635:. Migration in South America does not always increase as a result of increased environmental threats but is affected by factors such as climate variability and land suitability. These migrations are typically directed from rural to urban areas. Inter-provincial migration is shown to not be as heavily influenced by environmental changes whereas migration outside of the country of origin is heavily influenced by environmental changes. The results of a climactic event catalyzing migration change depending on the onset of the event, however, climate change related events such as drought and hurricanes augment or increase youth migration. Youth are more likely to migrate as a response to climate-related events. As a result, children who have been displaced are found to travel shorter distances to find work in rural destinations versus further to an urban area. The increase in interest in this topic in the past decade has called for a measure called preventive resettlement. The cases in which preventive resettlement appear appropriate is typically discerned by local and governmental bodies.
146:, resilience, and mobility of neighborhoods, municipalities, and nations in the face of climate change and consequent environmental migration. This is especially important to consider since small island states, rural populations, people of color, low-income communities, the elderly, people with disabilities, coastal urban populations, food and housing insecure households, and developing countries are especially vulnerable to the worst effects of the climate crisis and therefore to environmental migration. Just as individuals and countries do not contribute equally to climate change, they also do not experience the negative effects of the crisis equally. Both short- and long-term impacts of climate change bring under-prepared communities environmental harm and exacerbate existing inequities. People with livelihoods tied to the environment, like those in agriculture, fisheries, and coast-dependent businesses, are also at risk of relocation or job loss due to climate change. If communities cannot adapt adequately, migration might emerge as the primary response.
756:(IOM) expects the scale of global migration to rise as a result of accelerated climate change. It, therefore, recommends policymakers around the world to take a proactive stance on the matter. Despite the scale of climate migration, current legal protections across the world are ineffective in protecting climate migrants. Few existing international frameworks and regional and domestic legal regimes provide adequate protection to climate migrants. Typically, climate migrants are not legally recognized as refugees and therefore do not enjoy international and domestic refugee law protections. In the Americas, instead of being granted refugee status, individuals displaced by environmental factors are offered humanitarian visas or complementary protection, which do not always provide permanent residence and citizenship pathways. Although the term 'refugee' is legally incorrect, the definition of climate change refugee has been created to address the crisis. Every individuals affected by environmental harm still deserves protection and aid on humanitarian grounds.
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environment – like farmers and fishers – migration may become necessary for survival. A recent New York Times and
Pulitzer Center article on the issue notes that “by comparison, Americans are richer, often much richer, and more insulated from the shocks of climate change. They are distanced from the food and water sources they depend on, and they are part of a culture that sees every problem as capable of being solved by money...Census data show us how Americans move: toward heat, toward coastlines, toward drought, regardless of evidence of increasing storms and flooding and other disasters...The sense that money and technology can overcome nature has emboldened Americans." This disparity is reflected in the coastal real estate market and development projects. Addressing climate migration issues and climate change as a whole may involve reimagining how, where, and why municipalities develop and urbanize for the future.
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610:, the drought caused a food shortage that left 3 million people struggling to feed themselves, according to a 2015 report authored by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations’ World Food Programme (WFP). The Guatemalan government declared a state of emergency as the drought and high food prices led to a hunger crisis during which chronic malnutrition was common among children. By the end of June 2016, it was estimated by the United Nations’ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) that 3.5 million people required humanitarian assistance across El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.In 2018, 50% of the 94,000 Guatemalans deported from the United States and Mexico were from these western highlands, an area particularly susceptible to climate change.
69:(UNHCR) estimates that an average of 20 million people are forcibly displaced to other areas in countries all over the world by weather-related events every year. Climate-related disasters disproportionately affect marginalized populations, who are often facing other structural challenges in climate-vulnerable regions and countries. As a result, climate-related disasters are often described as a threat multiplier that compounds crises over time and space. The 2021 White House Report on the Impact of Climate Change on Migration underscored the multifaceted impacts of climate change and climate-related migration, ranging from destabilizing vulnerable and marginalized communities, exacerbating resource scarcity, to igniting political tension.
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interdisciplinary, locally-informed, equitable, and accessible approaches. Cities can explore what being “migrant friendly” might look like, such as offering job training programs, affordable and livable housing, access to green spaces, accessible mass transit systems, and resources to overcome language or cultural barriers. Special investment in both resources and information dissemination can help accommodate the diverse needs of people with disabilities and mental health conditions – both in the immediate moment of a disaster, where some emergency response and early warning systems may not be audiologically or visually accessible, and in the aftermath. Investments in
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South. Developed nations in North
America and Europe, with aging and declining populations, will benefit from accepting and assimilating these climate migrants into their societies, she argues. Climate migration can be a solution to many of the world's problems, rather than just a problem, according to Vince. Currently, there is no global body or organization devoted exclusively to the issue of climate migration, however, Vince argues that new climate-friendly policies are still possible. Vince points to the rapid European response to enact open-border policies and right-to-work laws for Ukrainian refugees fleeing the
502:(5,200 km) of its coast within the last 87 years and now an alarming rate of almost 16 square miles (41 km) per year is disappearing. In early 2016, a 48-million-dollar grant was the first allocation of federal tax dollars to aid a community suffering from direct impact of climate change. Louisiana has lost land mass comparable to the size of the state of Delaware revealing land mass loss that is at a rate faster than many places in the world. The resettlement plan for the Isle de Jean Charles is at the forefront of responding to climate change without destroying the community that resides within.
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642:. The government offered the residents the ability to either relocate to another community on the island or a city on the mainland. Most residents chose to move to a new location that was more inland on the same island and paid for their own expenses of relocation with little government assistance. Brazilian lawyer Erika Pires Ramos argues that the dilemma faced by the residents of Enseada da Baleia illustrates how climate migrants are invisible throughout much of Latin America. Governments must first recognize and identify groups of climate migrants in order to better help them.
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530:, have been increasingly vulnerable to encroaching sea levels, storm surges and intense rain causing landslides and floods. In response, the Quinault Indian Nation conducted a vulnerability assessment and devised a comprehensive relocation plan to move two of its villages – Taholah and Queets, home to 660 tribal members – to higher ground way above the tsunami and flood zones. However, relocation is expensive and only possible with federal funding – it is estimated that moving the 471-member Shoalwater Bay Tribe up the mountain could cost half a billion dollars.
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recognize them as such." As a result, climate migration has been described as "the world's silent crisis", contrasting its global pervasiveness with its lack of recognition and investigation. Estimates on climate-related displacement vary, but all point to an alarming trend. The most common projections estimate around 200 million people will be displaced by climate-related disasters by 2050. Some even estimate up to 1 billion migrants by 2050, but these take ecological threats, including conflict and civil unrest as well as disasters, into account.
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of the Earth, Greenpeace
Germany (Jakobeit and Methmann 2007) and Christian Aid; and inter-governmental organisations such as the Council of Europe, UNESCO, and UNHCR. There has even been an estimate as high as 1.2 billion attributing climate migration to ecological threats, including conflict and civil unrest. This acknowledges that such ecological challenges might instigate conflicts, such as regions disputing over water access. Other reports with more conservative estimates focus solely on the direct effects of climate.
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Central
America may fall by 10%, beans by 29%, and rice by 14%. With Central American crop consumption dominated by corn (70%), beans (25%), and rice (6%), the expected drop in staple crop yields could have devastating consequences. The World Bank predicts that by 2050, climate change-induced migration could displace 1.4 - 2.1 million residents of Central America and Mexico. The highest estimate is that worsening droughts and flooding from climate change could displace up to 4 million people in the region by 2050.
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seekers to withdraw their requests. The United States, which was warned under the Obama administration to prepare for climate change and consequent refugees, had more difficulties in doing so under former
President Donald Trump, who denied the reality of climate change, signed executive orders dismantling environmental protections, ordered the EPA to remove climate change information from their public site, and signaled his administration's unwillingness to anticipate environmental refugees from climate change.
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275:. Such environmental stresses have underscored the idea that many Syrians can be viewed as climate migrants, given that climatic factors indirectly fueled the onset of the Syrian civil war. Back-to-back unprecedented droughts plagued Syrian farmers from 2006 to 2011, resulting in mass migrations from the countryside to the cities where existing infrastructure came under strain. Over one million Syrians have fled the country since the war began, largely resettling in neighboring Turkey. Severe flooding in
763:(IRAP) therefore recommends the creation of new legal pathways to safety for people moving in the context of climate change and environmental degradation. IRAP's report also recommends that governments develop stronger humanitarian protection for people who are forcibly displaced in a changing climate. The report emphasizes that strengthening the legal protections for climate-displaced persons should be preemptive with increased options for these persons before environmental disasters occur.
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778:, the UNHRC held that “individuals and groups who have crossed national borders could file subsequent petitions against deportation to the UNHRC, after exhausting domestic options, based on climate change impacts that violate the right to life.” In January 2020, the UN Human Rights Committee ruled that "climate refugees fleeing the effects of the climate crisis cannot be forced by their adoptive countries to return to their home counties whose climate is posing an immediate threat."
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insecurity, worsening droughts, fires and flooding, and sea level rises. Some of the most vulnerable countries, the report concludes, are
Guatemala, Haiti, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iraq; countries with weak state institutions that are located in especially climate-vulnerable regions of the world. In February 2021, President Biden signed an executive order “directing the National Security Council to provide options for protecting and resettling people displaced by climate change”.
