423:
1071:
1169:
543:. The incandescent fuel bed would be alternately blasted with air followed by steam. The air reactions during the blow cycle are exothermic, heating up the bed, while the steam reactions during the make cycle, are endothermic and cool down the bed. The products from the air cycle contain non-calorific nitrogen and are exhausted out the stack while the products of the steam cycle are kept as blue water gas. This gas is composed almost entirely of CO and H
307:
44:
906:
779:
723:
2601:
860:, in the Thames estuary in Essex, England. A 212-mile (341 km) long high-pressure trunk pipeline was built from Canvey Island to Bradford. The pipeline and its branches provided Area Gas Boards with natural gas for use in reforming processes to make town gas. A large-scale LNG reception plant was commissioned on Canvey in 1964, which received LNG from Algeria in two dedicated tankers, each of 12,000 tonnes.
953:) over the period from 1967 to 1977 at a cost of about ÂŁ100 million, including writing off redundant town gas manufacturing plants. All the gas-using equipment of almost thirteen million domestic, four hundred thousand commercial, and sixty thousand industrial customers were converted. Many dangerous appliances were discovered in this exercise and were taken out of service.
258:
In the United
Kingdom the discovery of large reserves of natural gas, or sea gas as it was known colloquially, in the Southern North Sea off the coasts of Norfolk and Yorkshire in 1965 led to the expensive conversion or replacement of most of Britain's gas cookers and gas heaters, from the late 1960s
888:
of 1967 (Cmd. 3438) pointed the industry in the direction of building up the use of natural gas speedily to 'enable the country to benefit as soon as possible from the advantages of this new indigenous energy source'. As a result, there was a 'rush to gas' for use in peak load electricity generation
806:
By the 1960s, manufactured gas, compared with its main rival in the energy market, electricity, was considered "nasty, smelly, dirty and dangerous" (to quote market research of the time) and seemed doomed to lose market share still further, except for cooking where its controllability gave it marked
1011:
As reported in the DTI Energy Review 'Our Energy
Challenge' January 2006 North Sea gas resources have been depleted at a faster rate than had been anticipated and gas supplies for the UK are being sought from remote sources, a strategy made possible by developments in the technologies of pipelaying
960:
As well as requiring little processing before use, natural gas is non-toxic; the carbon monoxide (CO) in town gas made it extremely poisonous, accidental poisoning and suicide by gas being commonplace. Poisoning from natural gas appliances is only due to incomplete combustion, which creates CO, and
574:
During a make run, steam would be passed through the generator to make blue water gas. From the generator the hot water gas would pass into the top of the carburettor where light petroleum oils would be injected into the gas stream. The light oils would be thermocracked as they came in contact with
764:
The rise of oil as a feedstock to manufacture town gas is shown on the graph below. The peak usage in 1968/9 and subsequent decline coincides with the availability of North Sea gas which, over the next few years, displaced town gas as a primary fuel and led to the decline of oil as a feedstock for
1132:
Loss of high-quality gas oil (used as motor fuel) and feed coke (diverted for steelmaking) leads to massive tar problems. CWG (carburetted water gas) tar is less valuable than coal gasification tar as a feed stock. Tar-water emulsions are uneconomical to process due to unsellable water and lower
956:
The UK town gas industry ended in 1987 when operations ceased at the last town gas manufacturing plants in
Northern Ireland (Belfast, Portadown and Carrickfergus; Carrickfergus gas works is now a restored gasworks museum). The Portadown site has been cleared and is now the subject of a long-term
201:
supply and transmission—during the 1940s and 1950s in the United States and during the late 1960s and 1970s in the United
Kingdom and Australia—almost all gas for fuel and lighting was manufactured from coal. Town gas was supplied to households via municipally owned piped distribution systems.
259:
onwards, the process being completed by the late 1970s. Any residual gas lighting found in homes being converted was either capped off at the meter or, more usually, removed altogether. As of 2023, some gas street lighting still remains, mainly in central London and the Royal Parks.
566:
invented the carburetted water gas process. This process revolutionized the manufactured gas industry and was the standard technology until the end of manufactured gas era. A CWG generating set consisted of three elements; a producer (generator), carburettor and a
815:
and the gas industry followed suit. Gas warm air heating found a market niche in new local authority housing where low installation costs gave it an advantage. These developments, the realignment of managerial thinking away from commercial
984:
as a single commercial entity, embracing all the twelve area gas boards, allowing them to acquire, distribute and market gas and gas appliances to industrial commercial and domestic customers throughout the UK. In 1986,
878:, over 8,000 feet (2,400 m) below the seabed. Subsequently, the North Sea was found to have many substantial gas fields on both sides of the median line defining which nations should have rights over the reserves.
