United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

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access to information, and international cooperation on these issues. The implementation of all six areas has been identified as the pivotal factor for everyone to understand and participate in solving the challenges presented by climate change. ACE calls on governments to develop and implement educational and public awareness programmes, train scientific, technical and managerial personnel, foster access to information, and promote public participation in addressing climate change and its effects. It also urges countries to cooperate in this process, by exchanging good practices and lessons learned, and strengthening national institutions. This wide scope of activities is guided by specific objectives that, together, are seen as crucial for effectively implementing climate adaptation and mitigation actions, and for achieving the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC.

3110: 318: 1600: 7250: 3306: 2306: 270: 2639: 2339: 3444: 3430: 2375: 1906: 1768: 2734: 2363: 1480: 3458: 2663: 1976:(SR15) in 2018. The report showed that it was possible to keep warming below 1.5 °C during the 21st century. But this would mean deep cuts in emissions. It would also mean rapid, far-reaching changes in all aspects of society. The report showed warming of 2 °C would have much more severe impacts than 1.5 °C. In other words: every bit of warming matters. SR15 had an unprecedented impact for an IPCC report in the media and with the public. It put the 1.5 °C target at the center of 6890: 2675: 2567: 1750: 3402: 2519: 1059: 2579: 1500:

sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible." This target only has one indicator: Indicator 13.a is the "Amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the $ 100 billion commitment through to 2025".

45: 1888: 1806: 2531: 3388: 2782: 9571: 8021: 2483: 9559: 863: 2842: 2710: 2830: 2603: 2423: 2854: 2758: 2722: 2698: 2471: 2411: 1948: 1930: 2806: 2746: 2399: 2351: 2770: 2651: 2555: 2387: 2591: 2459: 1866: 1854: 1836: 215: 9595: 9583: 887: 875: 1252: 2543: 2447: 1720: 2174: 3416: 2627: 2794: 2818: 2435: 2007:) (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change, and beginning in the mid-1990s, to negotiate the Kyoto Protocol to establish legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Since 2005 the Conferences also served as the Meetings of Parties of the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) and since 2016 the Conferences also serve as Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA). 2495: 2615: 2507: 7146: 2066:(SBSTA) is established by Article 9 of the convention to provide the Conference of the Parties and, as appropriate, its other subsidiary bodies with timely information and advice on scientific and technological matters relating to the convention. It serves as a link between information and assessments provided by expert sources (such as the IPCC) and the COP, which focuses on setting policy. 968:). On 12 June 1992, 154 nations signed the UNFCCC, which upon ratification committed signatories' governments to reduce atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases with the goal of "preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with Earth's climate system". This commitment would require substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (see the later section, 4272: 3348:

to likely meet the 2°C upper target of the Paris Agreement, that the probabilities of major emitters meeting their NDCs without such an increase is very low. It estimated that with current trends the probability of staying below 2 °C of warming is 5% – and 26% if NDCs were met and continued post-2030

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Further, the UNFCCC (mainly during the Kyoto protocol) failed to facilitate the transfer of environmentally sound technologies (SETs) which are mechanisms used to decrease the vulnerability of the human race against the unfavorable effects of climate change. One of the more widely used of these being

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As part of the Bali Action Plan, adopted in 2007, all developed country Parties have agreed to "quantified emission limitation and reduction objectives, while ensuring the comparability of efforts among them, taking into account differences in their national circumstances". Developing country Parties

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With initial pledges by countries inadequate, faster and more expensive future mitigation would be needed to still reach the targets. Furthermore, there is a gap between pledges by countries in their NDCs and implementation of these pledges; one third of the emission gap between the lowest-costs and

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The effectiveness of the Paris Agreement to reach its climate goals is under debate, with most experts saying it is insufficient for its more ambitious goal of keeping global temperature rise under 1.5°C. Many of the exact provisions of the Paris Agreement have yet to be straightened out, so that it

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were ignored by the governing officials, and they have indicated that they will likely withdraw or not ratify the treaty. These defections place additional pressures on the UNFCCC process that is seen by some as cumbersome and expensive: in the UK alone, the climate change department has taken over

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to be submitted in the run up to the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties in Paris (COP21) in 2015. Countries were given freedom and flexibility to ensure that these climate change mitigation and adaptation plans were nationally appropriate. This flexibility, especially regarding the types

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National Communication reports are often several hundred pages long and cover a country's measures to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions as well as a description of its vulnerabilities and impacts from climate change. National Communications are prepared according to guidelines that have been agreed

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The Protocol's first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012. All 36 countries that fully participated in the first commitment period complied with the Protocol. However, nine countries had to resort to the flexibility mechanisms by funding emission reductions in other countries because

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social and economic development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of developing country Parties, and that a low-emission development strategy is central to sustainable development, and that the share of global emissions originating in developing countries will grow to

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Article 3(1) of the Convention states that Parties should act to protect the climate system on the basis of "common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities", and that developed country Parties should "take the lead" in addressing climate change. Under Article 4, all Parties

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Civil Society Observers under the UNFCCC have organized themselves in loose groups, covering about 90% of all admitted organisations. Some groups remain outside these broad groupings, such as faith groups or national parliamentarians. The UNFCCC secretariat also recognizes the following groups as

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The process of designing the GCF has raised several issues. These include ongoing questions on how funds will be raised, the role of the private sector, the level of "country ownership" of resources, and the transparency of the Board itself. Also, this additional international climate institution

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Parties will effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources and transfer of technology and will take fully into account that economic and

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sources. The UNFCCC created the body "technology mechanism" who would distribute these resources to developing countries; however this distribution was too moderate and, coupled with the failings of the first commitment period of the Kyoto protocol, led to low ratification numbers for the second

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The global warming that has already occurred poses a risk to some human and natural systems. Higher magnitudes of global warming will generally increase the risk of negative impacts. Climate change risks are "considerable" with 1 to 2 °C of global warming, relative to pre-industrial levels.

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is meant to be used: One of the five targets under SDG 13, meant to be achieved by 2030, states: "Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $ 100 billion annually by 2020 from all

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The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to reduce the onset of global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to "a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" (Article 2). The Kyoto Protocol applied to the

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Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) is a term adopted by the UNFCCC in 2015 to have a better name for this topic than "Article 6". It refers to Article 6 of the convention's original text (1992), focusing on six priority areas: education, training, public awareness, public participation, public

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It is problematic that key signatory states are not adhering to their individual commitments. For this reason, the UNFCCC has been criticized as being unsuccessful in reducing greenhouse gas emission since its adoption. Parties to the convention have not agreed on a process allowing for majority

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have been criticized by some as not having achieved their stated goals of reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. The UNFCCC is a multilateral body concerned with climate change and can be an inefficient system for enacting international policy: Because the framework system includes over 190

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The ultimate objective of the Framework Convention is specified in Article 2: "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system". Article 2 of the convention says this "should be achieved

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added to the criticism, writing: "Since 1992, when the world's nations agreed at Rio de Janeiro to avoid 'dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system,' they've met 20 times without moving the needle on carbon emissions. In that interval we've added almost as much carbon to the

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voting. All decisions are taken by consensus, giving individual parties or countries a veto. The effectiveness of the Paris Agreement to reach its climate goals is also under debate, especially with regards to its more ambitious goal of keeping the global temperature rise to under 1.5 °C.

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There has been a failure to achieve effective greenhouse gas emission reduction policy treaties since 1992. This has driven some countries like the United States to hold back from ratifying the UNFCCC's most important agreement—the Kyoto Protocol—in large part because the treaty did not cover

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is considered when possibly dangerous, irreversible, or catastrophic events are identified, but scientific evaluation of the potential damage is not sufficiently certain. The precautionary principle implies an emphasis on the need to prevent such adverse effects. Following the precautionary

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114 countries agreed to the Accord. The UNFCCC secretariat notes that "Some Parties ... stated in their communications to the secretariat specific understandings on the nature of the Accord and related matters, based on which they have agreed to ." The Accord was not formally adopted by the

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At the 2021 annual meeting UNFCCC launched the 'UN Race-to-Zero Emissions Breakthroughs'. The aim of the campaign is to transform 20 sectors of the economy in order to achieve zero greenhouse gas emissions. At least 20% of each sector should take specific measures, and 10 sectors should be

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found that as of 2017 none of the major industrialized nations were implementing the policies they had pledged, and none met their pledged emission reduction targets, and even if they had, the sum of all member pledges (as of 2016) would not keep global temperature rise "well below 2°C".

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As part of the 2009 Copenhagen negotiations, a number of countries produced the Copenhagen Accord. The Accord states that global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F). The Accord does not specify what the baseline is for these temperature targets (e.g., relative to

2073:(SBI) is established by Article 10 of the convention to assist the Conference of the Parties in the assessment and review of the effective implementation of the convention. It makes recommendations on policy and implementation issues to the COP and, if requested, to other bodies. 5658: 5608: 4225: 4304: 7618:

FCCC/TP/2012/5: Quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets by developed country Parties to the Convention: assumptions, conditions, commonalities and differences in approaches and comparison of the level of emission reduction efforts. Technical

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it was 2.4–2.6°C and if all countries will fulfill their long-term pledges even 1.7–2.1 °C. Despite it, the world is still very far from reaching the aim of the agreement: limiting temperature rise to 1.5 degrees. For doing this, emissions must peak by

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There are 43 Annex I Parties including the European Union. These countries are classified as industrialized countries and economies in transition. Of these, 24 are also Annex II Parties, including the European Union, and 14 are Economies in Transition.

3140:). Lower stabilization levels would require emissions to peak and decline earlier compared to higher stabilization levels. These lower stabilization levels are associated with lower magnitudes of global warming compared to higher stabilization levels. 2118:

A "National Communication" is a type of report submitted by the countries that have ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Developed countries are required to submit National Communications every four years and

7222: 1410:, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner." 42 developed countries have submitted mitigation targets to the UNFCCC secretariat, as have 57 developing countries and the 5583: 3249:

In 2010, Japan stated that it will not sign up to a second Kyoto term, because it would impose restrictions on it not faced by its main economic competitors, China, India and Indonesia. A similar indication was given by the Prime Minister of

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Climate change policies may lead to costs that are relevant to the article 2. For example, more stringent policies to control GHG emissions may reduce the risk of more severe climate change, but may also be more expensive to implement.

2090:(AWG-KP), established in 2005 by the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol to consider further commitments of industrialized countries under the Kyoto Protocol for the period beyond 2012; it concluded its work in 2012 when the CMP adopted the 955:

The text of the Convention was produced during the meeting of an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee in New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992. The Convention was adopted on 9 May 1992 and opened for signature on 4 June 1992 at the

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FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1: Report of the Conference of the Parties (COP) on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010. Addendum. Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth

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Thousands of observers from civil society, business and academia attend the COPs. They organize a huge programme of activities including officially coordinated "side events". These complement and inform the official negotiations.

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FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1: Report of the Conference of the Parties on its seventeenth session, held in Durban from 28 November to 11 December 2011. Addendum. Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its seventeenth

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Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II (WG2) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

3227:). It has also led Canada to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol in 2011 out of a wish not to make its citizens pay penalties that would result in wealth transfers out of Canada. Both the US and Canada are looking at internal 1440:

As part of the Accord, 17 developed country Parties and the EU-27 submitted mitigation targets, as did 45 developing country Parties. Some developing country Parties noted the need for international support in their plans.

943:. It discussed uncertainties and provided evidence of warming. The authors said they are certain that greenhouse gases are increasing in the atmosphere because of human activity. This is resulting in more warming of the 7306:

FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1: Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009. Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its fifteenth

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Roelfsema, Mark; van Soest, Heleen L.; Harmsen, Mathijs; van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Bertram, Christoph; den Elzen, Michel; Höhne, Niklas; Iacobuta, Gabriela; Krey, Volker; Kriegler, Elmar; Luderer, Gunnar (29 April 2020).

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The Fund's former director Héla Cheikhrouhou has complained in 2016 that the Fund is backing too many "business-as-usual types of investment proposals". This view is echoed by a number of civil society organizations.

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FCCC/CP/1995/7/Add.1: Report of the Conference of the Parties (COP) on its first session, held at Berlin from 28 March to 7 April 1995. Addendum. Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its first

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The convention's main objective is explained in Article 2. It is the "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the

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Logo of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 21st Conference of the Parties (COP 21) and 11th Meeting of the Parties to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol (CMP 11) from November, 30th till December 2015,

6509: 2301:: Parties to the UNFCCC not listed in Annex I of the convention are mostly low-income developing countries. Developing countries may volunteer to become Annex I countries when they are sufficiently developed. 2010:

The first conference (COP1) was held in 1995 in Berlin. The 3rd conference (COP3) was held in Kyoto and resulted in the Kyoto protocol, which was amended during the 2012 Doha Conference (COP18, CMP 8). The

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Report of the Conference of the Parties (COP) on its thirteenth session, held in Bali from 3 to 15 December 2007. Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its thirteenth session

2206: 1227:, and therefore placed the obligation to reduce current emissions on developed countries on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. 150: 1972:

play a key role in the annual climate negotiations held by the UNFCCC. For example, the UNFCCC invited the IPCC to prepare a report on global warming of 1.5 °C. The IPCC subsequently released the

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In addition to the Kyoto Protocol (and its amendment) and the Paris Agreement, parties to the Convention have agreed to further commitments during UNFCCC Conferences of the Parties. These include the

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in 2011 "to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties." The ADP concluded its work in Paris on 5 December 2015.

