1832:, was initially informed by humanisticâphenomenological and Gestalt theories of therapy. "Emotion Focused Therapy can be defined as the practice of therapy informed by an understanding of the role of emotion in psychotherapeutic change. EFT is founded on a close and careful analysis of the meanings and contributions of emotion to human experience and change in psychotherapy. This focus leads therapist and client toward strategies that promotes the awareness, acceptance, expression, utilization, regulation, and transformation of emotion as well as corrective emotional experience with the therapist. The goals of EFT are strengthening the self, regulating affect, and creating new meaning". Similarly to some Psychodynamic therapy approaches, EFT pulls heavily from
1318:(NHS) and based in universities and the NHS. Entry into these programs is highly competitive and requires at least a three-year undergraduate degree in psychology plus some form of experience, usually in either the NHS as an assistant psychologist or in academia as a research assistant. It is not unusual for applicants to apply several times before being accepted onto a training course as only about one-fifth of applicants are accepted each year. These clinical psychology doctoral degrees are accredited by the
2683:âoften abbreviated OTâis the "use of productive or creative activity in the treatment or rehabilitation of physically, cognitively, or emotionally disabled people." Most commonly, occupational therapists work with people with disabilities to enable them to maximize their skills and abilities. Occupational therapy practitioners are skilled professionals whose education includes the study of human growth and development with specific emphasis on the physical, emotional, psychological, sociocultural,
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jurisprudence (i.e. mental health law) examination and/or an oral examination. Most states also require a certain number of continuing education credits per year in order to renew a license, which can be obtained through various means, such as taking audited classes and attending approved workshops. Clinical psychologists require the psychologist license to practice, although other mental health provider licenses can be obtained with a master's degree, such as
Marriage and Family Therapist (MFT),
2056:â Although the theoretical foundations of psychology are rooted in European culture, there is a growing recognition that there exist profound differences between various ethnic and social groups and that systems of psychotherapy need to take those differences into greater consideration. Further, the generations following immigrant migration will have some combination of two or more culturesâwith aspects coming from the parents and from the surrounding societyâand this process of
1486:â Clinical psychologists are also trained to gather data by observing behavior. The clinical interview is a vital part of the assessment, even when using other formalized tools, which can employ either a structured or unstructured format. Such assessment looks at certain areas, such as general appearance and behavior, mood and affects, perception, comprehension, orientation, insight, memory, and content of the communication. One psychiatric example of a formal interview is the
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962:) that were best treated as soon as possible. Because physicians (including psychiatrists) were over-extended in treating bodily injuries, psychologists were called to help treat this condition. At the same time, female psychologists (who were excluded from the war effort) formed the National Council of Women Psychologists with the purpose of helping communities deal with the stresses of war and giving young mothers advice on child rearing. After the war, the
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feelings of anxiety or sadness resulting from major life changes or events. However, that distinction has faded over time, and of the counseling psychologists who do not go into academia (which does not involve treatment or diagnosis), the majority of counseling psychologists treat mental illness alongside clinical psychologists. Many counseling psychologists also receive specialized training in career assessment, group therapy, and relationship counseling.
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2020:â Postmodern psychology says that the experience of reality is a subjective construction built upon language, social context, and history, with no essential truths. Since "mental illness" and "mental health" are not recognized as objective, definable realities, the postmodern psychologist instead sees the goal of therapy strictly as something constructed by the client and therapist. Forms of postmodern psychotherapy include
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psychology. Counseling psychologists tend to be more frequently employed in university counseling centers compared to hospitals and private practice for clinical psychologists. However, counseling and clinical psychologists can be employed in a variety of settings, with a large degree of overlap (prisons, colleges, community mental health, non-profits, corporations, private practice, hospitals and
Veterans Affairs).
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forum for psychologists until after World War II when the APA reorganized. In 1945, the APA created what is now called
Division 12, the Society for Clinical Psychology, which remains a leading organization in the field. Psychological societies and associations in other English-speaking countries developed similar divisions, including in Britain, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
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1589:, where he explored the claim that mechanical (formal, algorithmic) methods of data combination could outperform clinical (e.g., subjective, informal, "in the clinician's head") methods when such combinations are used to arrive at a prediction of behavior. Meehl concluded that mechanical modes of combination performed as well or better than clinical modes. Subsequent
2222:, which is often used by states to define licensing requirements. The APA Code generally sets a higher standard than that which is required by law as it is designed to guide responsible behavior, the protection of clients, and the improvement of individuals, organizations, and society. The Code is applicable to all psychologists in both research and applied fields.
1890:) can contribute to emotional distress or result in behavioral problems. The object of many cognitive behavioral therapies is to discover and identify the biased, dysfunctional ways of relating or reacting and through different methodologies help clients transcend these in ways that will lead to increased well-being. There are many techniques used, such as
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behalf of students. Other major roles also include offering individual and group therapy with children and their families, designing prevention programs (e.g. for reducing dropout), evaluating school programs, and working with teachers and administrators to help maximize teaching efficacy, both in the classroom and systemically.
1913:. In behavior therapy, environmental events predict the way we think and feel. Our behavior sets up conditions for the environment to feedback back on it. Sometimes the feedback leads the behavior to increase- reinforcement and sometimes the behavior decreases- punishment. Oftentimes behavior therapists are called
1016:) degree was recognized. Although training would continue to include research skills and a scientific understanding of psychology, the intent would be to produce highly trained professionals, similar to programs in medicine, dentistry, and law. The first program explicitly based on the PsyD model was instituted at
928:(testing verbal and nonverbal skills, respectively), which could be used with large groups of recruits. Due in large part to the success of these tests, assessment was to become the core discipline of clinical psychology for the next quarter-century, when another war would propel the field into treatment.
1925:. In the area of mental health and addictions a recent article looked at APA's list for well established and promising practices and found a considerable number of them based on the principles of operant and respondent conditioning. Multiple assessment techniques have come from this approach including
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All U.S. state and
Canadian province licensing boards are members of the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB), which created and maintains the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP). Many states require other examinations in addition to the EPPP, such as a
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in 1892) developed a section on
Clinical Psychology, which offered certification until 1927. Growth in the field was slow for the next few years when various unconnected psychological organizations came together as the American Association of Applied Psychology in 1930, which would act as the primary
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Grant, K. E., Tandon, D., Lambert, S., Farahmand, F. K., Ross, K., Odahl-Ruan, C., & Tolan, P. (2017). Community psychology approaches to intervention with children and adolescents. In M. A. Bond, I. Serrano-GarcĂa, C. B. Keys, & M. Shinn (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychologyÂŽ. APA handbook of
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Traditional job roles for school psychologists employed in school settings have focused mainly on assessment of students to determine their eligibility for special education services in schools, and on consultation with teachers and other school professionals to design and carry out interventions on
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are primarily concerned with the academic, social, and emotional well-being of children and adolescents within a scholastic environment. In the UK, they are known as "educational psychologists". Like clinical (and counseling) psychologists, school psychologists with doctoral degrees are eligible for
1816:. According to humanistic thinking, each individual person already has inbuilt potentials and resources that might help them to build a stronger personality and self-concept. The mission of the humanistic psychologist is to help the individual employ these resources via the therapeutic relationship.
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By the second half of the 1800s, the scientific study of psychology was becoming well established in university laboratories. Although there were a few scattered voices calling for applied psychology, the general field looked down upon this idea and insisted on "pure" science as the only respectable
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Clinical psychology is a diverse field and there have been recurring tensions over the degree to which clinical practice should be limited to treatments supported by empirical research. Despite some evidence showing that all the major therapeutic orientations are about of equal effectiveness, there
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scanning. Conversely, clinical psychologists conduct specialist assessment and psychometric testing. Such assessments and tests would not normally only be administered and interpreted by psychologists due to their advanced training in psychometric assessment. As standard clinical psychologists also
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techniques might focus on immediate interactions between client and therapist. Clinical psychologists generally seek to base their work on research evidence and outcome studies as well as on trained clinical judgment. Although there are literally dozens of recognized therapeutic orientations, their
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By the 1960s, psychotherapy had become embedded within clinical psychology, but for many, the PhD educational model did not offer the necessary training for those interested in practice rather than research. There was a growing argument that said the field of psychology in the US had developed to a
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in the US made an enormous investment to set up programs to train doctoral-level clinical psychologists to help treat the thousands of veterans needing care. As a consequence, the US went from having no formal university programs in clinical psychology in 1946 to over half of all PhDs in psychology
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postulates that people are largely free to choose who we are and how we interpret and interact with the world. It intends to help the client find deeper meaning in life and to accept responsibility for living. As such, it addresses fundamental issues of life, such as death, aloneness, and freedom.