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noted that "No continent will be struck as severely by the impacts of climate change as Africa." Most of the countries in Africa were ranked most vulnerable to climate change and least likely to adapt to its impacts. Existing conflicts, poverty, and displacement in Africa may draw attention away from climate migrants, but it is important to understand that these interrelated challenges often exacerbate the difficulties of those forced to move due to environmental factors.
785:(EJF) argued that people who will be forced to move due to climate change currently have no adequate recognition in international law. The EJF contends that a new multilateral legal instrument is required to specifically address the needs of "climate refugees" in order to confer protection to those fleeing environmental degradation and climate change. They have also asserted that additional funding is needed to enable developing countries to adapt to climate change.
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398:. The wildfires have posed immediate dangers to several regions, and the ensuing smoke has affected even more regions. 20% of those exposed to the smoke report a worse health due to the poor air quality. Approximately 13% of the population in Canada are considering to migrate due to increase in wildfires strength and occurrence. In Alberta, it is 16%, and in British Columbia 19%. Women under the age of 35 are the most likely to migrate.
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community in the original village even with a lack of running water or electricity. Climate migration researchers emphasize the growing importance of a “right to voluntary immobility”. There are often very sensitive and complicated issues at play when making the decision to relocate an entire population from their home, and many residents may choose to voluntarily opt-out of government efforts.
271:, largely due to social conflict. Since 2011, over 14 million Syrians have been displaced. The drought between 2007 and 2010 played a role in exacerbating the Syrian conflict. This period experienced the most severe drought on record, leading to significant agricultural setbacks and prompting numerous farming households to relocate to cities. The drought acted as a catalyst, leading to the
139:—a process where actions to address climate risks lead to the displacement of lower-socioeconomic groups by wealthier communities. Inner coastal cities and areas at higher elevations, traditionally occupied by less affluent populations, are now becoming more desirable due to increasing risks like sea level rise and extreme weather events affecting lower-lying wealthy waterfront properties.
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South
American governments in preparing and anticipating for migration flows from future climate-induced disasters. Peru passed a national climate change law in 2018 that mandates the government, led by a multi-agency group, to create a plan to mitigate and adapt to future climate migrations. Uruguay already has its own “national resettlement plan” for climate-induced migrations in place.
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climate change, has the potential to impact many populations, leading to a significant number of climate migrants. Over the past 50 years, the frequency of disasters has increased by a factor of 5. In addition to more frequent and severe disasters, global warming-induced rising temperatures will lead to more prevalent droughts and snow and ice melting, resulting in higher sea levels.
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migrated, as well as those who remain in areas subject to environmental risk. It says: "To reduce migration compelled by worsening environmental conditions, and to strengthen the resilience of at-risk communities, governments should adopt policies and commit financing to social protection, livelihoods development, basic urban infrastructure development, and disaster risk management."
594:, who rely heavily on stable weather patterns for their livelihoods, making them particularly susceptible to becoming climate migrants in search of more arable land and better living conditions. From 2009 - 2019, two million residents in the dry corridor have experienced hunger because of extreme weather events caused by climate change. Natural weather patterns such as the
418:. California has historically been vulnerable to wildfires – at least a third of the worst wildfires in US history have occurred in California. However, climate change – specifically, warmer temperatures and more intense drought seasons – in recent years have dramatically increased the size and intensity of wildfires in the state. More than half of the 20 largest
381:. Over a third of the population has moved to the US where, according to recent estimates, approximately 30,000 Marshallese reside, particularly in Hawaii, Arkansas and Washington. While few Marshallese migrants in the US cite climate change as the main reason for moving, many do indicate that it influences their decision whether or not to return some day.
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credibility of those using this argument - as well as the broader case for climate change action - seriously at risk". He argued that while "climate change is unlikely to cause mass migration" this also overlooks the fact that the implications of environmental adversity are most severe for the most vulnerable populations who lack the means to move out.
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technical expertise, and capacity building and calls for increased funding to achieve these goals. Emphasizing the “complex interplay between climate change and migration”, the report orients the government's focus to focus on climate migration as a single issue, demanding greater attention and focus in the coming years.
720:, with a large rural population dependent on subsistence farming, is one of Europe's most vulnerable countries to the threat of climate change. Increasing erratic weather patterns may lead to crop failures and mass migrations to neighboring countries. In 2010, devastating floods completely submerged the village of
598:, or simply “El Niño”, can make dry conditions in this region more extreme. Wet periods following an El Niño weather event can bring torrential rain that results in major flooding and catastrophic landslides. Multiple studies have shown that climate change could result in more frequent extreme El Niños.
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of Canada told the UN Summit for
Refugees and Migrants that plans just for resettlement would not be enough. Sweden which had allowed refugees to seek asylum from areas of war in an open door policy has changed to a policy that is more deterrent of asylum seekers and is even offering money for asylum
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The IOM and WFP report also showed the ways in which food insecurity led to migration from El
Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Pointing out that there are millions of Central Americans living abroad (with over 80% in the United States), the report stated there is a positive correlation between food
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Several weather events in the 21st century have displayed the devastating effects of the El Niño weather pattern and have led to mass displacement and hunger crises. In 2015, due to the strongest El Niño in recorded history, hundreds of thousands of
Central American subsistence farmers lost a portion
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Another cause of environmental distress in the Middle East is extreme heat. With its hot desert climate, the Middle east is predicted to reach summertime temperatures as high as 46 °C by 2050. These soaring temperatures have already occurred, although rarely, and have labeled parts of the Middle
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Additionally, it is maintained that the poor populate areas that are most at risk for environmental destruction and climate change, including coastlines, flood-lines, and steep slopes. As a result, climate change threatens areas already suffering from extreme poverty. "The issue of equity is crucial.
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Many discussions around migration are based on projections. Relatively few use current migration data. Migration related to sudden events like hurricanes, wildfires, heavy rains, floods, and landslides is often short-distance, involuntary, and temporary. Slow-impact events such as droughts and slowly
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Gradual shifts in the environment tend to impact more people than sudden disasters. Between 1979 and 2008, storms impacted 718 million individuals, whereas droughts affected approximately 1.6 billion. Sudden climatic events like severe storms and natural disasters may destroy critical infrastructure,
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In the UK, research is being done on how climate change's impact on countries that are emigrated to will vary due to the infrastructure of those countries. They want to put into place policies so that those who have to migrate could go throughout Europe, and have solid emergency planning in place so
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A nation grants "asylum" when it grants someone freedom from prosecution within its borders. Each country makes its own rules and laws of asylum. The United States, for example, has a system recognized by federal and international laws. France was the first country to constitute the right to asylum.
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in central Moldova resulting in the evacuation of 440 families. Government authorities mandated that Cotul Morii be reconstructed in a new location 15 kilometers away from the original village which the government officially abandoned. Despite this, over 60 families chose to remain and rebuild their
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Food security issues are expected to worsen across Central America due to climate change. In August 2019, Honduras declared a state of emergency when a drought caused the southern part of the country to lose 72% of its corn and 75% of its bean production. It is predicted that by 2070, corn yields in
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There have been 178 Alaskan communities threatened by erosion of their land. The annual temperature has steadily increased over the last fifty years, with Alaska seeing it double (compared to the rate seen across the rest of the United States) to the rate of 3.4 degrees, with an alarming 6.3 degrees
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According to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, more than 42 million people were displaced in Asia and the Pacific triggered by sudden onset natural hazards during 2010 and 2011. This figure includes those displaced by storms, floods, and heat and cold waves. Still others were displaced by
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The most common projection is that the world will have 150–200 million people displaced by climate change by 2050. Variations of this claim have been made in influential reports on climate change by the IPCC and the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, as well as by NGOs such as Friends
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In some cases, climate change constrains migration and people may lose the means to migrate, leading to a net decrease in migration. The migration that does take place is seen as voluntary and economically motivated. In some cases climate change could also exacerbate economic insecurity or political
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Climate migrants may migrate internally within their own country or to another country in response to climate change. Most climate migration is internal, meaning movement occurs within an individual's own country, and they do not cross international borders. In 2022 alone, weather-related events led
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Sustainable development, emergency response mechanisms, and local planning can help mitigate the consequences of climate migration. Mitigation may be too late for many, leaving planned migration as the only option. For people whose livelihoods are closely linked to the stability and health of their
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as an example. The policies arguably saved millions of lives and enabled the migrants to avoid the convoluted and slow-acting bureaucratic hurdles that exist for migrants from other countries. Vince argues that the Ukrainian migrant policy provides a blueprint for how developed countries can adopt
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The International Organization for Migration estimates that today nearly 11 million South Americans are currently resettling or migrating due to recent and ongoing natural disasters, some of which are climate-induced. Collecting and maintaining data on climate migrants remains a major obstacle for
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Research on South American migration patterns have found multiple connections between climate change and its effect on migration.The effects and results vary based on the type of climatic change, socioeconomic status and demographic characteristics of migrants and the distance and direction of the
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A 2012 Asian Development Bank study argues that climate-induced migration should be addressed as part of a country's development agenda, given the major implications of migration on economic and social development. The report recommends interventions both to address the situation of those who have
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Few existing international frameworks and regional and domestic legal regimes provide adequate protection to climate migrants. However, as the UN Dispatch noted, "people who have been uprooted because of climate change exist all over the world — even if the international community has been slow to
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650 families of Satbhaya in Kendrapara district of Odisha, India who have been displaced by sea level rise and coastal erosion have been a part of the state government of Odisha's pioneering approach to planned relocation at Bagapatia under Gupti Panchayat. While this approach makes provision for
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While climate-related migration is often framed as a remote issue, extreme weather events are already forcing people out of their homes in many parts of the world. In 2021, storms, floods, landslides, wildfires and droughts triggered 23,7 million internal displacements (i.e. displacement within a
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Climate migrants refer to those who engage in movement driven by the impact of sudden or gradual climate change, such as "abnormally heavy rainfalls, prolonged droughts, desertification, environmental degradation, or sea-level rise and cyclones". The intensification of natural disasters caused by
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Africa has 80% of the world's refugee population and this number is only set to increase with climate change. Africa is one of the world regions where environmental displacement is critical, largely due to droughts and other climate-related eventualities. The United Nations Environment Programme
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Rising sea levels are a frequently addressed concern in environmental discussions. Sea levels are estimated to rise between 3 and 6 feet by 2100. This means that, progressively, land areas will become submerged. To put it in perspective, on average each year, the sea level has risen 3.7 mm.