588:
944:
made viable the building of a national distribution grid, of over 3,000 miles (4,800 km), consisting of two parallel and interconnected pipelines running the length of the country. This became the
807:
advantages over both electricity and solid fuel. The development of more efficient gas fires assisted gas to resist competition in the market for room heating. Concurrently a new market for whole house
404:
forced utilities to search for other markets for manufactured gas. MGPs that once almost exclusively produced lighting gas shifted their efforts towards supplying gas for heating and cooking, and even
949:. All gas equipment in Great Britain (but not Northern Ireland) was converted (by the fitting of different-sized burner jets to give the correct gas/air mixture) from town gas to natural gas (mainly
1031:
parodied the conversion from coal to North Sea gas, and the jumping through hoops some encountered, in their "New Cooker Sketch," as part of the episode that began its second series in 1970.
356:
use, with the gas being a side product, or the production of a high quality gas, with coke being the side product. Coke plants are typically associated with metallurgical facilities such as
278:. These gases are made by partial combustion of a wide variety of feedstocks in some mixture of air, oxygen, or steam, to reduce the latter to hydrogen and carbon monoxide although some
374:
In the early years of MGP operations, the goal of a utility gas works was to produce the greatest amount of illuminating gas. The illuminating power of a gas was related to amount of
1835:
Apart from in the steel industry's coke ovens' by-products plants, coal gas is no longer made in the UK. It was replaced first by gas made from oil and later by natural gas from the
386:
coals as feedstock. These coals would give off large amounts of volatile hydrocarbons into the coal gas, but would leave behind a crumbly, low-quality coke not suitable for
1816:. In 1948 there was a total of 1,062 gas undertakings. Both the private companies, about two-thirds of the total, and the municipal gas undertakings, about one-third, were
761:
process. The catalytic rich gas process used natural gas as a feedstock to manufacture town gas. These facilities utilised the chemical reaction processes described above.
1052:, the whole German chemical industry emerged. Using the coal gas waste as feedstock, researchers developed new processes and synthesized natural organic compounds such as
892:
The growth in availability of natural gas is shown in the graph below. Until 1968 this was from supplies of LNG from
Algeria, until North Sea gas was available from 1968.
251:
with a wide range of artificial dyes being made from coal gas and coal tar. Facilities where the gas was produced were often known as a manufactured gas plant (MGP) or a
1154:
Development of high-pressure pipeline welding encourages the creation of large municipal gas plants and the consolidation of the MG industry. Sets the stage for rise of
462:) produced by water gas reactions. Producer gas has a very low calorific value of 3.7 to 5.6 MJ/m (99 to 150 Btu/cu ft); because the calorific gases CO/H
212:
was the inhalation of gas from an unlit oven. With the head and upper body placed inside the appliance, the concentrated carbon monoxide would kill quickly.
2251:
Copp, A. D. L., R. G. Hildrew and L. S. Cooper (May 1966). "The Design, Commissioning and
Operation of the United Kingdom Gas Industry's Methane Pipeline".
2867:
2857:
2825:
397:
between 10 and 20 megajoules per cubic metre (270 and 540 Btu/cu ft); with values around 20 MJ/m (540 Btu/cu ft) being typical.
348:) of coal in coke ovens were collected, scrubbed and used as fuel. Depending on the goal of the plant, the desired product was either a high quality
2266:
579:
inside the carburettor. The hot enriched gas would then flow into the superheater, where the gas would be further cracked by more hot fire bricks.
382:("illuminants") dissolved in it. These hydrocarbons gave the gas flame its characteristic bright yellow color. Gas works would typically use oily
550:
Blue water gas lacked illuminants; it would not burn with a luminous flame in a simple fishtail gas jet as existed prior to the invention of the
1151:
Various "back-run" procedures for CWG generation lower fuel consumption and help deal with issues from the use of bituminous coal in CWG sets.
1959:
1291:
The decline of coke making in the US leads to a coal tar crisis since coal tar pitch is vital for the production of carbon electrodes for
745:
New technologies for manufacturing coal gas using oil, refinery tail gases, and light distillates were developed. Processes included the
1181:
2483:
Fressoz, J. B. (2007). "The gas lighting controversy, technological risk, expertise and regulation in Paris and London, 1815-1850".
1387:
The coal used, and the town gas and by-products produced, by the major three gas companies of London are summarised in the table.
2345:
881:
In a pilot scheme customers on Canvey Island were converted from town gas to natural gas supplied from the LNG plant on Canvey.
600:
Following the Second World War the slow recovery of the
British coal mining industry led to shortages of coal and high prices.
547:, and burns with a pale blue flame similar to natural gas. BWG has a calorific value of 11 MJ/m (300 BTU/cu ft).
151:
and supplied to the user via a piped distribution system. It is produced when coal is heated strongly in the absence of air.
1063:
The German economy relied on coal gas during the Second World War as petroleum shortages forced Nazi
Germany to develop the
2955:
965:) is added to the gas to indicate to the user that there is a leak or an unlit burner, the gas having no odour of its own.
158:
The original coal gas was produced by the coal gasification reaction, and the burnable component consisted of a mixture of
1222:
Development of natural gas industry. Natural gas has an energy content of 37 MJ/m, compared to the 10-20 MJ/m of town gas.