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Psychotherapy involves a formal relationship between professional and clientâusually an individual, couple, family, or small groupâthat employs a set of procedures intended to form a therapeutic alliance, explore the nature of psychological problems, and encourage new ways of thinking, feeling, or
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of personality) and a "psychosocial model", which would take changing, intersubjective states into greater account. The proponents of these models claim that they would offer greater diagnostic flexibility and clinical utility without depending on the medical concept of illness. However, they also
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In the UK, registration as a clinical psychologist with the Health
Professions Council (HPC) is necessary. The HPC is the statutory regulator for practitioner psychologists in the UK. In the UK the following titles are restricted by law "registered psychologist" and "practitioner psychologist"; in
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Clinical psychologists study a generalist program in psychology plus postgraduate training and/or clinical placement and supervision. The length of training differs across the world, ranging from four years plus post-Bachelors supervised practice to a doctorate of three to six years which combines
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In clinical practice, clinical psychologists may work with individuals, couples, families, or groups in a variety of settings, including private practices, hospitals, mental health organizations, schools, businesses, and non-profit agencies. Clinical psychologists who provide clinical services may
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The methods used are also different in regards to the population being served as well as the context and nature of the problem. Therapy will look very different between, say, a traumatized child, a depressed but high-functioning adult, a group of people recovering from substance dependence, and a
2013:
in the 1950s. This therapy is perhaps best known for using techniques designed to increase self-awareness, the best-known perhaps being the "empty chair technique." Such techniques are intended to explore resistance to "authentic contact", resolve internal conflicts, and help the client complete
1971:
works with couples and families, and emphasizes family relationships as an important factor in psychological health. The central focus tends to be on interpersonal dynamics, especially in terms of how change in one person will affect the entire system. Therapy is therefore conducted with as many
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and first-person categories, the humanistic approach seeks to get a glimpse of the whole person and not just the fragmented parts of the personality. This aspect of holism links up with another common aim of humanistic practice in clinical psychology, which is to seek an integration of the whole
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The APA Code is based on five principles: Beneficence and
Nonmaleficence, Fidelity and Responsibility, Integrity, Justice, and Respect for People's Rights and Dignity. Detailed elements address how to resolve ethical issues, competence, human relations, privacy and confidentiality, advertising,
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is an orientation arising from the disparity between the origin of most psychological theories (which have male authors) and the majority of people seeking counseling being female. It focuses on societal, cultural, and political causes and solutions to issues faced in the counseling process. It
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There exist dozens of recognized schools or orientations of psychotherapyâthe list below represents a few influential orientations not given above. Although they all have some typical set of techniques practitioners employ, they are generally better known for providing a framework of theory and
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undergo the same level of rigor in study and use many of the same interventions and tools as clinical psychologists, including psychotherapy and assessment. Traditionally, counseling psychologists helped people with what might be considered normal or moderate psychological problemsâsuch as the
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In the last couple of decades, there has been a growing movement to integrate the various therapeutic approaches, especially with an increased understanding of cultural, gender, spiritual, and sexual-orientation issues. Clinical psychologists are beginning to look at the various strengths and
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rather than mental wellness. Applied positive psychology's main focus, therefore, is to increase one's positive experience of life and ability to flourish by promoting such things as optimism about the future, a sense of flow in the present, and personal traits like courage, perseverance, and
1574:). The mechanical prediction does not preclude any type of data from being combined; it can incorporate clinical judgments, properly coded, in the algorithm. The defining characteristic is that, once the data to be combined is given, the mechanical approach will make a prediction that is 100%
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and environmental components of illness and injury. They commonly work alongside clinical psychologists in settings such as inpatient and outpatient mental health, pain management clinics, eating disorder clinics, and child development services. OT's use support groups, individual counseling
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Counseling psychology as a field values multiculturalism and social advocacy, often stimulating research in multicultural issues. There are fewer counseling psychology graduate programs than those for clinical psychology and they are more often housed in departments of education rather than
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foundations in mainstream psychology have provided culturally bound knowledge about worldviews, ways of living, and cultural practices." Their principles are: Respect and
Responsibility, Ethical Dilemmas, Ethical Decision-Making and Legal Responsibility, Consultation, Justice and Advocacy,
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Since the 1970s, clinical psychology has continued growing into a robust profession and academic field of study. Although the exact number of practicing clinical psychologists is unknown, it is estimated that between 1974 and 1990, the number in the US grew from 20,000 to 63,000. Clinical
1386:, attempt to measure such traits as general knowledge, verbal skill, memory, attention span, logical reasoning, and visual/spatial perception. Several tests have been shown to predict accurately certain kinds of performance, especially scholastic. Other tests in this category include the
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can play a strong role in therapy (and might itself be the presenting problem). Culture influences ideas about change, help-seeking, locus of control, authority, and the importance of the individual versus the group, all of which can potentially clash with certain givens in mainstream
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The Asian
Federation for Psychotherapy published a code of ethics in 2008 with the following principles: Beneficence, Responsibility, Integrity, Justices, and Respect. Similar to the APA code, it provides detailed instructions for the conduct of psychologists, specifically
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altruism. There is now preliminary empirical evidence to show that by promoting
Seligman's three components of happinessâpositive emotion (the pleasant life), engagement (the engaged life), and meaning (the meaningful life)âpositive therapy can decrease clinical depression.
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can be said to share a same fundamental aimâthe alleviation of mental distressâtheir training, outlook, and methodologies are often quite different. Perhaps the most significant difference is that psychiatrists are licensed physicians. As such, psychiatrists often use the
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While the scientific community eventually came to reject all of these methods for treating mental illness, academic psychologists also were not concerned with serious forms of mental illness. The study of mental illness was already being done in the developing fields of
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and draw from the evidence base across different models of therapy in an integrative way, rather than using a single specific model.In the UK, clinical psychologists have to show competence in at least two models of therapy, including CBT, to gain their doctorate. The
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provide a variety of services, generally concerned with social problems, their causes, and their solutions. With specific training, clinical social workers may also provide psychological counseling (in the US and Canada), in addition to more traditional social work.
901:, where he coined the term "clinical psychology", defined as "the study of individuals, by observation or experimentation, with the intention of promoting change". The field was slow to follow Witmer's example, but by 1914, there were 26 similar clinics in the US.
1882:. CBT is based on the theory that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion), and how we act (behavior) are related and interact together in complex ways. In this perspective, certain dysfunctional ways of interpreting and appraising the world (often through
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ward of the state suffering from terrifying delusions. Other elements that play a critical role in the process of psychotherapy include the environment, culture, age, cognitive functioning, motivation, and duration (i.e. brief or long-term therapy).
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licensure as health service psychologists, and many work in private practice. Unlike clinical psychologists, they receive much more training in education, child development and behavior, and the psychology of learning. Common degrees include the
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towards the therapist, defined as the tendency to take unconscious thoughts or emotions about a significant person (e.g. a parent) and "transfer" them onto another person. Major variations on Freudian psychoanalysis practiced today include
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Graham-Bermann, S. A., Lynch, S., Banyard, V., DeVoe, E. R., & Halabu, H. (2007). Community-based intervention for children exposed to intimate partner violence: An efficacy trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 75(2),
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has published a Code of Conduct and Ethics for clinical psychologists. This has four key areas: Respect, Competence, Responsibility and Integrity. Other European professional organizations have similar codes of conduct and ethics.
1231:. The majority of clinical psychologists engage in some form of clinical practice, with professional services including psychological assessment, provision of psychotherapy, development and administration of clinical programs, and
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The earliest recorded approaches to assess and treat mental distress were a combination of religious, magical, and/or medical perspectives. In the early 19th century, one approach to study mental conditions and behavior was using
1326:). The HPC is the statutory regulator for practitioner psychologists in the UK. Those who successfully complete clinical psychology doctoral degrees are eligible to apply for registration with the HPC as a clinical psychologist.
1761:, with common themes including examination of transference and defenses, an appreciation of the power of the unconscious, and a focus on how early developments in childhood have shaped the client's current psychological state.
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broke out, the military once again called upon clinical psychologists. As soldiers began to return from combat, psychologists started to notice symptoms of psychological trauma labeled "shell shock" (eventually to be termed
970:
WWII helped bring dramatic changes to clinical psychology, not just in America but internationally as well. Graduate education in psychology began adding psychotherapy to the science and research focus based on the 1947
2398:(prescribing psychologists) may prescribe psychotropic medications in Colorado, Guam, Iowa, Idaho, Illinois, New Mexico, Louisiana, the Public Health Service, the Indian Health Service, and the United States Military.
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The therapist emphasizes the client's ability to be self-aware, freely make choices in the present, establish personal identity and social relationships, create meaning, and cope with the natural anxiety of living.
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psychologists continue to be experts in assessment and psychotherapy while expanding their focus to address issues of gerontology, sports, and the criminal justice system to name a few. One important field is
893:, agreed to treat a young boy who had trouble with spelling. His successful treatment was soon to lead to Witmer's opening of the first psychological clinic at Penn in 1896, dedicated to helping children with
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Grove, William M.; Meehl, Paul E. (1996). "Comparative efficiency of informal (subjective, impressionistic) and formal (mechanical, algorithmic) prediction procedures: The clinical-statistical controversy".
2137:. The result is a growing practice of eclecticism, with psychologists learning various systems and the most efficacious methods of therapy with the intent to provide the best solution for any given problem.
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ethical code principle's are: Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples, Responsible Caring, Integrity in Relationships, and Responsibility to Society. It is considered very similar to the APA's Code.
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engage in this core clinical practice. Assessment methods include standardized psychometric tests, semi-structured diagnostic interviews, record review, collateral interviews, and behavioral observation.
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Breitenstein, S. M., Gross, D., Garvey, C. A., Hill, C., Fogg, L., & Resnick, B. (2010). Implementation fidelity in communityâbased interventions. Research in nursing & health, 33(2), 164â173.