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outlined what the future of climate migration would look like and how countries can prepare. She cites research from the United Nations estimating that in the next 30 years, over 1 billion climate and environmental migrants will be uprooted from their homes, largely from countries in the Global
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and sea level rise. This Indigenous Nation residing on the Isle de Jean Charles is facing the effects of climate change. The resettlement of this community of around 100, exists as the first migration of a total community in the state of Louisiana. This state has lost almost 2,000 square miles
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fire chose to remain and rebuild. The others chose to migrate either to other parts of California or out-of-state. They face special difficulties with relocation due to lack of fire insurance policies and the state's lack of affordable housing. The state estimates at least 2.5 million homes are
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has argued that to link the climate change issue "with the specter of mass migration is a dangerous practice based on myth rather than fact. The use of apocalyptic migration forecasts to support the case for urgent action on climate change is not only intellectually dishonest, but also puts the
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in the United States released several intelligence agency reports in 2021 that sketched out in sweeping language the risks climate change poses to global stability. The reports emphasize the destabilizing effects climate change will take on developing countries including massive rises in food
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Climate-induced migration is a highly complex issue which needs to be understood as part of global migration dynamics. Migration typically has multiple causes, and environmental factors are intertwined with other social and economic factors, which themselves can be influenced by environmental
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In an updated report on climate migration released in October 2021, the Biden Administration detailed how the United States government should work to aid and assist climate migrants around the world. The report points to the use of U.S. foreign assistance through active humanitarian support,
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IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 3−32,
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intensifies, it exacerbates desertification, further diminishing the amount of habitable land. Land degradation caused by desertification will have an impact of agricultural productivity, decreasing food security. The connection between desertification and food insecurity is evident in the
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Planning for climate migration entails preparing for the desertion of geographically vulnerable areas as well as for the influx of vulnerable communities into largely urban areas. In addressing current issues of environmental migration and preparing for forthcoming ones, experts call for
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Drought has become a pressing issue with climate change, and with at least one-third of the population in Africa living in drought prone areas, many of these people are vulnerable. Thus, drought conditions are expected to change the lives of nearly 100 million Africans by 2050. As drought
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flood neighborhoods, disrupt transit systems, overburden medical centers, cause food and water shortages, destabilize energy plants, and jeopardize human health and well-being. These events can severely harm communities, making recovery a challenging process. Gradual impacts, such as
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Hansen, James, Makiko Sato, Paul Hearty, Reto Ruedy, Maxwell Kelley, Valerie Masson-Delmotte, Gary Russell, et al. “Ice Melt, Sea Level Rise and Superstorms: Evidence from Paleoclimate Data, Climate Modeling, and Modern Observations That 2 °c Global Warming Could Be Dangerous.”
770:(ILC) provides guidance on the legal protections that climate-displaced persons should enjoy when disasters strikes. ILC's Draft Articles on the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters advocates for mass displacement to be included in the definition of “disaster”. The
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that the people being displaced would have a swift and quick plan of escape once their environment can no longer handle inhabitants-slow or sudden onset. The end goal of this work is to determine the best course of action in the event of various environmental catastrophes.
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suggests developing protection frameworks for migrants. Increased border security may be an implication of treating migration as a national security issue. It is possible to combine both approaches, taking national concerns into account in accordance with human rights.
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and Sudhir Chella Rajan have argued for the use of the term 'climate exiles' and for international agreements to provide them political and legal rights, including citizenship in other countries, bearing in mind those countries' responsibilities and capabilities.
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However, relocation is proving difficult because there is no governmental institutional framework that exists for the aid of climate refugees in the United States. The Obama administration promised to fund $ 50.4 billion to help with relocation efforts in 2016.
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55:". Gradual shifts in the environment tend to impact more people than sudden disasters. The majority of climate migrants move internally within their own countries, though a smaller number of climate-displaced people also move across national borders.
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in modern history occurred between 2018 and 2022. The 2020 wildfires were particularly devastating, burning down more than 4 million acres of land, destroying thousands of buildings, and forcing hundreds of thousands of people to leave their homes.
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increase for the winters over the past fifty years. Many of the communities residing in these areas have been living off the land for generations. There is an eminent threat of loss of culture and loss of tribal identity with these communities.
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Acceptance of the possibility of environmental migrants may be influenced by other challenges that confront a nation. In Canada, there is public interest in policies that foster planning and accommodations. On 20 September 2016,
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changes. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) recognized that climate change and environmental harm frequently “interact with other drivers of displacement” that fit into the established refugee definition.
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Predictions on climate-induced migration often reflect the population in at-risk regions rather than the actual expected number of migrants, and not considering adaptation strategies or varying levels of vulnerability. However,
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drought and sea-level rise. Most of those compelled to leave their homes eventually returned when conditions improved, but an undetermined number became migrants, usually within their country, but also across national borders.
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instability as causes for migration beyond temperatures and extreme weather events. Who moves and who stays when affected by climate change often falls along lines of race and class, as mobility requires some amount of wealth.
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Boko, M. (2007). Africa. Climate Change: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Contribution of Working Group 2 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University
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to nearly 32 million internal displacements. In poor countries where individuals are more vulnerable to disasters due to inadequate climate adaptation, individuals will also often lack resources for long-distance migration.
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259:, has been attributed to droughts, floods, and the lake's contraction due to climate change. The dwindling of natural resources is intensifying regional tensions and has led to the displacement of 3 million individuals.
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has shown his World Climate Refugee Camp in the centers of various European cities. The model camp, made of roughly 1000 miniature tents, is a public art intervention that depicts the social impacts of climate change.
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and other infrastructure for adaptation can provide physical protections against severe weather. Incorporating these considerations into planning conversations now can assist cities in preparing for the worst
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insecurity and migration from these countries. It also confirmed that crises related to hunger and violence are exacerbated when the region heads into the second consecutive year of an extreme drought.
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By bolstering resilience, such projects may reduce the degree of migration people feel compelled to undertake due to climate-related challenges. Varying levels of investment are made in supporting the
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In: Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development: An International Perspective (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations, New York)
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Merone, Lea, and Peter Tait. 2018. “‘Climate Refugees’: Is It Time to Legally Acknowledge Those Displaced by Climate Disruption?” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 42 (6): 508–9.
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Cattaneo, Cristina; Beine, Michel; Fröhlich, Christiane J.; Kniveton, Dominic; Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada; Mastrorillo, Marina; Millock, Katrin; Piguet, Etienne; Schraven, Benjamin (2019).
774:(UNHRC) recently decided cases wherein the Committee asserted that “the ICCPR obligates states not to return people fleeing life-threatening climate change impacts.” In one of these cases,
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Lelieveld, J., Y. Proestos, P. Hadjinicolaou, M. Tanarhte, E. Tyrlis, and G. Zittis. “Strongly Increasing Heat Extremes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in the 21st Century.”
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is a subset of climate-related mobility that refers to movement driven by the impact of sudden or gradual climate-exacerbated disasters, such as "abnormally heavy rainfalls, prolonged
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and Brazil, offer a “disaster-related emergency visa”. In Argentina, the visa came into effect in 2022 includes relocation, housing and integration support provided by civil society.
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534:, under the Biden Administration, has created programs designed to help relocate communities affected by climate change and is assessing which tribes to allocate funding to first.
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Louisiana officials have been coping with some of the fastest rates of land loss in the world — an area the size of Delaware has disappeared from south Louisiana since the 1930s.
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Kelley, Colin P., Shahrzad Mohtadi, Mark A. Cane, Richard Seager, and Yochanan Kushnir. “Climate Change in the Fertile Crescent and Implications of the Recent Syrian Drought.”
