27:
569:
324:, this is defined as follows. In Figure 2 the key col of peak A is at the meeting place of two closed contours, one encircling A (and no higher peaks) and the other containing at least one higher peak. The encirclement parent of A is the highest peak that is inside this other contour. In terms of the falling-sea model, the two contours together bound an "island", with two pieces connected by an isthmus at the key col. The encirclement parent is the highest point on this entire island.
83:
313:
359:
239:
512:
127:
138:. Red triangles mark the four peaks, the lowest contour line encircling each of the three lower peaks are shown in black and the green dots mark the key cols that mark the starting point of prominence. The prominences are Atkins Hill: 430 − 310 = 120 ft, Cave Hill: 570 − 530 = 40 ft, Mead Mountain: 671 − 530 = 141 ft. The parent peak of each peak is Great Pond Mountain.
699:
surround most of the major continents of the Earth. Even just surrounding Afro-Eurasia would run a contour line through the Bering
Straight, with a highest submerged col of about 40 m, or only 8888 m below the peak of Everest. As a result, Mauna Kea's prominence might be subjectively more impressive than Everest's, and some authorities have called it the tallest mountain from peak to underwater base.
604:, and its prominence is 6,138 m. (To further illustrate the rising-sea model of prominence, if sea level rose 56 m, North and South America would be separate continents and Denali would be 6138 m, its current prominence, above sea level. At a slightly lower level, the continents would still be connected and the high point of the combined landmass would be Aconcagua, the encirclement parent.)
114:) is defined as the highest of these points, along all connecting paths; the prominence is the difference between the elevation of the peak and the elevation of its key col. On a given landmass, the highest peak's prominence will be identical to its elevation. An alternative equivalent definition is that the prominence is the height of the peak's summit above the lowest
209:" (14,000 foot / 4268 m peaks) uses a cutoff of 300 ft / 91 m (with some exceptions). Also in the U.S., 2000 ft (610 m) of prominence has become an informal threshold that signifies that a peak has major stature. Lists with a high topographic prominence cutoff tend to favor isolated peaks or those that are the highest point of their
304:
peaks as subpeaks of others. For example, in Figure 1, the middle peak is a subpeak of the right peak, which is a subpeak of the left peak, which is the highest point on its landmass. In that example, there is no controversy about the hierarchy; in practice, there are different definitions of parent. These different definitions follow.
654:, the exact elevation is typically bounded by an upper and lower contour, and not specified exactly. Prominence calculations may use the high contour (giving in a pessimistic estimate), the low contour (giving an optimistic estimate), their mean (giving a "midrange" or "rise" prominence) or an interpolated value (customary in Britain).
670:
Dry prominence, on the other hand, ignores water, snow, and ice features and assumes that the surface of the earth is defined by the solid bottom of those features. The dry prominence of a summit is equal to its wet prominence unless the summit is the highest point of a landmass or island, or its key
607:
While it is natural for
Aconcagua to be the parent of Denali, since Denali is a major peak, consider the following situation: Peak A is a small hill on the coast of Alaska, with elevation 100 m and key col 50 m. Then the encirclement parent of Peak A is also Aconcagua, even though
493:
Alteration of the landscape by humans and presence of water features can give rise to issues in the choice of location and height of a summit or col. In
Britain, extensive discussion has resulted in a protocol that has been adopted by the main sources of prominence data in Britain and Ireland. Other
383:
The (prominence) parent peak of peak A can be found by dividing the island or region in question into territories, by tracing the two hydrographic runoffs, one in each direction, downwards from the key col of every peak that is more prominent than peak A. The parent is the peak whose territory peak A
374:
The encirclement parent is the highest possible parent for a peak; all other definitions indicate a (possibly different) peak on the combined island, a "closer" peak than the encirclement parent (if there is one), which is still "better" than the peak in question. The differences lie in what criteria
303:
as a particular peak in the higher terrain connected to the peak by the key col. If there are many higher peaks there are various ways of defining which one is the parent, not necessarily based on geological or geomorphological factors. The "parent" relationship defines a hierarchy which defines some
409:
This choice of method might at first seem arbitrary, but it provides every hill with a clear and unambiguous parent peak that is taller and more prominent than the hill itself, while also being connected to it (via ridge lines). The parent of a low hill will also usually be nearby; this becomes less
174:
because it is an objective measurement that is strongly correlated with the subjective significance of a summit. Peaks with low prominence are either subsidiary tops of some higher summit or relatively insignificant independent summits. Peaks with high prominence tend to be the highest points around
666:
There are two varieties of topographic prominence: wet prominence and dry prominence. Wet prominence is the standard topographic prominence discussed in this article. Wet prominence assumes that the surface of the earth includes all permanent water, snow, and ice features. Thus, the wet prominence
366:
This means that, while simple to define, the encirclement parent often does not satisfy the intuitive requirement that the parent peak should be close to the child peak. For example, one common use of the concept of parent is to make clear the location of a peak. If we say that Peak A has Mont
161:
A way to visualize prominence is to imagine raising sea level so the parent peak and subject peak are two separate islands. Then lower it until a tiny land bridge forms between the two islands. This land bridge is the key col of the subject peak, and the peak's prominence is its elevation from that
370:
Figure 3 shows a schematic range of peaks with the color underlying the minor peaks indicating the encirclement parent. In this case the encirclement parent of M is H whereas an intuitive view might be that L was the parent. Indeed, if col "k" were slightly lower, L would be the true encirclement
698:
It is worth noting Mauna Kea is relatively close to its submerged key col in the
Pacific Ocean, and the corresponding contour line that surrounds Mauna Kea is a relatively compact area of the ocean floor. Whereas a contour line around Everest that is lower than 9330m from Everest's peak would
469:
Line parentage, also called height parentage, is similar to prominence parentage, but it requires a prominence cutoff criterion. The height parent is the closest peak to peak A (along all ridges connected to A) that has a greater height than A, and satisfies some prominence criteria.
91:
The prominence of a peak is the least drop in height necessary in order to get from the summit to any higher terrain. This can be calculated for a given peak in the following manner: for every path connecting the peak to higher terrain, find the lowest point on the path; the
355:. This is the meeting place of two 113 m (371 ft) contours, one of them encircling Mont Blanc; the other contour encircles Mount Everest. This example demonstrates that the encirclement parent can be very far away from the peak in question when the key col is low.
473:
The disadvantage of this concept is that it goes against the intuition that a parent peak should always be more significant than its child. However it can be used to build an entire lineage for a peak which contains a great deal of information about the peak's position.
580:
The key col and parent peak are often close to the sub-peak but this is not always the case, especially when the key col is relatively low. It is only with the advent of computer programs and geographical databases that thorough analysis has become possible.
657:
The choice of method depends largely on the preference of the author and historical precedent. Pessimistic prominence, (and sometimes optimistic prominence) were for many years used in USA and international lists, but mean prominence is becoming preferred.
216:
While the use of prominence as a cutoff to form a list of peaks ranked by elevation is standard and is the most common use of the concept, it is also possible to use prominence as a mountain measure in itself. This generates
186:'s South Summit (height 8,749 m, prominence 11 m) is taller than K2, it is not considered an independent mountain because it is a sub-summit of the main summit (which has a height and prominence of 8,848 m).
494:
sources of data commonly ignore human-made alterations, but this convention is not universally agreed upon; for example, some authors discount modern structures but allow ancient ones. Another disagreement concerns
367:
Blanc for a parent, we would expect to find Peak A somewhere close to Mont Blanc. This is not always the case for the various concepts of parent, and is least likely to be the case for encirclement parentage.
86:
Figure 1. Vertical arrows show the topographic prominence of three peaks on an island. The dashed horizontal lines show the lowest contours that do not encircle higher peaks. Curved arrows point from a peak to its
686:
is equal to its wet prominence (4205 m) plus the depth of its highest submerged col (about 5125 m). Totaling 9330 m, this is greater than any mountain apart from
Everest. The dry prominence of
410:
likely as the hill's height and prominence increase. Using prominence parentage, one may produce a "hierarchy" of peaks going back to the highest point on the island. One such chain in
Britain would read:
391:" is sometimes used to classify low hills ("Marilyn" being a British term for a hill with a prominence of at least 150 m). This is found by dividing the region of Britain in question into territories,
671:
col is covered by snow or ice. If its highest surface col is on water, snow, or ice, the dry prominence of that summit is equal to its wet prominence plus the depth of its highest submerged col.
608:
there will be many peaks closer to Peak A which are much higher and more prominent than Peak A (for example, Denali). This illustrates the disadvantage in using the encirclement parent.
402:
because encirclement parentage breaks down when the key col approaches sea level. Using the encirclement definition, the parent of almost any small hill in a low-lying coastal area would be
395:. The parent Marilyn is the Marilyn whose territory the hill's summit is in. If the hill is on an island (in Britain) whose highest point is less than 150 m, it has no parent Marilyn.