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also choose to specialize. Some specializations are codified and credentialed by regulatory agencies within the country of practice. In the United States, such specializations are credentialed by the
1929:, which has found a strong focus in the school system. In addition, multiple intervention programs have come from this tradition including community reinforcement approach for treating addictions,
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1416:, are based on restricted answersâsuch as yes/no, true/false, or a rating scaleâwhich allow for the computation of scores that can be compared to a normative group. Projective tests, such as the
1795:. Rogers believed that a client needed only three things from a clinician to experience therapeutic improvementâcongruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathetic understanding. By using
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on mental health care; an increasing realization of the importance of knowledge relating to multicultural and diverse populations; and emerging privileges to prescribe psychotropic medication.
1732:. The core object of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious consciousâto make the client aware of his or her own primal drives (namely those relating to sex and aggression) and the various
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significant members of the "system" as possible. Goals can include improving communication, establishing healthy roles, creating alternative narratives, and addressing problematic behaviors.
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The field began to organize under the name "clinical psychology" in 1917 with the founding of the American Association of Clinical Psychology. This only lasted until 1919, after which the
700:. In the first half of the 20th century, clinical psychology was focused on psychological assessment, with little attention given to treatment. This changed after the 1940s when
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psychotherapeutic theory and practice. As such, there is a growing movement to integrate knowledge of various cultural groups in order to inform therapeutic practice in a more
1578:. That is, it will make exactly the same prediction for exactly the same data every time. Clinical prediction, on the other hand, does not guarantee this, as it depends on the
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degree warranting explicit training in clinical practice. The concept of a practice-oriented degree was debated in 1965 and narrowly gained approval for a pilot program at the
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White, M. J. (2006). "The Meta-Analysis of Clinical Judgment Project: Fifty-Six Years of Accumulated Research on Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction Stefania Aegisdottir".
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Greenman, P. S., & Johnson, S. M. (2013). Process research on emotionally focused therapy (EFT) for couples: Linking theory to practice. Family Process, 52(1), 46â61.
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Gessmann, Hans-Werner (2013;2), Humanistische Psychologie und Humanistisches Psychodrama. In: Humanistisches Psychodama Band 4, Verlag des PIB Duisburg, pp. 27â84.
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Greenberg, L. S., & Goldman, R. N. (2008). Emotion-focused couples therapy: The dynamics of emotion, love, and power. American Psychological Association.
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The field of clinical psychology in most countries is strongly regulated by a code of ethics. In the US, professional ethics are largely defined by the APA
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979:, for PhD programs in clinical psychology. Clinical psychology in Britain developed much like in the US after WWII, specifically within the context of the
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Greenberg, L. S. (2004). Emotionâfocused therapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 11(1), 3â16.
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1460:. Many assessment tests have been developed to complement the clinicians clinical observation and other assessment activities. Some of these include the
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1570:, or "mechanical" fashion. Mechanical prediction methods are simply a mode of combination of data to arrive at a decision/prediction of behavior (e.g.,
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Paivio, S. C., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2010). Emotion-focused therapy for complex trauma: An integrative approach. American Psychological Association.
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Johnson, S. M. (2019). Attachment theory in practice: Emotionally focused therapy (EFT) with individuals, couples, and families. Guilford Publications.
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clinical placement. The practice of clinical psychology requires a license in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and many other countries.
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and many other English-speaking psychological societies. A smaller number of schools offer accredited programs in clinical psychology resulting in a
1844:. EFT is often used in therapy with individuals, and may be especially useful for couples therapy. Founded in 1998, Sue Johnson and others lead the
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resulted in the need for a large increase in the number of trained clinicians. Since that time, three main educational models have developed in the
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Clinicians have a wide range of individual interventions to draw from, often guided by their trainingâfor example, a cognitive behavioral therapy (
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797:, the study of personality by examining the shape of the skull. Other popular treatments at that time included the study of the shape of the face (
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Out-session â a large portion of therapeutic work is intended to happen outside of session (e.g. bibliotherapy, rational emotive behavior therapy)
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Division of Clinical Psychology has been vocal about the need to follow the evidence base rather than being wedded to a single model of therapy.
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community psychology: Methods for community research and action for diverse groups and issues (p. 587â603). American Psychological Association.
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Several new models are being discussed, including a "dimensional model" based on empirically validated models of human differences (such as the
681:, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration. In many countries, clinical psychology is a regulated
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Mundt, Christoph & Backenstrass, Matthias (2005). "Psychotherapy and classification: Psychological, psychodynamic, and cognitive aspects".
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Insight â emphasis is on gaining a greater understanding of the motivations underlying one's thoughts and feelings (e.g. psychodynamic therapy)
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712:(integrating scientific research and practice), and the PsyD practitioner-scholar model (focusing on clinical theory and practice). In the
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In-session â interventions center on the here-and-now interaction between client and therapist (e.g. humanistic therapy, Gestalt therapy)
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of studies that directly compare mechanical and clinical predictions have born out Meehl's 1954 conclusions. A 2009 survey of practicing
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In the US, intervention applications and research are dominated in training and practice by essentially four major schools of practice:
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where clinicians can find EFT training internationally. EFT is also a commonly chosen modality to treat clinically diagnosable trauma.
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problem where the purpose of assessment is to make inferences (predictions) about past, present, or future behavior. For example, many
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5155:"The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of personality disorders: A meta-analysis"
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Vrieze, Scott I.; Grove, William M. (2009). "Survey on the use of clinical and mechanical prediction methods in clinical psychology".
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programs, which has more focus on practice (similar to professional degrees for medicine and law). Both models are accredited by the
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RodrĂguez, Melanie M. Domenech; Gallardo, Miguel E; Field, Lynda; Rosario, CristalĂs Capielo; Delgado-Romero, Ed (January 1, 2018).
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1420:, allow for open-ended answers, often based on ambiguous stimuli. Other commonly used personality assessment measures include the
1033:, the fastest-growing employment setting for clinical psychologists in the past decade. Other major changes include the impact of
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Alessandri, M., Heiden, L., & Dunbar-Welter, M. (1995). "History and Overview" in Heiden, Lynda & Hersen, Michel (eds.),
1898:, and keeping a cognition observation log. Modified approaches that fall into the category of CBT have also developed, including
732:. Clinical psychologists are expert in providing psychotherapy, and generally train within four primary theoretical orientationsâ
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La Roche, Martin (2005). "The cultural context and the psychotherapeutic process: Toward a culturally sensitive psychotherapy".
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The National Latina/o Psychological Association adopted their current ethical guidelines in 2018, stating that "the traditional
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facet of human experience. It is not a set of techniques so much as a willingness to help a client explore spirituality and/or
657:, theory, and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or
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Guidelines and Principles for Accreditation of Programs in Professional Psychology: Quick Reference Guide to Doctoral Programs
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Although each of the US states is somewhat different in terms of requirements and licenses, there are three common elements:
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usually possess more advanced training and specialist knowledge in psycho-social development and psychological therapies.
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Self-Awareness and Social-Consciousness, Action and Accountability, Training and Creating Infrastructure, and Mentorship.
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Humanistic psychology was developed in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis, largely due to the
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What has come to be called the "clinical versus statistical prediction" debate was first described in detail in 1954 by
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Klusman, Lawrence (2001). "Prescribing Psychologists and Patients' Medical Needs; Lessons From Clinical Psychiatry".
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sessions, and activity-based approaches to address psychiatric symptoms and maximize functioning in life activities.
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is the scientific study of human happiness and well-being, which started to gain momentum in 1998 due to the call of
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Benjamin, Ludy (2005). "A history of clinical psychology as a profession in America (and a glimpse at its future)".
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states of consciousness. Transpersonal psychology is concerned with helping clients achieve their highest potential.
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Jablensky, Assen (2005). "Categories, dimensions and prototypes: Critical issues for psychiatric classification".
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systems that largely assume categorical disorders diagnosed through the application of sets of criteria including
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consist of specifically designed tasks used to measure psychological functions known to be linked to a particular
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In the UK, clinical psychologists undertake a Doctor of Clinical Psychology (DClinPsych), which is a practitioner
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1562:, etc.), there are two mutually exclusive ways to combine those sources of information to arrive at a decision,
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admit that these models are not yet robust enough to gain widespread use, and should continue to be developed.
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Even as clinical psychology was growing, working with issues of serious mental distress remained the domain of
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found that clinicians almost exclusively use their clinical judgment to make behavioral predictions for their
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structure or pathway. They are typically used to assess impairment after an injury or illness known to affect
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with both clinical and research components. This is a three-year full-time salaried program sponsored by the
984:
721:
575:
144:
1374:â These tests are designed to measure certain specific kinds of cognitive functioning (often referred to as
1020:. Today, about half of all American graduate students in clinical psychology are enrolled in PsyD programs.
912:. However, clinical psychologists continued to make inroads into this area due to their increasing skill at
6991:
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as well. Psychiatrists are able to conduct physical examinations, order and interpret laboratory tests and
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to assess psychological problems (i.e., those they treat are seen as patients with an illness) and can use
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differences can often be categorized on two dimensions: insight vs. action and in-session vs. out-session.
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functioning, or when used in research, to contrast neuropsychological abilities across experimental groups.
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1909:
Behavior therapy is a rich tradition. It is well researched with a strong evidence base. Its roots are in
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6311:
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1825:
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1691:
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1452:â Clinical psychologists are able to diagnose psychological disorders and related disorders found in the
1404:
aim to describe patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings. They generally fall within two categories:
733:
619:
6306:
4642:
Norcross, John & Goldfried, Marvin (2005). "The Future of Psychotherapy Integration: A Roundtable".
