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973:) and most climbed routes are the Normal and the Whymper route. Both are western ridge routes starting at the Whymper hut and leading via the Ventemilla summit to the main (Whymper) summit. There are several other less used and more challenging routes on the mountain's other faces and ridges leading to one of Chimborazo's summits: Main (Whymper, Ecuador), Politecnico (Central), N. Martinez (Eastern). The mountain is contained on the IGM (
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climbers go to the
Veintemilla summit. Veintemilla summit is often the turnaround point for climbers. There is a 30-minute snow-filled basin between Veintemilla summit and Whymper summit. Whymper summit is the highest point of the mountain. The El Castillo route takes around eight to twelve hours to ascend and about three to five hours to descend. Climbing Chimborazo is dangerous due to the risk of
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724:. This type of volcano is characterized as having low slopes at the bottom that gradually get steeper the higher up the mountain. Chimborazo has a circumference of 78 miles (126 km) and a diameter of 30 miles (48 km). Chimborazo's upper elevations are covered in glaciers that are decreasing in size due to climate change and falling ash from the nearby volcano,
370:, "chimba" means "on the other side" as in "on the other side of the river" or "on the opposite bank." Other dialects pronounce this word "chimpa." Also, "razu" means "ice" or "snow." Local Quichua speakers say that Chimborazo is a Hispanicized pronunciation of "chimbarazu", meaning "the snow on the other side." Another theory suggests it is a combination of the Cayapa
924:, were the first Europeans to summit a mountain higher than 20,000 feet (6,100 m). As there were many critics who doubted that Whymper had reached the summit, later in the same year he climbed to the summit again, choosing a different route (Pogyos) with the Ecuadorians David Beltrán and Francisco Campaña.
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Chimborazo is an ice-capped inactive volcano. It is a double volcano composed of one volcanic edifice on top of another. Chimborazo shows four summits; Whymper, Veintimilla, Politecnica, and
Nicolas Martínez. The Whymper peak is the highest point on the mountain at 6,263 meters. The Veintimilla peak
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El
Castillo is the most popular route up the volcano. This route is usually climbed December to February and June to September. This route involves climbing the west side of the volcano. The route starts at Whymper hut to a saddle above El Castillo. From the saddle, there is a glacier ridge. Then
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is greater than at the latitude of
Everest (8,848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level), nearly 28° north, with sea level also elevated. Despite being 2,585 m (8,481 ft) lower in elevation above sea level, it is 6,384.4 km (3,967.1 mi) from the Earth's center, 2,163 m
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The climb itself demands skill. The climb is often on black ice, so crampons and other technical climbing equipment are required. On
November 10, 1993 three parties of climbers, one ascending and two descending, were caught in an avalanche on the steep slopes below the Veintimilla summit. This
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shows that the Earth's radius is 520 metres (1,710 ft) greater at
Chimborazo than at Huascaran, with most recent data showing another 5 metres (16 ft) due to local variations in gravity, for a total of 525 metres (1,722 ft). Two heights are given for Huascarán - 6,746 m
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There are two functioning huts, the Carrel Hut (4,850 m) and the nearby
Whymper Hut (5,000 m). The Carrel Hut can be reached by car from Riobamba, Ambato or Guaranda. On the northwest side there is the now defunct Zurita hut (4,900 m), which served as base for the Pogyos route.
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at 18,700 feet (5,700 m). These climbers comprised six French, two
Ecuadorians, one Swiss, and one Chilean. After the ten climbers were buried in snow, it took twenty people and ten days to find their bodies. This was considered the worst climbing accident in Ecuador.
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is about 6,234 m (20,453 ft) high. The
Politecnica peak is 5,820 m (19,094 ft) high. The last peak, Nicolas Martínez, is 5,570 m (18,274 ft) high and was named after the father of Ecuadorian mountaineering. The volcano is categorized as a
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from Quito to Cuenca disappeared en route. In
February 2003, after almost 27 years, the aircraft was found with the bodies of its 59 occupants at an elevation of 5,310 meters (17,420 ft) on Chimborazo by Ecuadorian climbers, on the rarely used eastern route
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are all mountains that neighbor Chimborazo. The closest mountain peak, Carihuairazo, is 5.8 mi (9.3 km) from Chimborazo. There are many microclimates near Chimborazo, varying from desert in the Arenal to the humid mountains in the Abraspungo valley.