1173:
933:
30:
2852:
108:
2426:. London: Ernest Benn Limited. (Reprinted 1992, London: A&C Black (Publishers) Limited for the London Gas Museum.
1324:
using the
Continuous Vertical Retort Technology of Babcock-Woodall Duckham (UK), constructed on the recommendation of
2473:
2454:
2431:
2034:
Artificial gas. (n.d.) 1001 Words and
Phrases You Never Knew You Didn't Know. (2011). Retrieved October 15 2022 from
1940:
127:
80:
868:
The slow decline of the town gas industry in the UK was driven by the discovery of natural gas by the drilling rig
2061:
1812:
Coal gas was initially manufactured by independent companies but in the United Kingdom many of these later became
454:
to the input air of a gas producer would increase the calorific value of the fuel gas by enriching it with CO and
317:, preserves most of the equipment for making coal gas. This is the only such plant surviving in the United States.
155:
is a more general term referring to manufactured gaseous fuels produced for sale to consumers and municipalities.
2680:
1141:
539:
The problem of nitrogen dilution was overcome by the blue water gas (BWG) process, developed in the 1850s by Sir
427:
87:
2533:
2308:
2200:
1164:
1936 or so. Development of Lurgi gasifier. Germans continue work on gasification/synfuels due to oil shortages.
65:
709:
The decline of coal as a feedstock for town gas production using carbonisation is demonstrated in this graph.
2047:
1064:
1328:
946:
824:
management (meeting the needs and desires of customers) and the lifting of an early moratorium preventing
94:
1883:
1187:
1092:
179:
2872:
1049:
2950:
2670:
1853:
746:
76:
61:
2447:
New Flame: How Gas changed the commercial, domestic and industrial life in Britain from 1783 to 1984
918:
791:
735:
2960:
2923:
Note: Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.
2742:
2655:
2650:
2362:
2280:
Murray, Stephen (2017). "A history of the oil, gas and petrochemical industries on Canvey Island".
1048:
In many ways, Germany took the lead in coal gas research and carbon chemistry. With the labours of
554:
in the 1890s. Various attempts were made to enrich BWG with illuminants from gas oil in the 1860s.
532:
279:
2902:
1744:
1247:
injection reduces demand for metallurgical coke. 25 to 40% less coke is needed in blast furnaces.
981:
961:
flue leaks to living accommodation. As with town gas, a small amount of foul-smelling substance (
957:
experiment into the use of bacteria for the purpose of cleaning up contaminated industrial land.
853:
825:
54:
848:(LNG) could be transported safely, efficiently and economically over long distances by sea. The
333:. Gasification is the process of subjecting a feedstock to chemical reactions that produce gas.
2877:
2685:
2074:
1956:
829:
2172:
2156:
2127:
1339:
to produce the town gas and soft coke. The plant in the 1990s produced various chemicals like
446:) in a gas producer. The reaction of fuel with insufficient air for total combustion produces
2732:
2630:
2260:
224:
1932:
2737:
2712:
1292:
1036:
587:
540:
438:
technology. Producer gas is made by blowing air through an incandescent fuel bed (commonly
832:, saved the gas industry for long enough to provide a viable market for what was to come.
562:
refining, made from the lightest and most volatile fractions (tops) of crude oil. In 1875
8:
2815:
2675:
2575:
1325:
1172:
Ruins of the German synthetic petrol plant (Hydrierwerke Pölitz – Aktiengesellschaft) in
750:
1225:
Petrochemicals kill much of the value of coal tar as a source of chemical feed stocks. (
329:. Carbonization refers to the devolatilization of an organic feedstock to yield gas and
2887:
2830:
2800:
2790:
2747:
2526:
2500:
1977:
1813:
1317:
1275:
1184:, in the US, forces break up of integrated coke and gas companies in the United States.
845:
2342:
2087:
101:
2945:
2892:
2820:
2767:
2620:
2504:
2469:
2450:
2427:
2304:
2196:
1936:
1034:
Coal gas was used to power several historic balloon ascents in the 19th century (see
968:
The organisation of the British gas industry adapted to these changes, first, by the
450:(CO); this reaction is exothermic and self-sustaining. It was discovered that adding
401:
371:(CWG), and oil gas is today generally referred to as a manufactured gas plant (MGP).
291:
248:
20:
1288:
Catalytic upgrading of gas by use of hydrogen to react with tarry vapours in the gas
2882:
2635:
2492:
2035:
1992:
1928:
1888:
1161:
Electric lighting replaces gaslight. MG industry peak is sometime in the mid-1920s.
1119:
1113:
330:
301:
267:
914:
787:
731:
2580:
2349:
2145:(6). Consolidated Gas, Electric Light, and Power Company of Baltimore: 383. 1916.
2117:, American Chemical Society 168th National Meeting, Atlantic City, September 1974
1963:
1829:
1817:
1336:
1332:
1278:
production shifts from catalytic oxidation of naphthalene to the o-xylol process.