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Routh, Donald (2000). "Clinical Psychology Training: A History of Ideas and Practices Prior to 1946".
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remains much debate about the efficacy of various forms of treatment in use in clinical psychology.
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The field is generally considered to have begun in 1896 with the opening of the first psychological
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Albert Ellis is often referred as the "grandfather" of CBT for his influential work in this field.
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5550:
5515:
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5212:"The common factors, empirically validated treatments, and recovery models of therapeutic change"
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1981:
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or behavioral health counselors. They have studied many areas from developmental disabilities to
1820:
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processes of the clinician making the judgment, their current state of mind, and knowledge base.
1554:
expects will help a patient make therapeutic gains. Once observations have been collected (e.g.,
1367:
Psychological measures generally fall within one of several categories, including the following:
1315:
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starting in 1968. Several other similar programs were instituted soon after, and in 1973, at the
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565:
463:
236:
201:
186:
181:
171:
120:
80:
4419:
Seligman, Martin & Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (2000). "Positive psychology: An introduction".
4189:
O'Donohue W, Ferguson KE (2006). "Evidence-based practice in psychology and behavior analysis".
3541:"Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder: shifting to a dimensional model"
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31:
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Perls, F., Hefferline, G., & Goodman, P. (1951). Gestalt therapy. New York, 64(7), 19-313.
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used to keep them in check. The essential tools of the psychoanalytic process are the use of
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4377:"Culture matters: Accounting for clients' backgrounds and values makes for better treatment"
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openly encourages the client to participate in the world in a more social and political way.
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4857:
4090:
Greenberg, L. S. (2010). Emotion-focused therapy: A clinical synthesis. Focus, 8(1), 32â42.
3733:
Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction: A Theoretical Analysis and a Review of the Evidence
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approaches are often used for psychological prevention of harm and clinical intervention.
2083:
1995:
1652:
1505:
After assessment, clinical psychologists may provide a diagnosis. Many countries use the
1490:, which is often used in psychiatry as a screening tool for treatment or further testing.
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717:
388:
378:
363:
328:
323:
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In the US, about half of all clinical psychology graduate students are being trained in
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483:
428:
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191:
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4009:
The handbook of humanistic psychology: leading edges in theory, research, and practice
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897:. Ten years later in 1907, Witmer was to found the first journal of this new field,
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6754:
6494:
6409:
6211:
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6071:
6066:
5966:
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4045:
4044:(Revised ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association. pp. 3â11.
3930:
3865:
3822:
3772:
3700:
3605:
3555:
3505:
3317:
Pathways to register as a psychologist including clinical psychologist in Australia
3199:
3139:
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2072:
1950:
1401:
1236:
1097:
413:
368:
353:
348:
231:
206:
4164:
3756:
Grove, W.M.; Zald, D.H.; Hallberg, A.M.; Lebow, B.; Snitz, E.; Nelson, C. (2000).
3575:
3343:
2785:
1330:
addition, the specialist title "clinical psychologist" is also restricted by law.
1203:
Clinical psychologists engage in a wide range of activities. Some focus solely on
6796:
6690:
6670:
6602:
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6384:
6181:
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6086:
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5525:
5322:
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2006:
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1409:
1193:
1128:
1001:
941:
882:
862:
697:
658:
211:
5173:
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record keeping, fees, training, research, publication, assessment, and therapy.
6916:
6876:
6866:
6221:
6141:
6136:
6101:
6076:
6046:
6041:
6026:
6021:
6001:
5996:
5976:
5767:
4926:"What is Counseling Psychology â Society of Counseling Psychology, Division 17"
4892:
4655:
4573:
3934:
3254:
3143:
2727:
2394:. These medical privileges require additional training and education. To date,
2323:
2121:
weaknesses of each orientation while also working with related fields, such as
2095:
1968:
1962:
1750:
1725:
1707:
1632:
1443:
1405:
1220:
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6504:
6459:
6439:
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6096:
6051:
6016:
5981:
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5951:
5946:
5925:
5885:
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5714:
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2057:
1837:
1788:
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1618:
1590:
1547:
1212:
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834:
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movement. It was not until the end of the 19th century, around the time when
781:
729:
705:
674:
662:
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518:
478:
398:
393:
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5181:
4865:
4715:
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3784:
3617:
3567:
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3151:
2961:
2891:
2535:
2346:
2334:
2282:
2122:
2043:
1741:
1355:
1188:
1069:
1034:
954:
916:. Psychologists' reputation as assessment experts became solidified during
853:
701:
503:
196:
5092:
4673:
1812:
integrated the ideas of humanistic psychology into group psychotherapy as
1468:, as well as some specific to certain psychological disorders such as the
1227:
setting, or in an academic department (e.g., psychology department) at an
6911:
6524:
6216:
6006:
5991:
5956:
5812:
5739:
5439:
2668:
2554:
2010:
1910:
1879:
1841:
1780:
1679:
1093:
917:
798:
724:
falls between the latter two of these models, whilst in much of mainland
418:
125:
5111:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition
4790:
4418:
1987:
philosophy that guides a therapist in his or her working with a client.
6844:
6714:
6702:
6655:
6612:
6499:
6151:
5986:
5782:
5639:
5530:
5368:
5227:
4517:
2862:
McFall, Richard M. (2006). "Doctoral Training in Clinical Psychology".
2784:. American Psychological Association, Division 12. 1996. Archived from
2307:
Mental health professional § Psychiatrists and clinical psychology
2263:
1846:
International Centre for Excellence in Emotion Focused Therapy (ICEEFT)
1586:
1543:
1228:
1085:
905:
822:
794:
785:
318:
216:
52:
38:
4288:
Critical issues in psychotherapy: translating new ideas into practice.
4049:
3609:
3595:
3509:
1293:
Passing a written examination and, in some states, an oral examination
845:, that the first scientific application of clinical psychology began.
780:
Many 18th century treatments for psychological distress were based on
6479:
6474:
6414:
6394:
6186:
5971:
5875:
5024:
5009:
4202:
3869:
3203:
2684:
2330:
1866:
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) developed from the combination of
1792:
1651:
Action â focus is on making changes in how one thinks and acts (e.g.
1631:) clinician might use worksheets to record distressing cognitions, a
1606:
1602:
1567:
1563:
1311:
909:
826:
806:
468:
4630:
4006:
60:
6813:
5900:
5895:
5855:
4980:"Salaries in Psychology 2003: Report of the 2003 APA Salary Survey"
4690:"Psychological Ethics Codes: A Comparison of Twenty-four Countries"
3059:
Clinical psychology since 1917: Science, practice, and organization
2390:
medication, although there is a movement for psychologists to have
2271:
1699:
1695:
1598:
1519:
1224:
1204:
1170:
1089:
708:âthe PhD Clinical Science model (heavily focused on research), the
678:
493:
488:
448:
3081:
2289:
1350:
An important area of expertise for many clinical psychologists is
6943:
6429:
1523:
1268:
programsâa model that emphasizes researchâwith the other half in
990:
861:, the first journal of clinical psychology, published in 1907 by
5037:
4992:
2358:
as a method of addressing the illnessâalthough some also employ
2094:
shows that the field has been primarily dedicated to addressing
1287:
Graduation from an accredited school with the appropriate degree
948:
868:
6781:
5570:
5152:
4641:
4552:
2251:
1457:
1174:
876:
was the first to offer formal education in clinical psychology.
842:
725:
689:
5090:
1757:. These general orientations now fall under the umbrella term
776:
30:"Psychological medicine" redirects here. For the journal, see
5337:
5316:
Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB)
5023:
U.S. Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics (2004).
5008:
U.S. Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics (2004).
4814:
3644:
The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology and behavioral science
3538:
2338:
2275:
2267:
2255:
2170:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1559:
1514:
1453:
1439:
1378:) in comparison to a norming group. These tests, such as the
886:
5332:
4844:
Graybar, S.; Leonard, L. (2005). "In Defense of Listening".
4135:
3468:
Hopwood, Christopher J.; Bornstein, Robert F., eds. (2014).
983:
with qualifications, standards, and salaries managed by the
5915:
4491:"Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future"
4354:(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
4165:
Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (2006).
2843:
Advanced psychology: applications, issues and perspectives.
2259:
1269:
1013:
508:
5276:
3272:
1290:
Completion of supervised clinical experience or internship
728:, the training is at the master's level and predominantly
5315:
5310:
5281:
4945:"Clinical versus counseling psychology: What's the diff?"
3975:
Ordinary Ecstasy: The Dialectics of Humanistic Psychology
3258:. Vol. 7, no. 1. pp. 22â26. Archived from
3164:
2363:
2311:
1826:
Emotion focused therapy/Emotionally focused therapy (EFT)
1280:, which usually takes two to three years post-Bachelors.
1250:
27:
Branch of medicine devoted to treating psychological pain
5327:
5293:
4393:
4350:
Young, Mark (2005). "Helping Someone Who is Different".
3758:"Clinical versus mechanical prediction: A meta-analysis"
3377:
1342:, PsyD and Professional diploma in clinical psychology.
6570:
5127:
4674:
Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct
4248:
Existential Counseling & Psychotherapy in Practice.
3374:"Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards"
4843:
4011:(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
4007:
Schneider, K.; Bugental, J. & Pierson, J. (2001).