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to be slightly reduced near the equator. The summit of Chimborazo has about one percent less gravity than the point with the highest gravitational force. Yet, due to its height above the surrounding terrain and local
489:, another inactive stratovolcano. Chimborazo's summit rises 2,500 m (8,202 ft) above the surrounding highlands (~3,500 to 4,000 m (11,483 to 13,123 ft)) with a ≈20 km (12 mi) wide base.
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survey map. Chimbaro is now 6,263 m (20,548 ft). Thus Chimborazo's summit is roughly either 20 metres (66 ft) or 40 metres (130 ft) further from the Earth's center than that of Huascaran.
695:(7,096 ft) farther than the summit of Everest (6,382.3 km (3,965.8 mi) from the Earth's center). However, by height above sea level, Chimborazo is not the highest peak of the
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With an elevation of 6,263 m (20,548 ft), Chimborazo is the highest mountain in Ecuador and the Andes north of Peru; it is higher than any more northerly summit in the Americas.
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The summit of Chimborazo is the fixed point on Earth that has the utmost distance from the center – because of the oblate spheroid shape of the planet Earth, which is thicker at the
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Alcaraz et al. (2005) "The debris avalanche of Chimborazo, Ecuador", 6th International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG 2005, Barcelona), Extended Abstracts: 29-32
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As Ecuador's highest mountain, Chimborazo is a very popular climb and can be climbed year round with the best seasons being December–January and July–August.
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reached the summit of Chimborazo. The route that Whymper took up the mountain is now known as the Whymper route. Edward Whymper, and his Italian guides
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Chimborazo is 73.5 meters higher than the highest mountain in North America. Chimborazo is often associated with the nearby volcano
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Aerial view of Chimborazo's glacier-covered summits casting a shadow over the Gran Arenal, the alpine desert to Chimborazo's west.
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uses the Chimborazo as metaphor for the poet (and the creative genius in general), who "must stand out of our low limitations".
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and Colonel Hall reached a new "highest point", estimated to be 6,006 m. Other failed attempts to reach the summit followed.
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Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes - Sección Poetas Parnasianos y Modernistas "Canto al Chimborazo (Miguel Ángel León)"
1578:"Glaciers and Climate in the Andes between the Equator and 30° S: What is Recorded under Extreme Environmental Conditions?"
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1292:(22,133 ft) from the Peruvian National Geographic Institute (IGN) map, and 6,768 m (22,205 ft) from the
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855:(measured from sea level), and such reputation led to many attempts on its summit during the 17th and 18th centuries.
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is believed to have occurred around 550 A.D. Although not the tallest mountain in the Andes or on Earth relative to
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El Comercio (February–May 2003). "Different Saeta Chimborazo accident articles" (in Spanish). El Comercio, Quito.
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It has been difficult to resolve this issue definitively because of error margins in summit elevations and
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Centrifugal force from the Earth's rotation, and distance from the center of the Earth, cause the force of
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As on other glaciated Ecuadorian mountains, Chimborazo's glacial ice is mined by locals (the so-called
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they reached a point at 5,875 m, higher than previously attained by any European in recorded history (
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1635:"Chimborazo, el volcán de Ecuador más alto que el Everest (si se mide desde el centro de la Tierra)"
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due to its challenging climbing routes, which involve traversing snow, ice, and rocky terrain.
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Several theories regarding the origin of the name Chimborazo exist. In many dialects of
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of Chimborazo, the point on the Earth's surface that is farthest from the Earth's center
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Chimborazo is at the main end of the Ecuadorian Volcanic Arc, northwest of the town of
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than it is from pole to pole. Chimborazo is one degree south of the Equator and the
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mentions Mount Chimborazo as the site for a massive planetary defense installation.
