1739:
1749:
1023:
1723:
1699:
340:
1711:
1219:. Paris provided loans on condition that Japan respect the Open Door and not violate China's territorial integrity. In the French-Japanese Entente of 1907, Paris secured Japan's recognition of the special interests France possessed in “the regions of the Chinese Empire adjacent to the territories” where they had “the rights of sovereignty, protection or occupation,” which meant the French colonial possessions in southeast Asia as well as the French spheres of influence in three provinces in southern China—Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guangdong. In return, the French recognized Japan's spheres of influence in Korea, South Manchuria, and Inner Mongolia.
316:
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5584:
64:
1165:
347:
812:
1058:
898:
1391:. France eventually agreed to prohibit local companies from selling arms to Taiwan, and diplomatic relations resumed in 1994. Since then, the two countries have exchanged a number of state visits. Bilateral trade reached new high levels in 2000. Cultural ties between the two countries are less well represented, though France is making an effort to improve this disparity. France has expanded its research facilities dealing with Chinese history, culture, and current affairs. Organizations associated with the
45:
5560:
325:
4711:
5572:
75:
922:
2998:
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1333:
in 1954, France pulled out and turned North
Vietnam over to the Communists. By exiting Southeast Asia, France avoided confrontations with China. However, the Cultural Revolution sparked violence against French diplomats in China, and relationships cooled. The powerful French Communist Party generally
220:
Note that the meaning of both "China" and "France" as entities has changed throughout history; this article will discuss what was commonly considered 'France' and 'China' at the time of the relationships in question. There have been many political, cultural and economic relationships between the two
893:
of China. Both were said to be servants of God, and to control their respective areas: France being the strongest country of Europe, and China being the strongest power in East Asia. Other biographical factors lead commentators to proclaim that Louis XIV and the Kangxi
Emperor were protected by the
1033:
French
Catholic missionaries were active in China; they were funded by appeals in French churches for money. The Holy Childhood Association (L'Oeuvre de la Sainte Enfance) was a Catholic charity founded in 1843 to rescue Chinese children from infanticide. It was a target of Chinese anti-Christian
1547:
announced a visit to Taiwan. The
Chinese embassy initially sent him letters requesting him to stop. After he refused to reconsider his trip, the Chinese embassy began Tweeting aggressive insults and threats against him and various other pro-Taiwan lawmakers and experts. The Chinese ambassador was
1115:
The
Chinese, although fettered by outmoded techniques and shortages of supplies, had fought the French to a stalemate. China lost, it is true, its claim to sovereignty over Vietnam, and that country remained under French dominance until 1954. But the French had been denied an indemnity; railroad
1324:
to proceed to the transfer of authority; the French flag was lowered for the last time on 20 November 1945. In 1947, China revised its
Handbook, and declaring that its southernmost territory was the Spratlys, resulting in territorial conflict with France and other claimants. In its revised 1947
909:
Under Louis XIV's reign, the work of these French researchers sent by the King had a notable influence on
Chinese sciences, but continued to be mere intellectual games, and not tools to improve the power of man over nature. Conversely, Chinese culture and style became fashionable in France,
1041:
Relations between Qing China and France deteriorated in the
European rush for markets and as European opinion of China deteriorated, the once admired empire would become the subject of unequal treaties and colonisation. In 1844, China and France concluded its first modern treaty, the
956:
in 1704, where he was the "Chinese interpreter of the King" before he died in 1716. He started the first ever
Chinese-French dictionary, and a Chinese grammar to help French and European researchers to understand and study Chinese, but died before finishing his work.
1103:. The result was a conflict in 1884–85. The undeclared war was militarily a stalemate, but it recognize that France had control of Annam and Indochina was no longer a tributary of China. The main political result was that the war strengthened the control of
1301:. French diplomats in China remained accredited to the government in Chongqing. In 1943, China again reiterated through its government-published book, China Handbook (1937–1943), that its southernmost territory was the Paracels, specifically Triton Island.
1254:, for the first time formally claiming them. In 1932, China sent a Note Verbale to France, declaring that China's southernmost territory was the Paracels. In 1933, when France occupied six features in the Spratlys, China did not protest.
1559:, suggesting that Europe could become a "third superpower.” According to Macron, Europe should focus on boosting its own defence industries and reducing dependence on the US dollar. Macron also stated that he favors the "status quo" on
1410:
and human rights repeatedly attempted to disrupt, hinder or halt the procession. The
Chinese government hinted that Sino-French friendship could be affected while Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain
1520:. Going well beyond aviation, the new trade agreement covered French exports of chicken, a French-built offshore wind farm in China, and a Franco-Chinese cooperation fund, as well as billions of Euros of co-financing between
2628:
1752:
4570:
1098:
For centuries China had claimed the Indo-China territory to its south as a tributary state, but France began a series of invasions, turning French Indochina into its own colony. France and China clashed over control of
960:
Paris-based geographers processed reports and cartographic material supplied by mostly French Jesuit teams traveling across the Qing Empire, and published a number of high-quality works, the most important of which was
1328:
France played a minor role in the Korean War. In the 1950s, communist insurgents based in China repeatedly invaded and attacked French facilities in Indochina. After a major defeat by the Vietnamese communists at
1128:
in the treaty port of Shanghai. Kwangchow Wan was leased by China to France for 99 years (or until 1997, as the British did in Hong Kong's New Territories), according to the Treaty of 12 April 1898, on 27 May as
1116:
construction had been averted; and imperial control of the southern boundaries of the rich natural resources lying within those boundaries had not been broken. In short, China was not much changed by the war.
4429:
2066:
1107:
over the Chinese government, giving her the chance to block modernization programs needed by the Chinese military. The war was unpopular in France and it brought down the government of Prime Minister
1805:
There is also a bilingual Chinese-French school aimed at Chinese children, École expérimentale franco-chinoise de Pékin (北京中法实验学校), which is converted from the former Wenquan No. 2 Middle School, in
1238:. Li Shizeng and his friends organized the Société Franco-Chinoise d'Education (華法教育會 HuaFa jiaoyuhui) in 1916. Many worker-students who came to France after the war became high level members of the
1551:
During an April 2023 visit to China, French President Emmanuel Macron called for Europe to reduce its dependence on the US and avoid being drawn into a confrontation between the US and China over
3104:
3079:
1477:
in a failed attempt to forcibly repatriate Chinese dissident Ling Huazhan. French authorities subsequently asked the MSS officer and another Chinese intelligence official to leave the country.
3133:
2974:
2446:
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1456:
omitted France in his tour of Europe in response, his assistant foreign minister saying of the rift "The one who tied the knot should be the one who unties it." French Prime Minister
2879:
2618:
1508:
signed a series of large-scale trade agreements in late March 2019 which covered many sectors over a period of years. The centerpiece was a €30 billion purchase of airplanes from
2574:
1392:
1766:
1742:
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1893:
1320:. Almost immediately after the last Japanese occupation troops had left the territory in late September, representatives of the French and the Chinese governments went to
1318:
Convention between the Provisional Government of the French Republic and the National Government of China for the retrocession of the Leased Territory of Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
1427:. Hundreds of people also joined anti-French rallies in those cities and Beijing. Both governments attempted to calm relations after the demonstrations. French President
1603:
In March 2021, European Union leaders imposed sanctions on various Chinese Communist Party officials. China responded by sanctioning various French politicians such as
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The Armies of Asia and Europe: Embracing Official Reports on the Armies of Japan, China, India, Persia, Italy, Russia, Austria, Germany, France, and England
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supported the Soviet Union in the Sino-Soviet split and China had therefore a very weak base of support inside France, apart from some militant students.