3901:, 4th Ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
3755:
3247:
3222:"The degree that almost wasn't: The PsyD comes of age"
1851:
1845:
1566:, or prediction. One way is to combine the data in an
665:
and personal development. Central to its practice are
4309:"The Implications of Postmodernism for Psychotherapy"
4188:
1515:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
5282:
American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy
3084:"APA: Uniting psychologists for more than 100 years"
3036:"Clinical psychology born and raised in controversy"
1537:
1508:
International Statistical Classification of Diseases
4463:
4224:
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy
4215:
3190:Henry, David (1959). "Clinical psychology abroad".
2422:
Comparison of mental health professionals in the US
1724:The psychodynamic perspective developed out of the
1558:results, diagnostic impressions, clinical history,
1354:, and there are indications that as many as 91% of
1302:(LPC), and Licensed Psychological Associate (LPA).
931:
5025:"Occupational Outlook Handbook: Registered Nurses"
4905:
4217:
4137:
3299:Specialty Certification in Professional Psychology
5248:
4878:
4553:Seligman, M.; Rashid, T. & Parks, A. (2006).
3950:The Person-Centred Approach to Therapeutic Change
3947:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3275:American psychiatry after World War II: 1944â1994
1975:
1219:and related conditions. Some teach, whether in a
677:, although clinical psychologists also engage in
6983:
5311:APA Society of Clinical Psychology (Division 12)
5251:Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology
3920:
3495:
3467:
2593:Psychiatric and mental health nurse practitioner
920:with the development of two intelligence tests,
5209:
5153:Leichsenring, Falk & Leibing, Eric (2003).
5080:. National Association of School Psychologists.
5010:"Occupational Outlook Handbook: Social Workers"
4286:Slife, B., Barlow, S. and Williams, R. (2001).
3243:
3241:
3239:
3219:
2691:
2290:Comparison with other mental health professions
805:treatment for mental conditions using magnets (
4942:
4881:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
4374:
4268:Gestalt Therapy: History, Theory, and Practice
3858:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
3668:
3637:
3635:
3426:London; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
3277:. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
2939:
2909:
2366:, and may order brain imaging studies such as
1542:Clinical assessment can be characterized as a
991:Development of the Doctor of Psychology degree
967:in 1950 being awarded in clinical psychology.
6556:
6367:
6353:
5353:
5075:
4468:. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4396:The foundation and future of feminist therapy
4035:Greenberg, Leslie S. (2017). "Introduction".
3899:Psychodynamic Psychiatry in Clinical Practice
3539:Widiger, Thomas & Trull, Timothy (2007).
3169:(4th ed.). UK: Oxford University Press.
3129:
3104:
3056:
2168:The examples and perspective in this article
2151:Psychologist § Licensing and regulations
949:World War II and the integration of treatment
889:and head of the psychology department at the
627:
4488:
4333:Albany: State University of New York Press.
4306:
3952:. London, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
3726:
3724:
3722:
3491:
3489:
3451:4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
3424:A short introduction to clinical psychology.
3236:
3189:
3014:New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
1956:
1783:(often referred to as Rogerian Therapy) and
1480:for affective and Schizophrenia in children.
1004:on Professional Training in Psychology, the
848:
5093:"Archival Description of School Psychology"
4824:National Latina/o Psychological Association
4687:
4383:. Vol. 39, no. 7. pp. 52â53.
4349:
3972:
3855:
3632:
3297:American Board of Professional Psychology,
3090:. Vol. 30, no. 11. Archived from
3082:American Psychological Association (1999).
2935:
2933:
2931:
1945:. In addition, specific techniques such as
6563:
6549:
6360:
6346:
5360:
5346:
4250:London; Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
4144:(2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
4140:Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders
4030:
4028:
3916:
3914:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3730:
3679:
3273:Menninger, Roy & Nemiah, John (2000).
3228:. Vol. 31, no. 1. Archived from
3033:
2905:
2903:
2901:
1764:
1550:decisions are made on the basis of what a
1512:(ICD-10) while the US most often uses the
768:Eastern philosophy and clinical psychology
634:
620:
5328:NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness
5294:American Board of Professional Psychology
5121:
5038:NIH: Office of Science Education (2006).
4993:NIH: Office of Science Education (2006).
4705:
4432:
4270:. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage Publications.
4136:Beck, A.; Davis, D.; Freeman, A. (2007).
4034:
4000:
3849:
3806:
3719:
3694:
3641:
3486:
3215:
3213:
3165:Hall, John & Llewelyn, Susan (2006).
3010:Compas, Bruce & Gotlib, Ian. (2002).
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2855:
2206:Learn how and when to remove this message
1494:
1245:American Board of Professional Psychology
6777:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
4688:Leach, Mark M.; Harbin, J. Judd (1997).
4394:Hill, Marcia & Ballou, Mary (2005).
3443:
3441:
3439:
3368:
3366:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2928:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2401:
2386:Clinical psychologists generally do not
2310:
1040:
1023:
1012:âresulting in the Doctor of Psychology (
867:
852:
775:
5277:American Academy of Clinical Psychology
5249:Lilienfeld, Scott; et al. (2014).
5128:Pilgram, D. & Treacher, A. (1992).
4914:. Vol. 35, no. 6. p. 22.
4667:
4665:
4266:Woldt, Ansel and Toman, Sarah. (2005).
4025:
3911:
3884:
3532:
3422:Cheshire, K. & Pilgrim, D. (2004).
3098:
3029:
3027:
2954:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143758
2898:
2876:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095245
2837:
2835:
2675:
2663:
1235:(e.g., providing expert testimony in a
817:'s "mental healing" were also popular.
14:
6984:
5132:. London & USA/Canada: Routledge.
4858:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2005.59.1.1
3248:Norcross, J. & Castle, P. (2002).
3210:
3158:
3075:
2993:
2861:
2140:
1362:
1251:Training and certification to practice
6907:Psychological effects of Internet use
6544:
6341:
5341:
5095:. American Psychological Association.
4368:
4260:
3812:
3749:
3449:Handbook of Psychological Assessment,
3436:
3363:
3050:
2968:
2800:
2753:Psychiatric and mental health nursing
5299:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
5091:American Psychological Association.
4662:
4644:Journal of Psychotherapy Integration
3923:Journal of Psychotherapy Integration
3024:
3012:Introduction to Clinical Psychology.
2942:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
2914:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
2912:A Brief History of Modern Psychology
2864:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
2832:
2635:
2345:Although clinical psychologists and
2154:
1669:
1322:and the Health Professions Council (
6572:Digital media use and mental health
5333:National Institute of Mental Health
4977:
4971:
4694:International Journal of Psychology
4464:Snyder, C. & Lopez, S. (2001).
4216:Bitter, J. & Corey, G. (2001).
3250:"Appreciating the Psy.D: The Facts"
2981:Introduction to Clinical Psychology
2770:
1904:mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
1852:Behavioral and cognitive behavioral
1740:and an examination of the client's
24:
5162:The American Journal of Psychiatry
4795:ASIAN FEDERATION FOR PSYCHOTHERAPY
4769:ASIAN FEDERATION FOR PSYCHOTHERAPY
4498:The Journal of Positive Psychology
4489:Linley, Alex; et al. (2006).
3683:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law
2782:American Psychological Association
2231:Canadian Psychological Association
1639:, while a psychologist trained in
1412:. Objective measures, such as the
1372:Intelligence and achievement tests
1338:In India, training is through the
1274:American Psychological Association
938:American Psychological Association
25:
7018:
6934:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
6819:Narcissistic personality disorder
5270:
4846:American Journal of Psychotherapy
4631:https://doi.org/10.1037/14954-035
3977:. London, UK: Brunner-Routledge.
2820:Contemporary Clinical Psychology.
2738:List of credentials in psychology
2090:, then president of the APA. The
1935:functional analytic psychotherapy
1931:acceptance and commitment therapy
1872:rational emotive behavior therapy
1538:Clinical v. mechanical prediction
6897:Mobile phones and driving safety
6855:2021 Facebook company files leak
5569:
5040:"Advance News Magazines. (2005)"
4908:"Gaining prescriptive knowledge"
3735:. Echo Point Books & Media.
3472:. New York: The Guilford Press.
3336:"Society of Clinical Psychology"
3107:A History of Clinical Psychology
2159:
1927:functional analysis (psychology)
1713:
1674:Many clinical psychologists are
1259:
932:Early professional organizations
601:
59:
6666:Computer-mediated communication
5242:
5203:
5146:
5099:
5084:
5078:"Who Are School Psychologists?"
5069:
5049:
5031:
5016:
5001:
4986:
4936:
4918:
4899:
4872:
4837:
4808:
4783:
4757:
4722:
4681:
4635:
4622:
4613:
4603:
4546:
4482:
4466:Handbook of Positive Psychology
4457:
4412:
4387:
4343:
4323:
4300:
4280:
4240:
4209:
4182:
4158:
4129:
4120:
4111:
4102:
4093:
4084:
4075:
4066:
3991:
3966:
3941:
3589:
3470:Multimethod clinical assessment
3461:
3416:
3391:
3350:
3328:
3310:
3291:
3266:
3183:
3123:
2718:Clinical Associate (Psychology)
2147:Psychotherapy § Regulation
2042:places a stronger focus on the
1953:have come from this tradition.
1655:, cognitive behavioral therapy)
1612:
1300:Licensed Professional Counselor
1229:institution of higher education
885:(1867â1956), a past student of
5367:
3731:Paul Meehl (1 February 2013).