1226:
986:
937:
808:
754:
447:
394:
223:
process, its use developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries tracking the
171:
159:
1996:
1254:. Reduce need for coke in recycling steel scrap. Less need for fresh steel/iron.
2762:
2690:
2665:
1863:
1251:
1075:
1012:
that enable the transmission of gas over land and under sea across and between
973:
471:
310:
187:
2010:
422:
2940:
2934:
2519:
2496:
1848:
1791:
1209:
993:
929:
857:
758:
563:
405:
361:
322:
24:
989:
was privatised and the government no longer has any direct control over it.
208:, in contrast to natural gas. At the time, a frequent method of committing
2907:
2132:
1858:
1825:
1821:
1729:
1028:
977:
969:
812:
568:
435:
379:
326:
297:
275:
240:
228:
213:
183:
144:
2840:
2835:
2777:
2727:
2702:
1721:
1361:
1244:
1155:
1101:
885:
841:
439:
349:
220:
198:
2102:
Process and environmentals technology for producing SNG and liquid fuels
1168:
1070:
2585:
1802:
1381:
1377:
1013:
817:
576:
551:
387:
383:
353:
29:"Towngas" redirects here. The term may also refer to the brand name of
972:
by empowering the Gas Council to acquire and supply gas to the twelve
913:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
786:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
730:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
2912:
2897:
2845:
2795:
2785:
1873:
1836:
1725:
1257:
1053:
1020:. Such sources of supply are exposed to all the risks of any import.
1017:
997:
962:
941:
821:
498:
368:
337:
244:
1546:
Coke made, hundredweight per ton of coal (20 hundredweight = 1 ton)
1320:
is the only plant in India that is producing coal gas (town gas) in
306:
43:
2862:
2717:
2695:
2640:
2615:
2590:
1898:
1893:
1878:
1868:
1763:
1740:
1365:
1265:
1233:
559:
467:
455:
357:
263:
262:
The production process differs from other methods used to generate
252:
232:
191:
167:
163:
2600:
2324:
2722:
2570:
1773:
1757:
1373:
1340:
1321:
1298:
Development of process to make methanol via hydrogenation of CO/H
1269:
1107:
1057:
1005:
950:
875:
870:
558:(an early form of gasoline) was the flammable waste product from
555:
344:. The off gases liberated in the high-temperature carbonization (
314:
236:
209:
175:
2363:
https://www.coalindia.in/en-us/ourbusiness/productsservices.aspx
2301:
Always under Pressure – A History of North Thames Gas since 1949
166:
in roughly equal quantities by volume. Thus, coal gas is highly
2707:
2625:
1778:
1769:
1369:
1348:
1344:
1001:
417:
345:
271:
204:
186:
together with small quantities of non-calorific gases such as
2560:
1923:
Speight, James G. (2000). "Fuels, Synthetic, Gaseous Fuels".
1308:
1261:
1216:
1079:
451:
1376:
and these were all useful products. Dyes, medicines such as
1004:
installed in towns and cities for town gas were replaced by
2805:
2757:
2645:
2565:
2542:
2223:
Gas Chronology: the development of the British gas industry
1240:
443:
375:
341:
148:
1384:, and dozens of organic compounds are made from coal tar.
1314:
Direct hydrogenation of coal into liquid and gaseous fuels
2752:
2195:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 182–89, 290.
1751:
1144:, good for making pitch, but poor in chemical precursors.
336:
The first process used was the carbonization and partial
1807:
2511:
2424:
The History of the Gas Light and Coke Company 1812–1949
1724:
is used as a smokeless fuel and for the manufacture of
2403:
2062:"Why have people stopped committing suicide with gas?"
2048:"How do people die by putting their head in the oven?"
2388:
2373:
2158:
Proceedings of the American Gas Light Association ...
367:
A facility used to manufacture coal gas, carburetted
2868:
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
2128:"The Introduction of Water Gas in the United States"
1295:/aluminium. US now has to import coal tar from China
1091:
Tar aerosols (tar extractors, condensers/scrubbers,
2858:
Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia
2343:
https://www.coalindia.in/en-us/company/history.aspx
1305:
Mobil M-gas process for making petrol from methanol
231:. By-products from the production process included
68:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1282:
1067:to produce synthetic fuel for aircraft and tanks.
713:Coal-based town gas production, millions of therms
1360:The by-products of coal gas manufacture included
769:Oil-based town gas production, millions of therms
2932:
2036:https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Artificial+gas
1682:Ammoniacal liquor made, gallons per ton of coal
1126:
364:, while gas works typically served urban areas.
1925:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
1212:creates a large demand for industrial hydrogen.
571:connected in series with gas pipes and valves.
321:Manufactured gas can be made by two processes:
2408:. London: London Council Council. p. 341.
2115:Coal gasification and the phenolsolvan process
2104:, U.S, EPA report EPA-660/2-2-75-011, May 1975
595:
2527:
2393:. London: London County Council. p. 266.