265:
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1999:
1722:
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built in Chinese style in 1670. France became the European center for Chinese porcelains, silks and lacquers and European imitations of these goods.
592:
376:
3644:
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3121:
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1436:
667:
462:
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2416:
1845:
466:
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3382:
2837:
2716:
1782:
1313:
712:
2482:
3489:
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2778:
2125:
1450:
1371:'s official recognition of the PRC. De Gaulle's view was that maintaining diplomatic contact with the PRC could be a moderating influence.
757:
489:
1738:
4612:
2549:"La porte-parole du ministère des AE appelle aux efforts conjoints de la Chine et de la France pour promouvoir les relations bilatérales"
1698:
1168:
The opening of Sino-French trade in Yunnan after the signing of the bilateral commercial agreement in 1887. (A modern artist's rendering)
1038:
of 1870. Rioting sparked by false rumors of the killing of babies led to the death of a French consul and provoked a diplomatic crisis.
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2120:
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622:
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742:
2528:
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Seung-young Kim, "Open Door or Sphere of Influence?: The Diplomacy of the Japanese–French Entente and Fukien Question, 1905–1907."
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963:
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This state of relations would not last, however. During the 1990s, France and the PRC repeatedly clashed as a result of the PRC's
1022:
3840:
3725:
2551:
2509:
3327:
3159:
Becker, Bert. "France and the Gulf of Tonkin region: Shipping markets and political interventions in south China in the 1890s."
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4652:
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1748:
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5405:
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2327:
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1589:
1481:
1014:. He was official translator of Western languages for the emperor, and the spiritual leader of the French mission in Peking.
2901:
1367:. However, by 1964 France and the PRC had re-established ambassadorial level diplomatic relations. This was precipitated by
44:
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5369:
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1833:
1250:. The Institut Franco Chinoise de Lyon (1921–1951) promoted cultural exchanges. In 1909, China sent an expedition to the
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maintain links with French parliamentarians. The PRC operates over 70 talent recruitment "work stations" in France for
1383:. France sold weapons to Taiwan, angering the Beijing government. This resulted in the temporary closure of the French
697:
1054:
was sacked by Anglo-French troops and many precious artifacts found their way into French museums following the sack.
5426:
5183:
5148:
4872:
4642:
3845:
3559:
2684:
Rym Momtaz, "Macron steals Trump's thunder with Chinese Airbus order: France lands €30B aviation deal with Beijing,"
1823:
1777:
1528:. Other plans included billions of euros to be spent on modernizing Chinese factories, as well as new ship building.
1497:
2806:
1909:
5400:
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5314:
5158:
5138:
5123:
5009:
4943:
4802:
4489:
4082:
4030:
3669:
3659:
3469:
1991:
Henrietta Harrison, "'A Penny for the Little Chinese': The French Holy Childhood Association in China, 1843–1951."
1403:
925:
861:
French Jesuits pressured the French king to send them to China with the aims of counterbalancing the influence of
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5304:
5093:
5024:
5019:
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4832:
4822:
4757:
4707:
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4622:
4341:
4285:
4235:
4040:
4020:
3998:
3871:
3790:
3674:
3564:
3250:
1869:
1772:
1597:
1227:
5385:
5153:
5133:
5061:
5044:
4993:
4903:
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4265:
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3953:
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3619:
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894:
same angel. (In childhood, they overcame the same illness; both reigned for a long time, with many conquests.)
772:
727:
108:
3412:
5514:
5486:
5476:
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5329:
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5173:
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5108:
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4908:
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4052:
4035:
4015:
3921:
3855:
3820:
3730:
3609:
3025:
1932:
1795:
in Shenzhen formerly was AEFE-partnered, with a section for primary school students using the French system.
1407:
1262:
987:
652:
512:
293:
122:
1996:
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5364:
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5284:
5279:
5274:
5259:
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5234:
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5214:
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5193:
5113:
5103:
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5014:
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4887:
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4862:
4842:
4812:
4747:
4479:
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4326:
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4145:
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4010:
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3835:
3805:
3765:
3740:
3709:
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3534:
3514:
3479:
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830:
took place via sea route. Numerous French Jesuits were active in China during the 17th and 18th centuries:
3050:
339:
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5354:
5344:
5339:
5324:
5319:
5309:
5294:
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4715:
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4165:
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4130:
4125:
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3634:
3624:
3614:
3579:
3574:
3529:
3499:
3474:
3449:
3273:
Martin, Garret. "Playing the China Card? Revisiting France's Recognition of Communist China, 1963–1964."
2394:
1941:
1792:
1627:
A 2014 poll indicated that Chinese tourists considered France to be the most welcoming nation in Europe.
1363:
government did not recognize the PRC. Instead, France maintained relations with the Republic of China on
1343:
609:
28:
5550:
5349:
5289:
5163:
5143:
5118:
5088:
5056:
4948:
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4817:
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4797:
4787:
4600:
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4270:
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4245:
4240:
4210:
4185:
4155:
4102:
4077:
3936:
3896:
3891:
3825:
3815:
3755:
3750:
3704:
3699:
3639:
3594:
3554:
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3454:
3420:
1850:
1828:
1154:
1125:
3233:
878:
5471:
5390:
5098:
5071:
5066:
4958:
4933:
4882:
4827:
4767:
4366:
4356:
4336:
4275:
4205:
4109:
4057:
4025:
3993:
3941:
3916:
3800:
3760:
3679:
3629:
3584:
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3549:
3539:
3519:
3459:
1806:
1517:
1474:
949:
2590:
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4449:
4346:
4321:
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3926:
3830:
3775:
3689:
3599:
3494:
1353:
497:
447:
2708:
2486:
889:(1656–1737). Returning to France, they noticed the similarity between Louis XIV of France and the
4575:
3322:
Pieragastini, Steven. "State and Smuggling in Modern China: The Case of Guangzhouwan/Zhanjiang."
1330:
1239:
637:
359:
206:
2770:
2115:
1649:
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4424:
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3240:
Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French controversy, 1880-1885
2029:
Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French controversy, 1880-1885
1840:
1560:
1360:
968:
597:
565:
19:
This article is about relations with the People's Republic of China. For relations between the
3361:
1325:
Handbook, China stated that the Spratlys is claimed as well by the Philippines and Indochina.
843:
4387:
1223:
1173:
915:
806:
550:
3201:
Cabestan, Jean-Pierre. "Relations between France and China: towards a Paris-Beijing axis?."
2660:
2184:
1457:
1235:
1104:
570:
2462:
1010:(1718–1793) also won the confidence of the emperor and spent the remainder of his life in
8:
4635:
4605:
4565:
4439:
3344:
2525:
2319:
1616:
1536:
In 2018, China made accusations against France after a French naval vessel transited the
1396:
1211:
In 1905-1907 Japan made overtures on China to enlarge its sphere of influence to include
1164:
835:
614:
474:
230:
3317:
3295:
2182:
TøNnesson, Stein (February 2006). "The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline".
1316:
and Kuo Chang Wu, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China, signed the
3169:
Bonin, Hubert. French banks in Hong Kong (1860s-1950s): Challengers to British banks?"
2424:
2346:
Bastid-Bruguière, Marianne (June 2008). "Current trends in Chinese studies in France".