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Under clear conditions, the summit of Chimborazo can be seen from the coastal city
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1508:"Volcano of Ecuador Chimborazo volcano climbing route Chimborazo mountain Ecuador"
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In this ranking, several other Andean peaks as well as Africa's highest mountain,
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Map from 1839 of the distribution of plants according to elevation in the Americas
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Until the beginning of the 19th century, it was thought that Chimborazo was the
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Borja, Carmen (2004). "Hieleros del Chimborazo. Entrevista a Igor Guayasamín".
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and the 39th-highest peak in the entire Andes. It is a popular destination for
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rather than a true sphere. They did not reach the summit of Chimborazo.
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survey in February 2016. The survey was carried out by a team from the
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with an average thickness of forty meters, which underlies the city of
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1439:"What is the highest point on Earth as measured from Earth's center?"
1263:"What is the highest point on Earth as measured from Earth's center?"
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of Ecuador, 150 km (93 mi) south-southwest of the city of
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This article is about the volcano. For the Ecuadorian province, see
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1711:"Gravity Variations Over Earth Much Bigger Than Previously Thought"
1356:. IGM (Instituto Geografico Militar, Ecuador). 1991. Archived from
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over the past decades, which is thought to be in large part due to
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774:. About 35,000 years ago a collapse of Chimborazo produced a
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wrote a poem entitled "Canto al Chimborazo" (Song to Chimborazo).
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Schoterer, Ulrich; Grosjean M.; Stichler W; et al. (2003).
508:(~25 km to the southwest). Chimborazo is surrounded by the
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1829:. No. 16202. London. September 7, 1836. col E, p. 2.
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features the Chimborazo in the background of his famous work
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Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
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provinces of Ecuador. Chimborazo glacier's ice mass has
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425:. In local indigenous mysticism, Chimborazo represents
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carrying 55 passengers and four crew members aboard a
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Taita Chimborazo, Mama Tungurahua and Guagua Pichincha
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A diagram that compares the height of Chimborazo and
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is farthest from Earth's centre (blue). Not to scale
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1972:"10 Climbers on Ecuador's Highest Peak Feared Dead"
1940:"Plane crash's frozen victims found 27 years later"
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Sketch of Chimborazo huts, main summits, and routes
824:at the foot of the Chimborazo volcano, painting by
1773:"How Volcanoes Work - Andesitic to Rhyolitic Lava"
901:had reached much higher altitudes previously; see
1460:http://www.philip-jacobs.de/runasimi/runasimi.txt
793:Chimborazo then erupted several times during the
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1556:"El Niño and glacier melt in the tropical Andes"
1289:Earth radius#Radius at a given geodetic latitude
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1267:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
805:that went down as far as 3800 meters altitude.
568:The top of Chimborazo is completely covered by
1942:. The Sydney Morning Herald. February 19, 2003
1911:Travels Amongst the Great Andes of the Equator
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1223:The elevation given here was established by a
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2019:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1964:
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1554:Chaffaut, Isabelle; Marie Guillaume (2004).
858:In 1746, the volcano was explored by French
409:. The locals also used to call the mountain
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510:Reserva de Producción Faunistica Chimborazo
2988:Tourist attractions in Chimborazo Province
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1229:French Research Institute for Development
655:is farthest from Earth's axis (pink) and
647:is Earth's highest elevation (green) and
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1869:. No. 92. 15 April 1880. p. 3.
1840:McCosh, Frederick William James (1984).
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759:deposited during eruptions of Chimborazo
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1842:Boussingault: Chemist and Agriculturist
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912:On 4 January 1880, the English climber
877:In June 1802, during his expedition to
27:Volcano and highest mountain in Ecuador
14:
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1978:. Los Angeles Times. November 12, 1993
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1825:"Greatest Ascents in the Atmosphere".
1804:. Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 56‒58.
1748:"How Volcanoes Work - Stratovolcanoes"
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607:for Ice) to be sold in the markets of
350:Chimborazo is the highest mountain in
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2090:"Climbing information for Chimborazo"
1995:
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1530:"Actinstituto Geofísico, EPN Ecuador"
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1287:data. Application of the formula at
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1007:avalanche buried ten climbers in a
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651:is tallest from its base (orange),
504:(~30 km to the northeast) and
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1996:Marsh, Edward Howard, Sir (1917).
