36:
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In the constituency tree each phrase is marked by a phrasal node (NP, PP, VP); and there are eight phrases identified by phrase structure analysis in the example sentence. On the other hand, the dependency tree identifies a phrase by any node that exerts dependency upon, or dominates, another node.
222:
There are two competing principles for constructing trees; they produce 'constituency' and 'dependency' trees and both are illustrated here using an example sentence. The constituency-based tree is on the left and the dependency-based tree is on the right:
219:', which provide schematics of how the words in a sentence are grouped and relate to each other. A tree shows the words, phrases, and clauses that make up a sentence. Any word combination that corresponds to a complete subtree can be seen as a phrase.
231:
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The trees and phrase-counts demonstrate that different theories of syntax differ in the word combinations they qualify as a phrase. Here the constituency tree identifies three phrases that the dependency trees does not, namely:
187:. It does not have to have any special meaning or significance, or even exist anywhere outside of the sentence being analyzed, but it must function there as a complete grammatical unit. For example, in the sentence
412:
By linguistic analysis this is a group of words that qualifies as a phrase, and the head-word gives its syntactic name, "subordinator", to the grammatical category of the entire phrase. But this phrase,
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only acknowledge non-finite verb phrases. The split between these views persists due to conflicting results from the standard empirical diagnostics of phrasehood such as
386:
The above five examples are the most common of phrase types; but, by the logic of heads and dependents, others can be routinely produced. For instance, the
487:
phrase is taken to be the complement of a functional, possibly covert head (denoted INFL) which is supposed to encode the requirements for the verb to
626:. In contrast, this same string is not shown as a phrase in the dependency tree on the right. However, both trees, take the non-finite VP string
546:
Theories of syntax differ in what they regard as a phrase. For instance, while most if not all theories of syntax acknowledge the existence of
436:
Most theories of syntax view most phrases as having a head, but some non-headed phrases are acknowledged. A phrase lacking a head is known as
456:
in which the head of a phrase is a functional lexical item. Some functional heads in some languages are not pronounced, but are rather
183:, a phrase is any group of words, or sometimes a single word, which plays a particular role within the syntactic structure of a
468:(ForceP), whose heads are not pronounced in many languages including English. Similarly, many frameworks assume that covert
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230:
530:, which are argued to be headed by elements that encode the need for a constituent of the sentence to be marked as the
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Bare phrase structure, label-less structures, and specifier-less syntax: Is
Minimalism becoming a dependency grammar?
83:
65:
61:
132:
and its technical use in linguistics. In common usage, a phrase is usually a group of words with some special
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417:
that happened", is more commonly classified in other grammars, including traditional
English grammars, as a
275:. More analysis, including about the plausibilities of both grammars, can be made empirically by applying
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108:
in some contexts—is a group of words or singular word acting as a grammatical unit. For instance, the
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of the head is used to name the category of the phrase; for example, a phrase whose head is a
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For empirical arguments against finite VP's, see Miller (2011:54f.) and
Osborne (2011:323f.).
457:
8:
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Many theories of syntax and grammar illustrate sentence structure using phrase '
511:(TP), where the verb phrase is the complement of an abstract "tense" element;
120:"very happy". Phrases can consist of a single word or a complete sentence. In
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Sobin, N. 2011. Syntactic analysis: The basics. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
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Finch, G. 2000. Linguistic terms and concepts. New York: St. Martin's Press.
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303:. The remaining words in a phrase are called the dependents of the head.
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113:
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291:, which identifies the type and linguistic features of the phrase. The
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And, using dependency analysis, there are six phrases in the sentence.
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124:, phrases are often analyzed as units of syntactic structure such as a
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The constituency tree on the left shows the finite verb string
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The distinction is illustrated with the following examples:
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In the following phrases the head-word, or head, is bolded:
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128:. There is a difference between the common use of the term
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Osborne, Timothy, Michael Putnam, and Thomas Gross 2011.