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The Middle East is combatting a severe refugee crisis and climate change is set to be influential in creating even more refugees. The leading country in the refugee crisis is
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migration. Since most climate migration studies are done in the developed world, scientists have called for more quantitative research within the developing world, including
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Cissé, G., R. McLeman, H. Adams, P. Aldunce, K. Bowen, D. Campbell-Lendrum, S. Clayton, K.L. Ebi, J. Hess, C. Huang, Q. Liu, G. McGregor, J. Semenza, and M.C. Tirado, 2022:
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Cissé, G., R. McLeman, H. Adams, P. Aldunce, K. Bowen, D. Campbell-Lendrum, S. Clayton, K.L. Ebi, J. Hess, C. Huang, Q. Liu, G. McGregor, J. Semenza, and M.C. Tirado, 2022:
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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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2019:
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from climate-related events at over 700,000 in the last ten years. Most of the continent's climate-related catastrophes are a result of either flooding or wildfires.The
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3229:
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Bardsley, Douglas K.; Hugo, Graeme J. (1 December 2010). "Migration and climate change: examining thresholds of change to guide effective adaptation decision-making".
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East as unlivable for humans. Such extreme conditions are expected to increase the number of climate migrants, as people search for cooler and more habitable regions.
2716:
426:
Evidence suggests that only a small percentage of those affected by the wildfires choose to stay. Only several thousands of the 27,000 residents affected by the 2018
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1305:
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1977:
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homestead land and other amenities, provisioning for livelihoods like agriculture and fishing which are the mainstay for the relocated populations is needed.
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3882:
Tyler Giannini & Bonnie Docherty, Confronting a Rising Tide: A Proposal For A Convention On Climate Change Refugees, 33 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. 349 (2009).
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Lynch, Marc, and Laurie Brand. 2017. "Refugees and Displacement in the Middle East." Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Accessed October 17, 2023.
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identified thirty-one Alaskan villages under imminent threat of flooding and erosion. By 2009, 12 of the 31 villages had decided to relocate, with four (
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590:. The dry corridor is predicted to expand with the onset of climate change. It is currently home to approximately 10 million people, half of whom are
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4024:
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2026:’, in Chamie J, Dall’Oglio L (eds.), International Migration and Development, Continuing the Dialogue: Legal and Policy Perspectives, IOM, page 235
2002:
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Active sea-level rise resulted in the relocation of the people of Enseada da Baleia, a coastal community located on Cardoso Island in southeastern
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are repeatedly faced with severe weather events and climate change will only exacerbate this issue. A large portion of this region lies along the “
216:
Climate affects us all, but does not affect us all equally," UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon told delegates at a climate conference in Indonesia.
4313:
3715:
2406:
1525:"'Climate Change Migrants': Impediments to a Protection Framework and the Need to Incorporate Migration into Climate Change Adaptation Strategies"
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2085:
1135:
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66:
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366:, water shortages driven by climate change and deforestation have resulted in several waves of government-mandated relocations since 1983.
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90:, droughts, and other resource shortages and economic damages brought about by climate change may cause conflict, political instability,
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habitats to both mitigate the impacts of rising seas and storm surges, and to serve as a carbon sink for greenhouse gas emissions.
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country), according to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. This makes up for 60% of all internal displacements that year.
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5749:
4917:
4005:
3309:
2466:
703:(which is considered to be linked to climate change), some people in Bosnia and Herzegovina migrated to other European countries.
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2016:
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as early as 2020 according to an estimate by the Center for Oceanographic Studies at Jadavpur University. One expert calls for
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The right to asylum differs in different nations. There is a still fight for the right to asylum in some areas of the world.
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3218:
2066:, 'A Citizen's Guide to Climate Refugees, Fact Sheet Four: Predictions of Climate Refugees to 2050' (FOTE: London), 2007: 10
1915:
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An activist holding a sign "Climate change = more climate refugees" at the Melbourne Global climate strike on Sep 20, 2019.
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or the entirety of their crops. Throughout 2014 and 2015, El Salvador alone saw over $ 100 million in damage to crops. In
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declared that the greatest single consequence of climate change could be migration, 'with millions of people displaced by
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man with asthma from France after his lawyer argued that he risked a severe deterioration in his condition, due to the
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6127:
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2140:"Over one billion people at threat of being displaced by 2050 due to environmental change, conflict and civil unrest"
1257:"Over one billion people at threat of being displaced by 2050 due to environmental change, conflict and civil unrest"
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5998:
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3169:"Alaska Native Villages: Limited Progress Has Been Made on Relocating Villages Threatened by Flooding and Erosion"
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Aside from droughts, other parts of Africa experience intensified storms and flooding due to monsoon seasons. In
17:
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United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office Africa, “Building Resilience to disasters and Conflict ,”
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has yet to adopt any continent-wide convention on the status of migrants displaced by climate-related events.
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Native American tribes located on the outer coast of the state of Washington's Olympic Peninsula, such as the
6382:
6295:
5830:
5362:
497:, home to the Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw First Nation, is being depopulated with federal grant money, due to
474:) requiring immediate evacuation due to danger of immediate flooding along with limited evacuation options.
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These data reveal significant threats to coastal cities and ecosystems, potentially displacing many humans.
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rising temperatures have more mixed effects. But they are more likely to lead to longer-term changes.
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https://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/building-resilience-disasters-and-conflicts
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who are forced to leave their ancestral land in response to climate change and migrate to war-torn
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Key Principles for Policy Making on Migration, Climate Change & the Environmental Degradation
2918:
In China's Ningxia province, water shortage is so severe that the government is relocating people
1616:
131:
projects in preparation for climate hazards and as a response to climate change may increase the
2929:
Van Der Geest, Kees; Burkett, Maxine; Fitzpatrick, Juno; Stege, Mark; Wheeler, Brittany (2020).
1792:
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2930:
1557:"Climate Gentrification: An Emerging Phenomenon in Coastal Cities in the Era of Climate Change"
519:
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111:
91:
3639:"Climate-Induced Resettlement: Environmental Change and the Planned Relocation of Communities"
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https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2022/05/15/afw-responding-to-the-food-crisis-in-the-sahel
6324:
5970:
5847:
5655:
5115:
5038:
3642:
2931:"Climate change, ecosystem services and migration in the Marshall Islands: Are they related?"
1302:"Weather-related disasters increase over past 50 years, causing more damage but fewer deaths"
1230:"Climate Change Could Force 216 Million People to Migrate Within Their Own Countries by 2050"
976:
839:
510:
307:
4067:
2407:"Climate change will force up to 113m people to relocate within Africa by 2050 - new report"
2113:
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Parliamentary Assembly Doc. 11084, 23 October 2006, The Problem of Environmental Refugees: 1
116:
There are several ways of looking at migration and environmental change. Migration can be a
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5277:
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3543:
2942:
2613:
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in his homeland. Heavy floods affected Rohingya refugee camps in Bangladesh in July 2021.
8:
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3805:"'This is a wake-up call': the villagers who could be Britain's first climate refugees"
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991:
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132:
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3828:
International Organization for Migration's Perspective on Migration and Climate Change
3070:
2602:"Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought"
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In 2021, a French court ruled in an extradition hearing to avoid the deportation of a
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5650:
5209:
5172:
4959:
4913:
4768:
4749:
4559:
4525:"Floods Hit Rohingya Refugee Camps In Southern Bangladesh, Forcing Thousands To Flee"
4494:
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3509:
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The impact of climate change on the spatial distribution of populations and migration
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1996:
1940:
1897:
1879:
1834:
1822:
1686:
1572:
1504:
1066:
958:, which focuses on climate displacement and migration within the American Southwest.
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1936:
1503:. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration (IOM). p. 284.
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5852:
5835:
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5028:
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4615:
4087:
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3310:"As the Ocean Encroaches, this Washington State Tribe Is Building Its Next Chapter"
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1932:
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1812:
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179:
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1568:
1455:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1041–1170,
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Spatial image of land lost in Louisiana from 1932 (on top) until 2013 (on bottom)
252:, seasonal rains caused flash flooding in 2023 which displaced nearly a 250,000.
175:
62:
40:
3532:"Climate variability and inter-provincial migration in South America, 1970–2011"
2972:"Climate crisis made spate of Canada wildfires twice as likely, scientists find"
2560:"Syria Refugee Crisis Explained." UN Refugee Agency. Accessed October 17, 2023.
6190:
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5988:
5983:
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has described it as impractical to protect from rising sea levels and proposed
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has been cited as an area particularly vulnerable to sea level rise. The local
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665:
378:
351:
324:
58:
48:
4633:"The century of climate migration: why we need to plan for the great upheaval"
4456:"Air pollution will lead to mass migration, say experts after landmark ruling"
4314:"Obama administration warns of 'climate refugees' due to rapid Arctic warming"
3608:
3487:
2748:
Inside Sundarbans: Wildlife and climate displacements haunt partition refugees
2575:
https://www.npr.org/2013/09/08/220438728/how-could-a-drought-spark-a-civil-war
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446:, along with other Alaska villages, has faced increased flood risk since 2003
427:
291:
4619:
3284:"Facing Rising Waters, A Native Tribe Takes Its Plea To Paris Climate Talks"
2689:
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) – Norwegian Refugee Council.
