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with the increase in global warming and climate change. Global warming is causing a rise in sea level, more intense and frequent storms, and an increase in ocean temperature and precipitation levels. Another reason
Hampton-on-Sea had such a horrific case of coastal erosion is due to an increase in the frequency and the intensity of storms it experienced. These natural events had destroyed the Hampton Pier, Hernecliffe Gardens, a set of villas, several roads, and many other structures that once lay on Hampton-On-Sea. After this destruction, in 1899 they started building a sea wall to protect the rest of the remaining land and buildings. However, the sea wall did not offer much help: buildings continued to be affected by the erosion. Then a storm came and broke the sea wall, it then flooded the land behind it. These events cause many land investors to back out. Eventually, Hampton-on-Sea had to be abandoned because the erosion overtook so much of the land. By 1916 Hampton-on-Sea had been completely abandoned. By the 1920s only a couple of structures still stood. It was at that point that Hampton-on-Sea was said to have been finally drowned. Today only three landmarks have survived the tragedy that Hampton-on-Sea had faced. These landmarks include The Hampton Inn, The Hampton Pier, and a few roads. Although The Hampton Pier is not the same size as the original it is still available for people to fish from.
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assumed that these structures can be a final solution to erosion. Seawalls can also deprive public access to the beach and drastically alter the natural state of the beach. Groynes also drastically alter the natural state of the beach. Some claim that groynes could reduce the interval between beach nourishment projects though they are not seen as a solution to beach nourishment. Other criticisms of seawalls are that they can be expensive, difficult to maintain, and can sometimes cause further damage to the beach if built improperly. As we learn more about hard erosion controls it can be said for certain that these structural solutions cause more problems than they solve. They interfere with the natural water currents and prevent sand from shifting along coasts, along with the high costs to install and maintain them, their tendency to cause erosion in adjacent beaches and dunes, and the unintended diversion of stormwater and into other properties.
663:, are not intended to be long-term solutions or permanent solutions. Another method, beach scraping or beach bulldozing allows for the creation of an artificial dune in front of a building or as means of preserving a building foundation. However, there is a U.S. federal moratorium on beach bulldozing during turtle nesting season, 1 May – 15 November. One of the most common methods of soft erosion control is beach nourishment projects. These projects involve dredging sand and moving it to the beaches as a means of reestablishing the sand lost due to erosion. In some situations, beach nourishment is not a suitable measure to take for erosion control, such as in areas with sand sinks or frequent and large storms.
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well as the high expenses it takes to complete these projects. Just because sand is added to a beach does not mean it will stay there. Some communities will bring in large volumes of sand repeatedly only for it to be washed away with the next big storm. Despite these factors, beach nourishment is still used often in many communities. Lately, the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers emphasized the need to consider a whole new range of solutions to coastal erosion, not just structural solutions. Solutions that have potential include native vegetation, wetland protection and restoration, and relocation or removal of structures and debris.
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The stability of the foreshore, or its resistance to lowering. Once stable, the foreshore should widen and become more effective at dissipating the wave energy, so that fewer and less powerful waves reach beyond it. The provision of updrift material coming onto the foreshore beneath the cliff helps
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The solutions to coastal erosion that include vegetation are called "living shorelines". Living shorelines use plants and other natural elements. Living shorelines are found to be more resilient against storms, improve water quality, increase biodiversity, and provide fishery habitats. Marshes and
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is suffering from this problem as well. Hampton-on-Sea is located in Kent, England. It was at one time very popular for its oyster fishing and was very reliant on the sea. Hampton-on-Sea has undergone the effects of coastal erosion since before the 1800s. Hampton-on-Sea's coastal erosion worsened
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Over the years beach nourishment has become a very controversial shore protection measure: It has the potential to negatively impact several of the natural resources. Some large issues with these beach nourishment projects are that they must follow a wide range of complex laws and regulations, as
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serve as semi-permanent infrastructure. These structures are not immune from normal wear-and-tear and will have to be refurbished or rebuilt. It is estimated the average life span of a seawall is 50–100 years and the average for a groyne is 30–40 years. Because of their relative permanence, it is
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and erosion are considered in rebuilding. Depending on factors such as the severity of the erosion, as well as the natural landscape of the property, relocation could simply mean moving inland by a short distance or relocation can be to completely remove improvements from an area. A coproduction
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has been eroding at a rate of over 100 feet per year, earning the area the nickname "Washaway Beach". Much of the original town has collapsed into the ocean. The area is said to be the fastest-eroding shore of the United States' West Coast. Measures were finally taken to slow the erosion, with
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Coastal erosion has been greatly affected by the rising sea levels globally. There has been great measures of increased coastal erosion on the
Eastern seaboard of the United States. Locations such as Florida have noticed increased coastal erosion. In reaction to these increases Florida and its
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On non-rocky coasts, coastal erosion results in rock formations in areas where the coastline contains rock layers or fracture zones with varying resistance to erosion. Softer areas become eroded much faster than harder ones, which typically result in landforms such as
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models can be applied to quantify erosion effects and the natural temporal and spatial evolution of tracked coastal coastal profiles. The results can be used to determine the required temporal and spatial distances between the measured profiles for ecomic tracking.
