1683:Justice 1604:Science 1589:Outpost 1542:History 1522:Warrior 1518:Soldier 1506:foreign 1444:counter 1344:Service 1294:Theater 1234:Limited 1214:Endemic 1129:Nuclear 902:Foxhole 877:Cavalry 865:Airdrop 850:Airlift 835:Tactics 807:Nuclear 797:Missile 726:Cavalry 711:Barrage 689:Weapons 649:Surface 430:Command 425:Bombers 382:Frogman 352:Cavalry 324:Medical 291:Militia 273:Regular 253:Marines 167:castles 157:Ancient 145:History 124:outline 60:improve 3614: 3555: 3523: 3162: 3058:Tercio 2950:Poland 2848:cohort 2685:ad hoc 2559:musket 2555:mangas 2513:tercio 2295:page. 2282:Ratios 2231:Naples 2197:Tercio 2189:knight 2165:Origin 2143:) and 2047:Sieges 1731:Theory 1471:Morale 1329:Policy 1324:Branch 1104:Mosaic 1094:Fabian 1041:Covert 974:Trench 959:Screen 882:Charge 872:Battle 845:Aerial 763:Denial 731:Horses 659:Seabed 612:Tunnel 592:Jungle 582:Desert 552:Aerial 49:, but 3566:, in 2841:Roman 2193:Swiss 2155:Dutch 2123:pikes 2020:Lists 1476:Women 1414:Ranks 1334:Staff 1264:Proxy 1179:Class 1134:Naval 1119:Depth 954:Swarm 947:Siege 927:Naval 907:Drone 802:Music 777:Robot 773:Drone 758:Cyber 701:Armor 671:Cyber 644:Green 639:Brown 602:Urban 562:Space 483:Radar 478:Sonar 347:Armor 304:Staff 282:Ranks 3612:ISBN 3553:ISBN 3521:ISBN 3500:help 3193:2010 3160:ISBN 3016:and 3014:1627 2901:any 2899:cite 2751:any 2749:cite 2676:and 2604:any 2602:cite 2531:and 2460:any 2458:cite 2298:The 2243:pike 2157:and 2057:Wars 1574:Base 1124:Goal 1036:Raid 634:Blue 572:Land 243:Navy 238:Army 3090:. 2912:by 2762:by 2615:by 2471:by 1641:Law 1584:FOB 1579:MOB 624:Sea 116:War 3628:: 3583:. 2952:, 2511:A 2173:, 1520:/ 775:/ 289:/ 275:/ 3618:. 3559:. 3529:. 3502:) 3195:. 3168:. 2939:) 2933:( 2928:) 2924:( 2920:. 2906:. 2789:) 2783:( 2778:) 2774:( 2770:. 2756:. 2642:) 2636:( 2631:) 2627:( 2623:. 2609:. 2498:) 2492:( 2487:) 2483:( 2479:. 2465:. 2147:( 2137:( 2096:e 2089:t 2082:v 126:) 122:( 85:) 79:( 74:) 70:( 56:. 20:)

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