2733:List of clinical psychologists
2109:
1976:Other therapeutic perspectives
960:post-traumatic stress disorder
710:PhD science-practitioner model
13:
1:
6765:Obsessiveâcompulsive disorder
5665:Industrial and organizational
4739:. August 2009. Archived from
2764:
2646:Educational Specialist Degree
2300:
2239:British Psychological Society
1685:British Psychological Society
1345:
1320:British Psychological Society
985:British Psychological Society
722:Clinical Psychology Doctorate
344:Industrial and organizational
6922:Social aspects of television
6760:Generalized anxiety disorder
6620:Problematic social media use
5906:Human factors and ergonomics
5253:. New York: Guilford Press.
5130:Clinical Psychology Observed
4961:10.24839/1092-0803.Eye5.1.20
4730:"Code of Ethics and Conduct"
4331:Transpersonal Psychotherapy.
4329:Boorstein, Seymour. (1996).
4226:. Belmost, CA: Brooks/Cole.
3167:What is Clinical Psychology?
2845:Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes.
2692:Criticisms and controversies
1874:, both of which grew out of
1858:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1830:Emotional Freedom Techniques
1450:Diagnostic Measurement Tools
973:scientist-practitioner model
881:practice. This changed when
742:cognitive behavioral therapy
499:Human factors and ergonomics
7:
6593:Internet addiction disorder
5174:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1223
4906:Halloway, Jennifer (2004).
4791:"Member Countries - Russia"
4398:. New York: Haworth Press.
4352:Learning the Art of Helping
4246:Van Deurzen, Emmy. (2002).
3815:The Counseling Psychologist
2778:"About Clinical Psychology"
2700:
2182:, discuss the issue on the
1828:, not to be confused with
1720:Psychodynamic psychotherapy
1510:and Related Health Problems
10:
7023:
6681:Humanâcomputer interaction
6608:Problematic smartphone use
6420:Emergency medical services
5057:"Lifeworks: Art Therapist"
4893:10.1037/0735-7028.32.5.496
4656:10.1037/1053-0479.15.4.392
4574:10.1037/0003-066X.61.8.774
3948:McMillan, Michael (2004).
3935:10.1037/1053-0479.15.2.169
3399:"Professional Disciplines"
3144:10.1037/0003-066X.55.2.236
3061:. New York: Plenum Press.
2983:. New York: Plenum Press.
2841:Brain, Christine. (2002).
2304:
2296:Mental health professional
2293:
2144:
2113:
1979:
1960:
1939:dialectic behavior therapy
1900:dialectic behavior therapy
1892:systematic desensitization
1855:
1818:
1768:
1717:
1616:
1498:
1340:M.Phil Clinical Psychology
1074:Mental health professional
1008:of clinical psychologyâor
1006:practitionerâscholar model
891:University of Pennsylvania
874:University of Pennsylvania
837:was first developing his "
765:
755:
751:
694:University of Pennsylvania
661:and to promote subjective
36:
29:
6827:
6745:
6638:
6578:
6375:
6369:Allied health professions
6292:
6229:
5936:
5846:
5758:
5595:Applied behavior analysis
5578:
5567:
5403:
5375:
4995:"Lifeworks: Psychiatrist"
4510:10.1080/17439760500372796
4222:. In Gerald Corey (ed.).
3777:10.1037/1040-3590.12.1.19
3705:10.1037/1076-8971.2.2.293
3560:10.1037/0003-066X.62.2.71
3447:Groth-Marnat, G. (2003).
2427:
2420:
2116:Integrative psychotherapy
2040:transpersonal perspective
2009:was primarily founded by
1996:Existential psychotherapy
1957:Systems or family therapy
1915:applied behavior analysts
1708:systems or family therapy
1488:mental status examination
1180:
1162:
1134:
1116:
1111:
1079:
1063:
1055:
1050:
849:Early clinical psychology
746:systems or family therapy
276:Applied behavior analysis
6949:Suicide and the Internet
6939:Social media and suicide
6686:Media naturalness theory
6460:Music and arts therapist
5216:The Psychological Record
5210:Reisner, Andrew (2005).
4678:Retrieved July 28, 2007.
4555:"Positive Psychotherapy"
4443:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
4219:"Family Systems Therapy"
3827:10.1177/0011000005285875
3765:Psychological Assessment
3322:August 19, 2008, at the
3220:Murray, Bridget (2000).
2723:Clinical neuropsychology
2612:Expressive/Art therapist
2504:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2407:Counseling psychologists
2356:psychotropic medications
2316:Fluoxetine hydrochloride
2026:solution-focused therapy
1759:psychodynamic psychology
1653:solution focused therapy
1436:Neuropsychological tests
1432:Neuropsychological tests
1352:psychological assessment
1333:
1106:Psychological assessment
914:psychological assessment
899:The Psychological Clinic
859:The Psychological Clinic
762:History of psychotherapy
683:mental health profession
667:psychological assessment
37:Not to be confused with
7002:Health care occupations
6770:Social anxiety disorder
6603:Online problem gambling
6425:Hemodialysis technician
5871:Behavioral neuroscience
5435:Behavioral neuroscience
4943:Norcross, John (2000).
4707:10.1080/002075997400854
4375:Price, Michael (2008).
4038:Emotion-focused therapy
3897:Gabbard, Glen. (2005).
2910:Benjamin, Ludy (2007).
2743:List of psychotherapies
2477:Counseling psychologist
1982:List of psychotherapies
1821:Emotion Focused Therapy
1777:person-centered therapy
1765:Humanistic/Experiential
1755:object relations theory
1316:National Health Service
981:National Health Service
964:Veterans Administration
464:Behavioral neuroscience
121:Behavioral neuroscience
6927:Television consumption
6882:Evolution of cognition
6807:Body image disturbance
6748:psychiatric conditions
6676:Engineering psychology
6598:Internet sex addiction
6579:Proposed or recognised
6470:Occupational therapist
5921:Psychology of religion
5861:Behavioral engineering
5798:Human subject research
5454:Cognitive neuroscience
5420:Affective neuroscience
5113:. 2000. Archived from
5107:"Occupational Therapy"
5076:Silva, Arlene (2003).
3109:. UK: Taylor Francis.
3105:Reisman, John (1991).
3057:Routh, Donald (1994).
2603:Yes (varies by state)
2555:Clinical social worker
2444:Prescription privilege
2392:prescribing privileges
2342:
2278:are member countries.
2014:"unfinished business".
1947:contingency management
1836:. Pioneers of EFT are
1814:humanistic psychodrama
1785:existential psychology
1595:clinical psychologists
1495:Diagnostic impressions
1418:Rorschach inkblot test
1102:Psychological research
998:University of Illinois
877:
865:
789:
514:Psychology of religion
454:Behavioral engineering
140:Cognitive neuroscience
106:Affective neuroscience
32:Psychological Medicine
6971:Texting while driving
6902:Promotion of anorexia
6887:Evolutionary mismatch
6850:Criticism of Facebook
6581:diagnostic categories
6520:Respiratory therapist
6455:Medical transcription
6405:Clinical psychologist
6380:Anesthesia technician
6297:Wiktionary definition
5833:Self-report inventory
5828:Quantitative research
4912:Monitor on Psychology
4562:American Psychologist
4421:American Psychologist
4381:Monitor on Psychology
4313:Individual Psychology
4307:Blatner Adam (1997).
3642:Craighead, W (2001).
3548:American Psychologist
3226:Monitor on Psychology
3192:American Psychologist
3132:American Psychologist
2758:Psychoneuroimmunology
2748:Outline of psychology
2458:Clinical psychologist
2402:Counseling psychology
2396:medical psychologists
2314:
2145:Further information:
2092:history of psychology
1943:behavioral activation
1771:Humanistic psychology
1556:psychological testing
1305:
1059:Clinical psychologist
1046:Clinical psychologist
1041:Professional practice
1024:A changing profession
975:, known today as the
895:learning disabilities
871:
856:
779:
766:Further information:
758:History of psychology
649:is an integration of
608:Psychology portal
18:Clinical psychologist
7007:Behavioural sciences
6840:Behavioral modernity
6835:Behavioral addiction
6661:Cognitive ergonomics
6646:Digital anthropology
6639:Disciplines involved
6630:Video game addiction
6625:Television addiction
6450:Medical technologist
6400:Cardiac physiologist
5823:Qualitative research
5778:Behavior epigenetics
4817:"Ethical Guidelines"
3973:Rowan, John (2001).
3094:on October 21, 2000.
2681:Occupational therapy
2676:Occupational therapy
2664:Clinical social work
2650:Doctor of Philosophy
2641:School psychologists
2524:School psychologist
2188:create a new article
2180:improve this article
2131:evolutionary biology
2127:behavioural genetics
2103:Community psychology
2063:culturally sensitive
1896:socratic questioning
1876:cognitive psychology
1810:Hans-Werner Gessmann
1804:person, also called
1704:cognitive behavioral
1484:Clinical observation
1402:Tests of personality
1154:Doctor of Philosophy
1143:Doctor of Psychology
671:clinical formulation
6992:Clinical psychology
6892:Fear of missing out
6510:Radiation therapist
6485:Pharmacy technician
6302:Wiktionary category
5866:Behavioral genetics
5838:Statistical surveys
5695:Occupational health
5430:Behavioral genetics
4191:Behav Analyst Today
3646:. New York: Wiley.
3232:on October 8, 2010.