1713:. Science Daily. September 4, 2013
1680:Krulwich, Robert (April 7, 2007).
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1231:, working in cooperation with the
1061:(1859) as well as in his painting
870:established that the Earth was an
635:Farthest point from Earth's center
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75:6,263.47 m (20,549.4 ft)
25:
3019:
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1777:Department of Geological Sciences
1752:Department of Geological Sciences
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2958:Geography of Chimborazo Province
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500:(~30 km to the southeast),
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2825:Highest points of South America
2105:"The last iceman of Chimborazo"
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1692:from the original on 2007-04-09
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1354:"Chimborazo Ecuador, CT-ÑIV-C1"
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1197:List of Ultras of South America
1051:The American landscape painter
1682:"The 'Highest' Spot on Earth?"
1453:
1431:
1235:Military Geographic Institute.
1192:List of mountains in the Andes
1021:Chimborazo is featured on the
844:Chimborazo volcano in 1884 by
429:(Father) whereas neighbouring
13:
1:
1884:"Fast Facts About Chimborazo"
1316:
881:, the Prussian-born traveler
679:in Peru a very close second.
85:4,118 m (13,510 ft)
2998:Six-thousanders of the Andes
2075:"Volcán Chimborazo, Ecuador"
1779:. San Diego State University
1754:. San Diego State University
1202:List of mountains in Ecuador
1185:List of volcanoes in Ecuador
975:Instituto Geografico Militar
782:. It temporarily dammed the
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626:
452:
361:
7:
2993:Highest points of countries
2978:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
1886:. About.com. Archived from
1481:Schmudlach, Günter (2001).
1294:Austrian Alpine Club (OeAV)
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993:
763:Chimborazo is a dominantly
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457:
323:situated in Ecuador in the
36:Chimborazo (disambiguation)
10:
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2953:Stratovolcanoes of Ecuador
1999:Georgian Poetry, 1916–1917
1080:The Armageddon Inheritance
907:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault
714:
29:
3003:Climbing areas of Ecuador
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969:The easiest (IFAS Grade:
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853:highest mountain on Earth
820:and his fellow scientist
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3008:Holocene stratovolcanoes
2983:Quaternary South America
1908:Whymper, Edward (1892).
1865:"Ascent Of Chimborazo".
1844:. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
1662:, Bulfinch Press, 1998,
1441:. National Ocean Service
1414:Global Volcanism Program
1207:
393:. According to another,
2968:Extreme points of Earth
1617:Ecuador Terra Incognita
1594:10.1023/A:1024423719288
1419:Smithsonian Institution
1023:Ecuadorian coat of arms
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864:French Geodesic Mission
826:Friedrich Georg Weitsch
809:Surveys and expeditions
692:diameter at the Equator
2562:Southern Volcanic Zone
2348:Andagua volcanic field
2156:Northern Volcanic Zone
1802:Alexander von Humboldt
1485:. Panico Alpinverlag.
1382:. Editorial Ediguias.
1378:Gomez, Nelson (1994).
1058:The Heart of the Andes
1053:Frederick Edwin Church
1034:In his central essay "
979:Chimborazo (CT-ÑIV-C1)
958:
883:Alexander von Humboldt
848:
837:
829:
818:Alexander von Humboldt
760:
660:
565:
474:
304:Spanish pronunciation:
34:. For other uses, see
2740:Austral Volcanic Zone
2666:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
2338:Huambo volcanic field
2289:Central Volcanic Zone
2002:. The Poetry Bookshop
1658:Audrey Salkeld, ed.,
956:
846:Frederic Edwin Church
843:
835:
816:
754:
642:
563:
477:Chimborazo is in the
466:Chimborazo seen from
465:
325:Cordillera Occidental
308:[tʃimboˈɾaso]
223:Cordillera Occidental
2963:Andean Volcanic Belt
2948:Mountains of Ecuador
2275:Licto volcanic field
1660:World Mountaineering
1558:. innovations report
1116:South America portal
403:Throne of Master/God
135:1.46917°S 78.81750°W
18:Chimborazo (volcano)
2973:Glaciers of Ecuador
1040:Ralph Waldo Emerson
1016:Cultural references
922:Jean-Antoine Carrel
889:and the Ecuadorian
479:Chimborazo Province
413:, with the Quichua
290:Glacier/snow climb
140:-1.46917; -78.81750
131: /
32:Chimborazo Province
2661:Carrán-Los Venados
2606:Nevados de Chillán
2591:Descabezado Grande
1483:Bergführer Ecuador
1465:2011-11-08 at the
1330:""Ecuador" Ultras"
1260:could be found in
1180:Lists of volcanoes
959:
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803:pyroclastic surges
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273:550 AD ± 150 years
102:Country high point
65:Highest point
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2910:other territories
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2601:Nevado de Longaví
2543:Cueros de Purulla
2523:Cordón del Azufre
2185:Nevado del Tolima
1976:LA Times Archives
1811:978-3-406-73436-6
1512:terranovatrek.com
1380:Atlas del Ecuador
1309:, exceed Everest.