2378:. London: London County Council. p. 527.
1824:. Further restructuring took place under the
874:, on 17 September 1965, some forty miles off
2265:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2235:
1043:
863:
2225:. London: British Gas. pp. Appendix 1.
2220:
2011:"coal gas | chemical compound | Britannica"
1085:
835:
434:Fuel gas for industrial use was made using
2534:
2520:
2444:
2076:National Gas Museum: Gas industry timeline
1217:Post WWII: the decline of manufactured gas
1182:Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935
582:
285:
219:Originally created as a by-product of the
216:famously ended her life with this method.
896:Natural gas available, millions of therms
486:→ 2 CO (exothermic producer gas reaction)
411:
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
2341:History of Coal India Limited, 1979-80,
2240:. London: Edward Arnold. pp. 11–34.
2190:
2107:
2094:
1648:Ammoniacal liquor made, million gallons
1167:
1069:
820:(selling what the industry produced) to
811:by hot water was being developed by the
591:Mantles in their unused flat-packed form
586:
421:
305:
170:. Other compositions contain additional
2482:
2463:
2177:. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. 1906.
1985:The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
1933:10.1002/0471238961.0701190519160509.a01
1922:
1747:to recover various products, including
1614:Coal tar made, gallons per ton of coal
2933:
2303:. London: Macmillan. pp. 89–122.
2298:
2279:
393:Coal or coke oven gas typically had a
2826:mining disasters in the United States
2515:
2468:. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan.
2216:
2214:
2212:
2193:A History of the British Gas Industry
2186:
2184:
1975:
1808:Structure of the UK coal gas industry
1023:
2250:
899:
772:
716:
66:adding citations to reliable sources
37:
2406:London Statistics vol. XXXIX 1934-5
2139:The Baltimore Gas and Electric News
1311:coal process plant in South Africa.
1190:for synthesis of liquid fuels from
889:and in low grade uses in industry.
844:in Great Britain demonstrated that
801:
31:The Hong Kong and China Gas Company
13:
2853:Environmental issues in Appalachia
2438:
2209:
2181:
852:shipped a consignment of LNG from
753:, the catalytic rich gas process,
14:
2972:
757:of rich gas, and the gas recycle
2599:
1142:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
904:
777:
721:
428:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
42:
2464:Peebles, Malcolm W. H. (1980).
2404:London Council Council (1936).
2397:
2382:
2367:
2355:
2335:
2317:
2292:
2273:
2244:
2229:
2165:
2149:
2120:
1976:Terry, Herbert (14 July 1881).
1580:Coal tar made, million gallons
1283:Post WWII positive developments
1250:BOF and EAF processes obsolete
856:, US, to a new LNG terminal on
53:needs additional citations for
2389:London County Council (1922).
2374:London County Council (1915).
2081:
2068:
2054:
2040:
2028:
2003:
1969:
1949:
1916:
1355:
1098:Light oil vapors (oil washing)
1:
2466:Evolution of the Gas Industry
2282:Essex Archaeology and History
1904:
1772:, used in the manufacture of
1478:Gas made, million cubic feet
1337:low temperature carbonisation
1329:Fuel Policy Committee of 1974
1127:WWI-interwar era developments
1016:. Natural gas is now a world
2253:Institution of Gas Engineers
1335:. The plant uses a modified
947:National Transmission System
466:are diluted with much inert
197:Prior to the development of
7:
2956:Synthetic fuel technologies
2191:Williams, Trevor I (1981).
1997:10.1056/NEJM188107141050202
1884:History of manufactured gas
1842:
1801:Used in the manufacture of
1790:Used in the manufacture of
1735:
1210:Haber-Bosch ammonia process
1140:CWG tar is full of lighter
1093:Electrostatic precipitators
932:, entailing landing gas at
596:New manufacturing processes
426:An illustration of typical
202:Sometimes, this was called
10:
2977:
2873:Health effects of coal ash
2681:power in the United States
2422:Everard, Stirling (1949).
2416:
2361:LTC Coke and By-Products,
2255:. Communication 708: 1–18.
1828:. For further details see
1796:
1050:August Wilhelm von Hofmann
575:the white hot checkerwork
415:
295:
289:
28:
18:
2921:
2776:
2608:
2597:
2549:
2449:. Tavistock: Graphmitre.
2391:London Statistics vol. 27
2376:London Statistics vol. 24
2236:Scott Wilson, D. (1969).
1966:, University of Illinois.
1854:Environmental remediation
1785:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1065:Fischer–Tropsch synthesis
1044:Gas production in Germany
864:Conversion to natural gas
612:Production, million tons
16:Manufactured gaseous fuel
2743:Greenhouse gas emissions
2541:
2497:10.1177/0096144207301418
2485:Journal of Urban History
2299:Falkus, Malcolm (1988).
1909:
1236:use for wood preserving.
1086:Issues in gas processing
928:The exploitation of the
836:Natural gas as feedstock
533:water gas shift reaction
280:destructive distillation
2903:Problems in coal mining
2445:Barty-King, H. (1985).