2626:
2180:
https://heindehaas.blogspot.com/2020/01/climate-refugees-fabrication-of.html
2125:
1874:
1617:"5 facts on climate migrants - Institute for Environment and Human Security"
1104:
241:, where between 14.4 and 23.7 million people faced hunger in 2020 and 2021.
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2653:
2050:
Stern, N. (Ed.) (2006). The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review,
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1054:
874:
812:
661:
567:
316:
191:
117:
3125:"California's 'climate migrants' and the difficulty of finding a new home"
1808:
6175:
5692:
5684:
4944:
4487:"Man saved from deportation after pollution plea in French legal 'first'"
3446:"Fifth Straight Year of Central American Drought Helping Drive Migration"
721:
676:
664:, have decided to relocate from islands to the mainland of Panama due to
657:
583:
547:
4659:
3847:
3716:"Rising Sea Levels Threaten Tiny Islands Home To Indigenous Panamanians"
3174:(Press release). Washington, DC. U.S. Government Accountability Office.
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135:
of communities. However, these projects may inadvertently contribute to
6207:
5584:
4737:
3008:"13 per cent of Canadians consider moving because of wildfires: survey"
2497:"Almost 250,000 flee floods in Somali city that 'became like an ocean'"
941:
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733:
710:
471:
467:
328:
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256:
4288:"Obama Warns of "Mass Migrations" If Climate Change Is Not Confronted"
3740:
How climate change triggered a second exodus in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2272:
1452:
414:
California is confronting a growing forest and wildlife crisis due to
5162:
4695:
4429:
United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe (UNRIC)
2894:"China: High and dry: Water shortages put a brake on economic growth"
1136:"The White House Report on the Impact of Climate Change on Migration"
706:
650:
607:
579:
563:
4091:
2928:
2717:"Addressing Climate Change Migration in Asia & the Pacific 2012"
3665:"Climate migrants are 'invisible' to many South American countries"
2994:
https://angusreid.org/canada-record-wildfires-smoke-climate-change/
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Migration, Environment and Development: New Directions for Research
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policies and contingency plans for climate migrants in the future.
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459:
415:
336:
228:
4175:"Environmental migrants breathing easier in Canada | Toronto Star"
4025:"The Ethical Implications of Sea-Level Rise Due to Climate Change"
4006:"Warming Up to Immigrants: An Option for the US in Climate Policy"
3958:"Global warming could create 150 million climate refugees by 2050"
865:
before some of the scenarios for climate migration come to occur.
5140:
4798:
4138:"Ottawa urged to open doors to 'climate migrants' | Toronto Star"
2788:"In India's Sundarbans, communities shrink as their island sinks"
1299:
1063:
Migration, environment and climate change: assessing the evidence
717:
523:
394:
Climate change has increased the likelihood and the intensity of
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359:
249:
52:
36:
4549:
4068:"Cross-border migration on a warming planet: A policy framework"
3353:"Here's Where the U.S. Is Testing a New Response to Rising Seas"
248:
in 2014 flooding from a storm displaced 159,000 individuals. In
6143:
4590:"Will climate-friendly cities be friendly to climate migrants?"
4374:"Trump executive orders to target climate, water rules: report"
2868:""We need to give our citizens a safe place to stay" by Kulima"
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87:
3753:"Ghost town: The Moldovans who refused to be climate migrants"
3472:"Environmental Influences on Human Migration in Rural Ecuador"
2803:"Climate change creates a new migration crisis for Bangladesh"
6057:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
5150:
4552:"Climate Change Poses a Widening Threat to National Security"
3096:"Climate Migration: California fire pushes family to Vermont"
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Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities.
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2523:"Report: Climate Change Fueling Conflict in Lake Chad Basin"
3779:"Sea level threat to force retreat of communities in Wales"
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Forest wildfire in Redwood valley, California in July, 2017
4765:
Rising Tides: Climate Refugees in the Twenty-First Century
3872:. International Refugee Assistance Project. November 2022.
3421:
Rising Tides: Climate Refugees in the Twenty-First Century
2432:"Desertification in Africa: Causes, Effects and Solutions"
2175:
2173:
1124:. International Refugee Assistance Project. November 2022.
970: – Using economic tools to investigate climate change
914:. More recently, Short Documentary Academy Award Nominee,
713:, Wales, an area particularly vulnerable to sea level rise
6233:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
4228:"Sweden slams shut its open-door policy towards refugees"
3351:
Flavelle, Christopher; Irvine, Tailyr (2 November 2022).
1739:"Let's Talk About Climate Migrants, Not Climate Refugees"
2340:
1841:
4660:"Environmental Refugees: An Accountability Perspective"
3390:"How Climate Change is Fuelling the U.S. Border Crisis"
3035:"California Wildfire and Forest Resilience Action Plan"
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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needed in the next eight years to catch up to demand.
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Byravan, Sujatha; Rajan, Sudhir Chella (9 May 2005).
3530:
Thiede, Brian; Gray, Clark; Mueller, Valerie (2016).
1914:
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The exacerbation of conflict and displacement in the
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Byravan, Sujatha; Rajan, Sudhir Chella (Fall 2010).
3586:
3217:
Davenport, Coral; Robertson, Campbell (3 May 2016).
3119:
3117:
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Global Estimates 2015: People displaced by disasters
1978:"Climate Change Will Force a New American Migration"
1300:
World Meteorological Organization (31 August 2021).
794:
Global perceptions from possible countries of asylum
537:
514:
Wildfire evacuation tends, Kettle Complex Fire, 2015
354:, "10,000 people have left the area and have become
327:, as many as 70,000 people will be displaced in the
4789:
Climate Change, Environment, and Migration Alliance
2311:
World Vision Canada. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 March 2012.
2078:
747:
377:nations in the world that are highly vulnerable to
4261:"Sweden is paying refugees £3,500 each to go home"
3470:Gray, Clark; Bilsborrow, Richard (1 August 2013).
3219:"Resettling the First American 'Climate Refugees'"
3216:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
4762:
4202:"Climate refugees? We don't have a plan for that"
3690:"A Look Back at Climate Migration Policy in 2022"
3529:
3418:
3114:
2825:
2411:United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
1764:Grid 2023:Global Report on Internal Displacement.
1541:Rajkovich, Nicholas B., and Seth H. Holmes, eds.
688:Estimates put the number of displaced persons in
101:
6374:
6274:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
4348:"Donald Trump and the Triumph of Climate Denial"
4285:
4157:"Mass migration crisis likely to get much worse"
3383:
3381:
3346:
3344:
1644:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
1491:
1065:. Geneva: Internat. Organization for Migration.
1032:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
834:
4698:." Sun Come Up . N.p., n.d. Web. 13 March 2012.
4677:Climate Refugees at Sundance Film Festival 2010
3694:Center for Global Development | Ideas to Action
3525:
3523:
2606:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2293:"Opportunities to Address Climate Displacement"
1854:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1762:Internal Displacement Monitoring Center. 2023.
1663:
1492:McAuliffe, Marie; Khadria, Binod, eds. (2019).
1370:Werz, Michael; Conley, Laura (3 January 2012).
1328:Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Climate change
454:Between 2003 and 2009, a partial survey by the
3469:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3350:
3307:
3252:
3250:
1793:"Human Migration in the Era of Climate Change"
1611:
1609:
1607:
948:have also featured migration. One of these is
5019:History of climate change policy and politics
4814:
4763:Wennersten, John R.; Robbins, Denise (2017).
3751:Martinez, Marta Rodriguez (18 January 2023).
3419:Wennersten, John R.; Robbins, Denise (2017).
3378:
3341:
3308:March 30; Helmer, 2020 Jodi (30 March 2020).
3259:"Quinault Indian Nation Plans for Relocation"
2193:"2022 Global Report on Internal Displacement"
1713:"There's No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster"
1646:"Disability, Displacement and Climate Change"
1639:
1637:
1204:"Climate refugees: The world's silent crisis"
1179:"Climate refugees: The world's silent crisis"
1087:"2021 Global Report on Internal Displacement"
67:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
4688:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4022:
3976:
3946:, The Environmental Justice Foundation, 2009
3867:"IRAP Advocacy Memo on Climate Displacement"
3658:
3656:
3520:
2891:
2302:
2216:
2001:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1797:Review of Environmental Economics and Policy
1679:"How Climate Migration Will Reshape America"
1555:Wang, Haiyun; Wang, Siqin; Liu, Yan (2022),
1365:
1363:
1119:"IRAP Advocacy Memo on Climate Displacement"
279:caused massive internal migration in 2022.
5136:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
3840:
3407:
3333:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3247:
3064:
3062:
2693:. Internal-displacement.org. Archived from
2383:https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/
1959:"How does climate change affect migration?"
1604:
1554:
1424:"Economic Recovery after Natural Disasters"
843:A schematic showing the regions where more
27:Persons fleeing from climate change effects
6355:
6343:
5800:
4821:
4807:
4736:
3846:International Organization for Migration:
1676:
1634:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1369:
1034:"Climate change and disaster displacement"
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
6095:
5901:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
5044:United Nations Climate Change conferences
4577:
3713:
3653:
3563:
3503:
2954:
2843:
2800:
2643:
2625:
2378:Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index. 2023.