1961:
1953:
1604:
1556:
1197:
1007:
1003:
886:
855:
847:
234:
3369:
Ecclesiastical Colony: China's Catholic Church and the French Religious Protectorate,
3349:
Wellons, Patricia. "Sino-French relations: Historical alliance vs. economic reality."
3332:
Skocpol, Theda. "France, Russia, China: A structural analysis of social revolutions."
3285:
2548:
2506:
2417:"CCP-linked professional associations in France and their role in technology transfer"
2149:
Chemillier-Gendreau, Monique; Sutcliffe, H.L.; McDonald, M. (2000-01-01). "Annex 10".
4630:
4617:
3305:
2363:
2323:
2224:
2201:
2162:
1965:
1384:
1368:
1349:
1286:
1134:
1047:
1043:
995:
941:
819:
517:
2221:
Ecclesiastical Colony: China's Catholic Church and the French Religious Protectorate
2355:
2292:
2193:
2154:
1945:
1758:
French international schools in mainland China, all partnered in some way with the
1380:
1270:
1216:
1142:
1093:
1078:
1065:
1035:
991:
979:
870:
831:
815:
529:
226:
145:
3302:
International Relations of the Chinese Empire: The Period of Subjection: 1894-1911
3292:
International Relations of the Chinese Empire: The Period of Submission: 1861–1893
3247:
China and Her Neighbours: France in Indo-China, Russia and China, India and Thibet
1137:
and was effectively placed under the authority of the French Resident Superior in
811:
5564:
5454:
4595:
4560:
3261:
3007:
3002:
2874:
2695:
2619:"France asks two Chinese spies to leave after attempt to forcibly repatriate man"
2597:
2578:
2555:
2532:
2513:
2469:
2450:
2070:
2003:
1916:
1897:
1876:
1501:
1428:
1278:
1251:
1177:
1145:, also in Hanoi); the French Resident was represented locally by Administrators.
1100:
1089:
929:
576:
534:
477:
436:
364:
300:
245:
175:
3282:
International Relations of the Chinese Empire: The Period of Conflict: 1834-1860
3145:
Adresse No.2, Huanshan Cun, Wenquan Zhen, District Haidian, 100095, Pékin, Chine
2936:
2739:
1057:
897:
4590:
3164:
2909:
1593:
1277:
was an ally of Germany, it continued to recognize the Kuomintang government of
983:
902:
890:
882:
874:
862:
851:
249:
3223:
2359:
2197:
2158:
5598:
5576:
2367:
2205:
1544:
1537:
1525:
1446:
1247:
1051:
945:
500:
444:
433:
2591:"'Encore du travail' pour des retrouvailles entre Pékin et Paris (Raffarin)"
2086:
237:
encountered the French silversmith Guillaume Bouchier in the Mongol city of
5588:
4728:
3220:
The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830-1975
2526:"«Chère mademoiselle Jin Jing, je voudrais vous dire toute mon émotion...»"
1321:
1309:
1298:
1274:
1185:
1121:
389:
381:
273:
152:
3206:
2807:"Europe must resist pressure to become 'America's followers,' says Macron"
2387:"The tea leaf prince: Chinese Communist Party networks in French politics"
2097:
Ge Fuping, "Some Problems Concerning Institut Franco-Chinoise de Lyon ."
2081:"Arrangement between France and Japan Concerning their Policies in China"
1888:
Eastern Magnificence and European Ingenuity: Clocks of Late Imperial China
1496:
At a time when China–U.S. economic relations were deeply troubled, with a
1442:
subsequently sent a special envoy to France to help strengthen relations.
948:, who crossed France in 1702, spent some time in Rome (as a result of the
3377:
2655:
1521:
1466:
as saying that France had no intention of "encourag Tibetan separatism".
1266:
1258:
1234:
October 1913. After the outbreak of war, the French government recruited
1193:
1108:
911:
222:
5559:
3024:[Embassy of the People's Republic of China in French Republic].
1002:
built of stone), to satisfy his taste for exotic buildings and objects.
3356:
Weske, Simone. "The role of France and Germany in EU-China relations."
3185:
Les Relations Franco-Chinoises au Vingtieme Siecle et Leurs Antecedents
3022:"Ambassade de la Republique Populaire de Chine en Republique Francaise"
2382:
1957:
1930:
Lach, Donald F. (June 1942). "China and the Era of the Enlightenment".
1653:
1505:
1453:
1243:
1181:
999:
937:
469:
427:
1180:. In the early 20th century Chinese students began to come to France.
936:
At the same time, the first ever known Chinese people came to France.
1676:
1672:
1645:
1439:
1412:
1388:
1305:
1282:
1204:. Zhang started a gallery which imported Chinese art, and the dealer
1189:
866:
787:
269:
238:
2937:"France summons Chinese envoy over insults to pro-Taiwan researcher"
2709:"China accuses France of illegally sailing warship in Taiwan Strait"
2483:"National flag of France with swastikas added by Chinese protesters"
2148:
3176:
Bunkar, Bhagwan Sahai. "Sino-French Diplomatic Relations: 1964-81"
2967:"Unfavorable Views of China Reach Historic Highs in Many Countries"
2838:"Macron: France favours 'status quo' on Taiwan, position unchanged"
2623:
2269:
Bhagwan Sahai Bunkar, "Sino-French Diplomatic Relations: 1964-81."
1949:
1910:
Shapely Bodies: The Image of Porcelain in Eighteenth-Century France
1684:
1680:
1462:
1432:
1205:
778:
555:
543:
492:
450:
439:
412:
2996:
Chinese Tourists Think France Is The Friendliest Country In Europe
1402:
In 2008, Sino-French relations took a downturn in the wake of the
2842:
2031:(Harvard University Press, 1967) pp 102-3, 189, quoting page 202.
1668:
1664:
1657:
1416:
1290:
1011:
839:
395:
3230:
Western Power in Asia: Its Slow Rise and Swift Fall, 1415 - 1999
2242:
China Handbook (1937-1943). The Chinese Ministry of Information.
1445:
However, relations again soured after President Sarkozy met the
921:
4710:
3021:
1552:
1548:
summoned to underscore the unacceptable nature of the threats.
1513:
1509:
1406:. As torchbearers passed through Paris, activists fighting for
1393:
International Liaison Department of the Chinese Communist Party
1364:
1212:
1138:
1027:
346:
324:
244:
Present-day relations are marked by both countries' respective
214:
79:
24:
20:
2386:
2318:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK:
4444:
3415:
3046:
1688:
1637:
1485:
1424:
1420:
1356:
1215:. Japan was trying to obtain French loans and also avoid the
953:
418:
400:
315:
210:
68:
3190:
Chesneaux, Jean, Marianne Bastid, and Marie-Claire Bergere.
2870:"The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong"
1619:
found that 70% of French had an unfavourable view of China.
1480:
In May 2024, several French lawmakers, all belonging to the
3129:
3108:
2651:"French Lawmakers Sound Alarm Over Alleged Chinese Hacking"
2260:
China Handbook (1947). The Chinese Ministry of Information.
1641:
1588:
In December 2020, France said it would oppose the proposed
1435:, a Chinese athlete who had carried the Olympic torch. CCP
783:
253:
2771:"France summons Chinese envoy over 'unacceptable' insults"
1798:
There is also a French international school in Hong Kong:
1208:
developed his Paris gallery into an international center.
944:
in 1684 before continuing on to England. More notable was
3211:
Christiansen, Thomas, Emil Kirchner, and Uwe Wissenbach.