2348:4 February 2018 at the
2238:The Modern Gas Industry
1745:fractional distillation
1716:
1188:Fischer–Tropsch process
996:, many of the original
982:British Gas Corporation
854:Lake Charles, Louisiana
826:nationalised industries
615:Production cost, ÂŁ/ton
583:Gas in post-war Britain
286:Manufacturing processes
239:, which were important
180:Fischer–Tropsch process
2878:History of coal mining
1444:Coal carbonised, tons
1176:
1082:
930:North Sea gas reserves
830:television advertising
765:gas making, as shown.
592:
431:
412:Gas for industrial use
318:
2733:Fossil fuel phase-out
2631:Black coal equivalent
1962:13 April 2023 at the
1766:, a wood preservative
1398:Gas, Light and Coke
1171:
1073:
590:
425:
309:
225:Industrial Revolution
2738:Great Smog of London
2671:pollution mitigation
2221:British Gas (1980).
2089:West Sole Gas Fields
1978:"Coal-Gas Poisoning"
1401:South Metropolitan
1331:after the crippling
1318:Dankuni Coal Complex
1133:quality by products.
1116:gas (purifier boxes)
478:) (from combustion)
62:improve this article
2656:fired power station
2651:combustion products
2576:Sub-bituminous coal
2553:(lowest to highest)
2550:Coal types by grade
2329:flamegasworks.co.uk
751:catalytic reforming
605:
604:UK coal production
564:Thaddeus S. C. Lowe
266:known variously as
247:") for the dye and
2791:Black lung disease
2768:Toxic heavy metals
2748:Metallurgical coal
2064:. 9 November 2012.
2015:www.britannica.com
1814:municipal services
1276:Phthalic anhydride
1264:are replaced with
1177:
1083:
1024:In popular culture
992:During the era of
846:liquid natural gas
603:
593:
432:
319:
274:, Dowson gas, and
178:, produced by the
2928:
2927:
2686:preparation plant
2621:Asian brown cloud
2554:
1957:Coal Gasification
1743:was subjected to
1714:
1713:
1229:, Phenols, Pitch)
1104:(oil/tar washing)
926:
925:
799:
798:
743:
742:
707:
706:
402:electric lighting
292:Coal gasification
249:chemical industry
138:
137:
130:
112:
21:Coal gasification
2968:
2951:Industrial gases
2883:Hydrogen sulfide
2603:
2552:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2479:
2460:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2325:"Flame Gasworks"
2321:
2315:
2314:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2207:
2206:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1920:
1889:Illuminating gas
1512:Coke made, tons
1390:
1389:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1120:Hydrogen cyanide
1114:Hydrogen sulfide
908:
907:
900:
884:The Fuel Policy
802:Domestic heating
781:
780:
773:
725:
724:
717:
606:
602:
302:Illuminating gas
282:may also occur.
268:manufactured gas
133:
126:
122:
119:
113:
111:
70:
46:
38:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2961:Synthetic fuels
2931:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2772:
2609:Coal combustion
2604:
2595:
2581:Bituminous coal
2551:
2545:
2540:
2476:
2457:
2441:
2439:Further reading
2419:
2414:
2413:
2402:
2398:
2387:
2383:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2350:Wayback Machine
2340:
2336:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2297:
2293:
2278:
2274:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2234:
2230:
2219:
2210:
2203:
2189:
2182:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2113:Beychok, M.R.,
2112:
2108:
2100:Beychok, M.R.,
2099:
2095:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1964:Wayback Machine
1954:
1950:
1943:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1845:
1830:British Gas plc
1810:
1799:
1788:
1781:, disinfectants
1738:
1719:
1358:
1333:1973 Oil Crisis
1301:
1285:
1252:cupola furnaces
1219:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1129:
1110:gas (scrubbers)
1088:
1046:
1026:
974:area gas boards
922:
909:
905:
866:
850:Methane Pioneer
838:
809:central heating
804:
795:
782:
778:
755:steam reforming
739:
726:
722:
598:
585:
546:
541:William Siemens
530:
526:
522:
515:
511:
507:
496:
492:
485:
477:
470:(from air) and
465:
461:
448:carbon monoxide
420:
414:
395:calorific value
304:
294:
288:
182:, and volatile
160:carbon monoxide
143:is a flammable
134:
123:
117:
114:
71:
69:
59:
47:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:Mining regions
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:homogenization
2813:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2763:Sulfur dioxide
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2676:power in China
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2491:(5): 729–755.