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Sixth compilation and synthesis of initial national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention. Note by the secretariat. Executive summary. Document code FCCC/SBI/2005/18

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Scenarios of global greenhouse gas emissions. If all countries achieve their current Paris Agreement pledges, average warming by 2100 would still exceed the maximum 2°C target set by the agreement.

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The Protocol was based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: it acknowledged that individual countries have different capabilities in combating climate change, owing to

6366:. Climate Change 2001: Mitigation: Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. Archived from 3699: 1995: 1328:, France. As of February 2023, 195 members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are parties to the agreement. Of the three UNFCCC member states which have not 9894: 9626: 1524:

that was established within the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Considered the world's largest fund of its kind, GCF's objective is to assist

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As part of the Cancún agreements, developed and developing countries submitted mitigation plans to the UNFCCC. These plans were compiled with those made as part of the Bali Action Plan.

11008: 7760: 4128: 373:. The developed countries are called Annex I countries. At first there were 38 of them. Annex I countries should adopt national policies and take corresponding measures to limit their 7516:

Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III (WG3) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

2279:(OECD): these Parties consist of the members of the OECD in 1992, minus Turkey, plus the EU. Annex II Parties are required to provide financial and technical support to the EITs and 9898: 9619: 3117:, at the entrance to the United Nations, with a banner reading "We Will Move Ahead". It highlighted the resolve, despite all the differences, that we will continue to pursue strong 7648:

FCCC/SBI/2013/INF.12/Rev.2: Compilation of information on nationally appropriate mitigation actions to be implemented by developing country Parties. Revised note by the secretariat

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FCCC/SB/2011/INF.1/Rev.1: Compilation of economy-wide emission reduction targets to be implemented by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention. Revised note by the secretariat

6125: 2275:: Of the Parties listed in Annex I of the convention, 24 are also listed in Annex II of the convention, including the European Union. These Parties are made up of members of the 3599:

The secretariat was established in 1992 when countries adopted the UNFCCC. The original secretariat was in Geneva. Since 1996, the secretariat has been located in Bonn, Germany.

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and adaptation, even though they feature prominently in the Paris Agreement. The literature available is mostly mixed in its conclusions about loss and damage, and adaptation.

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make general commitments to address climate change through, for example, climate change mitigation and adapting to the eventual impacts of climate change. Article 4(7) states:

11123: 10993: 8025: 3246:(HFCs), which together are believed to account for up to one third of current global warming but whose regulation is not as fraught with wide economic impacts and opposition. 9911: 9295: 5683:

Lesnikowski, Alexandra C.; Ford, James D.; Berrang-Ford, Lea; Barrera, Magda; Heymann, Jody (1 February 2015). "How are we adapting to climate change? A global assessment".

262:. The treaty entered into force on 21 March 1994. "UNFCCC" is also the name of the Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the convention, with offices on the 218: 11013: 10913: 2131:(NDCs) that form the basis of the Paris Agreement are shorter and less detailed but also follow a standardized structure and are subject to technical review by experts. 4431: 2154:

of actions to be undertaken, allowed for developing countries to tailor their plans to their specific adaptation and mitigation needs, as well as towards other needs.

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levels. The treaty also states that preferably the limit of the increase should only be 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). The lower the temperature increase, the smaller the

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Information provided by non-Annex I Parties relating to Appendix II of the Copenhagen Accord (nationally appropriate mitigation actions of developing country Parties)

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FCCC/AWGLCA/2011/INF.1: Compilation of information on nationally appropriate mitigation actions to be implemented by Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention

6517: 9471: 7354:, Contribution of Working Group III (WG3) to the Second Assessment Report (SAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Cambridge University Press, 2165:(COP22) in Marrakesh focused on these Nationally Determined Contributions and their implementation, after the Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016. 294:". The treaty calls for continuing scientific research into the climate. This research supports meetings and negotiations to lead to agreements. The aim is to allow 3708:

Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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reduced their emissions in the early 1990s. Even though the 36 developed countries reduced their emissions, the global emissions increased by 32% from 1990 to 2010.

9139: 957: 251: 5008: 4199: 3617: 10948: 7753: 3318:), with the current climate commitments of the Paris Agreement, global mean temperatures will likely rise by more than 3°C by the end of the 21st century. Newer 2003:

The United Nations Climate Change Conference are yearly conferences held in the framework of the UNFCCC. They serve as the formal meeting of the UNFCCC Parties (

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principle, uncertainty (about the exact effects of climate change) is not a reason for inaction, and this is acknowledged in Article 3.3 of the UNFCCC.

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should do so. Some Least Developed Countries have not submitted National Communications in the past 5–15 years, largely due to capacity constraints.

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At Berlin, Cancún, and Durban, the development needs of developing country parties were reiterated. For example, the Durban Platform reaffirms that:

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According to the stocktake report, the agreement has a significant effect: while in 2010 the expected temperature rise by 2100 was 3.7–4.8 °C, at

10958: 10133: 10093: 8548: 7534: 7504: 7473: 7422: 7374: 6178: 4398: 350:, meets every year. Other meetings at the regional and technical level take place throughout the year. The Paris Agreement mandates a review or " 5822: 4329: 3819: 3147:. Scientific analysis can provide information on the risks of climate change, but deciding which risks are dangerous requires value judgements. 10988: 10118: 7692: 7388: 6778: 6157: 1590:

In 2023, the Executive Director announced a series of reforms aimed at making the Fund more efficient and positioned to deliver greater impact.

7258: 7021: 6309: 6248: 4136: 11018: 10138: 9735: 8257: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7860: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 6460: 3359: 2162: 2146: 2104: 2091: 2044: 2024: 1427: 1388: 1380: 1321: 355: 7546:

Information provided by Annex I Parties relating to Appendix I of the Copenhagen Accord (quantified economy-wide emissions targets for 2020)

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The perceived lack of progress has also led some countries to seek and focus on alternative high-value activities like the creation of the

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In 2014, The UN with Peru and France created the Global Climate Action Portal NAZCA for writing and checking all the climate commitments.

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The ultimate objective of the Framework Convention contains some key words that are discussed further below and shown here in italics: "

2257:: There are 43 Parties to the UNFCCC listed in Annex I of the convention, including the European Union. These Parties are classified as 10783: 10058: 9850: 8633: 8591: 5237: 4366: 1610:"UNFCCC" is also the name of the Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the convention, with offices on the UN Campus in 9611: 7088:"Country-based rate of emissions reductions should increase by 80% beyond nationally determined contributions to meet the 2 °C target" 6803: 5057: 250:". The main way to do this is limiting the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It was signed in 1992 by 154 states at the 10968: 9512: 8628: 8213: 7628: 6620: 3179:

Academics and environmentalists criticize article 3(5) of the convention, which states that any climate measures that would restrict

1969: 1630: 932: 17: 7698: 3109: 11043: 10998: 10163: 8843: 8564: 8282: 8059: 7783: 7769: 5127: 2216: 1989: 1023: 973: 415: 7272: 4855: 4826: 3223:, which is a contentious issue in the talks, and also responsibility for emissions from consumption and importation of goods (see 1633:(IPCC), aims to gain consensus through meetings and the discussion of various strategies. Since the signing of the UNFCCC treaty, 317: 11023: 10938: 10103: 10098: 10025: 9784: 9199: 8988: 8156: 6973:; Fransen, Taryn; Fekete, Hanna; Winkler, Harald; Schaeffer, Roberto; Sha, Fu; Riahi, Keywan; Meinshausen, Malte (30 June 2016). 1153: 746: 160: 6108: 4876: 4166: 3063: 2283:

to assist them in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and manage the impacts of climate change (

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in Glasgow. According to the organizers, 20% is a tipping point, after which the whole sector begins to irreversibly change.

58: 7654: 7585: 7567: 7335: 7323: 7316: 7292: 7284: 6909:

Victor, David G.; Akimoto, Keigo; Kaya, Yoichi; Yamaguchi, Mitsutsune; Cullenward, Danny; Hepburn, Cameron (3 August 2017).

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which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce

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8 of the Convention and headed by the Executive Secretary. The secretariat, augmented through the parallel efforts of the

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pre-industrial or 1990 temperatures). According to the UNFCCC, these targets are relative to pre-industrial temperatures.

10073: 9010: 8788: 8606: 8538: 8528: 8511: 8418: 8225: 7215:"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement - Laureates - Princess of Asturias Awards" 5378:"IPCC Press Release: Summary for Policymakers of IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C approved by governments" 2140: 551: 498: 8543: 4188: 2161:(NDCs) as each country ratified the Paris Agreement, unless a new NDC was submitted to the UNFCCC at the same time. The 10573: 10438: 9874: 9439: 9300: 9257: 8753: 3323: 2158: 1367: 947:'s surface. The report led to the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 904: 576: 393: 377:. They should also report on steps for returning individually or jointly to their 1990 greenhouse gas emission levels. 2100:(AWG-LCA), established in Bali in 2007 to conduct negotiations on a strengthened international deal on climate change; 11058: 10963: 10853: 10833: 10813: 10263: 9366: 9242: 9059: 8262: 7380: 7359: 3733: 3678: 3136:

To stabilize atmospheric GHG concentrations, global anthropogenic GHG emissions would need to peak then decline (see

2070: 463: 7264:

Action for climate empowerment: Guidelines for accelerating solutions through education, training and public

7187:"Technical dialogue of the first global stocktake Synthesis report by the co-facilitators on the technical dialogue" 6180:

Meeting the 2-degree target. From climate objective to emission reduction measures. PBL publication number 500114012

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countries and because negotiations are governed by consensus, small groups of countries can often block progress.

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emitters. However, this failed to take into account both the historical responsibility for climate change since

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As of 2020, there is little scientific literature on the topics of the effectiveness of the Paris Agreement on

2036: 829: 7164: 5987: 5957: 5398: 4902: 4080: 4056: 4032: 4007: 11118: 10908: 10903: 10878: 10848: 10843: 10758: 10743: 10723: 10638: 10598: 10533: 10453: 10378: 10338: 10333: 10303: 10278: 10273: 10258: 10243: 10203: 9534: 9069: 8601: 7442: 7394: 7165:"World isn't moving fast enough to cut pollution and keep warming below 2 degrees Celsius, UN scorecard says" 3372:

In 2016, the UNFCCC received the "Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation" by the

3228: 1565:

climate funds for paying out money in climate finance which are coordinated by the UNFCCC. These include the

1165: 814: 7646: 4686: 4101:

Action for climate empowerment: Guidelines for accelerating solutions through education, training and public

11098: 11088: 11078: 11073: 11048: 10818: 10768: 10693: 10663: 10658: 10648: 10628: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10508: 10488: 10463: 10458: 10423: 10408: 10388: 10373: 10368: 10348: 10328: 10313: 10268: 10233: 10213: 10208: 10193: 10183: 10173: 10153: 10148: 10143: 9707: 9517: 9189: 8718: 8713: 8618: 8495: 8052: 6487:"Secretary Clinton To Announce a Climate and Clean Air Initiative To Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants" 4962: 3281: 3151:

4 °C warming would lead to significantly increased risks, with potential impacts including widespread

2212: 1366:°C of global warming, emissions need to be cut by roughly 50% by 2030. This figure takes into account each 936: 9856: 6709: 6196: 5894: 4797: 3894: 11113: 11068: 11063: 11053: 10883: 10823: 10778: 10773: 10753: 10733: 10713: 10633: 10623: 10593: 10553: 10538: 10518: 10493: 10443: 10433: 10418: 10393: 10323: 10283: 10253: 10248: 10228: 10218: 10158: 9985: 9844: 9643: 8728: 8581: 7637:

FOCUS: Mitigation - Nationally appropriate mitigation commitments or actions by developed country Parties

6360:

Toth, F.L.; et al. (2001). "10.4.2.2 Precautionary Considerations". In B. Metz; et al. (eds.).

3373: 1570: 1027: 819: 581: 284:

Living Laudato Si' Philippines intervention at COP27 Catholic Actors meeting with the Holy See delegation

6029: 3945: 3280:

commitment (resulting in it not going ahead). Before the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference,

2055:

A subsidiary body is a committee that assists the Conference of the Parties. Subsidiary bodies include:

11108: 11103: 11038: 10893: 10868: 10798: 10763: 10728: 10688: 10673: 10668: 10608: 10528: 10513: 10498: 10468: 10448: 10413: 10398: 10353: 10298: 10223: 9641: 9587: 9351: 9154: 9111: 8884: 8806: 8660: 1599: 1576:

As of Dec 2023, the GCF had a portfolio of 13.5 billion USD (51.9 billion USD including co-financing).