1870:
A journal of the first French embassy to China, 1698-1700
1484:, revealed that they had been targeted by Chinese spies (
257:
2740:"French senator to visit Taiwan despite China's warning"
2116:"China's Claim to the Spratly Islands is Just a Mistake"
1767:
Lycée Français International Charles de Gaulle de Pékin
1743:
Lycée Français International Charles de Gaulle de Pékin
1516:, saw its entire fleet of new 737 MAX passenger planes
1469:
In March 2024, the head of the Paris office of China's
3122:"École expérimentale franco-chinoise de Pékin , Chine"
5548:
3324:
Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review
3161:
Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review
2175:
928:
visited France in 1684. "The Chinese Convert" by Sir
157:
1512:. It came at a time when the leading American firm,
1312:
following the surrender, a French diplomat from the
3072:"École française internationale de Shenzhen (EFIS)"
2316:
The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History
3314:The Trade and Administration of the Chinese Empire
2902:"France to oppose EU-China deal over Uighur abuse"
1716:Consulate-General of China in Saint-Denis, Réunion
964:Description de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise
3215:(Macmillan International Higher Education, 2019).
2805:Anderlini, Jamil; Caulcutt, Clea (9 April 2023).
2804:
1473:(MSS) and other Chinese officials were filmed in
5596:
3268:China at the center: 300 years of foreign policy
3192:China from the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution
3171:Groupement de Recherches Economiques et Sociales
2707:Hille, Kathrin; Mallet, Victor (25 April 2019).
2572:"China ready to mend ties if France moves first"
2485:(in French). Reuters. 2008-04-19. Archived from
2345:
2151:Sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands
1026:A boundary marker from the French concession in
266:internationally recognized nuclear-weapon states
2043:
1630:
1172:In 1900, France was a major participant in the
646:11,691,000 km (4,514,000 sq mi)
1846:Historical Museum of French-Chinese Friendship
628:9,596,961 km (3,705,407 sq mi)
268:. Key differences include questions of trade,
256:for China), as well as their shared status as
4693:
3398:
2472:, Radio France Internationale, April 15, 2008
2223:, Oxford University Press, pp. 250–251,
2144:
2142:
2109:
2107:
1352:(1927–1950) and the establishment of the new
1133:, to counter the growing commercial power of
1111:. Historian Lloyd Eastman concluded in 1967:
1083:
127:
113:
16:Interstate relations between China and France
2463:"Raidissement des relations sino-françaises"
1753:École expérimentale franco-chinoise de Pékin
827:
262:permanent members of the UN Security Council
229:from China visited France and met with King
180:
4613:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
2706:
1293:in 1937—rather than the Japanese-sponsored
1236:Chinese workers to work in French factories
5453:
4700:
4686:
4414:
3405:
3391:
3334:Comparative Studies in Society and History
3218:Clyde, Paul Hibbert, and Burton F. Beers.
2444:"China condemns Olympic torch disruptions"
2380:
2276:
2139:
2121:Center for International Maritime Security
2104:
1788:École Française Internationale de Shenzhen
1431:wrote a letter of support and sympathy to
1308:, while the Japanese were still occupying
1006:became a painter to the Qianlong Emperor.
800:
643:877,019 km (338,619 sq mi)
631:640,679 km (247,368 sq mi)
3183:Césari, Laurent, & Denis Varaschin.
2285:"A Return to De Gaulle's 'Eternal China'"
2181:
1230:and established diplomatic relations on 7
2616:
1800:French International School of Hong Kong
1783:École Française Internationale de Canton
1747:
1737:
1566:
1295:Reorganized National Government of China
1163:
1056:
1021:
920:
896:
810:
4727:
3432:
2648:
1920:- p. 44-52 by Christine A. Jones (2013)
1269:of Germany, Italy and Japan. After the
1148:
1120:In 1897, France seized Kwangchow Wan, (
5597:
3258:France/China: intercultural imaginings
2867:
2282:
2113:
1141:(itself under the Governor General of
5503:
5452:
4726:
4681:
4506:
4413:
3431:
3386:
2934:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2768:
2737:
2719:from the original on 17 December 2021
2612:
2610:
2414:
2341:
2339:
2313:
2307:
2218:
2083:American Journal of International Law
2064:Review by Noriko Kawamura in H-DIPLO.
1862:
1590:Comprehensive Agreement on Investment
1482:Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China
1337:
279:
2916:from the original on 16 October 2021
2835:
1929:
1890:- p. 182 by Catherine Pagani (2001)
1226:recognized the establishment of the
1176:which invaded China to put down the
1834:Foreign relations of imperial China
1273:in 1940, although the newly formed
1202:Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement
1072:
1048:same privileges extended to Britain
994:build a European-style area in the
973:Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville
818:(1577–1629) in Chinese costume, by
13:
4518:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
3153:
3076:Agency for French Education Abroad
2947:from the original on 23 March 2021
2935:Cheng, Ching-Tse (23 March 2021).
2793:
2781:from the original on 23 March 2021
2750:from the original on 23 March 2021
2738:Cheng, Ching-tse (18 March 2021).
2607:
2507:"Anti-French rallies across China"
2336:
1868:Translated by S. Bannister, 1859,
1760:Agency for French Education Abroad
1615:A survey published in 2020 by the
1491:
1415:in major Chinese cities including
1285:in the Chinese interior after the
14:
5626:
4643:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
3505:Congo, Democratic Republic of the
2977:from the original on 15 June 2021
2817:from the original on 9 April 2023
2348:Journal of Modern Chinese History
1824:History of Chinese foreign policy
1778:Wuhan French International School
1610:
1576:In June 2020, France opposed the
1064:leading French forces during the
5582:
5570:
5558:
4709:
3414:
3242:(Harvard University Press, 1967)
2882:from the original on 4 July 2020
2836:Rose, Michael (April 12, 2023).
2649:Maignan, Antoine (May 3, 2024).
2617:Follorou, Jacques (2024-07-03).
2283:Gosset, David (8 January 2009).
1721:
1709:
1697:
1555:. Macron emphasised his view of
1531:
1404:2008 Summer Olympics torch relay
1374:
1066:Anglo-French expedition to China
1046:, which demanded for France the
978:In the 18th century, the French
415:– 24,870,895 (26,917,322 Metro)
360:March of the Volunteers (义勇军进行曲)
345:
338:
323:
314:
73:
62:
43:
4663:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
4571:Dates of diplomatic recognition
3203:China: an international journal
3136:from the original on 2022-03-05
3114:
3093:
3082:from the original on 2024-03-14
3064:
3053:from the original on 2017-01-04
3039:
3028:from the original on 2002-10-02
3014:
2989:
2959:
2928:
2894:
2861:
2850:from the original on 2023-09-23
2829:
2762:
2731:
2700:
2678:
2667:from the original on 2024-05-06
2642:
2631:from the original on 2024-07-04
2584:
2565:
2542:
2519:
2500:
2475:
2456:
2437:
2408:
2397:from the original on 2022-03-02
2374:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2212:
2128:from the original on 2024-06-18
2091:
2075:
2062:41#1 (2019): 105-129; see also
2052:
1578:Hong Kong national security law
1200:which became the basis for the
1159:
1131:Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
1017:
914:fashion, and Louis XIV had the
865:in Europe. The Jesuits sent by
421:– 2,175,601 (12,628,266 Metro)
4586:Foreign relations of Hong Kong
3101:École internationale de Shekou
2099:Modern Chinese History Studies
2034:
2021:
2008:
1985:
1972:
1923:
1902:
1881:
1819:China–European Union relations
158:
128:
114:
1:
5615:Bilateral relations of France
5525:Diplomatic missions of France
5515:French entry into World War I
5504:
4507:
2769:Irish, John (23 March 2021).