309:, occurs when waves break on cliff faces and slowly erode it. As the sea pounds cliff faces it also uses the scree from other wave actions to batter and break off pieces of rock from higher up the cliff face which can be used for this same wave action and attrition.
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is being threatened by coastal erosion, as it was built on a fault in the headland which is prone to erosion. A small part of one of the bastion walls has already collapsed since the land under it has eroded, and there are cracks in other walls as well.
185:, wind-driven water, waterborne ice, or other impacts of storms. The landward retreat of the shoreline can be measured and described over a temporal scale of tides, seasons, and other short-term cyclic processes. Coastal erosion may be caused by
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in the
Central Coast region of New South Wales where houses built on top of the cliffs began to collapse into the sea. This is due to waves causing erosion of the primarily sedimentary material on which the buildings foundations sit.
279:) to collide with each other, grinding and chipping each other, progressively becoming smaller, smoother and rounder. Scree also collides with the base of the cliff face, chipping small pieces of rock from the cliff or have a
217:. Over time the coast generally evens out. The softer areas fill up with sediment eroded from hard areas, and rock formations are eroded away. Also erosion commonly happens in areas where there are strong winds, loose
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Kuenzer, C.; Ottinger, M.; Liu, G.; Sun, B.; Dech, S. (2014). "Earth
Observation-based Coastal Zone Monitoring of the Yellow River Delta: Dynamics in China's Second Largest Oil Producing Region over four Decades".
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Aragonés, L.; Tomás, R.; Cano, M.; Rosillo, E.; López, I. (2017). "Influence of
Maritime Construction within Protected Archaeological Sites along Coastal Areas: Los Baños De La Reina (Alicante), Spain".
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oyster reefs are examples of vegetation that can be used for living shorelines; they act as natural barriers to waves. Fifteen feet of marsh can absorb fifty percent of the energy of incoming waves.
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face compress air in cracks on the cliff face. This exerts pressure on the surrounding rock, and can progressively splinter and remove pieces. Over time, the cracks can grow, sometimes forming a
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416:. This energy must reach a critical level to remove material from the debris lobe. Debris lobes can be very persistent and can take many years to completely disappear.
1420:. Puget Sound Shorelines and the Impacts of Armoring—Proceedings of a State of the Science Workshop, May 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report.
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individual counties have increased budgets to replenish the eroded sands that attract visitors to
Florida and help support its multibillion-dollar tourism industries.
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cliff faces, which have a moderately high pH, are particularly affected in this way. Wave action also increases the rate of reaction by removing the reacted material.
898:, Spain, the erosion and failure of a Roman fish farm excavated from rock during the first century B.C. was exacerbated by the construction of a close sport harbour.
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Storms can cause erosion hundreds of times faster than normal weather. Before-and-after comparisons can be made using data gathered by manual surveying,
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Valvo, Lisa M.; Murray, A. Brad; Ashton, Andrew (1 June 2006). "How does underlying geology affect coastline change? An initial modeling investigation".