1343: 879: 601: 521: 438: 339:, and even aiming to hold it at 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). The Paris Agreement superseded the UNFCCC's 6187: 4391: 3330:

actual reductions in emissions would be closed by implementing existing pledges. A pair of studies in

11033: 10748: 10718: 10698: 10603: 10548: 10483: 10478: 10383: 10318: 10293: 9905: 9838: 9456: 9131: 9106: 9079: 9041: 8958: 8776: 8623: 8586: 8336: 8105: 8100: 8095: 7721:

Introductory note by Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, procedural history note and audiovisual material

7604: 7046: 6186:, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving (PBL)), archived from 3489: 3314:

may be too early to judge effectiveness. According to the 2020 United Nations Environment Programme (

3137: 3104: 3100: 2284: 1533: 1529: 1351: 1309: 1305: 799: 741: 691: 671: 401: 347: 299: 8971: 7436: 7186: 6154: 3006: 1536:

activities. The GCF is an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC. It is based in

1001:

The Convention specifies the aim of Annex I Parties was stabilizing their greenhouse gas emissions (

9890: 9667: 9466: 9461: 9451: 9392: 9232: 8738: 8703: 8596: 8523: 8364: 8193: 8129: 8090: 6974: 6305: 6244: 5155: 2944: 1355: 1141: 789: 696: 648: 566: 420: 374: 7592: 5507: 9780: 9697: 9575: 9497: 9407: 9149: 9121: 8801: 8460: 8438: 8045: 6558: 5869: 5459: 4985: 4780: 3167: 2291: 1407: 1164:, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There were 192 parties ( 626: 311: 7544: 7249: 5774: 5399:"Progress Report on Communication and Outreach Activities to the 49th Session of the IPCC, 2019" 1569:(AF), the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) and the 9729: 9174: 8994: 8936: 8853: 8838: 8723: 8369: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 6277: 3298: 751: 726: 636: 616: 586: 541: 468: 453: 173: 7556: 3254:

in November 2012. At the 2012 conference, last-minute objections at the conference by Russia,

1656:

served as the acting Executive Secretary in the interim. On 15 August 2022, Secretary-General

1652:

and took office on 18 July 2016. Espinosa retired on 16 July 2022. UN Under Secretary General

9701: 9563: 9209: 9086: 8894: 8354: 8277: 7387:

IPCC AR4 WG3 (2007), Metz, B.; Davidson, O. R.; Bosch, P. R.; Dave, R.; Meyer, L. A. (eds.),

6831:"Taking stock of national climate policies to evaluate implementation of the Paris Agreement" 6486: 3449: 3341: 1347: 1085: Annex B parties with binding targets in 1st period but which withdrew from the Protocol 867: 686: 641: 458: 336: 238:) is the UN process for negotiating an agreement to limit dangerous climate change. It is an 7738: 7348: 5111:"Executive Director unveils "50by30" blueprint for reform, targeting USD 50 billion by 2030" 4781:

Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

4355: 3344:

model concluded that the rates of emissions reductions would have to increase by 80% beyond

1553:

The Green Climate Fund supports projects and other activities in developing countries using

354:" of progress towards meetings its goals every five years. The first of these took place at 9794: 9402: 9280: 8941: 8516: 8443: 7574: 7304: 7262: 7099: 6989: 6922: 6842: 6792: 6672: 5796: 5692: 4240: 4099: 3857: 3771: 3642: 2280: 1224: 1213: 1125: 731: 631: 571: 370: 359: 307: 239: 7150: 6894: 6889: 5775:

Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action Second session, part seven

5633: 1634: 8: 9991: 9673: 9419: 9194: 8428: 8423: 7055: 6659:

Raiser, Kilian; Kornek, Ulrike; Flachsland, Christian; Lamb, William F (19 August 2020).

5925: 3946:"Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment: Policymaker Summary - Executive Summary" 3844:

Raiser, Kilian; Kornek, Ulrike; Flachsland, Christian; Lamb, William F (19 August 2020).

3180: 2482: 2236: 1798: 1648:

who was appointed Executive Secretary on 18 May 2016 by United Nations Secretary-General

1641: 1566: 1220:. Nitrogen trifluoride was added for the second compliance period during the Doha Round. 1205: 844: 809: 804: 516: 366: 55: 9806: 7103: 6993: 6926: 6846: 6676: 5696: 5433: 4244: 3971:

Union of Concerned Scientists: Reports & Multimedia - Activist Resources: Explainers

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Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol

1657: 9933: 9691: 9679: 9247: 9179: 9096: 8946: 8911: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8433: 7130: 7087: 7051:"The world has the right climate goals – but the wrong ambition levels to achieve them" 7013: 6948: 6873: 6830: 6772: 5726: 4264: 3797: 3407: 3305: 3212: 2822: 2262: 2220: 2120: 1742: 1544:, South Korea. It is governed by a Board of 24 members and supported by a Secretariat. 1525: 1513: 1505: 1496: 1359: 1300:(also called the Paris Accords or Paris Climate Accords) is an international treaty on 989: 839: 779: 736: 611: 488: 431: 7702: 4903:"Climate Finance: Essential Components, Existing Challenges, and On-going Initiatives" 3618:"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: Climate Policy: International" 3558: 2103:

Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP), established at

9940: 9862: 9723: 9481: 9144: 8889: 8655: 8448: 8411: 8198: 8152: 7686: 7528: 7494: 7467: 7454: 7412: 7398: 7397:

of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Cambridge University Press,

7368: 7355: 7135: 7117: 7017: 7005: 6940: 6878: 6860: 6746: 6690: 5730: 5718: 5713: 5508:"Establishment of an Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action" 5053: 4910: 4268: 4256: 4158: 4108: 3966: 3875: 3789: 3674: 3353: 3243: 3220: 3152: 3060: 2487: 2258: 1828: 1645: 1423: 1384: 1197: 1117: 1006: 994: 939:

appeared in 1990. The report gave a broad overview of climate change science and the

561: 448: 7661: 7635: 6081: 3697:

R. Stavins, J. Zou, et al., "International Cooperation: Agreements and Instruments."

3583: 1557:. It is intended that the Green Climate Fund be the centrepiece of efforts to raise 9524: 9091: 9074: 9015: 8906: 8670: 8394: 8267: 8203: 7125: 7107: 6997: 6952: 6930: 6868: 6850: 6680: 6367: 5708: 5700: 4840: 4427: 4248: 3865: 3820:"Guest post: The challenge of consensus decision-making in UN climate negotiations" 3801: 3779: 3332: 3276: 3224: 2305: 2028: 1977: 1201: 834: 606: 478: 351: 269: 198: 193: 183: 178: 68: 7678: 6389: 4252: 4129:"7 .a Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" 3429: 1437:

Conference of the Parties. Instead, the COP "took note of the Copenhagen Accord."

1358:

should be reduced as soon as, and by as much as, possible. They should even reach

1342:

The Paris Agreement has a long-term temperature goal which is to keep the rise in

10019: 9979: 9832: 9685: 9476: 9397: 9361: 9290: 9264: 9252: 9169: 9101: 8976: 8833: 8455: 8406: 8384: 7800: 7616: 6740: 6341: 6313: 6285: 6252: 6224: 6161: 5783: 5752: 5088: 4779:

United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,

3703: 3477: 3393: 3067: 3010: 2032: 2020: 1615: 1603: 1562: 1558: 1521: 1479: 1313: 1297: 1289: 681: 676: 666: 536: 328: 263: 188: 9798: 9768: 7729:

Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

7728: 7520: 6970: 5341: 4226:"Compliance of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in the first commitment period" 3457: 3443: 9802: 9746: 9742: 9719: 9429: 9285: 9227: 9222: 9064: 8953: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8533: 8470: 8208: 8188: 8147: 8068: 7793: 7112: 7083: 6975:"Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2°C" 6855: 6685: 6660: 5009:"3 ways country ownership is being put to the test with climate change funding" 4798:"SDG Indicator changes (15 October 2018 and onward) - current to 17 April 2020" 3870: 3845: 3483: 3471: 3435: 3421: 3203: 3118: 2738: 2733: 2667: 2662: 2415: 2410: 2239: 1905: 1767: 1581: 1547: 1301: 1273: 1173: 1149: 1112: 1104: 1002: 977: 961: 824: 774: 621: 591: 546: 443: 410: 365:

The treaty sets out responsibilities for three categories of states. These are

340: 291: 259: 247: 243: 103: 9713: 6594:"UK climate change department takes over 3000 flights at a cost of over £1.3m" 5704: 4805:

United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division

4489: 1168:

withdrew from the protocol, effective December 2012) to the Protocol in 2020.

10052: 9762: 9758: 9502: 9434: 9159: 8981: 8966: 8901: 8796: 7435:

IPCC AR4 SYR (2007), Core Writing Team; Pachauri, R.K; Reisinger, A. (eds.),

7121: 6864: 6694: 6332:., TS.3.1.3 Costs, investments and burden sharing (p.31 of final draft), in: 5722: 4914: 4260: 3879: 3401: 3156: 2679: 2674: 2523: 2518: 2016: 1994: 1880: 1653: 1611: 1411: 1400: 1189: 1097: Other UN member states and observers that are not party to the Protocol 794: 756: 473: 303: 108: 9958: 2207:

List of parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

1234:

reduced emissions. The greatest emission reductions were seen in the former

10001: 9921: 9828: 9387: 9184: 8828: 8818: 8475: 8359: 8272: 7254: 7139: 7009: 6966: 6944: 6882: 5271: 5262: 5214: 5205: 4443: 3793: 3463: 3239: 2266: 2232: 1922: 1665: 1619: 1329: 1235: 965: 714: 531: 346:

By 2022, the UNFCCC had 198 parties. Its supreme decision-making body, the

255: 9656: 7720: 5032:"Civil Society Pushes for More Active Participation in Green Climate Fund" 4827:"U.S. Delivers for the Green Climate Fund and the World's Most Vulnerable" 997:

are the first and overriding priorities of the developing country Parties.

322:

Armen Sarkissian attends the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference

9868: 9820: 9790: 9774: 9414: 8931: 8923: 8183: 7489:, Cambridge University Press, archived from the original on 16 April 2014 7450: 5536: 5485: 3251: 2643: 2638: 2583: 2578: 2571: 2566: 1780: 1754: 1749: 1649: 1317: 1058: 721: 483: 10033:

Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture

7001: 3387: 3236:

Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants

1550:, a Portuguese development economist, is the Fund's Executive Director. 1487:

Indicator 13.A.1: Green Climate Fund mobilization of $ 100 billion, 2018

44: 9824: 9814: 9446: 8823: 7799:

Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of the Parties of the

7792:

Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of the Parties of the

5986:, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, archived from 5956:, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, archived from 5868:. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Archived from 3263: 3114: 2947:, Education and Capacity Building and Outreach NGOs, parliamentarians. 2535: 2530: 2040: 1892: 1887: 1810: 1805: 1230:

their national emissions were slightly greater than their targets. The

1019: 596: 526: 493: 222: 5659:"National Communication submissions from Non-Annex I Parties | UNFCCC" 5609:"National Communication submissions from Non-Annex I Parties | UNFCCC" 5416:"Greta Thunberg tells leaders at Davos to heed global heating science" 4392:"Reference: C.N.464.2017.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d (Depositary Notification)" 3924: 2027:

took place in the United Arab Emirates in 2023 and included the first

1033: 9969: 8401: 7350:

Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change

6355: 6353: 3231:

schemes to curb carbon dioxide emissions outside the Kyoto Protocol.