1933:The Journal of Modern History
1856:
1359:(PRC) on 1 October 1949, the
1124:) as a treaty port, and took
828:first French embassy to China
5610:Bilateral relations of China
4778:Democratic Republic of Congo
4542:Diplomatic missions of China
3213:The European Union and China
3111:. Retrieved on May 14, 2016.
2868:Lawler, Dave (2 July 2020).
2060:International History Review
2040:A. Choveaux, 1925, pp. 74–77
1733:
1728:Embassy of France in Beijing
1631:Resident diplomatic missions
1571:
7:
5520:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
4939:Dominica, (Commonwealth of)
4716:Foreign relations of France
4530:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3275:Journal of Cold War Studies
3049:[France in China].
2114:Hayton, Bill (2018-05-16).
1980:Images de l'Empire Immobile
1942:University of Chicago Press
1812:
1793:Shekou International School
1583:
1500:underway, French President
10:
5631:
4601:Political status of Taiwan
3421:Foreign relations of China
3249:(1893), magazine articles
2453:, France 24, April 8, 2008
2415:Bigey, René (2024-07-14).
1993:American Historical Review
1851:Chinese diaspora in France
1829:Foreign relations of China
1773:Lycée Français de Shanghai
1667:and consulates-general in
1622:
1596:and China over the use of
1504:and CCP general secretary
1471:Ministry of State Security
1357:People's Republic of China
1341:
1152:
1087:
1084:Sino-French war, 1884-1885
1076:
804:
795:
513:National People's Congress
294:People's Republic of China
182:Relations franco-chinoises
18:
5510:
5499:
5462:
5448:
5419:
5378:
5202:
5002:
4896:
4740:
4736:
4722:
4513:
4502:
4420:
4409:
4380:
4309:
4118:
3864:
3718:
3442:
3438:
3427:
2360:10.1080/17535650802048215
2198:10.1017/S0026749X06001727
2159:10.1163/9789004479425_008
1807:Haidian District, Beijing
1704:Embassy of China in Paris
1663:France has an embassy in
1475:Charles de Gaulle Airport
950:Chinese Rites controversy
605:Official name of Military
188:
174:
169:
151:
144:
139:
135:
121:
107:
102:
98:
93:
85:
72:
61:
51:
42:
4763:Central African Republic
4627:Major historical splits
4551:Belt and Road Initiative
3490:Central African Republic
3232:(2009) popular history;
3180:(Feb 1984) 20#1 pp 41–52
1640:, consulates-general in
1636:China has an embassy in
1598:forced labour of Uyghurs
1543:In 2021, French senator
1034:protests notably in the
713:GDP (nominal) per capita
610:People's Liberation Army
199:Franco-Chinese relations
109:Traditional Chinese
5482:Commonwealth of Nations
4576:Foreign policy of China
4490:China and the Antarctic
4455:China–Japan–South Korea
3245:Gundry, Richard S. ed.
2715:. The Financial Times.
2694:March 26, 2019, at the
2581:, AFP, January 22, 2009
2449:April 12, 2008, at the
2314:Crean, Jeffrey (2024).
1344:France–Taiwan relations
1240:Chinese Communist Party
998:(often associated with
879:Jean-François Gerbillon
801:17th and 18th centuries
451:constitutional republic
123:Simplified Chinese
29:France–Taiwan relations
5605:China–France relations
4658:Wolf warrior diplomacy
4485:Arctic policy of China
4425:BCIM Economic Corridor
4415:Multilateral relations
3510:Congo, Republic of the
3126:Label France Education
2273:20#1 (Feb 1984) pp 41-
2219:Young, Ernest (2013),
1841:China Policy Institute
1755:
1745:
1561:cross-strait relations
1361:French Fourth Republic
1314:Provisional Government
1281:—which had to flee to
1242:(CCP). These included
1169:
1155:Yunnan–Vietnam Railway
1069:
1030:
1000:European-style palaces
969:Jean-Baptiste Du Halde
933:
906:
838:(1591–1660, active in
823:
195:China–France relations
181:
94:China–France relations
38:China-France relations
4773:Republic of the Congo
4581:Foreign Relations Law
4556:China's peaceful rise
3645:São Tomé and Príncipe
3336:18.2 (1976): 175–210.
3326:7.1 (2018): 118–152.
3312:Morse, Hosea Ballou.
3300:Morse, Hosea Ballou.
3290:Morse, Hosea Ballou.
3280:Morse, Hosea Ballou.
3205:4.2 (2006): 327–340.
3163:4.2 (2015): 560–600.
2516:, BBC, April 19, 2008
1995:113.1 (2008): 72-92.
1751:
1741:
1656:, and a consulate in
1567:Human rights in China
1304:On 18 August 1945 in
1257:During World War II,
1224:French Third Republic
1174:Eight-Nation Alliance
1167:
1060:
1025:
971:(1736), with maps by
924:
916:Trianon de Porcelaine
900:
814:
807:Jesuit China missions
551:Chinese Folk Religion
463:CCP General Secretary
203:Sino-French relations
5189:United Arab Emirates
4088:United Arab Emirates
3375:List of sources from
3353:7.3 (1994): 341–348.
3047:"La France en Chine"
2912:. 23 December 2020.
2661:Agence France-Presse
2185:Modern Asian Studies
2085:, (1910) Volume 4.
2016:Rise of modern China
1458:Jean-Pierre Raffarin
1408:Tibetan independence
1261:and China fought as
1149:Railway construction
1105:Empress Dowager Cixi
988:Giuseppe Castiglione
743:GDP (PPP) per capita
588:Current Constitution
221:countries since the
217:(Kingdom or later).
207:interstate relations
4969:Trinidad and Tobago
4606:Chinese unification
4566:Confucius Institute
4103:Northern Domination
3841:Trinidad and Tobago
3726:Antigua and Barbuda
3433:Bilateral relations
3277:10.1 (2008): 52–80.
3228:Cotterell, Arthur.
3173:No. 2007-15. 2007.
2604:, February 10, 2009
2320:Bloomsbury Academic
2153:. Brill | Nijhoff.
1617:Pew Research Center
1449:in Poland in 2009.
1397:technology transfer
952:), and returned to
910:exemplified by the
844:Jean-Baptiste Régis
836:Alexander de Rhodes
615:French Armed Forces
231:Philip IV of France
39:
34:Bilateral relations
3781:Dominican Republic
3238:Eastman, Lloyd E.
3001:2020-11-11 at the
2973:. 6 October 2020.
2596:2009-05-05 at the
2577:2012-03-21 at the
2560:The People's Daily
2554:2016-03-03 at the
2531:2008-09-02 at the
2512:2018-02-18 at the
2468:2019-12-22 at the
2425:Charles University
2295:on 19 January 2009
2251:Matot, p. 214-217.