1069:Miguel Ángel León
895:altitude sickness
709:gravity anomalies
378:and the Colorado/
331:. Its last known
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2917:Falkland Islands
2833:Sovereign states
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2656:Mocho-Choshuenco
2190:Nevado del Huila
2149:Andean volcanoes
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1158:Volcanoes portal
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938:Vickers Viscount
934:SAETA Flight 232
932:In August 1976,
928:SAETA Flight 232
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321:stratovolcano
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285:Easiest route
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269:Last eruption
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257:Mountain type
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2906:Dependencies
2865:
2646:Quetrupillán
2508:Llullaillaco
2373:Huaynaputina
2264:
2108:. Retrieved
2094:. Retrieved
2079:. Retrieved
2055:
2044:. Retrieved
2038:
2035:"Chimborazo"
2029:
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1998:
1991:
1980:. Retrieved
1975:
1966:
1955:
1944:. Retrieved
1934:
1910:
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1892:. Retrieved
1888:the original
1866:
1860:
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1412:
1409:"Chimborazo"
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1324:
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1271:the original
1252:
1240:
1172:Andes portal
1078:
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918:Louis Carrel
911:
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903:Llullaillaco
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860:academicians
857:
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762:
738:
718:
701:
681:
662:
656:
630:
604:
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598:
596:phenomenon.
567:
537:Carihuairazo
530:
509:
491:
487:Carihuairazo
476:
446:
441:(Child) for
438:
434:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
394:
391:Women of Ice
390:
386:
382:
375:
371:
365:
349:
299:
298:
213:Parent range
2742:(49°–55° S)
2726:Mate Grande
2576:Tupungatito
2564:(33°–46° S)
2443:Olca-Paruma
2438:Irruputuncu
2428:Tata Sabaya
2368:Pichu Pichu
2298:Quimsachata
2291:(14°–27° S)
2175:Cerro Bravo
1916:John Murray
1588:: 157–175.
1445:18 November
1307:Kilimanjaro
1075:David Weber
433:is seen as
347:(8,849 m).
245:Age of rock
138: /
113:Coordinates
89:Ranked 18th
2942:Categories
2686:Hornopirén
2671:Casablanca
2641:Villarrica
2636:Sollipulli
2596:Cerro Azul
2468:Licancabur
2463:Sairecabur
2423:Guallatiri
2413:Parinacota
2393:Purupuruni
2303:Auquihuato
2270:Tungurahua
2265:Chimborazo
2225:Reventador
2200:Doña Juana
2110:2011-10-25
2096:2011-10-25
2081:2012-11-06
2046:2020-06-08
2006:2008-06-23
1982:2022-02-22
1946:2014-04-23
1894:2014-04-23
1783:2014-04-24
1758:2014-04-24
1717:2014-01-01
1696:2014-04-23
1645:2016-04-08
1562:2006-08-08
1540:2007-04-28
1424:2009-01-01
1364:2008-01-26
1336:2012-11-06
1317:References
1245:Tungurahua
1233:Ecuadorian
1063:Chimborazo
1001:avalanches
784:Río Chambo
755:Layers of
726:Tungurahua
667:is higher
657:Chimborazo
592:, and the
590:Tungurahua
578:Chimborazo
541:Tungurahua
431:Tungurahua
300:Chimborazo
205:Chimborazo
176:Chimborazo
126:78°49′03″W
123:01°28′09″S
81:Prominence
44:Chimborazo
2896:Venezuela
2841:Argentina
2706:Corcovado
2626:Lonquimay
2586:Calabozos
2571:Tupungato
2548:Incahuasi
2513:Lastarria
2493:Chiliques
2333:Sabancaya
2313:Sara Sara
2230:Pichincha
2165:Paipa-Iza
2015:cite book
1827:The Times
1670:, p. 140.