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trade, disappeared over the period of a few centuries due to redistribution of sediment by waves. Human interference can also increase coastal erosion:
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The
California coast, which has soft cliffs of sedimentary rock and is heavily populated, regularly has incidents of house damage as cliffs erodes.
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There are three common forms of coastal erosion control methods. These three include: soft-erosion controls, hard-erosion controls, and relocation.
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that destroys housing, infrastructure and natural ecosystems. A number of communities in
Coastal Ghana are already experiencing the changing tides.
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Relocation of infrastructure any housing farther away from the coast is also an option. The natural processes of both absolute and relative
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coast is particularly prone to erosion, and has led to many instances of properties being relocated or destroyed over the course of history.
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1415:""Design with Nature" Strategies for Shore Protection: The Construction of a Cobble Berm and Artificial Dune in an Oregon State Park"
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1433:"Managed retreat and coastal climate change adaptation: The environmental justice implications and value of a coproduction approach"
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effect. This effect helps to erode, smooth and polish rocks. The definition of erosion is grinding and wearing away of rock
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and other artificial measures to keep it under control has only accelerated the process further down the coast, because
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is the process in which acids contained in sea water will dissolve some types of rock such as chalk or limestone.
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data such as
Landsat scenes can be used for large scale and multi year assessments of coastal erosion. Moreover,
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1723:"Destruction from sea level rise in California could exceed worst wildfires and earthquakes, new research shows"
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Soft erosion strategies refer to temporary options of slowing the effects of erosion. These options, including
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Beaches dissipate wave energy on the foreshore and provide a measure of protection to the adjoining land.
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will increase coastal erosion worldwide, significantly changing the coasts and low-lying coastal areas.
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775:, England, was a coastal village washed away over the course of a year, 1917, directly due to earlier
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This image represents a typical seawall that is used for preventing and controlling coastal erosion.
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Hard-erosion control methods provide a more permanent solution than soft-erosion control methods.
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Natural forms of hard-erosion control include planting or maintaining native vegetation, such as
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Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects
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1570:"Pacific shoreline erosion and accretion patterns controlled by El Niño/Southern Oscillation"
1263:"Oceanfront Sandbag Use in North Carolina: Management Review and Suggestions for Improvement"
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approach combined with managed retreat has been proposed as a solution that keeps in mind
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1070:. Information Bulletin. Vol. 198. Cornell Cooperative Extension, Cornell University.
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Shoreline retreat and beach nourishment are projected to increase in Southern California
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Vos, Kilian; Harley, Mitchell D.; Turner, Ian L.; Splinter, Kristen D. (February 2023).
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1392:"Coastal Hazards & Storm Information: Protecting Oceanfront Property from Erosion"
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1818:(2014). Field, C. B.; Barros, V. R.; Dokken, D. J.; Mach, K. J.; et al. (eds.).
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Tunnel-like structures formed by erosion in Jinshitan Coastal National Geopark,
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1650:"Statistical analysis of beach profiles – A spatiotemporal functional approach"
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of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
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Wang, P. P.; Losada, I. J.; Gattuso, J.-P.; Hinkel, J.; et al. (2014).
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A man looking out over the beach from a building destroyed by high tides in
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1751:"New Hope To Stop Relentless Erosion of Washington's "Washaway Beach""
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British Geological Survey coastal erosion and landslides case studies
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Stephenson, W. (2013). "Coastal Erosion". In Bobrowsky, P.T. (ed.).
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1624:"DEA Coastlines | Digital Earth Australia | Geoscience Australia"
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is the loss or displacement of land, or the long-term removal of
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Otto, Philipp; Piter, Andreas; Gijsman, Rik (1 December 2021).
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coast after major storms in 1997 (resulting from the strongest
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through the mechanical action of other rock or sand particles.
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1854:"Coastal Erosion Information from the Coastal Ocean Institute"
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already showing signs of damage where the land is being eroded
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starves the beaches of sand, leaving them more exposed. The
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Resistance of cliff foot sediment to attrition and transport
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by wind and water, and other forces, natural or unnatural.
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coastline on the east coast of England, just north of the
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1484:. Nicholas School of the Environment of Duke University.