2069:2022-01-24 at the
2027:Lloyd E. Eastman,
2002:2019-12-20 at the
1978:Alain Peyrefitte,
1915:2023-04-13 at the
1896:2023-04-13 at the
1875:2023-05-02 at the
1756:
1746:
1605:Raphael Glucksmann
1557:strategic autonomy
1518:grounded worldwide
1338:Cold War relations
1271:invasion of France
1170:
1126:its own concession
1070:
1031:
1008:Joseph-Marie Amiot
1004:Jean Denis Attiret
934:
907:
887:Claude de Visdelou
856:Joseph-Marie Amiot
848:Jean Denis Attiret
824:
733:$ 30.177 trillion
703:$ 19.911 trillion
683:Population density
485:Head of Government
440:socialist republic
280:Country comparison
235:William of Rubruck
37:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5495:
5494:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5439:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4653:Theater diplomacy
4618:Stadium diplomacy
4538:
4526:
4523:General Secretary
4498:
4497:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4400:
3525:Equatorial Guinea
3371:(Oxford UP, 2013)
3358:CAP Working Paper
2329:978-1-350-23394-2
2287:. Greater China.
2168:978-90-411-1381-8
2018:(1975) pp 389-94.
2014:Immanuel C. Hsu,
1762:(AEFE), include:
1437:general secretary
1385:Consulate-General
1369:Charles de Gaulle
1350:Chinese Civil War
1228:Republic of China
1135:British Hong Kong
1044:Treaty of Whampoa
996:Old Summer Palace
901:European couple,
820:Peter Paul Rubens
793:
792:
736:$ 3.677 trillion
706:$ 2.936 trillion
525:Official language
518:French Parliament
448:semi-presidential
192:
191:
165:
164:
146:Standard Mandarin
89:
88:
21:Republic of China
5622:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5563:
5562:
5554:
5501:
5500:
5450:
5449:
5406:Papua New Guinea
5077:Kurdistan Region
4982:
4738:
4737:
4724:
4723:
4714:
4713:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4679:
4678:
4623:String of Pearls
4535:Foreign Minister
4532:
4520:
4504:
4503:
4411:
4410:
4352:Papua New Guinea
3440:
3439:
3429:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3118:
3112:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3018:
3012:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2802:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2704:
2698:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2614:
2605:
2588:
2582:
2569:
2563:
2562:, April 23, 2008
2546:
2540:
2539:, April 28, 2008
2523:
2517:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2479:
2473:
2460:
2454:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2291:. Archived from
2280:
2274:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2111:
2102:
2095:
2089:
2079:
2073:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2006:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1927:
1921:
1906:
1900:
1885:
1879:
1866:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1381:One China Policy
1233:
1217:Open Door Policy
1143:French Indochina
1094:French Indochina
1079:Second Opium War
1073:Second Opium war
1062:Cousin-Montauban
1036:Tianjin Massacre
992:Qianlong Emperor
986:, together with
885:(1655–1728) and
871:Jean de Fontaney
832:Nicolas Trigault
826:In 1698-1700 CE
816:Nicolas Trigault
349:
342:
328:
327:
319:
318:
284:
283:
248:stature (in the
227:Rabban Bar Sauma
197:, also known as
184:
161:
160:
137:
136:
131:
130:
117:
116:
91:
90:
77:
76:
66:
65:
47:
40:
36:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5583:
5581:
5571:
5569:
5557:
5549:
5547:
5538:
5506:
5491:
5458:
5436:
5415:
5374:
5198:
4998:
4980:
4892:
4732:
4718:
4708:
4706:
4676:
4667:
4596:Panda diplomacy
4561:Chinese Century
4509:
4494:
4416:
4397:
4376:
4362:Solomon Islands
4305:
4114:
3860:
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3367:Young, Ernest.
3270:(1984). passim.
3266:Mancall, Mark.
3256:Hughes, Alex.
3156:
3154:Further reading
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1494:
1492:Economic issues
1451:Chinese Premier
1429:Nicolas Sarkozy
1377:
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1279:Chiang Kai-shek
1252:Paracel Islands
1231:
1198:anarchist group
1178:Boxer Rebellion
1162:
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1090:Sino-French War
1088:Main articles:
1086:
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1050:. In 1860, the
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809:
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593:4 December 1982
478:Emmanuel Macron
365:La Marseillaise
322:
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301:French Republic
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246:regional powers
159:Zhōng-Fǎ guānxì
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3187:(2003) 290 pp.
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2689:March 25, 2019
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2385:(2022-03-02).
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2354:(1): 115–132.
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2230:978-0199924622
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1984:
1971:
1950:10.1086/236611
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1460:was quoted in
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1161:
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1153:Main article:
1150:
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1118:
1117:
1085:
1082:
1077:Main article:
1074:
1071:
1019:
1016:
984:Michel Benoist
891:Kangxi Emperor
883:Louis Le Comte
875:Joachim Bouvet
863:Ottoman Empire
852:Michel Benoist
805:Main article:
802:
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673:1,412,600,000
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633:
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598:4 October 1958
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498:Prime Minister
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4381:Former states
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4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:United States
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Guinea-Bissau
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3146:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2681:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2489:on 2011-05-25
2488:
2484:
2478:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2381:Bigey, René;
2377:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2143:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1620:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1564:
1563:with Taiwan.
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1545:Alain Richard
1541:
1539:
1538:Taiwan Strait
1532:Taiwan issues
1529:
1527:
1526:Bank of China
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:Post-Cold War
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:communist-led
1351:
1345:
1335:
1332:
1331:Dien Bien Phu
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:Kwangchow Wan
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:allied powers
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1248:Deng Xiaoping
1245:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1080:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1052:Summer Palace
1049:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
990:, helped the
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
966:
965:
958:
955:
951:
947:
946:Arcadio Huang
943:
939:
931:
927:
923:
919:
917:
913:
904:
903:Kangxi period
899:
895:
892:
888:
884:
881:(1654–1707),
880:
877:(1656–1730),
876:
873:(1643–1710),
872:
868:
864:
859:
858:(1718–1793).
857:
854:(1715–1774),
853:
850:(1702–1768),
849:
846:(1663–1738),
845:
841:
837:
834:(1577–1629),
833:
829:
821:
817:
813:
808:
789:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
774:
770:
769:
765:
762:
760:
759:
755:
754:
750:
747:
745:
744:
740:
739:
735:
732:
730:
729:
725:
724:
720:
717:
715:
714:
710:
709:
705:
702:
700:
699:
698:GDP (nominal)
695:
694:
690:
687:
685:
684:
680:
679:
675:
672:
670:
669:
665:
664:
660:
657:
655:
654:
650:
649:
645:
642:
640:
639:
635:
634:
630:
627:
625:
624:
620:
619:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
582:
579:
578:
573:
572:
567:
563:
561:
560:10.57% Other
558:
557:
552:
548:
546:
545:
540:
539:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:Gabriel Attal
499:
496:
494:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
479:
476:
473:
471:
468:
464:
461:
459:
458:Head of State
456:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
441:
438:
435:
432:
430:
429:
425:
424:
420:
417:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
391:
387:
386:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
348:
344:
341:
337:
335:
332:
331:
326:
321:
317:
312:
310:
307:
306:
303:
302:
298:
296:
295:
291:
289:
288:Official name
286:
285:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:G20 economies
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
187:
183:
179:
177:
173:
168:
156:
154:
150:
147:
143:
138:
134:
126:
124:
120:
112:
110:
106:
101:
97:
92:
84:
81:
70:
60:
57:
55:
54:
50:
46:
41:
30:
26:
22:
5455:Multilateral
5427:Soviet Union
5184:Turkmenistan
5149:Saudi Arabia
5039:
4873:South Africa
4388:Soviet Union
4301:Vatican City
4175:
4083:Turkmenistan
4031:Saudi Arabia
3670:South Africa
3660:Sierra Leone
3470:Burkina Faso
3368:
3357:
3350:
3340:
3333:
3323:
3313:
3301:
3291:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3257:
3246:
3239:
3229:
3219:
3212:
3202:
3191:
3184:
3178:China Report
3177:
3170:
3160:
3144:
3138:. Retrieved
3125:
3116:
3095:
3084:. Retrieved
3066:
3055:. Retrieved
3041:
3030:. Retrieved
3016:
3011:, 07/18/2014
3006:
2991:
2979:. Retrieved
2971:Pew Research
2970:
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2940:
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2905:
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2873:
2863:
2852:. Retrieved
2841:
2831:
2819:. Retrieved
2813:. POLITICO.