3034:Evans Rand (1999).
2654:Doctor of Education
2517:School psychologist
2141:Professional ethics
2084:Positive psychology
2080:Positive psychology
1363:Measurement domains
1047:
718:Republic of Ireland
647:Clinical psychology
459:Behavioral genetics
374:Occupational health
116:Behavioral genetics
47:Part of a series on
6588:Computer addiction
6274:Schools of thought
6177:Richard E. Nisbett
6057:Donald T. Campbell
5735:Sport and exercise
5321:2017-10-09 at the
5304:2009-01-20 at the
5287:2019-05-30 at the
5228:10.1007/BF03395517
3304:2006-12-14 at the
3088:APA Monitor Online
2713:Applied psychology
2343:
2135:psychopharmacology
2065:and effective way.
1806:self-actualization
1572:treatment response
1136:Education required
1045:
1018:Rutgers University
878:
866:
790:
772:Islamic psychology
655:behavioral science
576:Schools of thought
414:Sport and exercise
262:Applied psychology
6979:
6978:
6651:Digital sociology
6538:
6537:
6445:Medical physicist
6435:Medical assistant
6430:Massage therapist
6385:Aquatic therapist
6335:
6334:
6312:Wikimedia Commons
6239:Counseling topics
6202:Ronald C. Kessler
6192:Shelley E. Taylor
6117:Lawrence Kohlberg
6092:Stanley Schachter
5891:Consumer behavior
5773:Archival research
5541:Psycholinguistics
5425:Affective science
5139:978-0-415-04632-9
4475:978-0-19-513533-6
4405:978-0-7890-0201-3
4361:978-0-13-111753-2
4151:978-1-59385-476-8
4059:978-1-4338-2631-3
4050:10.1037/15971-001
4018:978-0-7619-2121-9
3984:978-0-415-23633-1
3959:978-0-7619-4868-1
3742:978-0-9638784-9-6
3653:978-0-471-24400-4
3610:10.1159/000086096
3510:10.1159/000086092
3479:978-1-4625-1601-8
3284:978-0-88048-866-2
3176:978-0-19-856689-2
3116:978-1-56032-188-0
3068:978-0-306-44452-4
2921:978-1-4051-3206-0
2822:New York: Wiley.
2636:School psychology
2629:
2628:
2574:Psychiatric nurse
2505:MFT/LPC/LHMC/LPA
2322:as Prozac, is an
2216:
2215:
2208:
2190:, as appropriate.
2030:coherence therapy
2022:narrative therapy
1923:anxiety disorders
1868:cognitive therapy
1862:Behaviour therapy
1834:attachment theory
1801:intersubjectivity
1670:Four main schools
1531:five factor model
1398:Personality tests
1201:
1200:
1031:health psychology
782:pseudo-scientific
730:psychotherapeutic
644:
643:
541:Counseling topics
484:Consumer behavior
227:Psycholinguistics
111:Affective science
16:(Redirected from
7014:
6802:Anorexia nervosa
6787:Bipolar disorder
6755:Anxiety disorder
6565:
6558:
6551:
6542:
6541:
6530:Speech therapist
6410:Dental hygienist
6390:Athletic trainer
6362:
6355:
6348:
6339:
6338:
6269:Research methods
6212:Richard Davidson
6207:Joseph E. LeDoux
6082:George A. Miller
6072:David McClelland
6067:Herbert A. Simon
5967:Edward Thorndike
5788:Content analysis
5573:
5546:Psychophysiology
5362:
5355:
5348:
5339:
5338:
5265:
5264:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5192:. Archived from
5168:(7): 1223â1233.
5159:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5073:
5067:
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5064:
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5020:
5014:
5013:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4963:. Archived from
4940:
4934:
4933:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4841:
4835:
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4832:
4830:
4821:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4765:"Code of Ethics"
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4745:
4734:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4709:
4685:
4679:
4669:
4660:
4659:
4639:
4633:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4592:. Archived from
4559:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4534:
4528:. Archived from
4495:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4436:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4347:
4341:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4304:
4298:
4284:
4278:
4264:
4258:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4221:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4203:10.1037/h0100155
4186:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4143:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4043:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4004:
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3995:
3989:
3988:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3918:
3909:
3895:
3882:
3881:
3870:10.1037/a0014693
3853:
3847:
3846:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3795:. Archived from
3762:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3728:
3717:
3716:
3698:
3677:
3666:
3665:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3578:. Archived from
3545:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3465:
3459:
3445:
3434:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3401:. Archived from
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3376:. Archived from
3370:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3342:. Archived from
3332:
3326:
3314:
3308:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3245:
3234:
3233:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3204:10.1037/h0038711
3187:
3181:
3180:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3102:
3096:
3095:
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3031:
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3008:
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2937:
2926:
2925:
2907:
2896:
2895:
2859:
2853:
2839:
2830:
2813:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2774:
2468:Varies by state
2418:
2417:
2248:psychotherapists
2211:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2073:Feminist therapy
2054:Multiculturalism
1951:exposure therapy
1738:free association
1637:free association
1635:might encourage
1472:for trauma, the
1237:legal proceeding
1098:Forensic science
1081:Activity sectors
1048:
1044:
636:
629:
622:
606:
605:
604:
571:Research methods
232:Psychophysiology
92:Basic psychology
63:
44:
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6797:Eating disorder
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6691:Neuroergonomics
6671:Cyberpsychology
6634:
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6539:
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6495:Physiotherapist
6371:
6366:
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6264:Psychotherapies
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6037:Raymond Cattell
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5526:Neuropsychology
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5323:Wayback Machine
5306:Wayback Machine
5289:Wayback Machine
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2600:APRN/APN/PMHNP
2521:PhD/EdD/MS/EdS
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2309:
2303:
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2292:
2220:Code of Conduct
2212:
2201:
2195:
2192:
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2112:
2088:Martin Seligman
2007:Gestalt therapy
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1856:Main articles:
1854:
1823:
1773:
1767:
1747:self psychology
1722:
1716:
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1580:decision-making
1540:
1503:
1501:Mental disorder
1497:
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1278:master's degree
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1194:Psychotherapist
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1167:
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1129:psychopathology
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1065:Occupation type
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1002:Vail Conference
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942:G. Stanley Hall
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863:Lightner Witmer
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784:ideas, such as
774:
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756:Main articles:
754:
698:Lightner Witmer
640:
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566:Psychotherapies
534:
524:
523:
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436:
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212:Neuropsychology
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6867:Cyberpathology
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6828:Related topics
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6139:
6137:Walter Mischel
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6109:
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6102:Albert Bandura
6099:
6094:
6089:
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6077:Leon Festinger
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6047:Neal E. Miller
6044:
6042:Abraham Maslow
6039:
6034:
6029:
6027:Ernest Hilgard
6024:
6022:Donald O. Hebb
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
6002:J. P. Guilford
5999:
5997:Gordon Allport
5994:
5989:
5984:
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5977:John B. Watson
5974:
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5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5768:Animal testing
5764:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
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5702:
5697:
5692:
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5682:
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5672:
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5652:
5647:
5642:
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5473:
5471:Cross-cultural
5468:
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5442:
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5427:
5422:
5417:
5411:
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5373:
5372:
5365:
5364:
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5350:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5313:
5308:
5296:
5291:
5279:
5272:
5271:External links
5269:
5267:
5266:
5260:978-1462517510
5259:
5241:
5222:(3): 377â400.
5202:
5199:on 2020-12-09.
5145:
5138:
5120:
5117:on 2008-12-08.
5098:
5083:
5068:
5048:
5030:
5015:
5000:
4985:
4970:
4967:on 2003-04-15.
4949:Eye on Psi Chi
4935:
4917:
4898:
4887:(5): 496â500.
4871:
4836:
4807:
4782:
4771:. October 2008
4756:
4721:
4700:(3): 181â192.
4680:
4661:
4650:(4): 392â471.
4634:
4621:
4612:
4602:
4599:on 2020-02-25.
4568:(8): 774â788.
4545:
4481:
4474:
4456:
4411:
4404:
4386:
4367:
4360:
4342:
4322:
4299:
4290:London: SAGE.
4279:
4259:
4239:
4232:
4208:
4181:
4167:"What is CBT?"
4157:
4150:
4128:
4119:
4110:
4101:
4092:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4058:
4024:
4017:
3999:
3990:
3983:
3965:
3958:
3940:
3929:(2): 169â185.
3910:
3883:
3864:(5): 525â531.
3848:
3821:(3): 341â382.
3805:
3802:on 2019-03-03.
3748:
3741:
3718:
3696:10.1.1.471.592
3689:(2): 293â323.
3667:
3652:
3631:
3588:
3585:on 2020-12-09.
3531:
3485:
3478:
3460:
3435:
3415:
3390:
3362:
3349:
3346:on 2015-04-01.
3327:
3309:
3290:
3283:
3265:
3262:on 2006-09-27.
3255:Eye on Psi Chi
3235:
3209:
3198:(9): 601â604.