1301:. Nicholas School of the Environment of Duke University.
1268:. Nicholas School of the Environment of Duke University.
1231:"Coastal Erosion on Cape Cod: Some Questions and Answers"
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324:(anything below pH 7.0) corrodes rocks on a cliff face.
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1083:"Rates of coastal erosion and accretion in New Zealand"
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1296:"Impacts of Terminal Groins on North Carolina's Coast"
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Small-scale erosion destroys abandoned railroad tracks
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or solution/chemical weathering occurs when the sea's
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US Economic Costs of Coastal Erosion & Inundation
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New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
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occurs when waves cause loose pieces of rock debris (
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1202:Cambers, Gary; Sibley, Steve (10 September 2015).
1054:
960:, to prevent coastal erosion and creation of beach
861:substantial slowing of the process noted in 2018.
1910:Erosion & Flooding in the Parish of Easington
1205:Cambridge IGCSE® Geography Coursebook with CD-ROM
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1848:Sustainable coastal erosion management in Europe
1647:
1479:"Adaptation to Sea-Level Rise in North Carolina"
1180:"Chapter 5: Coastal Systems and Low-Lying Areas"
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1394:. North Carolina Division of Coastal Management
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412:depends on the power of the waves crossing the
1888:Time-lapse movie of beach erosion in Australia
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1145:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface
1995:
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393:, and beds of non-cohesive materials such as
1696:"The Impact of Coastal Erosion in Australia"
456:on record) destroyed the houses shown above.
283:(abrasion) effect, similar to sandpapering.
1877:Environment Agency guide to coastal erosion
381:) of sea-facing rocks is controlled by the
2002:
1988:
1822:. Contribution of Working Group II to the
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1413:Paul D. Komar; Jonathan C. Allan (2010).
1061:Ueberman, A.S.; O'Neill Jr, C.R. (1988).
984:Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
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559:Weathering and transport slope processes
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139:Sea erosion at Valiyathura Kerala, India
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16:Displacement of land along the coastline
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1511:"Tracking Coastal Erosion From Storms"
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886:, a historic 17th century fortress in
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1858:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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1080:
1064:Vegetation use in coastal ecosystems
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332:Factors that influence erosion rates
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127:Heavy marine erosion: cliff fall at
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
1922:Some interesting teaching resources
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1249:
719:, or a GPS unit mounted on an ATV.
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248:
13:
2698:Integrated coastal zone management
1898:Examine an example of wave erosion
1702:from the original on 15 March 2016
1406:
1335:. National Academies Press. 1989.
1320:
1308:from the original on 12 March 2014
1228:
953:Integrated coastal zone management
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502:Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve
486:Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve
351:Sea-dune Erosion at Talace beach,
336:
14:
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1864:from the original on 23 June 2011
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1521:from the original on 4 March 2016
1491:from the original on 4 March 2016
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1275:from the original on 4 March 2016
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1666:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2021.103999
1449:10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105960
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647:Sandbagged beach at the site of
571:Cliff foot sediment accumulation
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1948:U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit
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1370:U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit
1237:from the original on 6 May 2009
1120:Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards
484:Large-scale coastal erosion at
36:needs additional citations for
2796:Region of freshwater influence
1950:. New England Federal Partners
1927:Examples of coastal landforms
1808:
1790:10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-16-00016.1
1721:Xia, Rosanna (13 March 2019).
1372:. New England Federal Partners
1208:. Cambridge University Press.
1195:
1136:
370:face depends on many factors.
1:
2558:Large-scale coastal behaviour
2390:Beaches in estuaries and bays
1102:10.1080/00288330.1978.9515770
1047:
964:Coastal and oceanic landforms
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404:The rate at which cliff fall
385:strength and the presence of
256:occurs when waves striking a
1555:10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.08.015
1122:. Springer. pp. 94–96.
312:
267:
7:
1778:Journal of Coastal Research
969:Coastal development hazards
941:Modern recession of beaches
916:Beach erosion and accretion
908:
744:A place where erosion of a
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10:
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1975:Images of Coastal features
1594:10.1038/s41561-022-01117-8
1233:. U.S. Geological Survey.