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Further examples of such proposed categories include
464:a sentence performs, some researchers have posited
239:The tree on the left is of the constituency-based,
768:
287:In grammatical analysis, most phrases contain a
189:Yesterday I saw an orange bird with a white neck
602:The syntax trees of this sentence are next:
247:. The node labels in the two trees mark the
64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
348:
112:expression "the very happy squirrel" is a
472:are present in bare noun phrases such as
452:Some modern theories of syntax introduce
203:in some theories, which functions as the
84:Learn how and when to remove this message
447:
401:Subordinator phrase (SP); the head is a
136:meaning or other significance, such as "
405:—it subordinates the independent clause
282:
14:
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622:as a constituent; it corresponds to VP
243:, and the tree on the right is of the
255:, or word elements, of the sentence.
62:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
24:
759:The Linguistic Review 28: 315–364.
743:Analyzing grammar: An introduction
542:Variation among theories of syntax
347:(NP); the head is a noun (but see
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793:
750:A critical introduction to syntax
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193:an orange bird with a white neck
34:
495:with its subject (which is the
367:(PP); the head is a preposition
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334:(AP); the head is an adjective
265:house at the end of the street
13:
1:
745:. Cambridge University Press.
731:
440:, and phrases with heads are
321:(AdvP); the head is an adverb
148:", and the like. It may be a
27:Group of (one or more) words
7:
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425:); and it is then labelled
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646:Constituent (linguistics)
552:Phrase structure grammars
403:subordinating conjunction
142:economical with the truth
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671:Phrase structure grammar
483:, where (for example) a
379:(VP); the head is a verb
241:phrase structure grammar
595:- Non-finite VP in bold
122:theoretical linguistics
676:Sentence (linguistics)
429:as a phrase, but as a
630:to be a constituent.
454:functional categories
448:Functional categories
172:, these are known as
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752:. London: continuum.
741:Kroeger, Paul 2005.
589:The Republicans may
479:Another type is the
283:Heads and dependents
58:improve this section
585:- Finite VP in bold
564:dependency grammars
481:inflectional phrase
138:all rights reserved
116:which contains the
681:Syntactic category
661:Head (linguistics)
651:Dependency grammar
568:constituency tests
419:subordinate clause
365:Preposition phrase
293:syntactic category
277:constituency tests
249:syntactic category
245:dependency grammar
748:Miller, J. 2011.
620:may nominate Newt
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554:acknowledge both
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118:adjective phrase
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558:phrases and
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528:focus phrase
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524:topic phrase
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509:tense phrase
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474:proper names
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388:subordinator
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338:the massive
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299:is called a
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211:Phrase trees
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191:, the words
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56:Please help
44:
686:Verb phrase
656:Finite verb
556:finite verb
519:and so on.
485:finite verb
470:determiners
442:endocentric
377:Verb phrase
345:Noun phrase
301:noun phrase
197:noun phrase
170:linguistics
168:, etc.. In
126:constituent
114:noun phrase
771:Categories
732:References
462:speech act
438:exocentric
106:expression
497:specifier
493:agreement
355:analysis)
174:phrasemes
150:euphemism
134:idiomatic
45:does not
691:Phraseme
634:See also
390:phrase:
362:lunch —
351:for the
340:dinosaur
185:sentence
104:—called
74:May 2023
782:Phrases
550:(VPs),
489:inflect
273:the end
199:, or a
195:form a
158:proverb
110:English
98:grammar
66:removed
51:sources
18:Phrases
641:Clause
505:aspect
491:– for
458:covert
431:clause
415:before
397:before
314:slowly
271:, and
205:object
181:syntax
154:saying
130:phrase
102:phrase
703:Notes
536:focus
532:topic
501:tense
374:TV —
372:watch
349:below
327:happy
325:very
217:trees
526:and
503:and
421:(or
312:too
297:noun
289:head
164:, a
160:, a
152:, a
144:", "
140:", "
100:, a
49:any
47:cite
534:or
427:not
156:or
96:In
60:by
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