3182:
3175:
3157:
3122:
3115:
3097:
3074:
3067:
3049:
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2967:
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2897:
2854:
2831:
2816:Plante, Thomas
2799:
2768:
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2728:Clinical trial
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2329:prescribed by
2324:antidepressant
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2288:
2237:In the UK the
2214:
2213:
2174:of the subject
2172:worldwide view
2167:
2165:
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2139:
2114:Main article:
2111:
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2107:
2106:
2100:
2096:mental illness
2077:
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2051:
2033:
2015:
2000:
1977:
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1969:family therapy
1963:Family therapy
1961:Main article:
1958:
1955:
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1850:
1819:Main article:
1769:Main article:
1766:
1763:
1751:ego psychology
1726:psychoanalysis
1718:Main article:
1715:
1712:
1671:
1668:
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1662:
1659:
1656:
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1617:Main article:
1614:
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1491:
1481:
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1444:neurocognitive
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1332:
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1294:
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1221:medical school
1217:mental illness
1215:, or cause of
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157:Cross-cultural
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6997:Psychotherapy
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6993:
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6872:Digital detox
6870:
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6863:
6862:Cyberbullying
6860:
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6848:
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6525:Social worker
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6440:Medical coder
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6291:
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6282:
6280:
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6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6259:Psychologists
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6249:Organizations
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6232:
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6218:
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6197:John Anderson
6195:
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6180:
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6173:
6170:
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6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
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6135:
6133:
6130:
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6127:Ulric Neisser
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6112:Endel Tulving
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6097:Robert Zajonc
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
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6053:
6052:Jerome Bruner
6050:
6048:
6045:
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6040:
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6035:
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6030:
6028:
6025:
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6018:
6017:B. F. Skinner
6015:
6013:
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6005:
6003:
6000:
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5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
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5983:
5982:Clark L. Hull
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5962:Sigmund Freud
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5952:William James
5950:
5948:
5947:Wilhelm Wundt
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:Psychologists
5935:
5927:
5926:Psychometrics
5924:
5922:
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5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5886:Consciousness
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
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5831:
5829:
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5818:Psychophysics
5816:
5814:
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5801:
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5789:
5786:
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5769:
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5763:
5761:
5760:Methodologies
5757:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5720:Psychotherapy
5718:
5716:
5715:Psychometrics
5713:
5711:
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5706:
5703:
5701:
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5693:
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5633:
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5596:
5593:
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5587:
5585:
5583:
5577:
5572:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
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5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
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5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5481:Developmental
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5450:
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5421:
5418:
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5344:
5343:
5340:
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5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5297:
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5292:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5262:
5256:
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5245:
5237:
5233:
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5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5141:
5135:
5131:
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5116:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5094:
5087:
5079:
5072:
5058:
5052:
5041:
5034:
5026:
5019:
5011:
5004:
4996:
4989:
4981:
4974:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4939:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4746:on 2017-02-27
4742:
4738:
4731:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4675:
4671:APA. (2003).
4668:
4666:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4632:
4625:
4616:
4606:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4535:on 2016-09-10
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4407:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4363:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4340:
4339:0-7914-2835-4
4336:
4332:
4326:
4319:(4): 476â482.
4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4297:
4296:0-7619-2080-3
4293:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4276:0-7619-2791-3
4273:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4256:0-7619-6223-9
4253:
4249:
4243:
4235:
4233:9780534348236
4229:
4225:
4220:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4197:(3): 335â50.
4196:
4192:
4185:
4178:
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4161:
4153:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4132:
4123:
4114:
4105:
4096:
4087:
4078:
4069:
4061:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4039:
4031:
4029:
4020:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3961:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3915:
3908:
3907:1-58562-185-4
3904:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3744:
3738:
3734:
3727:
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3723:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3684:
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3672:
3663:
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3649:
3645:
3638:
3636:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3604:(4): 219â22.
3603:
3599:
3592:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3490:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3458:
3457:0-471-41979-6
3454:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3433:
3432:0-7619-4768-X
3429:
3425:
3419:
3405:on 2008-12-08
3404:
3400:
3394:
3380:on 2011-02-22
3379:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3359:
3356:APA. (2005).
3353:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3214:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3138:(2): 236â41.
3137:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3028:
3021:
3020:0-07-012491-4
3017:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2990:
2989:0-306-44877-7
2986:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2852:
2851:0-17-490058-9
2848:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2829:
2828:0-471-47276-X
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2788:on 2015-04-01
2787:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2689:
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2673:
2670:
2661:
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2655:
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2647:
2642:
2624:
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2615:
2613:
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2591:
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2575:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:Psychiatrist
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:
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2487:
2485:Psychologist
2484:
2482:PhD/PsyD/EdD
2481:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:Psychologist
2464:
2462:PhD/PsyD/EdD
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2423:
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2408:
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2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2360:psychotherapy
2357:
2353:
2352:medical model
2348:
2347:psychiatrists
2340:
2336:
2335:psychiatrists
2332:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:, branded by
2317:
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2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2210:
2207:
2199:
2196:February 2016
2189:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2132:
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2117:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2058:acculturation
2055:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:Transpersonal
2034:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
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1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
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1847:
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1839:
1838:Les Greenberg
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1808:. From 1980,
1807:
1802:
1798:
1797:phenomenology
1794:
1790:
1789:Viktor Frankl
1787:developed by
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:Sigmund Freud
1727:
1721:
1714:Psychodynamic
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:psychodynamic
1688:
1686:
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1633:psychoanalyst
1630:
1625:
1620:
1619:Psychotherapy
1610:
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1591:meta-analyses
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1427:
1423:
1419:
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1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1357:
1356:psychologists
1353:
1343:
1341:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:US and Canada
1257:
1248:
1246:
1240:
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1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
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1206:
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1192:
1190:
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1179:
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1155:
1152:
1151:
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1141:
1140:
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1119:
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1107:
1103:
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1019:
1015:
1011:
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986:
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977:Boulder Model
974:
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961:
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946:
943:
939:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:psychiatrists
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
875:
870:
864:
860:
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846:
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840:
836:
835:Sigmund Freud
832:
828:
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816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
787:
783:
778:
773:
769:
763:
759:
749:
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743:
739:
735:
734:psychodynamic
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
675:psychotherapy
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:human science
648:
637:
632:
630:
625:
623:
618:
617:
615:
614:
609:
599:
598:
597:
596:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
561:Psychologists
559:
557:
554:
552:
551:Organizations
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
533:
528:
527:
520:
519:Psychometrics
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
479:Consciousness
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
440:
439:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:Psychotherapy
397:
395:
394:Psychometrics
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
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1070:Psychologist
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172:Differential
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6500:Prosthetist
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6244:Disciplines
6217:Susan Fiske
6107:Roger Brown
6007:Carl Rogers
5992:Jean Piaget
5957:Ivan Pavlov
5813:Observation
5793:Experiments
5740:Suicidology
5635:Educational
5590:Anomalistic
5561:Theoretical
5536:Personality
5466:Comparative
5449:Cognitivism
5440:Behaviorism
4852:(1): 1â19.
4829:December 5,
4800:December 5,
4775:December 5,
4518:10818/29517
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3040:APA Monitor
2948:(1): 1â30.
2652:(PhD), and
2499:(master's)
2337:, and some
2283:Eurocentric
2110:Integration
2011:Fritz Perls
1992:Existential
1967:Systems or
1911:behaviorism
1880:behaviorism
1842:Sue Johnson
1781:Carl Rogers
1676:integrative
1568:algorithmic
1526:and signs.
1520:nosological
1518:. Both are
1112:Description
1094:Health care
918:World War I
829:within the
799:physiognomy
744:(CBT), and
659:dysfunction
546:Disciplines
419:Suicidology
314:Educational
271:Anomalistic
247:Theoretical
222:Personality
152:Comparative
135:Cognitivism
126:Behaviorism
6986:Categories
6845:Body image
6792:Depression
6746:Associated
6715:Psychology
6703:Psychiatry
6656:Ergonomics
6613:Nomophobia
6307:Wikisource
6152:Paul Ekman
5987:Kurt Lewin
5881:Competence
5803:Interviews
5783:Case study
5660:Humanistic
5640:Ergonomics
5625:Counseling
5600:Assessment
5582:psychology
5531:Perception
5491:Ecological
5407:psychology
5385:Philosophy
5369:Psychology
5062:2007-02-17
4750:2019-07-23
4539:2016-08-16
4172:2007-03-04
3409:2008-12-01
3384:2007-02-17
2818:. (2005).
2765:References
2606:$ 121,610
2549:$ 226,880
2502:MA/MS/MEd
2429:Occupation
2331:physicians
2305:See also:
2301:Psychiatry
2294:See also:
2264:Kazakhstan
2018:Postmodern
1980:See also:
1919:depression
1700:behavioral
1624:behaving.
1587:Paul Meehl
1544:prediction
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1476:, and the
1410:projective
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1209:assessment
1166:employment
1121:Assessment
1086:Psychology
1051:Occupation
1010:Vail Model
922:Army Alpha
823:psychiatry
795:phrenology
786:phrenology
738:humanistic
663:well-being
474:Competence
339:Humanistic
319:Ergonomics
304:Counseling
281:Assessment
217:Perception
177:Ecological
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6725:Cognitive
6480:Orthotist
6415:Dietitian
6327:Wikibooks
6317:Wikiquote
6187:Ed Diener
5972:Carl Jung
5876:Cognition
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5236:142840311
4930:div17.org
4429:CiteSeerX
3878:1939-1323
3843:145150890
3835:0011-0000
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2685:cognitive
2631:Sources:
2625:$ 55,900
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1793:Rollo May
1607:prognosis
1603:diagnosis
1564:diagnosis
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1406:objective
1312:doctorate
1233:forensics
1213:treatment
1207:into the
1171:Hospitals
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