798:, the coast just north of
691:
470:Cabrillo National Monument
423:to ensure a stable beach.
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2483:
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2017:
1968:
853:have also been affected.
532:Erosion of cliffs on the
516:Coastal erosion during a
2503:Coastal biogeomorphology
1333:Managing Coastal Erosion
806:are regularly affected.
1824:Fifth Assessment Report
1431:Tubridy, Fiadh (2022).
1034:Sand dune stabilization
1029:Coastal sediment supply
232:According to the IPCC,
2400:Coastal morphodynamics
1755:NW Public Broadcasting
880:
858:North Cove, Washington
830:
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612:
540:. The coastline along
520:, Dania Beach, Florida
355:
159:
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132:
131:in the east of England
2791:Physical oceanography
1915:29 April 2016 at the
1024:Deposition (sediment)
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851:white cliffs of Dover
817:, a suburb of Accra.
812:
759:, the capital of the
739:
705:environmental justice
692:Further information:
646:
639:Soft-erosion controls
610:
603:Hard-erosion controls
350:
173:due to the action of
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138:
126:
2845:Coastal construction
2620:Submergent coastline
2573:Marine transgression
2528:Discordant coastline
2513:Concordant coastline
1165:10.1029/2005JF000340
926:Beach morphodynamics
450:Pacifica, California
408:is removed from the
169:and rocks along the
45:improve this article
2850:Coastal engineering
2724:Coastal engineering
1654:Coastal Engineering
1586:2023NatGe..16..140V
1191:. pp. 361–409.
1188:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014
1157:2006JGRF..111.2025V
1081:Gibb, J.G. (1978).
979:Coastal engineering
748:has occurred is at
587:Resource extraction
500:Coastal erosion at
377:(or inversely, the
2693:Coastal management
2533:Emergent coastline
2204:Intertidal wetland
2107:Continental margin
1903:6 May 2020 at the
1229:Oldale, Robert N.
958:Coastal management
881:
831:
819:Sunny day flooding
742:
653:
613:
590:Coastal management
568:Cliff foot erosion
356:
160:
141:
133:
2855:Coastal geography
2827:
2826:
2655:Wave-cut platform
2568:Marine regression
2112:Continental shelf
2102:Coastal waterfall
2011:Coastal geography
1944:"Coastal Erosion"
1833:978-1-107-05807-1
1728:Los Angeles Times
1628:www.dea.ga.gov.au
1574:Nature Geoscience
1543:Applied Geography
1366:"Coastal Erosion"
1012:Wave-cut platform
974:Coastal geography
931:Beach nourishment
856:The coastline of
679:Living Shorelines
665:Dynamic revetment
661:beach nourishment
554:Secondary factors
468:Beach erosion at
348:
244:Coastal processes
121:
120:
113:
95:
60:"Coastal erosion"
2867:
2817:
2816:
2578:Raised shoreline
2553:Ingression coast
2548:Graded shoreline
2523:Cuspate foreland
2355:
2348:
2299:Submarine canyon
2159:Freshwater marsh
2004:
1997:
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1981:
1980:
1959:
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1294:Knapp, Whitney.
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1105:
1087:
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1058:
787:in front of it.
582:Tertiary factors
577:Human Activities
529:
513:
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465:
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349:
305:, also known as
254:Hydraulic action
249:Hydraulic action
116:
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53:
29:
21:
2875:
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2840:Coastal erosion
2830:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2805:
2781:Intertidal zone
2707:
2674:
2563:Longshore drift
2508:Coastal erosion
2479:
2439:
2375:Beach evolution
2356:
2350:
2349:
2340:
2027:Anchialine pool
2013:
2008:
1971:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1917:Wayback Machine
1905:Wayback Machine
1887:
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1019:Longshore drift
921:Beach evolution
911:
847:longshore drift
827:coastal erosion
734:
717:laser altimeter
713:
696:
694:Managed retreat
690:
681:
649:Hurricane Sandy
641:
605:
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595:Control methods
584:
562:Slope hydrology
556:
549:
530:
521:
514:
505:
498:
489:
482:
473:
466:
457:
447:
438:Coastal erosion
358:The ability of
341:
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337:Primary factors
334:
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163:Coastal erosion
117:
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2072:Brackish marsh
2069:
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2054:
2052:Barrier island
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1984:
1978:
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1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
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1940:
1935:
1934:NOAA Economics
1929:
1924:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1850:
1843:
1842:External links
1840:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1784:(3): 642–652.