2810:
2783:. Retrieved
2774:
2764:
2752:. Retrieved
2743:
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2712:
2702:
2686:
2680:
2669:. Retrieved
2654:
2644:
2633:. Retrieved
2622:
2601:
2586:
2567:
2559:
2544:
2536:
2521:
2502:
2491:. Retrieved
2487:the original
2477:
2458:
2439:
2428:. Retrieved
2420:
2410:
2399:. Retrieved
2390:
2376:
2351:
2347:
2315:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2293:the original
2288:
2278:
2271:China Report
2270:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2220:
2214:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2150:
2130:. Retrieved
2119:
2098:
2093:
2082:
2077:
2059:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2010:
1992:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1908:
1904:
1887:
1883:
1864:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1757:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1592:between the
1587:
1575:
1550:
1542:
1535:
1495:
1479:
1468:
1461:
1444:
1401:
1378:
1347:
1327:
1317:
1303:
1299:Wang Jingwei
1275:Vichy France
1265:against the
1256:
1221:
1210:
1186:Zhang Renjie
1171:
1160:20th century
1130:
1122:Guangzhouwan
1119:
1097:
1040:
1032:
1018:19th century
977:
962:
959:
935:
908:
860:
825:
771:
756:
741:
726:
711:
696:
681:
666:
651:
636:
621:
604:
587:
580:
574:
568:
566:Christianity
559:
553:
541:
524:
507:
484:
457:
426:
408:Largest city
407:
390:Capital city
388:
372:National day
371:
354:
334:Coat of Arms
333:
308:
299:
292:
287:
274:human rights
243:
219:
202:
198:
194:
193:
153:Hanyu Pinyin
103:Chinese name
5401:New Zealand
5360:Switzerland
5315:Netherlands
5159:South Korea
5139:Philippines
5124:North Korea
5010:Afghanistan
4944:El Salvador
4803:Ivory Coast
4475:Third World
4440:Arab League
4342:New Zealand
4286:Switzerland
4236:Netherlands
4041:South Korea
4021:Philippines
3999:North Korea
3872:Afghanistan
3791:El Salvador
3675:South Sudan
3565:Ivory Coast
3378:Sciences-Po
2941:Taiwan News
2811:politico.eu
2744:Taiwan News
2723:17 December
2383:Joske, Alex
2192:(1): 1–57.
1785:(Guangzhou)
1650:Saint-Denis
1522:BNP Paribas
1322:Fort-Bayard
1267:Axis powers
1259:Free France
1194:Cai Yuanpei
1109:Jules Ferry
940:arrived in
912:Chinoiserie
676:67,918,000
571:No religion
508:Legislature
223:Middle Ages
170:French name
5599:Categories
5432:Yugoslavia
5305:Luxembourg
5094:Kazakhstan
5025:Bangladesh
5020:Azerbaijan
4981:(historic)
4848:Mozambique
4833:Mauritania
4823:Madagascar
4758:Cape Verde
4393:Yugoslavia
4332:Micronesia
4266:San Marino
4231:Montenegro
4221:Luxembourg
4093:Uzbekistan
4068:Tajikistan
3959:Kyrgyzstan
3954:Kazakhstan
3907:East Timor
3887:Bangladesh
3882:Azerbaijan
3771:Costa Rica
3655:Seychelles
3620:Mozambique
3605:Mauritania
3590:Madagascar
3485:Cape Verde
3140:2022-03-05
3086:2024-03-15
3057:2021-10-09
3032:2021-10-09
2920:16 October
2854:2023-12-19
2671:2024-05-06
2635:2024-07-04
2537:Libération
2493:2008-04-19
2430:2024-07-14
2401:2022-03-02
2299:14 January
2289:Asia Times
2132:2024-06-19
1857:References
1654:Strasbourg
1506:Xi Jinping
1454:Wen Jiabao
1447:Dalai Lama
1399:purposes.
1348:After the
1342:See also:
1244:Zhou Enlai
1196:formed an
1182:Li Shizeng
967:edited by
942:Versailles
938:Michel Sin
926:Michel Sin
668:Population
653:Time zones
470:Xi Jinping
428:Government
205:, are the
5529:in France
5505:Diplomacy
5457:relations
5386:Australia
5154:Singapore
5134:Palestine
5062:Indonesia
5045:Hong Kong
4994:Venezuela
4904:Argentina
4838:Mauritius
4731:relations
4729:Bilateral
4508:Diplomacy
4450:Caribbean
4317:Australia
4216:Lithuania
4053:Sri Lanka
4036:Singapore
4016:Palestine
3922:Indonesia
3856:Venezuela
3821:Nicaragua
3731:Argentina
3610:Mauritius
3294:. (1918)
3284:. (1910)
2981:6 October
2906:Aa.com.tr
2368:1753-5654
2206:0026-749X
2101:5 (2000).
1966:144224740
1769:(Beijing)
1734:Education
1677:Hong Kong
1673:Guangzhou
1646:Marseille
1572:Hong Kong
1498:trade war
1440:Hu Jintao
1413:Carrefour
1389:Guangzhou
1306:Chongqing
1283:Chongqing
1190:Wu Zhihui
867:Louis XIV
788:CFP franc
751:$ 56,036
748:$ 21,364
728:GDP (PPP)
721:$ 44,747
718:$ 14,096
581:8% Other
544:religions
475:President
467:President
437:one-party
377:1 October
270:democracy
239:Karakorum
5565:Politics
5477:Americas
5396:Kiribati
5330:Portugal
5270:Holy See
5230:Bulgaria
5174:Thailand
5129:Pakistan
5109:Malaysia
5035:Cambodia
4964:Suriname
4929:Colombia
4909:Barbados
4897:Americas
4878:Tanzania
4793:Ethiopia
4783:Djibouti
4648:Treaties
4546:in China
4327:Kiribati
4251:Portugal
4146:Bulgaria
4073:Thailand
4011:Pakistan
3984:Mongolia
3979:Maldives
3974:Malaysia
3902:Cambodia
3836:Suriname
3806:Honduras
3766:Colombia
3741:Barbados
3719:Americas
3710:Zimbabwe
3685:Tanzania
3535:Ethiopia
3515:Djibouti
3480:Cameroon
3465:Botswana
3343:(1878).
3222:(1975).