498:, though for high-prominence peaks (and for low-prominence subpeaks with intact summits), the difference in prominence values for the two conventions is typically relatively small.
154:
at a distance of 360 m (1200 feet). The key col may also be close to the subject peak or far from it. The key col for
Aconcagua, if sea level is disregarded, is the
678:, Everest's prominence is either undefined or its height from the lowest contour line. In a dry Earth, the lowest contour line would be the deepest hydrologic feature, the
636:
2572:
205:
uses 150 m (about 500 ft). (Dawson's list and the term "Marilyn" are limited to
Britain and Ireland). In the contiguous United States, the famous list of "
682:, at 10,924 m depth. Everest's dry prominence would be this depth plus Everest's wet prominence of 8848 m, totaling 19,772 m. The dry prominence of
619:, with its prominence about the same as its height and its key col placed at or near the foot of the hill, well below, for instance, the 113-meter-high key col of
2577:
221:, which are qualitatively different from lists ranked by elevation. Such lists tend to emphasize isolated high peaks, such as range or island high points and
2594:
2971:
2547:
2599:
158:
at a distance of 13,655 km (8,485 miles). The key col for the South Summit of Mount
Everest is about 100 m (330 feet) distant.
2562:
3004:
3062:
522:
225:. One advantage of a prominence-ranked list is that it needs no cutoff since a peak with high prominence is automatically an independent peak.
178:
Only summits with a sufficient degree of prominence are regarded as independent mountains. For example, the world's second-highest mountain is
2517:
2589:
2567:
2537:
406:, an unhelpful and confusing outcome. Meanwhile, "height" parentage (see below) is not used because there is no obvious choice of cutoff.
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573:
635:. However, when the key col is far away, or when one wants to calculate the prominence of many peaks at once, software can apply
260:
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1201:
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362:
Figure 3. Diagram of a mountain range showing peaks and cols, from which mountain parentage and prominences can be determined.
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2014:
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1239:
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980:
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213:; a low value, such as the Nuttalls', results in a list with many summits that may be viewed by some as insignificant.
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286:
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218:
20:
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When the key col for a peak is close to the peak itself, prominence is easily computed by hand using a
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encircling it but containing no higher summit within it. It is a measure of the independence of a
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2307:
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526:
253:
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Prominence values are accurate to perhaps 100m owing to uncertainties in ocean sounding depths.
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is equal to its wet prominence (6960 m) plus the depth of the highest submerged col of the
667:
of the highest summit of an ocean island or landmass is always equal to the summit's elevation.
2738:
2512:
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1879:
150:
in
Argentina at a distance of 17,755 km (11,032 miles), as well as the parent of the
58:
in British English) measures the height of a mountain or hill's summit relative to the lowest
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711:
707:
2634:
572:
Chart showing relationships between the 100 peaks with highest prominence on Earth. (In the
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1618:
8:
3132:
2693:. Glasgow: TACit Press. There are several related booklets covering Britain and Ireland.
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495:
135:
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26:
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537:
477:
In general, the analysis of parents and lineages is intimately linked to studying the
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102:
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1623:
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2484:
846:
833:
679:
647:
632:
576:, hover over a peak to highlight its parent(s) and click it to view its article.)
425:
421:
142:
The parent peak may be either close or far from the subject peak. The summit of
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202:
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2199:
2186:
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2100:
2075:
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2016:
1991:
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222:
183:
155:
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encircling it, but containing no higher summit within it; see Figure 1.
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1532:
1359:
1277:
756:
482:
441:
429:
344:
115:
59:
70:("saddle") around the peak is a unique point on this contour line and the
2833:
2635:"Calculating the prominence and isolation of every mountain in the world"
2222:
1874:
1704:
1185:
612:
464:
352:
201:
uses a cutoff of 15 m (about 50 ft), and Alan Dawson's list of
126:
2807:
193:
use topographic prominence as a criterion for inclusion in the list, or
82:
2217:
2131:
1709:
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620:
433:
348:
343:
in northwestern Russia (at 113 m (371 ft) elevation), on the
340:
328:
316:
Figure 2. Showing two closed contour lines meeting at Peak A's key col.
206:
35:
1018:
312:
1099:
841:
688:
683:
601:
597:
449:
437:
403:
147:
358:
238:
2717:
1965:
1446:
1104:
703:
478:
387:
For hills with low prominence in Britain, a definition of "parent
2136:
455:
At each stage in the chain, both height and prominence increase.