1767:
1741:
1713:
1687:
1640:
1615:
1580:(2): 140–146.
1560:
1532:
1502:
1477:McPherson, M.
1469:
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1405:
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1348:
1341:
1319:
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1170:
1151:(F2): F02025.
1135:
1129:978-9048186990
1128:
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1096:(4): 429–456.
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910:
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902:Hampton-on-Sea
839:Humber Estuary
823:sea level rise
733:
730:
725:geostatistical
721:Remote sensing
712:
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234:sea level rise
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2860:Geomorphology
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2820:
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2786:Littoral zone
2784:
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2719:Bulkhead line
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2689:
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2660:Wave shoaling
2658:
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2648:
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2635:Surge channel
2633:
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2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Cliffed coast
2496:
2494:
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2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
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2451:
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2446:
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2428:
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2425:Shingle beach
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2110:
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2098:
2097:Coastal plain
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796:Santa Barbara
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792:Devil's Slide
788:
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747:
746:cliffed coast
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62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2650:Volcanic arc
2538:Feeder bluff
2507:
2445:River mouths
2410:Raised beach
2405:Pocket beach
2333:
2304:Tidal island
2294:Strand plain
2239:Natural arch
1952:. Retrieved
1947:
1882:Wave Erosion
1866:. Retrieved
1819:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:
1749:Banse, Tom.
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1726:
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1690:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:
1618:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1514:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1440:
1436:
1426:
1408:
1398:17 September
1396:. Retrieved
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1369:
1332:
1310:. Retrieved
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1241:11 September
1239:. Retrieved
1224:
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1186:
1173:
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1089:
1076:
1063:
1056:
1007:Natural arch
936:Raised beach
900:
893:
882:
855:
832:
826:
825:, increases
789:
755:
743:
714:
697:
682:
673:
654:
631:forests and
626:
614:
598:
432:
425:
421:
418:
403:
372:
357:
316:
301:
290:
271:
252:
231:
223:sandblasting
199:
162:
161:
107:
101:January 2013
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2801:River plume
2615:Steep coast
2588:Rocky shore
2583:Rip current
2463:River delta
2435:Wash margin
2430:Storm beach
2420:Shell beach
2385:Beach wrack
2380:Beach ridge
2370:Beach cusps
2319:Tied island
2309:Tidal marsh
2032:Archipelago
1954:29 November
1868:13 December
1809:Works cited
1376:29 November
896:El Campello
669:storm beach
542:East Anglia
536:coast near
379:erodibility
2834:Categories
2729:Grain size
2703:Submersion
2680:Management
2665:Wind fetch
2625:Surf break
2543:Flat coast
2473:regressive
2259:Salt marsh
2117:Coral reef
1760:16 October
1660:: 103999.
1549:: 72–107.
1495:25 October
1462:23 October
1443:: 105960.
1312:15 October
1279:11 October
1048:References
1039:Submersion
997:Bioerosion
835:Holderness
821:caused by
688:Relocation
565:Vegetation
428:bathymetry
236:caused by
155:Province,
129:Hunstanton
71:newspapers
2688:Accretion
2670:Wind wave
2630:Surf zone
2485:Processes
2458:Mouth bar
2415:Recession
2395:Beachrock
2314:Tide pool
2244:Peninsula
2132:cliff-top
2019:Landforms
1798:132662199
1682:239140106
1674:0378-3839
1633:11 August
1610:256702265
1602:1752-0908
1457:245800633
1261:Dean, J.