2786: 2781: 2343: 2338: 306:

from climate change or measures to address it. And it aims to enable

295: 7663:

FOCUS: Mitigation - NAMAs, Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions

6935: 6910: 6738: 6661:"Is the Paris Agreement effective? A systematic map of the evidence" 6621:"Effectiveness Analysis of the United Nations Climate Change Regime" 6059: 3925:"FAR Climate Change: Scientific Assessment of Climate Change — IPCC" 3846:"Is the Paris Agreement effective? A systematic map of the evidence" 3784: 3759: 2084:

Ad hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate (AGBM), active from 1995 to 1997;

1073: Annex B parties with binding targets in 1st period but not 2nd 9997: 6827: 3319: 3023: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2714: 2709: 2607: 2602: 2224: 969: 369:, developed countries with special financial responsibilities, and 7346:

IPCC SAR WG3 (1996), Bruce, J. P.; Lee, H.; Haites, E. F. (eds.),

6350: 5682: 4784: 3121:, moving towards 100 per cent renewals and aiming for 1.5C target. 2245: 331:. This agreement entered into force in 2016. It aims to limit the 9880: 8379: 8037: 6276:., Section B: FUTURE RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADAPTATION, in: 4856:"Transitional Committee for the design of the Green Climate Fund" 3967:"The IPCC: Who Are They and Why Do Their Climate Reports Matter?" 3259: 3255: 3202:

The overall umbrella and processes of the UNFCCC and the adopted

3047: 2858: 2853: 2810: 2805: 2762: 2757: 2750: 2745: 2726: 2721: 2702: 2697: 2475: 2470: 2451: 2446: 2427: 2422: 2403: 2398: 2367: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2173: 1947: 1934: 1929: 1661: 1541: 1517: 1495:(SDG 13) includes a target about the UNFCCC and explains how the 1251: 1181: 1005:

and other anthropogenic greenhouse gases not regulated under the

6568:

Belarus negotiator hints at Kyoto exit, says others could follow

3559:"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)" 3291: 3238:

which seeks to regulate short-lived pollutants such as methane,

3143:

There are a range of views over what level of climate change is

1067: Annex B parties with binding targets in 1st and 2nd period 10013: 9382: 7446: 6902: 6510:"Japan derails climate talks by refusing to renew Kyoto treaty" 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5084:"Green fund investing in the wrong projects, says former chief" 3094: 2817: 2798: 2793: 2774: 2769: 2655: 2650: 2631: 2626: 2595: 2590: 2559: 2554: 2463: 2458: 2439: 2434: 2391: 2386: 2379: 2374: 1865: 1853: 1840: 1835: 1537: 1137: 7594:

Meetings: Copenhagen Climate Change Conference - December 2009

6644:, National Geographic, November 2015, page 14 of print edition 6215:., TS.1 Introduction and framing (pp.3-6 of final draft), in: 5184:"UN chief taps Grenada's Simon Stiell as new UN climate chief" 4847: 335:

to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above levels before the

9296:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

8389: 7768: 7145: 5346:. Approved 1–3 October 1998, last amended 14–18 October 2013. 5267:"Grenadian minister Simon Stiell to be next UN climate chief" 3492: – Supreme governing body of an international convention 2619: 2614: 2547: 2542: 2511: 2506: 2499: 2494: 2012: 1724: 1719: 1454: 1325: 1161: 944: 302:. At the same time it aims to ensure there are no threats to 6461:"U.N. Global Warming Summit: Heading Over the Climate Cliff" 6207: 6205: 5909: 5356: 3480: – Concept for social justice in climate change context 2081:

Ad hoc Group on Article 13 (AG13), active from 1995 to 1998;

1580:

might further fragment taxpayer's money that is put towards

972:). Parties to the Convention have met annually from 1995 in 10007: 7075: 6965: 5083: 4224:

Shishlov, Igor; Morel, Romain; Bellassen, Valentin (2016).

3315: 2228: 1333: 11009:

Treaties of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia

7179: 6908: 6658: 6268: 6266: 6264: 3843: 3268: 3003: 9472:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

6893: This article incorporates text available under the 6564: 6245:

Chapter 18: Detection and attribution of observed impacts

6202: 5434:"Climate change: UAE names oil chief to lead COP28 talks" 4303:. United Nations Environment Programme. 2012. p. 2. 3535:

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

343:

which had been signed in 1997 and ran from 2005 to 2020.

9959:

Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation

7513:

IPCC AR5 WG3 (2014), Edenhofer, O.; et al. (eds.),

7482:

IPCC AR5 WG2 A (2014), Field, C.B.; et al. (eds.),

6413:"Which nations are most responsible for climate change?" 5238:"Ibrahim Thiaw appointed interim UN Climate Change head" 5210:"Alok Sharma in running to be UN's global climate chief" 4937:"COP28: Green Climate Fund reaches record funding level" 4290: 3498: – International treaty on environmental protection 3345: 2265:" (EITs). The 14 EITs are the former centrally-planned ( 1637:(COPs) have discussed how to achieve the treaty's aims. 1091: Signatories to the Protocol that have not ratified 958:

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

327:

The UNFCCC's work currently focuses on implementing the

252:

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

6654: 6652: 6650: 6261: 6014:, Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Office, p. 4 5930:, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 5897:. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 5846:. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 5803:. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 5297:"Simon Stiell Appointed New UNFCCC Executive Secretary" 4566: 4564: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 3989:, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2035:, who is also head of Abu Dhabi's national oil company 9657:

Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation

7441:, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the 7267:, 6, 14-18, 26, 28, UNESCO and UNFCCC, UNESCO. UNESCO. 5685:

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

4928: 4223: 4217: 3959: 3133:

anthropogenic interference with the climate system".

2277:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

2149:

in Warsaw in 2013, the UNFCCC created a mechanism for

2134: 2064:

Subsidiary Body of Scientific and Technological Advice

1406:

agreed to " appropriate mitigation actions context of

11124:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

9976:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

9753:

United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia

9313:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

7788:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

7725:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

7716:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

7715: 7674:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

7156: 6565:

Andrew Allan & Marton Kruppa (10 December 2012),

5301:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

5075: 5046: 5023: 5000: 4977: 4954: 4894: 4869: 4763: 4761: 4384: 4121: 3720: 3718: 3716: 2211:

As of 2022, the UNFCCC has 198 parties including all

1255:

Map of signatories and parties to the Paris Agreement

1022:

to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that

232:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

219:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

38:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

6821: 6647: 6026:"Based on Höhne et al. (2005). in AR4 of the UNFCCC" 5634:"Moving Towards the Enhanced Transparency Framework" 5584:"Seventh National Communications - Annex I | UNFCCC" 4561: 4518: 3670:

Negotiating the Paris Agreement: The Insider Stories

3383: 2151:

Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)

2127:

by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC. The

2098:

Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action

1362:

by the middle of the 21st century. To stay below 1.5

11014:

Treaties of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia

6710:"Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures" 6155:

Section 5.4 Emission trajectories for stabilisation

4687:"Launch of UN Race-to-Zero Emissions Breakthroughs" 4490:"The Paris Agreement – the 1.5 °C Temperature Goal" 4481: 4416: 3895:"Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures" 3496:

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

3326:, and may bring down temperatures a further 0.5°C. 1983: 1573:(GEF). The GCF is the largest of these five funds. 1354:can be expected. To achieve this temperature goal, 1034:

Six priority areas (Action for Climate Empowerment)