445:
74:
is some higher mountain, selected according to various criteria.
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1790:
1364:
589:
585:
210:
63:
1960:
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131:
3102:
718:
List of most prominent summits on Earth by 'dry' prominence
332:
2786:
2573:
List of the most prominent summits of the Rocky Mountains
488:
95:
67:
398:
Prominence parentage is the only definition used in the
2948:
The Finest Peaks–Prominence and Other Mountain Measures
2633:
Kirmse, Andrew; de Ferranti, Jonathan (December 2017).
2578:
List of the most prominent summits of the United States
2548:
List of the most prominent summits of the British Isles
179:
702:
Dry prominence is also useful for measuring submerged
182:(height 8,611 m, prominence 4,017 m). While
3047:
2639:
Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment
2595:
List of the most prominent summits of Central America
339:. Mont Blanc's key col is a piece of low ground near
30:
Contrast between topographic isolation and prominence
661:
16:
Vertical measurement of the independence of a summit
2600:
List of the most prominent summits of the Caribbean
307:
706:. Seamounts have a dry topographic prominence, a
3019:
2632:
2583:List of the most prominent summits of New England
130:Topographic prominence of three peaks located in
19:"Prominence" redirects here. For other uses, see
3124:
2607:List of ultra-prominent summits of South America
2558:List of ultra-prominent summits of North America
2875:"Accuracy of heights from Ordnance Survey maps"
2563:List of the most prominent summits of Greenland
2523:List of the most prominent summits of the world
626:
3103:"Flood Map: Elevation Map, Sea Level Rise Map"
2720:. hills-database.co.uk and hill-bagging.co.uk
2533:List of ultra-prominent summits of Antarctica
2518:List of tallest mountains in the Solar System
2590:List of the most prominent summits of Mexico
2568:List of the most prominent summits of Canada
2538:List of ultra-prominent summits of Australia
175:and are likely to have extraordinary views.
2543:List of ultra-prominent summits of the Alps
267:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
375:are used to define "closer" and "better."
3025:
2953:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2880:. The Database of British and Irish Hills
2768:. The Database of British and Irish Hills
2718:"The Database of British and Irish Hills"
2672:"Mount Everest-South Summit, China/Nepal"
2528:List of ultra-prominent summits of Africa
695:(about 40 m), or about 7000 m.
556:Learn how and when to remove this message
287:Learn how and when to remove this message
3087:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from
2989:
2763:"Defining the Summits and Cols of Hills"
674:Because Earth has no higher summit than
567:
536:Relevant discussion may be found on the
357:
327:For example, the encirclement parent of
311:
125:
81:
25:
2712:
2710:
643:to find exact or approximate key cols.
592:(6,194 m) is a 56 m col near
378:
3125:
2933:
2688:
2553:List of European ultra-prominent peaks
489:Issues in choice of summit and key col
3065:from the original on October 10, 2021
3007:from the original on January 21, 2015
2977:from the original on August 12, 2021
2707:
2682:
611:A hill in a low-lying area like the
505:
265:adding citations to reliable sources
232:
165:
2691:The Hewitts and Marilyns of England
2483:(HAAT) – a similar measurement for
219:lists of peaks ranked by prominence
13:
596:. Denali's encirclement parent is
199:The Mountains of England and Wales
170:Prominence is interesting to many
14:
3159:
3085:"How Big Are Hawaiian Volcanoes?"
662:Wet prominence and dry prominence
458:
2739:"More Relative Hills of Britain"
2612:List of islands by highest point
615:will often be a direct child of
510:
347:between lands draining into the
308:Encirclement or island parentage
299:It is common to define a peak's
237:
3095:
3077:
2920:"United States P2000 Home Page"
2912:
2891:
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2846:
650:typically show elevation using
121:
2826:
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228:
77:
1:
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152:South Summit of Mount Everest
2481:Height above average terrain
627:Calculations and mathematics
584:For example, the key col of
7:
2474:
501:
322:prominence island parentage
21:Prominence (disambiguation)
10:
3166:
462:
331:, the highest peak in the
197:. John and Anne Nuttall's
134:, US, all near the higher
18:
1267:(S of Kerguelen Plateau)
3055:"How High is Mauna Loa?"
3033:. Springer. p. 71.