1891:
1873:
1816:
1545:New York, NY: Taylor & Francis, 2022.
1372:"Climate Change, Migration, and Conflict"
1360:
982:Effects of climate change on human health
570:”, an arid region that includes areas of
172:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
5605:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
3750:
3662:
3059:
2323:"Africa most affected by refugee crisis"
1743:International Organization for Migration
1677:Lustgarten, Abrahm (15 September 2020).
1007:International Organization for Migration
838:
761:International Refugee Assistance Project
754:International Organization for Migration
705:
675:
621:
541:
509:
480:
438:
405:
306:
290:
227:
161:
5961:National Adaptation Programme of Action
5750:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
4711:. Hermann-josef-hack.de. Archived from
4657:
4199:
4154:
4119:Refuge: Canada's Periodical on Refugees
4065:
3937:"No place like home – climate refugees"
3910:
3898:Columbia Law School Scholarship Archive
3891:
3796:
3443:
3387:
2404:
1736:
1470:
1468:
1410:
1018:
286:
202:
14:
6375:
5610:Economics of climate change mitigation
5573:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
5096:
4924:Scientific consensus on climate change
4484:
4453:
4311:
4225:
4112:
3776:
3256:
3166:
3149:BARTH, BRIAN. "Before It's Too Late."
2969:
2320:
1227:
1151:
895:
6269:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
6094:
5799:
5535:
5095:
5007:
4888:
4840:
4802:
4371:
4135:
3955:
3714:McCleland, Jacob (12 November 2015).
3232:from the original on 24 November 2021
3005:
2405:Simpson, Nicholas (6 November 2022).
2149:. Institute for Economics & Peace
2138:Institute for Economics & Peace.
2086:Human Tide: The Real Migration Crisis
2035:
1975:
1284:
1266:. Institute for Economics & Peace
1255:Institute for Economics & Peace.
772:United Nations Human Rights Committee
660:, such as those in the settlement of
6291:Representative Concentration Pathway
5242:Tipping points in the climate system
4918:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
4505:from the original on 12 January 2021
4200:Grandia, Kevin (20 September 2016).
3802:
3777:Thomas, Rhidian (11 February 2014).
2346:Adamo, S.; de Sherbinin, A. ( 2011)
1781:The Atlas of Environmental Migration
1643:
1529:International Journal of Refugee Law
1465:
1031:
157:
6062:Nationally determined contributions
5772:Individual action on climate change
4987:World energy supply and consumption
4136:Keung, Nicholas (5 November 2014).
3071:"What Causes California Wildfires?"
3068:
2760:"The Next Wave of Climate Refugees"
2126:A critical time for the environment
1421:
1353:"The Impact of Natural Disasters".
505:
24:
6201:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
4828:
4730:
4466:from the original on 28 April 2022
4226:Crouch, David (24 November 2015).
4029:Ethics & International Affairs
3444:Masters, Jeff (23 December 2019).
3388:Blitzer, Jonathan (3 April 2019).
2801:McDonnell, Tim (24 January 2019).
1152:Curtis, Kimberly (24 April 2017).
910:was an Official Selection for the
25:
6404:
6128:Satellite temperature measurement
5733:forestry for carbon sequestration
5024:History of climate change science
4782:
4454:Taylor, Diane (15 January 2021).
4372:Henry, Devin (21 February 2017).
4345:
4155:Dinshaw, Fram (30 October 2015).
3894:"Global Southerners in the North"
3817:from the original on 18 May 2019.
2970:Milman, Oliver (22 August 2023).
1779:Immobile and Trapped Populations.
1777:Zickgraf C. and N. Perrin. 2016.
1710:
1342:Atmospheric chemistry and physics
538:Central America and the Caribbean
6354:
6342:
6331:
6330:
6318:
5979:Climate Change Performance Index
4701:
4670:
4651:
4625:
4608:
4543:
4517:
4478:
4447:
4425:"The invisible climate refugees"
4417:
4391:
4365:
4339:
4312:Milman, Oliver (29 April 2016).
4305:
4279:
4253:
4219:
4193:
4167:
4148:
4129:
4106:
4059:
4041:10.1111/j.1747-7093.2010.00266.x
4016:
3998:
3970:
3949:
3930:
3911:Picheta, Rob (20 January 2020).
3904:
3885:
3876:
3859:
3821:
3770:
3744:
3733:
3707:
3682:
3631:
3580:
3463:
3437:
3181:from the original on 8 July 2019
3006:Marfo, Dorcas (23 August 2023).
2015:Warner K and Laczko F. (2008). ‘
1397:"Sixth Assessment Report — IPCC"
783:Environmental Justice Foundation
748:Political and legal perspectives
626:South America Continental Divide
617:
384:
6118:Instrumental temperature record
6069:Sustainable Development Goal 13
4485:Henley, Jon (12 January 2021).
3956:Vidal, John (3 November 2009).
3556:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.10.005
3301:
3276:
3210:
3193:
3160:
3143:
3088:
2999:
2986:
2963:
2922:
2911:
2860:
2819:
2794:
2780:
2752:
2741:
2709:
2682:
2673:
2660:
2593:
2580:
2567:
2554:
2541:
2515:
2489:
2472:
2459:
2450:
2424:
2398:
2388:
2380:Country Index Technical Report.
2372:
2360:
2321:Momodu, Sulaiman (March 2017).
2314:
2285:
2261:
2210:
2185:
2161:
2131:
2118:
2107:
2098:
2069:
2057:
2044:
2029:
2009:
1969:
1951:
1937:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.002
1908:
1784:
1771:
1756:
1730:
1704:
1591:
1548:
1535:
1517:
1485:
1441:
1389:
1347:
1333:
1320:
1293:
1278:
1248:
1154:""Climate Refugees," Explained"
495:Isle de Jean Charles, Louisiana
120:issue or a security issue. The
6186:Climate variability and change
5536:
5227:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
3228:. New York, N.Y. p. A.1.
2590:112, no. 11 (2015): 3241–3246.
1559:, in Brears, Robert C. (ed.),
1221:
1196:
1171:
1145:
1128:
1079:
532:The Department of the Interior
262:
102:Climate justice and adaptation
65:on a large, global scale. The
13:
1:
6296:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
5831:Climate emergency declaration
4125:– via Academic ONEfile.
4010:Economic and Political Weekly
2670:137, no. 1-2 (2016): 245–260.
2327:United Nations Africa Renewal
2197:www.internal-displacement.org
1569:10.1007/978-3-030-87745-3_228
1357:. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
1091:www.internal-displacement.org
1012:
835:Planning for climate migrants
401:
358:, 'ecological migrants'". In
6279:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
5505:Middle East and North Africa
4841:
4767:. Indiana University Press.
4709:"Hermann Josef Hack Website"
4286:Chemnick,ClimateWire, Jean.
3423:. Indiana University Press.
3257:US EPA, OP (15 April 2016).
3069:Lai, Olivia (31 July 2022).
2892:Hook, Leslie (14 May 2013).
2832:Journal of Migration Affairs
2486:. Accessed October 17, 2023.
2385:. Assessed October 18, 2023.
2038:Migration and Climate Change
1376:Center for American Progress
1344:16, no. 6 (2016): 3761–3812.
1287:Migration and Climate Change
932:. Since 2007, German artist
768:International Law Commission
596:El Niño Southern Oscillation
489:
7:
5008:
4658:Perkiss, Stephanie (2010).
3663:mrubiano (17 August 2021).
3536:Global Environmental Change
3226:, Late Edition (East Coast)
2128:’, Refugees No.127. Geneva.
1917:Global Environmental Change
1501:World Migration Report 2020
961:
920:(2011), tells the story of
912:2010 Sundance Film Festival
10:
6409:
6113:Global surface temperature
6004:Popular culture depictions
5916:Ecosystem-based adaptation
5646:Carbon capture and storage
5568:Carbon offsets and credits
4889:
2956:10.1007/s10584-019-02648-7
2845:10.36931/jma.2019.2.1.1-24
2219:Population and Environment
2052:Cambridge University Press
872:In an article written for
295:Bangladesh climate refugee
105:
6393:Effects of climate change
6325:Climate change portal
6312:
6251:
6218:Extreme event attribution
6136:
6105:
6101:
6090:
6034:
5969:
5891:
5841:School Strike for Climate
5813:
5809:
5795:
5764:
5720:Climate-smart agriculture
5681:
5638:
5548:
5544:
5531:
5455:
5318:
5265:
5108:
5104:
5091:
5014:
5003:
4932:
4901:
4897:
4884:
4867:Climate change adaptation
4862:Climate change mitigation
4857:Effects of climate change
4847:
4836:
4066:Byravan, Sujatha (2022).
3803:Wall, Tom (18 May 2019).
3609:10.1007/s10584-016-1863-2
3488:10.1007/s13524-012-0192-y
3167:Mittal, Anu (June 2009).
2309:"Environmental Refugees."
2281:10.1017/9781009325844.009
2239:10.1007/s11111-010-0126-9
1481:10.1017/9781009157896.001
1461:10.1017/9781009325844.009
863:effects of climate change
671:
522:Indian Nation village of
434:
389:
335:the Sundarbans’ original
219:
76:
45:environmental degradation
6228:Global warming potential
6035:International agreements
5682:Preserving and enhancing
5126:Arctic methane emissions
5048:Years in climate change
4955:Greenhouse gas emissions
4852:Causes of climate change
4664:University of Wollongong
3207:. Web. 21 February 2017.