10914:Treaties of the Afghan Transitional Administration 7445:of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 7347: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6104: 6102: 5976: 5974: 4963:"Where's the Money? The Elephant in the Boardroom" 4758: 4348: 3713: 1910:Under Secretary General of the United Nations and 1640:From 2010 to 2016 the head of the secretariat was 1340:from the agreement in 2020, but rejoined in 2021. 1160:are driving it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 10994:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011) 9928:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 7393:, Contribution of Working Group III (WG3) to the 7390:Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change 6177:van Vuuren, D.P.; et al. (7 December 2009), 5946: 5944: 4986:"Songdo Fallout: is green finance a red herring?" 4097: 3973:. Union of Concerned Scientists. 11 October 2018. 1963: 1079: Non-Annex B parties without binding targets 10050: 9513:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 7499:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7417:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6176: 5858: 5291: 5289: 4424:"US makes official return to Paris climate pact" 3692: 3690: 3129:in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent 1561:under the UNFCCC. There are four other, smaller 970:"Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations" 7407:, archived from the original on 12 October 2014 6793:"Paris Agreement, Decision 1/CP.21, Article 17" 6143: 6099: 5971: 5866:"Parties to the Convention and Observer States" 5150: 5148: 5128:"Former Executive Secretary: Patricia Espinosa" 3288:atmosphere as we did in the previous century." 2246:Classification of Parties and their commitments 2168: 1772:Director for Sustainable Development (1994–98) 1129: 1048: 950: 10949:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia 7670: 7481: 6289: 6256: 5941: 4086: 4062: 4038: 4014: 3127:stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations 2930: 2157:In the aftermath of COP21, these INDCs became 2129:(Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions 1671:Current and former executive secretaries are: 1387:(2009), the Cancún agreements (2010), and the 9736:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 9627: 8258:History of climate change policy and politics 8053: 7754: 6739:United Nations Environment Programme (2020). 5286: 3687: 3474: – Term for the threat of climate change 3292:Criticism of effectiveness of Paris Agreement 3267:3,000 flights in two years at a cost of over 2163:22nd session of the Conference of the Parties 2147:19th session of the Conference of the Parties 2031:under the Paris Agreement. The UAE nominated 1428:2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference 1322:2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference 912: 10794:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7519:, Cambridge University Press, archived from 7512: 7434: 7386: 7345: 7297:, Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Office 7281:, Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Office 7253: This article incorporates text from a 6345: 6317: 6228: 6165: 6111:Non-governmental organization constituencies 5889: 5887: 5315: 5145: 3095:Interpreting ultimate objective in Article 2 1668:as Executive Secretary, replacing Espinosa. 1625:The secretariat is established under Article 1618:and in a building on the UN Campus known as 1346:to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above 1316:. The Paris Agreement was negotiated by 196 10079:Treaties entered into by the European Union 8375:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 7533:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7472:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7373:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6170: 6082:"global climate action portal NAZCA, About" 5895:"List of Annex I Parties to the Convention" 5178: 5176: 5122: 5120: 5058:"Why We Should Kill The Green Climate Fund" 3757: 3553: 3551: 1677:List of Executive Secretaries of the UNFCCC 1304:that was signed in 2016. The treaty covers 10979:Treaties of the People's Republic of China 9851:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 9634: 9620: 9594: 9582: 9039: 8060: 8046: 7761: 7747: 7691:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7503:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7421:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7081: 6911:"Prove Paris was more than paper promises" 6777:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6359: 6306:Section 1.2.1: Article 2 of the Convention 5844:"Status of Ratification of the Convention" 5333: 4159:"Overview of greenhouse gases - Defra, UK" 4052:UNFCCC Article 4: Commitments, paragraph 7 2989:Local government and municipal authorities 1974:Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C 1594: 1172:seven greenhouse gases listed in Annex A: 976:(COPs) to assess progress in dealing with 919: 905: 886: 874: 43: 10129:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands 9334: 9140:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 8283:United Nations Climate Change conferences 7770:United Nations climate change conferences 7129: 7111: 6934: 6872: 6854: 6684: 6540:"NZ backs off Kyoto climate change route" 6316:), in: Chapter 1: Introduction, p.99, in 5884: 5712: 4356:"Paris Agreement, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1" 3869: 3783: 3647:United Nations Global Market place (ungm) 3191: 2950:An overview is given in the table below: 2269:) economies of Russia and Eastern Europe. 2250:Parties to the UNFCCC are classified as: 2217:United Nations General Assembly observers 2113: 1631:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1332:the agreement, the only major emitter is 10924:Treaties of the Central African Republic 8844:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 7993:COP27–CMP17–CMA4 (Sharm El Sheikh, 2022) 7257:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( 6707: 6507: 5173: 5117: 4841:"Executive Director, Green Climate Fund" 4539: 3986:Status of Ratification of the Convention 3892: 3813: 3811: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3548: 3304: 3108: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2327:Annex I countries (24 of these are also 2304: 2172: 2019:in 2015 and resulted in adoption of the 1993: 1990:United Nations Climate Change conference 1598: 1478: 1470:meet their social and development needs. 1260: Signatories that have not ratified 1250: 1057: 1018:within a time-frame sufficient to allow 1012: 316: 278: 268: 10124:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands 10026:Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative 9785:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 9200:National Adaptation Programme of Action 8989:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 7697:Also available as a single pdf are the 7659: 7644: 7633: 7614: 7602: 7590: 7572: 7554: 7542: 7219:Princess of Asturias awards - Laureates 6899:Minor grammatical amendments were made. 6642:Fresh Hope for Combating Climate Change 6382:""Voices" speaker talks climate change" 5052: 4935:Fund, Green Climate (3 December 2023). 4673: 4661: 4649: 4637: 4625: 4611: 4605: 4590: 4584: 4487: 3486: – Policy for emissions reductions 3113:A "family photo" in 2016, organized by 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 1448:UN Race-to-Zero Emissions Breakthroughs 1418:Copenhagen Accord and Cancún agreements 747:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 161:Secretary-General of the United Nations 14: 10959:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 10134:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands 10094:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong 10051: 8849:Economics of climate change mitigation 8812:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 8335: 8163:Scientific consensus on climate change 7162: 7092:Communications Earth & Environment 7045: 6363:Chapter 10. Decision-making Frameworks 6007: 5983:Full text of the convention - Annex II 5261: 5235: 5204: 4189:"Doha amendment to the Kyoto Protocol" 3666: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3174: 1414:(a group of countries within the UN). 1374: 557:Economics of climate change mitigation 10989:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo 10119:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau 10014:Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 9957: 9655: 9615: 9508:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 9333: 9038: 8774: 8334: 8246: 8127: 8079: 8041: 7742: 7438:Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report 6508:McCarthy, Michael (2 December 2010). 6410: 5953:Full text of the convention - Annex I 5836: 5559:"What is transparency and reporting?" 5460:"Glossary of climate change acronyms" 5081: 5029: 4983: 4434:from the original on 19 February 2021 4372:from the original on 12 December 2015 4322: 4205:from the original on 24 December 2022 3817: 3808: 3604: 3322:commitments were not included in the 3271:1,300,000 (British pounds sterling). 1474: 1062:Map of parties to the Kyoto Protocol 1030:to proceed in a sustainable manner". 242:among countries to combat "dangerous 11019:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates 10139:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man 9895:Malaria Research and Training Centre 9644:Prince or Princess of Asturias Award 9530:Representative Concentration Pathway 8481:Tipping points in the climate system 8157:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 6759:from the original on 9 December 2020 6618: 6575:from the original on 11 January 2013 6439:"Canada pulls out of Kyoto Protocol" 5006: 4934: 4773: 4332:. United Nations Treaty Collection. 4310:from the original on 23 January 2023 4278:from the original on 23 January 2023 4169:from the original on 23 January 2023 4076:UNFCCC Article 4: Commitments: 2a, b 3818:Staff, Carbon Brief (5 March 2024). 3753: 3751: 3667:Jepsen, Henrik; et al. (2021). 3615: 2871: 2318: 2259:industrialized (developed) countries 2050: 1040:Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) 10084:Treaties entered into force in 1994 9875:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 9301:Nationally determined contributions 9011:Individual action on climate change 8226:World energy supply and consumption 7967:COP24–CMP14–CMA1.3 (Katowice, 2018) 7333: 7321: 7302: 7290: 7270: 7027:from the original on 19 August 2019 6708:Maizland, Lindsay (29 April 2021). 4790: 4767: 4752: 4740: 4713:"Transforming our systems together" 4571: 4556: 4545: 4533: 4513: 4404:from the original on 15 August 2017 3893:Maizland, Lindsay (29 April 2021). 3837: 3710:. Cambridge University Press, 2014. 3509: 3324:Nationally Determined Contributions 2159:Nationally Determined Contributions 2141:Nationally Determined Contributions 2135:Nationally Determined Contributions 1614:. Offices were formerly located in 1389:Durban Platform for Enhanced Action 552:Economic analysis of climate change 499:World energy supply and consumption 24: 11004:Treaties of the State of Palestine 10944:Treaties of the Dominican Republic 10239:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina 9440:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 8067: 7957:COP22–CMP12–CMA1 (Marrakech, 2016) 7299:. Reference: FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1. 6086:global climate action portal NAZCA 5823:"United Nations Treaty Collection" 5786:, UNFCCC, Geneva, 12 December 2014 5391: 5186:. Associated Press. 15 August 2022 5082:Clark, Pilita (6 September 2016). 4960: 4900: 4853: 4469:from the original on 19 March 2021 4456: 4091: 3732:. Lead India. 2009. Archived from 3726:"What is the UNFCCC & the COP" 2313: 1246: 577:Environmental full-cost accounting 27:International environmental treaty 25: 11135: 10809:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe 10784:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis 10059:1992 politics in New York (state) 9887:Manhiça Centre of Health Research 9367:Satellite temperature measurement 8972:forestry for carbon sequestration 8263:History of climate change science 7709: 7163:Nilsen, Ella (8 September 2023). 7063:from the original on 29 June 2016 6809:from the original on 1 April 2016 6720:from the original on 12 June 2021 6596:. The Commentator. Archived from 4397:. United Nations. 8 August 2017. 3905:from the original on 12 June 2021 3748: 2071:Subsidiary Body of Implementation 1152:is occurring and that human-made 1053: 964:(known by its popular title, the 254:(UNCED), informally known as the 10969:Treaties of the Marshall Islands 9916:National Transplant Organization 9593: 9581: 9570: 9569: 9557: 9218:Climate Change Performance Index 8020: 8019: 7988:COP26–CMP16–CMA3 (Glasgow, 2021) 7651:, Geneva, Switzerland: UN Office 7625:, Geneva, Switzerland: UN Office 7582:, Geneva, Switzerland: UN Office 7564:, Geneva, Switzerland: UN Office 7341:, Geneva, Switzerland: UN Office 7329:, Geneva, Switzerland: UN Office 7313:, Geneva, Switzerland: UN Office 7248: 7207: 7144: 7039: 6959: 6888: 6785: 6732: 6701: 6635: 6612: 6586: 6532: 6501: 6479: 6453: 6431: 6404: 6374: 6322: 6294: 6233: 6118: 6074: 6044: 6018: 5745:"INDC - Climate Policy Observer" 5342:"Principles Governing IPCC Work" 5194:– via The Washington Post. 4336:from the original on 5 July 2021 4107:. UNESCO and UNFCCC. p. 6. 3456: 3442: 3428: 3414: 3400: 3386: 3297:This section is an excerpt from 3215:which now include the largest CO 3155:and reduced global and regional 3000:Indigenous peoples organizations 2852: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2696: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2553: 2541: 2529: 2517: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2397: 2385: 2373: 2361: 2349: 2337: 2309:Parties: Annexes, EU, OECD, EITs 1984:Conferences of the Parties (CoP) 1946: 1928: 1904: 1886: 1870:Ambassador to Germany (2013–16) 1864: 1852: 1834: 1804: 1766: 1748: 1718: 1504:This section is an excerpt from 1288:This section is an excerpt from 1103:This section is an excerpt from 1026:is not threatened and to enable 885: 873: 861: 274:UNFCCC Annex I Parties, OECD, EU 213: 11044:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago 10999:Treaties of the Solomon Islands 10164:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda 9899:Kintampo Health Research Centre 9357:Instrumental temperature record 9308:Sustainable Development Goal 13 7972:COP25–CMP15–CMA2 (Madrid, 2019) 7962:COP23–CMP13–CMA1.2 (Bonn, 2017) 6411:Clark, Duncan (21 April 2011). 6001: 5815: 5789: 5767: 5737: 5676: 5651: 5626: 5601: 5576: 5551: 5529: 5500: 5478: 5452: 5426: 5408: 5370: 5349: 5255: 5229: 5198: 5103: 4833: 4819: 4746: 4734: 4705: 4679: 4667: 4655: 4643: 4631: 4619: 4598: 4577: 4550: 4507: 4450: 4298:"The Emissions Gap Report 2012" 4181: 4151: 4067: 4043: 4019: 4000: 3977: 3938: 3917: 3886: 3563:World Health Organization (WHO) 3299:Paris Agreement § Effectiveness 3198:Criticism of the Kyoto Protocol 2015:(CMP11) conference was held in 1952:Environment minister (2017–22) 1493:Sustainable Development Goal 13 1485:Sustainable Development Goal 13 1240:dissolution of the Soviet Union 785:Corporate social responsibility 348:Conference of the Parties (COP) 11024:Treaties of the United Kingdom 10939:Treaties of the Czech Republic 10104:Treaties extended to Greenland 10099:Treaties extended to Gibraltar 9936:for the Advancement of Science 9425:Climate variability and change 8775: 8466:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 7998:COP28–CMP18–CMA5 (Dubai, 2023) 6665:Environmental Research Letters 3850:Environmental Research Letters 3673:. Cambridge University Press. 3660: 3635: 3576: 1964:Relationship with IPCC reports 1282: Agreement does not apply 1272: Parties also covered by 384: 13: 1: 11029:Treaties of the United States 10404:Treaties of Georgia (country) 10364:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea 10109:Treaties extended to Guernsey 9646:for International Cooperation 9535:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 9070:Climate emergency declaration 8003:COP29–CMP19–CMA6 (Baku, 2024) 7911:COP15–CMP5 (Copenhagen, 2009) 7671:United Nations (9 May 1992), 7287:in the official UN languages. 6052:"Global Climate Action NAZCA" 4691:United Nations Climate Change 4488:Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich. 4253:10.1080/14693062.2016.1164658 4028:UNFCCC Article 4: Commitments 3760:"The Kyoto Protocol: Hot air" 3502: 3229:Voluntary Emissions Reduction 3020:Research and independent NGOs 815:Socially responsible business 375:emissions of greenhouse gases 10934:Treaties of the Cook Islands 10739:Treaties of Papua New Guinea 10089:Treaties extended to Bermuda 9518:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 8744:Middle East and North Africa 8080: 7634:UNFCCC (18 February 2013a), 7543:UNFCCC (25 February 2011a), 7259:license statement/permission 6714:Council on Foreign Relations 6164:, in: Synthesis Report, in: 6056:Global Climate Action Portal 5357:"Global Warming of 1.5 °C —" 4009:UNFCCC Article 3: Principles 3899:Council on Foreign Relations 3758:Schiermeier, Quirin (2012). 