2480:
2474:
2461:
2455:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2396:
2381:
2366:
2354:
2334:
2316:
2309:
2291:
2272:
2243:
2228:
2208:
2201:
2180:
2164:
2148:
2119:
2106:
2093:
2080:
2067:
2053:
2039:
2027:
2002:
1968:
1948:
1941:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1864:Gas Works Park
1861:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1809:
1806:
1798:
1795:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1760:, a motor fuel
1755:
1737:
1734:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
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1699:
1696:
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1412:
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1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1357:
1354:
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1315:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1255:
1248:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1200:
1185:
1174:Police, Poland
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:gas (purifier)
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1076:smokeless fuel
1045:
1042:
1025:
1022:
924:
923:
912:
910:
903:
865:
862:
837:
834:
803:
800:
797:
796:
785:
783:
776:
741:
740:
729:
727:
720:
705:
704:
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687:
683:
682:
679:
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672:
671:
668:
665:
661:
660:
657:
654:
650:
649:
646:
643:
639:
638:
635:
632:
628:
627:
624:
621:
617:
616:
613:
610:
597:
594:
584:
581:
544:
537:
536:
528:
524:
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
502:
494:
493:O (g) → CO + H
490:
487:
483:
475:
472:carbon dioxide
463:
459:
430:. Source: NASA
416:Main article:
413:
410:
400:The advent of
362:blast furnaces
311:Gas Works Park
290:Main article:
287:
284:
243:(or "chemical
188:carbon dioxide
174:gases such as
136:
135:
50:
48:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2973:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
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2920:
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2879:
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2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:mining region
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
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2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
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2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
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2726:
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2714:
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2706:
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2701:
2697:
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2523:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2475:0-333-27971-9
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2456:0-948051-00-0
2452:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2433:
2432:0-7136-3664-5
2429:
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2421:
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2400:
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2204:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2016:
2012:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1944:
1942:9780471484943
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1900:
1897:
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1890:
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1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1849:Damp (mining)
1847:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1793:
1792:sulfuric acid
1780:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
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1499:
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1471:
1468:
1465:
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1371:
1367:
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1327:
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1286:
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1118:
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1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1078:plant, South
1077:
1074:Coke oven at
1072:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1037:The Aeronauts
1032:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:North Sea gas
990:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
958:
954:
952:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
920:
919:MediaWiki.org
916:
911:
902:
901:
898:
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893:
890:
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859:
858:Canvey Island
855:
851:
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827:
823:
819:
814:
810:
793:
792:MediaWiki.org
789:
784:
775:
774:
771:
770:
766:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:Lurgi Process
737:
736:MediaWiki.org
733:
728:
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601:
589:
580:
578:
572:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
542:
534:
518:
516:(endothermic)
503:
500:
497:(endothermic
488:
481:
480:
479:
473:
469:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
429:
424:
419:
409:
408:and cooling.
407:
406:refrigeration
403:
398:
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388:metallurgical
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323:carbonization
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79: –
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73:Find sources:
67:
63:
57:
56:
51:This article
49:
45:
40:
39:
36:
32:
26:
25:Coal seam gas
22:
2908:Refined coal
2821:liquefaction
2810:
2713:Energy value
2660:
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2133:Google Books
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2018:. Retrieved
2014:
2005:
1991:(2): 29–32.
1988:
1984:
1971:
1951:
1924:
1918:
1859:Gas lighting
1834:
1826:Gas Act 1972
1822:Gas Act 1948
1818:nationalised
1811:
1800:
1789:
1739:
1730:producer gas
1720:
1681:
1647:
1613:
1579:
1545:
1511:
1477:
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1409:
1393:
1386:
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1062:
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1033:
1029:Monty Python
1027:
1010:
991:
978:Gas Act 1972
976:. Then, the
970:Gas Act 1965
967:
959:
955:
927:
895:
894:
891:
883:
880:
869:
867:
849:
840:In 1959 the
839:
813:oil industry
805:
768:
767:
763:
759:hydrogenator
744:
712:
711:
708:
599:
573:
569:super heater
549:
538:
531:(exothermic
436:producer gas
433:
399:
392:
380:hydrocarbons
373:
366:
335:
327:gasification
320:
298:Gasification
276:producer gas
261:
257:
229:urbanization
218:
214:Sylvia Plath
203:
196:
184:hydrocarbons
157:
152:
145:gaseous fuel
140:
139:
124:
115:
105:
98:
91:
84:
72:
60:Please help
55:verification
52:
35:
2778:Coal mining
2728:Fossil fuel
1803:fertilisers
1754:, for roads
1404:Commercial
1378:sulfa drugs
1356:By-products
1245:natural gas
1232:Decline in
1156:natural gas
1102:Naphthalene
987:British Gas
980:formed the
915:Phabricator
886:White Paper
842:Gas Council
828:from using
788:Phabricator
732:Phabricator
577:fire bricks
390:processes.
199:natural gas
2935:Categories
2801:Coalfields
2586:Anthracite
2310:0333468198
2288:: 214–127.
2202:0198581572
1905:References
1820:under the
1519:1,469,220
1516:1,246,624
1463:1,118,573
1460:1,211,857
1457:1,125,779
1454:3,011,227
1451:2,279,253
1448:1,988,241
1382:saccharine
1014:continents
818:management
552:gas mantle
482:2C (s) + O
384:bituminous
296:See also:
147:made from
88:newspapers
77:"Coal gas"
19:See also:
2913:Whitedamp
2898:Peak coal
2893:Outbursts
2796:Coal dust
2786:Blackdamp
2691:seam fire
2666:phase-out
2505:143904635
1874:Gasometer
1837:North Sea
1726:water gas
1522:1,867038
1302:mixtures.