769:Hallsands
763:medieval
546:North Sea
518:king tide
410:foreshore
397:and fine
391:fractures
362:to cause
326:Limestone
318:Corrosion
313:Corrosion
307:corrasion
281:corrasion
273:Attrition
268:Attrition
195:corrosion
187:hydraulic
171:coastline
2819:Category
2645:Undertow
2598:Sea foam
2593:Sea cave
2493:Blowhole
2335:Windwatt
2194:Headland
2042:Avulsion
1913:Archived
1901:Archived
1862:Archived
1734:15 March
1706:15 March
1700:Archived
1519:Archived
1486:Archived
1303:Archived
1270:Archived
1235:Archived
1002:Blowhole
909:See also
800:Ensenada
777:dredging
750:Wamberal
732:Examples
711:Tracking
629:mangrove
617:Seawalls
387:fissures
375:hardness
303:Abrasion
298:Abrasion
292:Solution
287:Solution
227:surfaces
191:abrasion
189:action,
179:currents
167:sediment
153:Liaoning
2769:shingle
2749:granule
2734:boulder
2712:Related
2608:peresyp
2518:Current
2453:Debouch
2362:Beaches
2329:Waituna
2324:Tombolo
2234:Mudflat
2229:Machair
2219:Isthmus
2139:Estuary
2082:Channel
1893:YouTube
1582:Bibcode
1517:. NPR.
1515:NPR.org
1153:Bibcode
992:Erosion
873:Kalkara
843:Groynes
815:Chorkor
783:in the
781:shingle
761:English
757:Dunwich
657:Sandbag
635:reefs.
621:groynes
534:Norfolk
454:El Niño
366:of the
364:erosion
215:pillars
211:columns
207:bridges
203:tunnels
85:scholar
2759:pebble
2754:gravel
2744:cobble
2289:Strait
2269:Skerry
2224:Lagoon
2209:Island
2164:Fundus
2067:Bodden
1969:Images
1830:
1796:
1680:
1672:
1608:
1600:
1455:
1339:
1212:
1126:
986:(CERF)
804:Malibu
802:, and
538:Cromer
406:debris
213:, and
149:Dalian
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2640:Swash
2603:Shoal
2284:Stack
2274:Sound
2264:Shoal
2214:Islet
2199:Inlet
2189:Hapua
2154:Fjord
2149:Fjard
2144:Firth
2092:Coast
2087:Cliff
2062:Bight
2037:Atoll
1794:S2CID
1678:S2CID
1606:S2CID
1525:3 May
1489:(PDF)
1482:(PDF)
1453:S2CID
1418:(PDF)
1306:(PDF)
1299:(PDF)
1273:(PDF)
1266:(PDF)
1183:(PDF)
1086:(PDF)
1068:(PDF)
888:Malta
877:Malta
773:Devon
633:coral
414:beach
368:cliff
360:waves
353:Wales
277:scree
258:cliff
183:tides
175:waves
157:China
92:JSTOR
78:books
2774:silt
2764:sand
2739:clay
2468:mega
2279:Spit
2249:Reef
2179:Gulf
2127:Dune
2122:Cove
2077:Cape
2047:Ayre
1956:2021
1870:2019
1828:ISBN
1816:IPCC
1762:2019
1736:2019
1708:2016
1670:ISSN
1635:2023
1598:ISSN
1527:2018
1497:2013
1464:2022
1400:2013
1378:2021
1337:ISBN
1314:2013
1281:2013
1243:2009
1210:ISBN
1124:ISBN
833:The
765:wool
659:and
619:and
399:sand
395:silt
383:rock
373:The
262:cave
219:sand
64:news
2254:Ria
2184:Gut
2174:Geo
2169:Gat
2057:Bay
1891:on
1786:doi
1662:doi
1658:170
1590:doi
1551:doi
1445:doi
1441:114
1161:doi
1149:111
1098:doi
894:In
871:in
785:bay
779:of
771:in
544:'s
47:by
2836::
1946:.
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1792:.
1782:33
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1578:16
1576:.
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1547:55
1545:.
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1435:.
1368:.
1351:^
1322:^
1251:^
1185:.
1159:.
1147:.
1110:^
1094:12
1092:.
1088:.
875:,
794:,
401:.
389:,
322:pH
209:,
205:,
181:,
177:,
151:,
2003:e
1996:t
1989:v
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