3186: 3072:Shortly before COP17 (2011) 3052:Shortly before COP17 (2011) 2943:informal NGO groups (2016): 2213:United Nations member states 2182: Annex I and II parties 2169:Membership and participation 1958: 1914:Executive Secretary (2019-) 1859:Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1368:country's documented pledges 1049:Key agreements and protocols 951:Convention Agreement in 1992 941:scientific consensus to date 7: 10984:Treaties of the Philippines 10974:Treaties of the Netherlands 10709:Treaties of North Macedonia 10114:Treaties extended to Jersey 9986:Hispanic Society of America 9912:The Transplantation Society 9861:2004: The European Union's 9845:International Space Station 8247: 7891:COP11–CMP1 (Montreal, 2005) 5007:Carvalho, Annaka Peterson. 3379: 3374:Princess of Asturias Awards 3089: 2931:Engagement of civil society 2686:Annex I countries that are 1571:Global Environment Facility 1232:financial crisis of 2007–08 1130: 1009:) at 1990 levels, by 2000. 820:Sustainability organization 582:Environmental impact design 95:20 June 1992 – 19 June 1993 10: 11140: 10074:Treaties concluded in 1992 10008:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 9352:Global surface temperature 9243:Popular culture depictions 9155:Ecosystem-based adaptation 8885:Carbon capture and storage 8807:Carbon offsets and credits 8128: 7896:COP12–CMP2 (Nairobi, 2006) 7886:COP10 (Buenos Aires, 2004) 7703:current (updated) version. 7677:, New York, archived from 7615:UNFCCC (23 August 2012c), 7241: 7113:10.1038/s43247-021-00097-8 6856:10.1038/s41467-020-15414-6 6243:., Executive summary, in: 6008:UNFCCC (25 October 2005), 4877:"Climate Finance | UNFCCC" 4720:Race-to-Zero-Breakthroughs 4098:UNESCO and UNFCCC (2016). 3296: 3195: 3098: 2967:Business and industry NGOs 2204: 2138: 2005:Conferences of the Parties 1987: 1635:Conferences of the Parties 1503: 1421: 1398: 1344:global surface temperature 1287: 1102: 1037: 974:Conferences of the Parties 602:High-performance buildings 522:Carbon offsets and credits 439:Carbon capture and storage 333:rise in global temperature 10574:Treaties of Liechtenstein 10439:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau 9964: 9953: 9906:World Health Organization 9857:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 9839:Fernando Henrique Cardoso 9662: 9651: 9564:Climate change portal 9551: 9490: 9457:Extreme event attribution 9375: 9344: 9340: 9329: 9273: 9208: 9130: 9080:School Strike for Climate 9052: 9048: 9034: 9003: 8959:Climate-smart agriculture 8920: 8877: 8787: 8783: 8770: 8694: 8557: 8504: 8347: 8343: 8330: 8253: 8242: 8171: 8140: 8136: 8123: 8106:Climate change adaptation 8101:Climate change mitigation 8096:Effects of climate change 8086: 8075: 8015: 7980: 7952:COP21–CMP11 (Paris, 2015) 7942:COP19–CMP9 (Warsaw, 2013) 7932:COP17–CMP7 (Durban, 2011) 7927:COP16–CMP6 (Cancún, 2010) 7919: 7906:COP14–CMP4 (Poznań, 2008) 7853: 7840:COP4 (Buenos Aires, 1998) 7817: 7810: 7784:Conference of the Parties 7776: 7555:UNFCCC (18 March 2011b), 6312:23 September 2014 at the 5714:10.1007/s11027-013-9491-x 5705:10.1007/s11027-013-9491-x 4988:. Foreign Policy in Focus 3702:29 September 2014 at the 3490:Conference of the parties 3367: 3340:In 2021, a study using a 3138:climate change mitigation 3105:Effects of climate change 3101:Climate change mitigation 3066:19 September 2020 at the 2945:Faith-based organizations 2292:Least-developed countries 2285:climate change adaptation 2039:, to preside over COP28. 1968:The reports published by 1746: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1676: 1606:, seat of the secretariat 1530:climate change adaptation 1352:effects of climate change 1306:climate change mitigation 1121: 800:Effects of climate change 742:Climate-smart agriculture 692:Sustainability accounting 672:Climate change litigation 416:Co-benefits of mitigation 402:Climate change mitigation 212: 207: 166: 156: 146: 138: 134:Ratification by 50 states 130: 115: 99: 89: 74: 64: 51: 42: 37: 18:Climate Change Convention 11059:Treaties of Turkmenistan 10964:Treaties of the Maldives 10854:Treaties of South Africa 10834:Treaties of Sierra Leone 10814:Treaties of Saudi Arabia 10264:Treaties of Burkina Faso 9891:Ifakara Health Institute 9467:Global warming potential 9274:International agreements 8921:Preserving and enhancing 8365:Arctic methane emissions 8287:Years in climate change 8194:Greenhouse gas emissions 8091:Causes of climate change 7947:COP20–CMP10 (Lima, 2014) 7443:Fourth Assessment Report 7395:Fourth Assessment Report 6745:. Nairobi. p. XXI. 6686:10.1088/1748-9326/ab865c 6623:. University of Aberdeen 6516:. London. Archived from 6160:27 November 2014 at the 3871:10.1088/1748-9326/ab865c 3166:In decision making, the 2680:United States of America 1555:thematic funding windows 1356:greenhouse gas emissions 1214:nitrogen trifluoride (NF 1142:greenhouse gas emissions 790:Corporate sustainability 697:Sustainability reporting 649:Verified Carbon Standard 567:Environmental accounting 421:Greenhouse gas emissions 10929:Treaties of the Comoros 10919:Treaties of the Bahamas 10889:Treaties of Switzerland 10864:Treaties of South Sudan 10859:Treaties of South Korea 10789:Treaties of Saint Lucia 10704:Treaties of North Korea 10679:Treaties of New Zealand 10504:Treaties of Ivory Coast 10359:Treaties of El Salvador 10064:1994 in the environment 9781:Government of Guatemala 9708:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 9698:University of Salamanca 9498:Climate change scenario 9150:Disaster risk reduction 8802:Carbon emission trading 8612:U.S. insurance industry 8592:Civilizational collapse 8439:sea surface temperature 7937:COP18–CMP8 (Doha, 2012) 7901:COP13–CMP3 (Bali, 2007) 7660:UNFCCC (1 July 2013c), 7645:UNFCCC (28 May 2013b), 7603:UNFCCC (21 May 2012b), 7591:UNFCCC (16 May 2012a), 7573:UNFCCC (7 June 2011c), 6284:18 October 2014 at the 6251:18 October 2014 at the 5927:Parties & Observers 5749:Climate Policy Observer 5236:Joe Lo (21 June 2022). 3616:H.K., Jacobson (2001). 3584:"About the Secretariat" 3168:precautionary principle 2688:Economies in Transition 2263:economies in transition 2227:, UN non-member states 2194: Non-annex parties 1714:Michael Zammit Cutajar 1595:Secretariat and offices 1408:sustainable development 1206:sulfur hexafluoride (SF 993:social development and 937:First Assessment Report 661:Frameworks and treaties 300:adapt to climate change 119:21 March 1994 59:environmental agreement 11084:Treaties of Uzbekistan 10954:Treaties of the Gambia 10899:Treaties of Tajikistan 10829:Treaties of Seychelles 10804:Treaties of San Marino 10654:Treaties of Mozambique 10644:Treaties of Montenegro 10614:Treaties of Mauritania 10589:Treaties of Madagascar 10584:Treaties of Luxembourg 10544:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan 10524:Treaties of Kazakhstan 10344:Treaties of East Timor 10309:Treaties of Costa Rica 10289:Treaties of Cape Verde 10199:Treaties of Bangladesh 10189:Treaties of Azerbaijan 10069:Environmental treaties 9730:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 9491:Research and modelling 9175:Nature-based solutions 8995:Nature-based solutions 8937:Carbon dioxide removal 8854:Fossil fuel divestment 8839:Climate risk insurance 8749:Small island countries 8370:Arctic sea ice decline 7876:COP8 (New Delhi, 2002) 7871:COP7 (Marrakech, 2001) 7861:COP6 (The Hague, 2000) 7221:. 2016. Archived from 6544:The New Zealand Herald 5782:1 October 2016 at the 5030:Godoy, Emilio (2013). 3310: 3192:Criticism of processes 3122: 2310: 2202: 2177:Parties to the UNFCCC 2114:National communication 2000: 1607: 1488: 1472: 1338:United States withdrew 1284: 1238:countries because the 1099: 999: 752:Nature-based solutions 727:Carbon dioxide removal 617:Public interest design 587:Fossil fuel divestment 542:Climate risk insurance 469:Low-carbon electricity 454:Fossil fuel divestment 324: 286: 276: 11094:Treaties of Venezuela 10874:Treaties of Sri Lanka 10839:Treaties of Singapore 10684:Treaties of Nicaragua 10619:Treaties of Mauritius 10579:Treaties of Lithuania 10474:Treaties of Indonesia 10429:Treaties of Guatemala 10179:Treaties of Australia 10169:Treaties of Argentina 9702:University of Coimbra 9452:Earth's energy budget 9335:Background and theory 9223:Climate crisis (term) 8895:Fossil fuel phase-out 8789:Economics and finance 8754:by individual country 8696:By country and region 8671:Security and conflict 8666:Psychological impacts 8355:Abrupt climate change 8278:Charles David Keeling 8111:By country and region 7334:COP (15 March 2012), 7322:COP (15 March 2011), 7303:COP (30 March 2010), 7291:COP (14 March 2008), 6969:; den Elzen, Michel; 6835:Nature Communications 6195:. Archived (archived 5486:"What is the AWG-KP?" 5323:"What is the UNFCCC?" 5156:"Executive Secretary" 5034:. Inter Press Service 4984:Reyes, Oscar (2013). 4570:Decision 1/CP.13, in 4459:"The Paris Agreement" 3450:Global warming portal 3308: 3112: 3099:Further information: 3039:Before COP 14 (2008) 2308: 2200: Observer states 2188: Annex I parties 2176: 1997: 1602: 1482: 1467: 1422:Further information: 1399:Further information: 1254: 1061: 1013:Overarching objective 986: 687:Social responsibility 459:Fossil fuel phase-out 337:Industrial Revolution 320: 282: 272: 11119:Treaties of Zimbabwe 10909:Treaties of Thailand 10904:Treaties of Tanzania 10879:Treaties of Suriname 10849:Treaties of Slovenia 10844:Treaties of Slovakia 10759:Treaties of Portugal 10744:Treaties of Paraguay 10724:Treaties of Pakistan 10639:Treaties of Mongolia 10599:Treaties of Malaysia 10534:Treaties of Kiribati 10454:Treaties of Honduras 10379:Treaties of Eswatini 10339:Treaties of Dominica 10334:Treaties of Djibouti 10304:Treaties of Colombia 10279:Treaties of Cameroon 10274:Treaties of Cambodia 10259:Treaties of Bulgaria 10244:Treaties of Botswana 10204:Treaties of Barbados 9811:Fatana Ishaq Gailani 9795:Olayinka Koso-Thomas 9743:Frederik W. de Klerk 9281:Glasgow Climate Pact 8942:Carbon sequestration 8517:Mass mortality event 6742:Emissions Gap Report 6340:29 June 2014 at the 6223:29 June 2014 at the 5464:Essential Background 4961:Wu, Brandon (2013). 4430:. 19 February 2021. 3349:by all signatories. 3213:developing countries 3153:loss of biodiversity 3009:1 April 2022 at the 2281:developing countries 2121:developing countries 1689:Executive Secretary 1526:developing countries 1461:Developing countries 1225:economic development 1146:scientific consensus 1138:international treaty 1028:economic development 988:The extent to which 732:Carbon sequestration 572:Environmental design 464:Fossil fuel vehicles 371:developing countries 360:United Arab Emirates 308:economic development 240:international treaty 78:9 May 1992 11099:Treaties of Vietnam 11089:Treaties of Vanuatu 11079:Treaties of Uruguay 11074:Treaties of Ukraine 11049:Treaties of Tunisia 10819:Treaties of Senegal 10769:Treaties of Romania 10694:Treaties of Nigeria 10664:Treaties of Namibia 10659:Treaties of Myanmar 10649:Treaties of Morocco 10629:Treaties of Moldova 10569:Treaties of Liberia 10564:Treaties of Lesotho 10559:Treaties of Lebanon 10509:Treaties of Jamaica 10489:Treaties of Ireland 10464:Treaties of Iceland 10459:Treaties of Hungary 10424:Treaties of Grenada 10409:Treaties of Germany 10389:Treaties of Finland 10374:Treaties of Estonia 10369:Treaties of Eritrea 10349:Treaties of Ecuador 10329:Treaties of Denmark 10314:Treaties of Croatia 10269:Treaties of Burundi 10234:Treaties of Bolivia 10214:Treaties of Belgium 10209:Treaties of Belarus 10194:Treaties of Bahrain 10184:Treaties of Austria 10174:Treaties of Armenia 10154:Treaties of Andorra 10149:Treaties of Algeria 10144:Treaties of Albania 9992:Amref Health Africa 9674:Enrique V. Iglesias 9668:José López Portillo 9420:Climate sensitivity 9195:The Adaptation Fund 8651:Infectious diseases 8558:Social and economic 7830:COP2 (Geneva, 1996) 7825:COP1 (Berlin, 1995) 7699:August 2000 version 7271:COP (6 June 1995), 7261:). Text taken from 7104:2021ComEE...2...29L 7086:(9 February 2021). 7056:The Washington Post 7002:10.1038/nature18307 6994:2016Natur.534..631R 6927:2017Natur.548...25V 6847:2020NatCo..11.2096R 6677:2020ERL....15h3006R 6290:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014 6257:IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014 6113:, about 2014, (pdf) 5755:on 11 February 2017 5697:2015MASGC..20..277L 5056:(8 November 2013). 4901:Global, IndraStra. 4245:2016CliPo..16..768S 4087:United Nations 1992 4063:United Nations 1992 4039:United Nations 1992 4015:United Nations 1992 3862:2020ERL....15h3006R 3776:2012Natur.491..656S 3283:National Geographic 3183:should be avoided. 3181:international trade 3175:International trade 2237:supranational union 1799:Christiana Figueres 1698:Other offices held 1642:Christiana Figueres 1453:transformed before 1375:Further commitments 1266: State parties 995:poverty eradication 810:Ethical consumerism 805:Energy conservation 517:Building insulation 367:developed countries 34: 11114:Treaties of Zambia 11069:Treaties of Uganda 11064:Treaties of Tuvalu 11054:Treaties of Turkey 10884:Treaties of Sweden 10824:Treaties of Serbia 10779:Treaties of Rwanda 10774:Treaties of Russia 10754:Treaties of Poland 10734:Treaties of Panama 10714:Treaties of Norway 10634:Treaties of Monaco 10624:Treaties of Mexico 10594:Treaties of Malawi 10554:Treaties of Latvia 10539:Treaties of Kuwait 10519:Treaties of Jordan 10494:Treaties of Israel 10444:Treaties of Guyana 10434:Treaties of Guinea 10419:Treaties of Greece 10394:Treaties of France 10324:Treaties of Cyprus 10284:Treaties of Canada 10254:Treaties of Brunei 10249:Treaties of Brazil 10229:Treaties of Bhutan 10219:Treaties of Belize 10159:Treaties of Angola 9934:Max Planck Society 9680:Belisario Betancur 8991:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 8963:Forest management 8947:Direct air capture 8912:Sustainable energy 8869:Net zero emissions 8864:Low-carbon economy 8859:Green Climate Fund 8646:Indigenous peoples 8549:Plant biodiversity 8337:Effects and issues 7881:COP9 (Milan, 2003) 7835:COP3 (Kyoto, 1997) 7734:Text of the UNFCCC 7523:on 29 October 2014 7225:on 15 January 2024 7084:Raftery, Adrian E. 6800:UNFCCC secretariat 6600:on 28 October 2012 6546:. 10 November 2012 6489:. US Dept of State 6467:. 27 November 2012 6255:), pp.982-984, in 6193:on 2 November 2013 6032:on 3 November 2018 5537:"What is the ADP?" 5422:. 21 January 2020. 5265:(15 August 2022). 5054:Razzouk, Assaad W. 4941:Green Climate Fund 4363:UNFCCC secretariat 4133:UN Treaty Database 4083:on 24 January 2011 4059:on 24 January 2011 4035:on 24 January 2011 3408:Environment portal 3311: 3244:hydrofluorocarbons 3123: 2978:Environmental NGOs 2823:Russian Federation 2311: 2221:State of Palestine 2203: 2001: 1743:Joke Waller-Hunter 1608: 1514:Green Climate Fund 1506:Green Climate Fund 1497:Green Climate Fund 1489: 1475:Green Climate Fund 1285: 1198:hydrofluorocarbons 1174:carbon dioxide (CO 1100: 990:developing country 830:Consumer behaviour 780:Conscious business 737:Direct air capture 612:Low-carbon economy 489:Sustainable energy 325: 287: 277: 244:human interference 32: 11109:Treaties of Zaire 11104:Treaties of Yemen 11039:Treaties of Tonga 10894:Treaties of Syria 10869:Treaties of Spain 10799:Treaties of Samoa 10764:Treaties of Qatar 10729:Treaties of Palau 10689:Treaties of Niger 10674:Treaties of Nepal 10669:Treaties of Nauru 10609:Treaties of Malta 10529:Treaties of Kenya 10514:Treaties of Japan 10499:Treaties of Italy 10469:Treaties of India 10449:Treaties of Haiti 10414:Treaties of Ghana 10399:Treaties of Gabon 10354:Treaties of Egypt 10299:Treaties of Chile 10224:Treaties of Benin 10046: 10045: 10042: 10041: 9949: 9948: 9941:Fulbright Program 9863:Erasmus Programme 9724:Mikhail Gorbachev 9642:Laureates of the 9609: 9608: 9547: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9482:Radiative forcing 9325: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9145:Adaptive capacity 9030: 9029: 9026: 9025: 8890:Energy transition 8766: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8486:Tropical cyclones 8412:Urban heat island 8326: 8325: 8238: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8199:Carbon accounting 8153:Greenhouse effect 8119: 8118: 8035: 8034: 8011: 8010: 7866:COP6 (Bonn, 2001) 7845:COP5 (Bonn, 1999) 7460:978-92-9169-122-7 7429:978-0-521-70598-1 7404:978-0-521-88011-4 7283:. Available as a 6988:(7609): 631–639. 6752:978-92-807-3812-4 6370:on 12 April 2012. 