3134:Archived
3080:Archived
3051:Archived
3026:Archived
2999:Archived
2975:Archived
2951:23 March
2945:Archived
2914:Archived
2880:Archived
2848:Archived
2821:10 April
2815:Archived
2785:23 March
2779:Archived
2754:23 March
2748:Archived
2717:Archived
2692:Archived
2687:POLITICO
2665:Archived
2656:Barron's
2629:Archived
2624:Le Monde
2602:Le Monde
2594:Archived
2575:Archived
2552:Archived
2529:Archived
2510:Archived
2466:Archived
2447:Archived
2421:Sinopsis
2395:Archived
2391:Sinopsis
2126:Archived
2067:Archived
2000:Archived
1982:, p. 113
1913:Archived
1894:Archived
1873:Archived
1813:See also
1685:Shenyang
1681:Shanghai
1584:Xinjiang
1524:and the
1463:Le Monde
1433:Jin Jing
1206:C.T. Loo
779:Renminbi
773:Currency
556:Buddhism
493:Li Qiang
413:Shanghai
209:between
5551:Portals
5411:Vanuatu
5379:Oceania
5365:Ukraine
5335:Romania
5285:Ireland
5280:Iceland
5275:Hungary
5260:Germany
5255:Finland
5250:Denmark
5235:Croatia
5225:Belgium
5220:Austria
5215:Andorra
5210:Albania
5194:Vietnam
5114:Myanmar
5104:Lebanon
5052:Georgia
5015:Armenia
4989:Uruguay
4888:Tunisia
4868:Somalia
4863:Senegal
4843:Morocco
4813:Liberia
4748:Algeria
4636:Albania
4470:Oceania
4430:BIMSTEC
4372:Vanuatu
4310:Oceania
4291:Ukraine
4256:Romania
4226:Moldova
4201:Ireland
4196:Iceland
4191:Hungary
4181:Germany
4171:Finland
4166:Denmark
4151:Croatia
4141:Belgium
4136:Belarus
4131:Austria
4126:Albania
4098:Vietnam
4046:History
4004:History
3989:Myanmar
3969:Lebanon
3947:history
3912:Georgia
3877:Armenia
3851:Uruguay
3811:Jamaica
3796:Grenada
3786:Ecuador
3746:Bolivia
3736:Bahamas
3695:Tunisia
3665:Somalia
3650:Senegal
3635:Nigeria
3625:Namibia
3615:Morocco
3580:Liberia
3575:Lesotho
3530:Eritrea
3500:Comoros
3475:Burundi
3450:Algeria
3360:(2007)
3316:(1908)
3304:(1918)
3260:(2007)
3234:excerpt
3194:(1976)
3105:Archive
2843:Reuters
2775:Reuters
1958:1871252
1944:: 211.
1669:Chengdu
1665:Beijing
1658:Papeete
1623:Tourism
1417:Kunming
1291:Nanjing
1068:in 1860
1012:Beijing
982:priest
932:, 1687.
840:Vietnam
796:History
691:118/km
688:149/km
554:15.87%
549:73.56%
530:Chinese
490:Premier
445:Unitary
434:Unitary
396:Beijing
382:14 July
5577:France
5467:Africa
5420:Former
5355:Sweden
5345:Serbia
5340:Russia
5325:Poland
5320:Norway
5310:Monaco
5295:Kosovo
5265:Greece
5240:Cyprus
5203:Europe
5179:Turkey
5169:Taiwan
5084:Israel
5030:Brunei
4979:Texas
4954:Mexico
4919:Canada
4914:Brazil
4858:Rwanda
4753:Angola
4741:Africa
4631:Soviet
4435:Africa
4281:Sweden
4271:Serbia
4261:Russia
4246:Poland
4241:Norway
4211:Kosovo
4186:Greece
4176:France
4156:Cyprus
4119:Europe
4078:Turkey
4063:Taiwan
3937:Israel
3897:Brunei
3892:Bhutan
3826:Panama
3816:Mexico
3756:Canada
3751:Brazil
3705:Zambia
3700:Uganda
3640:Rwanda
3595:Malawi
3555:Guinea
3545:Gambia
3455:Angola
3443:Africa
3362:online
3345:Online
3328:online
3318:online
3306:online
3296:online
3286:online
3262:online
3251:online
3224:online
3207:online
3196:Online
3165:online
2886:3 July
2366:
2326:
2227:
2204:
2165:
2087:online
1997:online
1964:
1956:
1553:Taiwan
1514:Boeing
1510:Airbus
1365:Taiwan
1297:under
1232:
1213:Fujian
1192:, and
1139:Tonkin
1028:Hankou
980:Jesuit
869:were:
766:0.903
763:0.768
535:French
355:Anthem
272:, and
264:, and
215:France
176:French
80:France
27:, see
25:France
5589:China
5533:Paris
5350:Spain
5290:Italy
5164:Syria
5144:Qatar
5119:Nepal
5089:Japan
5057:India
5040:China
4949:Haiti
4924:Chile
4853:Niger
4818:Libya
4808:Kenya
4798:Gabon
4788:Egypt
4445:BRICS
4367:Tonga
4357:Samoa
4337:Nauru
4276:Spain
4206:Italy
4110:Yemen
4058:Syria
4026:Qatar
3994:Nepal
3942:Japan
3917:India
3801:Haiti
3761:Chile
3680:Sudan
3630:Niger
3585:Libya
3570:Kenya
3550:Ghana
3540:Gabon
3520:Egypt
3460:Benin
2875:Axios
1962:S2CID
1954:JSTOR
1940:(2).
1689:Wuhan
1638:Paris
1486:APT31
1425:Wuhan
1421:Hefei
1101:Annam
954:Paris
577:Islam
542:Main
419:Paris
401:Paris
211:China
69:China
5472:Asia
5391:Fiji
5099:Laos
5072:Iraq
5067:Iran
5003:Asia
4959:Peru
4934:Cuba
4883:Togo
4828:Mali
4768:Chad
4347:Niue
4322:Fiji
3964:Laos
3932:Iraq
3927:Iran
3865:Asia
3831:Peru
3776:Cuba
3690:Togo
3600:Mali
3495:Chad
3130:AEFE
3109:AEFE
2983:2020
2953:2021
2922:2021
2888:2020
2823:2023
2787:2021
2756:2021
2725:2021
2364:ISSN
2324:ISBN
2301:2016
2225:ISBN
2202:ISSN
2163:ISBN
1687:and
1652:and
1642:Lyon
1423:and
1287:fall
1246:and
1222:The
1092:and
786:and
784:Euro
623:Area
569:40%
564:47%
465:and
309:Flag
254:Asia
213:and
129:中法关系
115:中法關係
23:and
3107:).
3103:" (
2356:doi
2194:doi
2155:doi
1946:doi
1488:).
1387:in
1289:of
842:),
758:HDI
661:12
638:EEZ
575:5%
201:or
5601::
5527:/
4544:/
3143:.
3132:.
3128:.
3124:.
3078:.
3074:.
3005:,
2969:.
2943:.
2939:.
2908:.
2904:.
2878:.
2872:.
2846:.
2840:.
2809:.
2795:^
2777:.
2773:.
2746:.
2742:.
2711:.
2663:.
2659:.
2653:.
2627:.
2621:.
2609:^
2600:,
2558:,
2535:,
2423:.
2419:.
2393:.
2389:.
2362:.
2350:.
2338:^
2322:.
2200:.
2190:40
2188:.
2161:.
2141:^
2124:.
2118:.
2106:^
1960:.
1952:.
1938:14
1936:.
1809:.
1802:.
1683:,
1679:,
1675:,
1671:,
1648:,
1644:,
1607:.
1600:.
1580:.
1540:.
1419:,
1188:,
1184:,
975:.
658:5
276:.
260:,
250:EU
241:.
233:.
225:.
5553::
5535:)
5531:(
4701:e
4694:t
4687:v
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4533:(
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3406:e
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2890:.
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2496:.
2433:.
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2370:.
2358::
2352:2
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2208:.
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1948::
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31:.
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