1258:Cast iron
1054:Vitamin C
1018:commodity
998:cast iron
963:mercaptan
942:St Fergus
934:Easington
822:marketing
501:reaction)
499:water gas
489:C (s) + H
378:-forming
369:water gas
338:pyrolysis
245:feedstock
233:coal tars
172:calorific
118:June 2009
2946:Fuel gas
2863:Firedamp
2718:Flue gas
2641:Charcoal
2616:Ash pond
2591:Graphite
2346:Archived
2135:excerpt)
1960:Archived
1955:Shapley,
1899:Wood gas
1894:Mond gas
1879:Gasworks
1869:Gasifier
1843:See also
1774:plastics
1764:creosote
1741:Coal tar
1736:Coal tar
1540:159,019
1537:158,899
1534:117,057
1531:664,555
1528:743,982
1525:695,214
1472:244,644
1469:235,406
1466:187,291
1366:coal tar
1270:plastics
1266:aluminum
1234:creosote
1095:in 1912)
560:kerosene
468:nitrogen
456:hydrogen
358:smelters
253:gasworks
192:nitrogen
164:hydrogen
153:Town gas
141:Coal gas
2723:Fly ash
2571:Lignite
2417:Sources
2020:2 April
1797:Ammonia
1779:cresols
1758:benzole
1497:15,034
1494:15,182
1491:14,097
1488:51,533
1485:35,149
1482:29,634
1394:Company
1374:ammonia
1341:xylenol
1322:Kolkata
1239:Direct
1108:Ammonia
1058:aspirin
1006:plastic
951:methane
917:and on
876:Grimsby
871:Sea Gem
790:and on
734:and on
556:Gas oil
504:C + 2 H
315:Seattle
237:ammonia
210:suicide
205:syn gas
176:methane
102:scholar
2841:slurry
2836:refuse
2708:Coking
2626:Asthma
2503:
2472:
2453:
2430:
2307:
2199:
1939:
1786:Sulfur
1770:phenol
1667:36.69
1664:37.93
1661:36.93
1658:71.06
1655:61.77
1652:59.25
1599:12.97
1596:11.27
1593:10.81
1590:31.32
1584:19.88
1574:13.00
1571:13.50
1568:12.50
1565:11.88
1562:12.28
1559:12.35
1556:12.40
1553:12.89
1550:12.54
1506:3,487
1503:4,340
1500:3,702
1370:sulfur
1349:phenol
1345:cresol
1260:&
938:Bacton
523:O → CO
519:CO + H
508:O → CO
418:Syngas
346:coking
272:syngas
221:coking
104:
97:
90:
83:
75:
2561:Xylit
2501:S2CID
2174:Power
2161:1881.
1981:(PDF)
1910:Notes
1710:30.3
1707:27.8
1704:31.7
1701:32.8
1698:31.3
1695:32.8
1692:23.6
1689:27.1
1686:29.8
1676:7.41
1673:6.54
1670:5.94
1636:10.5
1633:10.7
1624:10.4
1618:10.0
1608:2.39
1605:0.94
1602:1.97
1587:20.5
1438:1934
1435:1920
1432:1913
1429:1934
1426:1920
1423:1913
1420:1934
1417:1920
1414:1913
1326:GoI's
1309:SASOL
1262:steel
1080:Wales
1002:pipes
703:4.95
697:1967
692:4.60
686:1965
681:4.55
675:1961
670:4.15
664:1959
659:3.85
653:1956
648:3.05
642:1953
637:2.40
631:1950
626:2.00
620:1947
609:Year
512:+ 2 H
452:steam
168:toxic
109:JSTOR
95:books
2941:Coal
2846:town
2806:Coal
2758:Smog
2703:Coke
2646:Coal
2636:Char
2566:Peat
2543:Coal
2470:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2267:link
2197:ISBN
2022:2022
1937:ISBN
1728:and
1722:Coke
1717:Coke
1642:9.8
1639:9.4
1630:9.3
1627:9.6
1621:9.0
1410:Year
1372:and
1362:coke
1347:and
1268:and
1241:coal
1206:gas.
1180:The
1056:and
1000:gas
940:and
700:172
689:187
678:191
667:206
656:222
645:223
634:216
623:197
444:coal
440:coke
376:soot
352:for
350:coke
342:coal
331:char
300:and
235:and
227:and
190:and
162:and
149:coal
81:news
23:and
2811:gas
2753:NOx
2696:tar
2661:gas
2493:doi
1993:doi
1989:105
1929:doi
1752:tar
1293:EAF
1227:BTX
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527:+ H
474:(CO
442:or
360:or
340:of
325:or
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