6346:IPCC AR5 WG3 2014 6334:Technical summary 6318:IPCC AR4 WG3 2007 6278:Technical summary 6229:IPCC AR5 WG3 2014 6217:Technical summary 6166:IPCC AR4 SYR 2007 6062:on 9 October 2019 5440:. 12 January 2023 5387:. 8 October 2018. 5242:Climate Home News 4965:. Huffington Post 4494:Climate Analytics 4330:"Paris Agreement" 4139:on 8 October 2018 4114:978-92-3100-182-6 3770:(7426): 656–658. 3354:capacity building 3221:industrialization 3087: 3086: 2329:Annex II Parties) 2319:Annex I countries 2051:Subsidiary bodies 1956: 1955: 1829:Patricia Espinosa 1681: 1664:climate minister 1660:appointed former 1646:Patricia Espinosa 1424:Copenhagen Accord 1385:Copenhagen Accord 1007:Montreal Protocol 929: 928: 562:Emissions trading 449:Energy transition 264:UN Campus in Bonn 228: 227: 16:(Redirected from 11131: 11034:Treaties of Togo 10749:Treaties of Peru 10719:Treaties of Oman 10699:Treaties of Niue 10604:Treaties of Mali 10549:Treaties of Laos 10484:Treaties of Iraq 10479:Treaties of Iran 10384:Treaties of Fiji 10319:Treaties of Cuba 10294:Treaties of Chad 9955: 9954: 9914:and the Spanish 9807:Rigoberta Menchú 9653: 9652: 9636: 9629: 9622: 9613: 9612: 9597: 9596: 9585: 9584: 9573: 9572: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9525:Paleoclimatology 9342: 9341: 9331: 9330: 9092:Ecological grief 9075:Climate movement 9050: 9049: 9036: 9035: 9016:Plant-based diet 8907:Renewable energy 8785: 8784: 8772: 8771: 8607:Economic impacts 8539:Invasive species 8395:Coastal flooding 8345: 8344: 8332: 8331: 8268:Svante Arrhenius 8244: 8243: 8214:from agriculture 8204:Carbon footprint 8189:Greenhouse gases 8138: 8137: 8125: 8124: 8077: 8076: 8062: 8055: 8048: 8039: 8038: 8023: 8022: 7815: 7814: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7740: 7739: 7696: 7690: 7682: 7667: 7652: 7641: 7626: 7624: 7610: 7598: 7583: 7581: 7565: 7563: 7550: 7538: 7532: 7524: 7508: 7498: 7490: 7477: 7471: 7463: 7426: 7416: 7408: 7378: 7372: 7364: 7353: 7342: 7330: 7314: 7312: 7298: 7282: 7280: 7252: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7191: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7160: 7154: 7149:Available under 7148: 7143: 7133: 7115: 7082:Liu, Peiran R.; 7079: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7049:(29 June 2016). 7043: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7026: 6979: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6938: 6906: 6900: 6892: 6886: 6876: 6858: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6808: 6797: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6776: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6688: 6656: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6619:Ediboglu, Ezgi. 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6520:on 10 March 2014 6505: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6392:on 24 March 2013 6388:. Archived from 6378: 6372: 6371: 6357: 6348: 6326: 6320: 6298: 6292: 6288:), pp.59-84, in 6270: 6259: 6237: 6231: 6209: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6185: 6174: 6168: 6152: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6122: 6116: 6106: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6058:. Archived from 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6028:. Archived from 6022: 6016: 6015: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5978: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5948: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5922: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5891: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5793: 5787: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5751:. Archived from 5741: 5735: 5734: 5716: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5515:Decision 1/CP.17 5512: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5382: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5353: 5347: 5345: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5303:. 15 August 2022 5293: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5180: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5152: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5124: 5115: 5114: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4907:IndraStra Global 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4802: 4794: 4788: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4722:. United Nations 4717: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4693:. United Nations 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4602: 4596: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4559: 4554: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4428:Associated Press 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4371: 4360: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4309: 4302: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4277: 4230: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4204: 4193: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4163:Naei.beis.gov.uk 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4135:. Archived from 4125: 4119: 4118: 4106: 4095: 4089: 4084: 4079:, archived from 4071: 4065: 4060: 4055:, archived from 4047: 4041: 4036: 4031:, archived from 4023: 4017: 4012: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3950: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3873: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3787: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3736:on 27 March 2009 3722: 3711: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3613: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3555: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3532: 3524: 3466: 3461: 3460: 3452: 3447: 3446: 3438: 3433: 3432: 3424: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3404: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3277:renewable energy 3225:carbon footprint 3044:Women and gender 3033:Trade union NGOs 2953: 2952: 2925: 2922: 2857: 2856: 2845: 2844: 2833: 2832: 2821: 2820: 2809: 2808: 2797: 2796: 2785: 2784: 2773: 2772: 2761: 2760: 2749: 2748: 2737: 2736: 2725: 2724: 2713: 2712: 2701: 2700: 2678: 2677: 2666: 2665: 2654: 2653: 2642: 2641: 2630: 2629: 2618: 2617: 2606: 2605: 2594: 2593: 2582: 2581: 2570: 2569: 2558: 2557: 2546: 2545: 2534: 2533: 2522: 2521: 2510: 2509: 2498: 2497: 2486: 2485: 2474: 2473: 2462: 2461: 2450: 2449: 2438: 2437: 2426: 2425: 2414: 2413: 2402: 2401: 2390: 2389: 2378: 2377: 2366: 2365: 2354: 2353: 2342: 2341: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2105:COP 17 in Durban 2029:global stocktake 1978:climate activism 1951: 1950: 1933: 1932: 1909: 1908: 1891: 1890: 1869: 1868: 1857: 1856: 1839: 1838: 1809: 1808: 1771: 1770: 1753: 1752: 1723: 1722: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1658:António Guterres 1628: 1395:Bali Action Plan 1381:Bali Action Plan 1365: 1281: 1271: 1265: 1259: 1202:perfluorocarbons 1190:nitrous oxide (N 1135: 1133: 1123: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1078: 1072: 1066: 921: 914: 907: 889: 888: 877: 876: 870: 866: 865: 864: 607:Impact investing 479:Renewable energy 389: 388: 352:global stocktake 310:to proceed in a 217: 216: 126: 124: 85: 83: 69:Environmentalism 47: 35: 31: 21: 11139: 11138: 11134: 11133: 11132: 11130: 11129: 11128: 10049: 10048: 10047: 10038: 10020:Ellen MacArthur 9980:Paris Agreement 9960: 9945: 9833:Valeri Polyakov 9686:Contadora group 9658: 9647: 9640: 9610: 9605: 9558: 9556: 9539: 9486: 9477:Orbital forcing 9371: 9336: 9317: 9291:Paris Agreement 9269: 9265:Warming stripes 9204: 9170:Managed retreat 9165:Loss and damage 9126: 9060:Business action 9044: 9022: 8999: 8922: 8916: 8873: 8834:Climate finance 8779: 8758: 8690: 8553: 8529:Extinction risk 8505:Flora and fauna 8500: 8461:Permafrost thaw 8456:Ozone depletion 8385:Extreme weather 8339: 8322: 8249: 8230: 8167: 8132: 8115: 8082: 8071: 8066: 8036: 8031: 8007: 7976: 7915: 7849: 7806: 7801:Paris Agreement 7777:Types of events 7772: 7767: 7712: 7707: 7684: 7683: 7681:on 4 April 2005 7655:Library record. 7629:Library record. 7622: 7586:Library record. 7579: 7568:Library record. 7561: 7526: 7525: 7492: 7491: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7410: 7409: 7405: 7366: 7365: 7362: 7317:Library record. 7310: 7278: 7244: 7239: 7238: 7228: 7226: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7198: 7196: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7180: 7170: 7168: 7161: 7157: 7080: 7076: 7066: 7064: 7044: 7040: 7030: 7028: 7024: 6977: 6964: 6960: 6936:10.1038/548025a 6921:(7665): 25–27. 6907: 6903: 6826: 6822: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6786: 6770: 6769: 6762: 6760: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6723: 6721: 6706: 6702: 6657: 6648: 6640: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6578: 6576: 6563: 6559: 6549: 6547: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6523: 6521: 6514:The Independent 6506: 6502: 6492: 6490: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6358: 6351: 6342:Wayback Machine 6328:Edenhofer, O., 6327: 6323: 6314:Wayback Machine 6300:Rogner, H-.H., 6299: 6295: 6286:Wayback Machine 6271: 6262: 6253:Wayback Machine 6238: 6234: 6225:Wayback Machine 6211:Edenhofer, O., 6210: 6203: 6190: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6162:Wayback Machine 6153: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6126:"Admitted NGOs" 6124: 6123: 6119: 6107: 6100: 6090: 6088: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6035: 6033: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6006: 6002: 5993: 5991: 5980: 5979: 5972: 5963: 5961: 5950: 5949: 5942: 5933: 5931: 5924: 5923: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5893: 5892: 5885: 5875: 5873: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5847: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5804: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5784:Wayback Machine 5772: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5681: 5677: 5667: 5665: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5295: 5294: 5287: 5277: 5275: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5234: 5230: 5220: 5218: 5208:(8 June 2022). 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5154: 5153: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5126: 5125: 5118: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5089:Financial times 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5062:The Independent 5051: 5047: 5037: 5035: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5011:. Oxfam America 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4933: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4899: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4810: 4808: 4807:. 17 April 2020 4800: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4778: 4774: 4766: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4603: 4599: 4582: 4578: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4519: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4486: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4455: 4451: 4437: 4435: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3992: 3990: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3891: 3887: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3816: 3809: 3785:10.1038/491656a 3756: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3730:Climate Leaders 3724: 3723: 3714: 3706:Chapter 13 in: 3704:Wayback Machine 3695: 3688: 3681: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3614: 3605: 3592: 3590: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3557: 3556: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3510: 3505: 3478:Climate justice 3462: 3455: 3448: 3441: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3406: 3399: 3394:Politics portal 3392: 3385: 3382: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3302: 3294: 3218: 3200: 3194: 3189: 3177: 3107: 3097: 3092: 3068:Wayback Machine 3011:Wayback Machine 2962:Admitted since 2933: 2928: 2923: 2872: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2731: 2719: 2707: 2695: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2492: 2480: 2468: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2384: 2372: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2321: 2316: 2314:List of parties 2248: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2143: 2137: 2116: 2053: 2033:Sultan al-Jaber 2021:Paris Agreement 1992: 1986: 1966: 1961: 1945: 1939:15 August 2022 1927: 1903: 1900:14 August 2022 1885: 1863: 1862: 1851: 1833: 1803: 1785:10 August 2006 1765: 1747: 1717: 1678: 1644:, following by 1626: 1616:Haus Carstanjen 1604:UN Campus, Bonn 1597: 1592: 1591: 1567:Adaptation Fund 1559:climate finance 1522:climate finance 1509: 1477: 1430: 1403: 1377: 1372: 1371: 1363: 1298:Paris Agreement 1293: 1290:Paris Agreement 1283: 1279: 1277: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1249: 1247:Paris Agreement 1244: 1243: 1217: 1209: 1193: 1185: 1177: 1157: 1144:, based on the 1115: 1108: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1056: 1051: 1042: 1036: 1024:food production 1015: 953: 925: 862: 860: 859: 852: 851: 770: 769:Related content 762: 761: 717: 707: 706: 682:Paris Agreement 677:Ethical banking 667:Business ethics 662: 654: 653: 537:Climate finance 512: 504: 503: 434: 387: 362:(UAE) in 2023. 329:Paris Agreement 304:food production 214: 203: 122: 120: 111:, United States 107: 94: 93:4–14 June 1992 81: 79: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11137: 11127: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10044: 10043: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10036: 10029: 10022: 10016: 10010: 10004: 9994: 9988: 9982: 9972: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9951: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9943: 9937: 9930: 9924: 9918: 9908: 9902: 9889:(Mozambique), 9883: 9877: 9871: 9865: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9841: 9835: 9817: 9803:Fatiha Boudiaf 9787: 9777: 9771: 9765: 9755: 9749: 9747:Nelson Mandela 9739: 9732: 9726: 9720:Jacques Delors 9716: 9710: 9704: 9694: 9688: 9682: 9676: 9670: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9649: 9648: 9639: 9638: 9631: 9624: 9616: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9603: 9591: 9579: 9567: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9521: 9520: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9494: 9492: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9443: 9442: 9432: 9430:Cloud feedback 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9385: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9348: 9346: 9338: 9337: 9327: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9288: 9286:Kyoto Protocol 9283: 9277: 9275: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9267: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9240: 9238:Media coverage 9235: 9230: 9228:Climate spiral 9225: 9220: 9214: 9212: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9136: 9134: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9124: 9119: 9117:Public opinion 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9083: 9082: 9072: 9067: 9065:Climate action 9062: 9056: 9054: 9046: 9045: 9032: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9007: 9005: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8986: 8985: 8984: 8979: 8977:REDD and REDD+ 8974: 8969: 8961: 8956: 8954:Carbon farming 8951: 8950: 8949: 8944: 8934: 8928: 8926: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8898: 8897: 8887: 8881: 8879: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8804: 8799: 8793: 8791: 8781: 8780: 8768: 8767: 8764: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8700: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8688: 8686:Water security 8683: 8681:Water scarcity 8678: 8676:Urban flooding 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8637: 8636: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8615: 8614: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8561: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8534:Forest dieback 8531: 8526: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8508: 8506: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8471:Sea level rise 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8444:stratification 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8416: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8341: 8340: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8228: 8223: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8209:Carbon leakage 8206: 8201: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8175: 8173: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8150: 8148:Climate system 8144: 8142: 8134: 8133: 8121: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8073: 8072: 8069:Climate change 8065: 8064: 8057: 8050: 8042: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7923: 7921: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7821: 7819: 7812: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7797: 7794:Kyoto Protocol 7790: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7773: 7766: 7765: 7758: 7751: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7718: 7711: 7710:External links 7708: 7706: 7705: 7668: 7657: 7642: 7631: 7612: 7600: 7588: 7570: 7552: 7540: 7510: 7479: 7459: 7432: 7403: 7384: 7360: 7343: 7331: 7319: 7300: 7288: 7268: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7206: 7194:United Nations 7178: 7155: 7074: 7038: 6958: 6901: 6820: 6784: 6751: 6731: 6700: 6646: 6634: 6611: 6585: 6557: 6531: 6500: 6478: 6452: 6430: 6403: 6373: 6349: 6321: 6293: 6260: 6232: 6201: 6197:21 August 2014 6169: 6142: 6117: 6098: 6073: 6043: 6017: 6000: 5990:on 17 May 2014 5970: 5960:on 17 May 2014 5940: 5908: 5883: 5872:on 5 July 2013 5857: 5835: 5814: 5797:"NDC Registry" 5788: 5766: 5736: 5691:(2): 277–293. 