3205:Academic Search Complete
3157:. Web. 21 February 2017.
3155:Academic Search Complete
2353:20 December 2019 at the
680:Houses destroyed in the
6259:Climate change scenario
5911:Disaster risk reduction
5563:Carbon emission trading
5373:U.S. insurance industry
5353:Civilizational collapse
5200:sea surface temperature
4620:10.1111/1753-6405.12849
4113:Murray, Sheila (2010).
3942:7 November 2009 at the
2627:10.1073/pnas.1421533112
2084:Christian Aid (2007). ‘
1875:10.1073/pnas.1910114117
1599:Sustainable Development
1330:2, no. 1 (2011): 45–65.
900:A documentary entitled
550:that were destroyed by
456:Army Corps of Engineers
6252:Research and modelling
5936:Nature-based solutions
5756:Nature-based solutions
5698:Carbon dioxide removal
5615:Fossil fuel divestment
5600:Climate risk insurance
5510:Small island countries
5131:Arctic sea ice decline
2503:. Reuters. 18 May 2023
2095:’ (CA: London), page 6
1737:Ionesco, Dina (2019).
906:was released in 2010.
852:
801:Prime Minister Trudeau
776:Teitota v. New Zealand
714:
685:
627:
555:
515:
486:
447:
411:
320:
296:
233:
167:
137:climate gentrification
112:Climate gentrification
92:climate gentrification
6213:Earth's energy budget
6096:Background and theory
5984:Climate crisis (term)
5656:Fossil fuel phase-out
5550:Economics and finance
5515:by individual country
5457:By country and region
5432:Security and conflict
5427:Psychological impacts
5116:Abrupt climate change
5039:Charles David Keeling
4872:By country and region
4682:28 March 2010 at the
3892:Francis, Ama (2021).
3853:10 March 2012 at the
3833:8 August 2009 at the
977:Environmental migrant
842:
709:
679:
649:A few countries like
625:
545:
513:
484:
442:
409:
310:
294:
231:
182:and severe drought'.
165:
6383:Environmental issues
6042:Glasgow Climate Pact
5703:Carbon sequestration
5278:Mass mortality event
4072:WIREs Climate Change
3153:82.8 (2016): 14–20.
2815:on 24 February 2021.
2064:Friends of the Earth
824:Biden administration
701:2014 Balkan flooding
528:Shoalwater Bay Tribe
420:California wildfires
369:The Republic of the
287:Asia and the Pacific
203:Statistics by region
122:human rights framing
6181:Climate sensitivity
5956:The Adaptation Fund
5412:Infectious diseases
5319:Social and economic
4292:Scientific American
4084:2022WIRCC..13E.763B
4012:: 7–8. 5 June 2015.
3835:Library of Congress
3601:2017ClCh..140..423B
3548:2016GEC....41..228T
3450:Scientific American
3047:on 10 November 2022
2947:2020ClCh..161..109V
2808:National Geographic
2618:2015PNAS..112.3241K
2231:2010PopEn..32..238B
2147:Economics and Peace
2091:9 June 2019 at the
2036:Brown, Oli (2008).
2022:19 May 2023 at the
1929:2011GEC....21S..70L
1866:2020PNAS..11711350X
1860:(21): 11350–11355.
1818:10.1093/reep/rez008
1809:10.1093/reep/rez008
1601:8, no. 9 (2003): 9.
1308:on 14 December 2023
1285:Brown, Oli (2008).
1264:Economics and Peace
896:Society and culture
682:Wennington wildfire
592:subsistence farmers
499:saltwater intrusion
396:wildfires in Canada
315:a few months after
5752:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
5724:Forest management
5708:Direct air capture
5673:Sustainable energy
5630:Net zero emissions
5625:Low-carbon economy
5620:Green Climate Fund
5407:Indigenous peoples
5310:Plant biodiversity
5098:Effects and issues
4556:The New York Times
4055:on 13 August 2011.
3984:The New York Times
3979:"Before the Flood"
3357:The New York Times
2438:. 15 December 2022
1683:The New York Times
992:Space and survival
934:Hermann Josef Hack
853:
847:will occur due to
759:A report from the
715:
686:
628:
588:Dominican Republic
556:
516:
487:
448:
444:Shishmaref, Alaska
412:
321:
297:
234:
168:
133:climate resilience
129:Climate adaptation
108:Climate adaptation
6370:
6369:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6243:Radiative forcing
6086:
6085:
6082:
6081:
5906:Adaptive capacity
5791:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5651:Energy transition
5527:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5247:Tropical cyclones
5173:Urban heat island
5087:
5086:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4960:Carbon accounting
4914:Greenhouse effect
4880:
4879:
4774:978-0-253-02593-7
4696:Sun Come Up: Home
4405:. 25 January 2017
4206:National Observer
4161:National Observer
3203:82.8 (2016): 21.
2612:(11): 3241–3246.
2529:. 19 January 2023
1578:978-3-030-87744-6
1510:978-92-9068-789-4
1422:Nations, United.
1072:978-92-9068-454-1
940:Various works of
845:natural disasters
732:, the village of
325:rising sea levels
176:shoreline erosion
158:Global statistics
33:Climate migration
16:(Redirected from
6400:
6388:Refugees by type
6358:
6357:
6346:
6345:
6334:
6333:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6286:Paleoclimatology
6103:
6102:
6092:
6091:
5853:Ecological grief
5836:Climate movement
5811:
5810:
5797:
5796:
5777:Plant-based diet
5668:Renewable energy
5546:
5545:
5533:
5532:
5368:Economic impacts
5300:Invasive species
5156:Coastal flooding
5106:
5105:
5093:
5092:
5029:Svante Arrhenius
5005:
5004:
4975:from agriculture
4965:Carbon footprint
4950:Greenhouse gases
4899:
4898:
4886:
4885:
4838:
4837:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4778:
4759:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4705:
4699:
4692:
4686:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4639:. 18 August 2022
4629:
4623:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4586:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4431:. Archived from
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4267:. 25 August 2016
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4051:. Archived from
4020:
4014:
4013:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3953:
3947:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3863:
3857:
3844:
3838:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3748:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3660:
3651:
3650:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3595:(3–4): 423–435.
3584:
3578:
3577:
3567:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3507:
3482:(4): 1217–1241.
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3416:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3332:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3214:
3208:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3173:
3164:
3158:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3131:. 24 August 2022
3121:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3040:. Archived from
3039:
3031:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3003:
2997:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2926:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2811:. Archived from
2798:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2756:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2722:. Archived from
2721:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2647:
2629:
2597:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2527:Voice of America
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2493:
2487:
2476:
2470:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2289:
2283:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2225:(2–3): 238–262.