1639:BBC Mundo
1602:129350422
1077:'s novel
862:from the
799:andesitic
765:andesitic
747:Volcanism
730:andesitic
677:Huascarán
649:Mauna Kea
627:Elevation
582:decreased
494:Guayaquil
453:Geography
443:Pichincha
362:Etymology
337:sea level
250:Paleogene
151:Geography
71:Elevation
2886:Suriname
2876:Paraguay
2861:Colombia
2774:Fueguino
2759:Aguilera
2711:Mentolat
2621:Callaqui
2458:Zapaleri
2388:Yucamane
2383:Tutupaca
2353:Chachani
2323:Coropuna
2318:Solimana
2260:Quilotoa
2255:Cotopaxi
2250:Illiniza
2235:Antisana
1800:(2019).
1690:Archived
1506:hleduc.
1463:Archived
1088:See also
1036:The Poet
1009:crevasse
994:Climbing
943:Integral
795:Holocene
780:Riobamba
741:Cotopaxi
617:Babahoyo
613:Riobamba
609:Guaranda
601:Hieleros
570:glaciers
556:Glaciers
549:El Altar
533:Riobamba
514:camelids
506:Guaranda
498:Riobamba
468:Riobamba
458:Location
419:Mountain
411:Urcurazu
387:Ice/Snow
372:Schingbu
333:eruption
278:Climbing
230:Topo map
200:Province
2891:Uruguay
2866:Ecuador
2846:Bolivia
2749:Lautaro
2701:Chaitén
2681:Calbuco
2616:Copahue
2533:Peinado
2518:Lazufre
2503:Socompa
2408:Taapaca
2378:Ticsani
2220:Cayambe
2210:Azufral
2205:Galeras
2170:Romeral
1265:. U.S.
1065:(1864).
868:Lapland
769:dacitic
734:dacitic
715:Geology
704:gravity
684:Equator
675:, with
653:Cayambe
645:Everest
594:El Niño
574:Bolivar
545:Tulabug
472:Ecuador
380:Quichua
368:Quechua
352:Ecuador
319:) is a
239:Geology
193:Ecuador
189:Country
97:Listing
2871:Guyana
2851:Brazil
2769:Burney
2764:Reclus
2754:Viedma
2731:Hudson
2691:Huequi
2676:Osorno
2631:Llaima
2611:Antuco
2498:Aracar
2488:Lascar
2478:Pacana
2453:Azufre
2433:Isluga
2403:Tacora
2398:Casiri
2363:Ubinas
2343:Ampato
2308:Firura
2280:Sangay
2215:Chiles
2195:Puracé
1922:
1848:
1808:
1666:
1600:
1489:
1386:
965:Routes
899:Incans
828:(1810)
643:While
621:Vinces
547:, and
526:alpaca
518:vicuña
502:Ambato
445:hence
439:Guagua
437:, and
399:Jívaro
395:Chimbo
57:summit
2856:Chile
2651:Lanín
2581:Maipo
2528:Galán
2418:Lauca
2358:Misti
2245:Soche
2240:Aliso
1598:S2CID
1285:geoid
1208:Notes
697:Andes
688:Earth
605:Hielo
522:llama
483:Quito
427:Taita
376:Women
329:Andes
219:Andes
106:Ultra
2881:Peru
2721:Macá
2021:link
1920:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1447:2022
1384:ISBN
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920:and
611:and
576:and
524:and
435:Mama
417:for
415:Urcu
401:for
385:for
383:Razo
374:for
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2908:and
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1686:NPR
1590:doi
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