5675: 5650: 5625: 5600: 5575: 5550: 5528: 5499: 5477: 5451: 5425: 5407: 5390: 5369: 5348: 5332: 5314: 5285: 5254: 5228: 5197: 5172: 5144: 5116: 5102: 5074: 5045: 5022: 4999: 4976: 4953: 4927: 4893: 4868: 4846: 4832: 4818: 4789: 4772: 4757: 4745: 4743:, pp. 4–5 4733: 4704: 4678: 4666: 4654: 4642: 4630: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4576: 4560: 4549: 4538: 4517: 4506: 4480: 4449: 4415: 4383: 4347: 4321: 4289: 4239:(6): 768–782. 4233:Climate Policy 4216: 4180: 4150: 4120: 4113: 4090: 4066: 4042: 4018: 3999: 3976: 3958: 3937: 3916: 3885: 3836: 3807: 3747: 3712: 3686: 3679: 3659: 3643:"About UNFCCC" 3634: 3622:Science Direct 3603: 3575: 3547: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3484:Climate target 3481: 3475: 3472:Climate crisis 3468: 3467: 3453: 3439: 3436:Weather portal 3425: 3422:Ecology portal 3411: 3397: 3381: 3378: 3369: 3366: 3303: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3216: 3204:Kyoto Protocol 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3176: 3173: 3119:climate action 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3070: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2924:Annex II Party 2869: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2825: 2813: 2801: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2739:Czech Republic 2729: 2717: 2705: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2670: 2668:United Kingdom 2658: 2646: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2562: 2550: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2502: 2490: 2478: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2430: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2333: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2303: 2302: 2296: 2288: 2270: 2247: 2244: 2240:European Union 2205:Main article: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2170: 2167: 2139:Main article: 2136: 2133: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2095: 2092:Doha Amendment 2085: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2052: 2049: 1988:Main article: 1985: 1982: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1883: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1596: 1593: 1582:climate action 1548:Mafalda Duarte 1510: 1502: 1483:World map for 1476: 1473: 1463: 1462: 1450: 1449: 1420: 1419: 1397: 1396: 1376: 1373: 1348:pre-industrial 1302:climate change 1294: 1286: 1278: 1268: 1262: 1256: 1248: 1245: 1215: 1207: 1191: 1183: 1175: 1155: 1150:global warming 1131:Kyōto Giteisho 1113:Kyoto Protocol 1109: 1105:Kyoto Protocol 1101: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1075: 1069: 1063: 1055: 1054:Kyoto Protocol 1052: 1050: 1047: 1038:Main article: 1035: 1032: 1014: 1011: 1003:carbon dioxide 978:climate change 962:Rio de Janeiro 952: 949: 927: 926: 924: 923: 916: 909: 901: 898: 897: 896: 895: 883: 871: 854: 853: 850: 849: 848: 847: 842: 837: 832: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 775:Climate action 771: 768: 767: 764: 763: 760: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 718: 713: 712: 709: 708: 705: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 652: 651: 646: 645: 644: 639: 634: 629: 622:Sustainability 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 592:Green building 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 547:Eco-capitalism 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 502: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 444:Coal phase-out 441: 435: 430: 429: 426: 425: 424: 423: 418: 413: 411:Climate change 405: 404: 398: 397: 386: 383: 341:Kyoto Protocol 292:climate system 260:Rio de Janeiro 248:climate system 226: 225: 210: 209: 205: 204: 202: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 170: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 117: 113: 112: 104:Rio de Janeiro 101: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 76: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 53: 49: 48: 40: 39: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11136: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 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10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10023: 10021: 10017: 10015: 10011: 10009: 10005: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9993: 9989: 9987: 9983: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9971: 9967: 9966: 9963: 9956: 9952: 9942: 9938: 9935: 9931: 9929: 9925: 9923: 9919: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9907: 9903: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9882: 9878: 9876: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9864: 9860: 9858: 9854: 9852: 9848: 9846: 9842: 9840: 9836: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9776: 9772: 9770: 9766: 9764: 9763:Yasser Arafat 9760: 9759:Yitzhak Rabin 9756: 9754: 9750: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9737: 9733: 9731: 9727: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9715: 9711: 9709: 9705: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9693: 9692:Raúl Alfonsín 9689: 9687: 9683: 9681: 9677: 9675: 9671: 9669: 9665: 9664: 9661: 9654: 9650: 9645: 9637: 9632: 9630: 9625: 9623: 9618: 9617: 9614: 9602: 9601: 9592: 9590: 9589: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9568: 9566: 9565: 9554: 9553: 9550: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9519: 9516: 9515: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9503:Climate model 9501: 9499: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9489: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9436: 9435:Cloud forcing 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9378: 9374: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9332: 9328: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9272: 9266: 9263: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9245: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9210:Communication 9207: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9190:Vulnerability 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9160:Flood control 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9037: 9033: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9002: 8996: 8993: 8990: 8987: 8983: 8982:reforestation 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8967:afforestation 8965: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8902:Nuclear power 8900: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8876: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8797:Carbon budget 8795: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8773: 8769: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8693: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8635: 8634:Mental health 8632: 8631: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8576: 8575:United States 8573: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8556: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8429:deoxygenation 8427: 8425: 8424:acidification 8422: 8421: 8420: 8417: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8404: 8403: 8400: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8333: 8329: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8252: 8245: 8241: 8227: 8224: 8220: 8219:from wetlands 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8179:Deforestation 8177: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8164: 8161: 8158: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8126: 8122: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8085: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8063: 8058: 8056: 8051: 8049: 8044: 8043: 8040: 8028: 8027: 8018: 8017: 8014: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7813: 7809: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7789: 7786:(COP) of the 7785: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7764: 7759: 7757: 7752: 7750: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7680: 7676: 7675: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7658: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7643: 7639: 7638: 7632: 7630: 7621: 7620: 7613: 7608: 7607: 7601: 7596: 7595: 7589: 7587: 7578: 7577: 7571: 7569: 7560: 7559: 7553: 7548: 7547: 7541: 7536: 7530: 7522: 7518: 7517: 7511: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7488: 7487: 7480: 7475: 7469: 7462: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7433: 7431:). Archived . 7430: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7406: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7385: 7382: 7381:0-521-56854-4 7376: 7370: 7363: 7361:0-521-56051-9 7357: 7352: 7351: 7344: 7340: 7339: 7332: 7328: 7327: 7320: 7318: 7309: 7308: 7301: 7296: 7295: 7289: 7286: 7277: 7276: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7210: 7195: 7188: 7182: 7166: 7159: 7152: 7147: 7141: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7078: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7048: 7047:Mooney, Chris 7042: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6972: 6971:Höhne, Niklas 6968: 6967:Rogelj, Joeri 6962: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6896: 6891: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6824: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6788: 6780: 6774: 6758: 6754: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6735: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6704: 6696: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6671:(8): 083006. 6670: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6643: 6638: 6622: 6615: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6561: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6504: 6488: 6482: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6440: 6434: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6391: 6387: 6386:The Dartmouth 6383: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6356: 6354: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6272:Field, C.B., 6269: 6267: 6265: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6198: 6189: 6182: 6181: 6173: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6156: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6114: 6112: 6105: 6103: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6013: 6012: 6004: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5977: 5975: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5947: 5945: 5929: 5928: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5896: 5890: 5888: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5845: 5839: 5824: 5818: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5770: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5538: 5532: 5516: 5509: 5503: 5487: 5481: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5400: 5394: 5386: 5379: 5373: 5358: 5352: 5343: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5263:Harvey, Fiona 5258: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5206:Harvey, Fiona 5201: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5112: 5106: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5078: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5033: 5026: 5010: 5003: 4987: 4980: 4964: 4957: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4836: 4828: 4822: 4806: 4799: 4793: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4769: 4764: 4762: 4754: 4749: 4742: 4737: 4721: 4714: 4708: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4675: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4640:(25 February) 4639: 4634: 4627: 4622: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4601: 4593:(18 February) 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4547: 4542: 4535: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4515: 4510: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4445: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4400: 4393: 4387: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4351: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4306: 4299: 4293: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4220: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4184: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4116: 4110: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4022: 4016: 4011: 4010: 4003: 3988: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3954: 3947: 3941: 3926: 3920: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3856:(8): 083006. 3855: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3752: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3698: 3693: 3691: 3682: 3680:9781108886246 3676: 3672: 3671: 3663: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3600: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3552: 3536: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3508: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3440: 3437: 3431: 3426: 3423: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3384: 3377: 3375: 3361: 3357: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3342:probabilistic 3338: 3335: 3334: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3300: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3184: 3182: 3172: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3158: 3157:food security 3154: 3148: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2940: 2936: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2524:Liechtenstein 2520: 2515: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2325: 2307: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2175: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2124: 2122: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2008: 2006: 1996: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1897:17 July 2022 1896: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1881:Ibrahim Thiaw 1879: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1867: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1848:16 July 2022 1847: 1845:18 July 2016 1844: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1818:18 July 2016 1817: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1769: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1684: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654:Ibrahim Thiaw 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1612:Bonn, Germany 1605: 1601: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1486: 1481: 1471: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1412:African Group 1409: 1402: 1401:Bali Road Map 1394: 1393: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1369: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1291: 1275: 1253: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1211: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1187: 1179: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1132: 1127: 1119: 1114: 1106: 1060: 1046: 1041: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1010: 1008: 1004: 998: 996: 991: 985: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 922: 917: 915: 910: 908: 903: 902: 900: 899: 894: 893: 884: 882: 881: 872: 869: 858: 857: 856: 855: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 795:Disinvestment 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 772: 766: 765: 758: 757:Reforestation 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 719: 716: 711: 710: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 664: 658: 657: 650: 647: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 624: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 508: 507: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 474:Nuclear power 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 436: 433: 428: 427: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 407: 406: 403: 400: 399: 395: 391: 390: 382: 378: 376: 372: 368: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 323: 319: 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 285: 281: 275: 271: 267: 265: 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