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1877:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1820:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1769:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1674:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1613:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1498:
1489:
1483:
1472:
1463:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1419:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1367:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1304:. Archived from
1297:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1261:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1029:
973:
956:Paolo Bacigalupi
926:Papua New Guinea
908:Climate Refugees
903:Climate Refugees
506:Washington state
371:Marshall Islands
273:Syrian civil war
180:coastal flooding
21:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6319:
6317:
6300:
6247:
6238:Orbital forcing
6132:
6097:
6078:
6052:Paris Agreement
6030:
6026:Warming stripes
5965:
5931:Managed retreat
5926:Loss and damage
5887:
5821:Business action
5805:
5783:
5760:
5683:
5677:
5634:
5595:Climate finance
5540:
5519:
5451:
5314:
5290:Extinction risk
5266:Flora and fauna
5261:
5222:Permafrost thaw
5217:Ozone depletion
5146:Extreme weather
5100:
5083:
5010:
4991:
4928:
4893:
4876:
4843:
4832:
4827:
4785:
4775:
4756:
4733:
4731:Further reading
4728:
4718:
4716:
4715:on 19 July 2011
4707:
4706:
4702:
4693:
4689:
4684:Wayback Machine
4675:
4671:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4597:
4588:
4587:
4578:
4568:
4566:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4532:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4506:
4483:
4479:
4469:
4467:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4436:
4435:on 1 March 2017
4423:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4403:The Independent
4397:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4380:
4370:
4366:
4356:
4354:
4344:
4340:
4330:
4328:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4265:The Independent
4259:
4258:
4254:
4244:
4242:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4198:
4194:
4184:
4182:
4181:. 11 March 2016
4173:
4172:
4168:
4153:
4149:
4134:
4130:
4111:
4107:
4092:10.1002/wcc.763
4064:
4060:
4021:
4017:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3987:
3975:
3971:
3954:
3950:
3944:Wayback Machine
3935:
3931:
3921:
3919:
3909:
3905:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3855:Wayback Machine
3845:
3841:
3826:
3822:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3759:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3661:
3654:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3589:Climatic Change
3585:
3581:
3528:
3521:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3417:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3386:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3349:
3342:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3316:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3255:
3248:
3235:
3233:
3215:
3211:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3102:. 4 August 2022
3094:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3067:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3004:
3000:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2935:Climatic Change
2927:
2923:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2898:Financial Times
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2824:
2820:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2729:on 6 April 2015
2726:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2697:on 1 March 2014
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2668:Climatic change
2665:
2661:
2598:
2594:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2477:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2355:Wayback Machine
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2266:
2262:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2124:UNHCR (2002), ‘
2123:
2119:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2093:Wayback Machine
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2034:
2030:
2024:Wayback Machine
2014:
2010:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1974:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1913:
1909:
1846:
1842:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1675:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1642:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1536:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1473:
1466:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1420:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1368:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1298:
1294:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1059:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1030:
1019:
1015:
987:Managed retreat
971:
964:
951:The Water Knife
946:climate fiction
898:
837:
796:
787:Sujatha Byravan
750:
742:managed retreat
738:Gwynedd Council
674:
620:
560:Central America
552:Hurricane Maria
540:
508:
492:
437:
404:
392:
387:
373:is one of four
289:
265:
257:Lake Chad basin
222:
205:
160:
114:
104:
79:
41:desertification
28:
23:
22:
18:Climate migrant
15:
12:
11:
5:
6406:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6352:
6340:
6328:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6193:
6191:Cloud feedback
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6146:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6099:
6098:
6088:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6049:
6047:Kyoto Protocol
6044:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6001:
5999:Media coverage
5996:
5991:
5989:Climate spiral
5986:
5981:
5975:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5897:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5878:Public opinion
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5833:
5828:
5826:Climate action
5823:
5817:
5815:
5807:
5806:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5738:REDD and REDD+
5735:
5730:
5722:
5717:
5715:Carbon farming
5712:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5695:
5689:
5687:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5648:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5565:
5560:
5554:
5552:
5542:
5541:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5447:Water security
5444:
5442:Water scarcity
5439:
5437:Urban flooding
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5295:Forest dieback
5292:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5232:Sea level rise
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5205:stratification
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5112:
5110:
5102:
5101:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4970:Carbon leakage
4967:
4962:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4911:
4909:Climate system
4905:
4903:
4895:
4894:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4834:
4833:
4830:Climate change
4826:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4784:
4783:External links
4781:
4780:
4779:
4773:
4760:
4755:978-0241522318
4754:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4700:
4687:
4669:
4650:
4624:
4607:
4596:. 25 June 2021
4576:
4542:
4531:. 29 July 2021
4516:
4477:
4446:
4416:
4390:
4364:
4346:Foran, Clare.
4338:
4304:
4278:
4252:
4218:
4192:
4166:
4147:
4128:
4105:
4058:
4035:(3): 239–260.
4015:
3997:
3969:
3948:
3929:
3903:
3884:
3875:
3858:
3839:
3820:
3795:
3769:
3743:
3732:
3706:
3681:
3652:
3630:
3579:
3519:
3462:
3436:
3429:
3406:
3394:The New Yorker
3377:
3340:
3300:
3275:
3246:
3224:New York Times
3209:
3192:
3159:
3142:
3113:
3087:
3058:
3021:
2998:
2985:
2974:. The Guardian
2962:
2941:(1): 109–127.
2921:
2910:
2884:
2859:
2818:
2793:
2779:
2768:. 17 June 2019
2751:
2740:
2708:
2681:
2672:
2659:
2592:
2579:
2566:
2553:
2540:
2514:
2488:
2471:
2458:
2449:
2423:
2397:
2387:
2371:
2359:
2339:
2313:
2301:
2284:
2260:
2209:
2184:
2169:
2160:
2130:
2117:
2106:
2097:
2077:
2068:
2056:
2043:
2028:
2008:
1968:
1965:. 2 June 2021.
1963:Stanford Earth
1950:
1907:
1840:
1803:(2): 189–206.
1783:
1770:
1755:
1729:
1703:
1662:
1633:
1603:
1590:
1577:
1547:
1534:
1516:
1509:
1484:
1464:
1440:
1428:United Nations
1409:
1388:
1359:
1346:
1332:
1319:
1292:
1277:
1247:
1220:
1195:
1170:
1144:
1127:
1103:
1078:
1071:
1050:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1002:Sea level rise
999:
997:Climate change
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
968:Climateflation
963:
960:
897:
894:
858:flood barriers
849:climate change
836:
833:
795:
792:
749:
746:
694:European Union
673:
670:
666:sea level rise
619:
616:
558:The people of
539:
536:
507:
504:
491:
488:
436:
433:
403:
400:
391:
388:
386:
383:
379:sea level rise
356:shengtai yimin
352:Gansu Province
288:
285:
264:
261:
221:
218:
204:
201:
159:
156:
103:
100:
78:
75:
61:gives rise to
59:Climate change
49:sea-level rise
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6405:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6363:
6362:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6315:
6314:
6311:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6264:Climate model
6262:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6196:Cloud forcing
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6093:
6089:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5971:Communication
5968:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5951:Vulnerability
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5921:Flood control
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5744:
5743:reforestation
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5728:afforestation
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5680:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5663:Nuclear power
5661:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5558:Carbon budget
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5534:
5530:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5395:Mental health
5393:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5336:United States
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5190:deoxygenation
5188:
5186:
5185:acidification
5183:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5006:
5002:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4980:from wetlands
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4940:Deforestation
4938:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4776:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4742:Nomad Century
4739:
4735:
4734:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4673:
4665:
4661:
4654:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3879:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3843:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3741:
3736:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3657:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3524:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3430:9780253025883
3426:
3422:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3382:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3345:
3336:
3330:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3251:
3243:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3063:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2989:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2914:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2783:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2744:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2563:
2557:
2550:
2544:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2453:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2164:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2114:UNESCO (2007)
2110:
2101:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2047:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1718:
1714:
1711:Smith, Neil.
1707:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1638:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1398:
1392:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1235:
1234:WorldBank.org
1231:
1224:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1137:
1131:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
969:
966:
965:
959:
957:
953:
952:
947:
943:
938:
935:
931:
927:
924:islanders in
923:
919:
918:
913:
909:
905:
904:
893:
889:
886:
881:
877:
876:
870:
866:
864:
859:
850:
846:
841:
832:
828:
825:
820:
818:
817:air pollution
814:
809:
805:
802:
791:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
757:
755:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
723:
719:
712:
708:
704:
702:
697:
695:
691:
684:, London 2022
683:
678:
669:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
647:
643:
641:
636:
634:
633:South America
624:
618:South America
615:
611:
609:
603:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:the Caribbean
561:
553:
549:
546:Buildings in
544:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
512:
503:
500:
496:
483:
479:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
445:
441:
432:
429:
428:Sierra Nevada
424:
421:
417:
408:
399:
397:
385:North America
382:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
318:
314:
309:
305:
301:
293:
284:
280:
278:
274:
270:
260:
258:
253:
251:
247:
242:
240:
230:
226:
217:
213:
209:
200:
196:
193:
187:
183:
181:
177:
173:
170:In 1990, the
164:
155:
151:
147:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
113:
109:
99:
95:
93:
89:
83:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
6359:
6347:
6335:
6316:
6149:Carbon cycle
6106:Measurements
5801:Society and
5685:carbon sinks
5590:Climate debt
5580:Carbon price
5416:
5402:Human rights
5237:Season creep
5195:heat content
5121:Anoxic event
5034:James Hansen
4764:
4741:
4717:. Retrieved
4713:the original
4703:
4690:
4672:
4663:
4653:
4641:. Retrieved
4637:the Guardian
4636:
4627:
4610:
4598:. Retrieved
4593:
4567:. Retrieved
4555:
4545:
4533:. Retrieved
4528:
4519:
4507:. Retrieved
4491:The Guardian
4490:
4480:
4468:. Retrieved
4460:The Guardian
4459:
4449:
4437:. Retrieved
4433:the original
4428:
4419:
4407:. Retrieved
4402:
4393:
4381:. Retrieved
4377:
4367:
4355:. Retrieved
4352:The Atlantic
4351:
4341:
4329:. Retrieved
4318:The Guardian
4317:
4307:
4295:. Retrieved
4291:
4281:
4269:. Retrieved
4264:
4255:
4243:. Retrieved
4232:The Guardian
4231:
4221:
4209:. Retrieved
4205:
4195:
4183:. Retrieved
4178:
4169:
4160:
4150:
4141:
4131:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4053:the original
4032:
4028:
4018:
4009:
4000:
3988:. Retrieved
3982:
3972:
3963:The Guardian
3961:
3951:
3932:
3920:. Retrieved
3916:
3906:
3897:
3887:
3878:
3861:
3842:
3837:Web Archives
3823:
3810:The Guardian
3808:
3798:
3786:. Retrieved
3782:
3772:
3760:. Retrieved
3756:
3746:
3735:
3723:. Retrieved
3719:
3709:
3697:. Retrieved
3693:
3684:
3672:. Retrieved
3668:
3633:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3539:
3535:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3453:. Retrieved
3449:
3439:
3420:
3397:. Retrieved
3393:
3368:. Retrieved
3356:
3317:. Retrieved
3313:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3287:
3278:
3266:. Retrieved
3262:
3241:
3234:. Retrieved
3222:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3183:. Retrieved
3162:
3154:
3150:
3145:
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3129:PBS NewsHour
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