2834:"Topographic prominence"
2651:10.1177/0309133317738163
637:surface network modeling
641:digital elevation model
3059:U.S. Geological Survey
3027:Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich
3001:Guinness World Records
2513:List of mountain lists
2499:Ultra-prominent summit
1477:13.61833°S 172.48583°W
1391:17.62306°S 149.47694°W
1304:43.59500°S 170.14194°E
577:
363:
317:
146:is the parent peak of
139:
88:
31:
2689:Dawson, Alan (1997).
2468:(E of Sierra Nevada)
2418:10.83833°N 73.68667°W
2334:20.52500°S 29.32500°W
2249:38.46889°N 28.39889°W
2162:32.75861°N 16.94222°W
1992:28.27306°N 16.63944°W
1955:(W of South Georgia)
1735:4.07889°S 137.15833°E
1649:37.11111°S 12.28833°W
1563:14.95000°N 24.34167°W
1482:-13.61833; -172.48583
1396:-17.62306; -149.47694
1354:(W of New Caledonia)
1217:53.10000°S 73.51667°E
1130:32.65306°S 70.01111°W
1044:21.09833°S 55.48083°E
1008:(S of South Georgia)
958:78.52528°S 85.61694°W
782:27.98806°N 86.92528°E
712:topographic elevation
708:topographic isolation
571:
523:synthesis of material
361:
315:
129:
85:
46:(also referred to as
29:
3091:on February 5, 2022.
2899:"Definition of Rise"
2390:Pico Cristóbal Colón
2339:-20.52500; -29.32500
2076:3.07583°S 37.35333°E
1654:-37.11111; -12.28833
1309:-43.59500; 170.14194
1193:, Kerguelen Plateau
1135:-32.65306; -70.01111
963:-78.52528; -85.61694
820:11.3733°N 142.5917°E
393:one for each Marilyn
379:Prominence parentage
261:improve this section
2968:National Geographic
2854:"Help and Glossary"
2452: /
2423:10.83833; -73.68667
2414: /
2368: /
2330: /
2283: /
2254:38.46889; -28.39889
2245: /
2196: /
2167:32.75861; -16.94222
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1997:28.27306; -16.63944
1988: /
1939: /
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1740:-4.07889; 137.15833
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1568:14.95000; -24.34167
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1367:, French Polynesia
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1222:-53.10000; 73.51667
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1049:-21.09833; 55.48083
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992: /
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906: /
868: /
816: /
796:Undefined or 19772
778: /
600:(6,960 m), in
496:mountaintop removal
136:Great Pond Mountain
54:in US English, and
3138:Physical geography
2997:"Tallest Mountain"
2789:. mountainviews.ie
2081:-3.07583; 37.35333
787:27.98806; 86.92528
578:
533:to the main topic.
527:verifiably mention
521:possibly contains
364:
318:
191:lists of mountains
140:
89:
32:
3040:978-3-540-43650-8
2901:. ListsOfJohn.com
2472:
2471:
2304:Pico de Desejado
1968:, Canary Islands
1905:54.433°S 36.550°W
1619:Queen Mary's Peak
1273:Aoraki-Mount Cook
825:11.3733; 142.5917
710:, and a negative
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558:
297:
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289:
166:In mountaineering
48:autonomous height
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3107:www.floodmap.net
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2856:. Peakbagger.com
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2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2630:
2494:Jut (topography)
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2384:(W of Trindade)
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2212:(NE of Madeira)
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2042:(E of Tenerife)
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:-54.433; -36.550
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1819:63.07°N 151.01°W
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1624:Tristan da Cunha
1613:(NE of islands)
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1538:Fogo, Cape Verde
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1429:17.22°S 147.69°W
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1342:19.31°S 157.63°E
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1180:(Bering Strait)
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:64.47°N 171.29°W
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1014:Piton des Neiges
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
1002:
997:
993:
990:
989:
988:
985:
969:
968:
966:
965:
964:
959:
955:
952:
951:
950:
947:
921:
920:
918:
917:
916:
911:
910:13.29°N 166.54°W
907:
904:
903:
902:
899:
883:
882:
880:
879:
878:
873:
872:19.82°N 155.47°W
869:
866:
865:
864:
861:
831:
830:
828:
827:
826:
821:
817:
814:
813:
812:
809:
793:
792:
790:
789:
788:
783:
779:
776:
775:
774:
771:
725:
724:
648:topographic maps
561:
554:
550:
547:
541:
514:
513:
506:
292:
285:
281:
278:
272:
241:
233:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3148:Vertical extent
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2945:
2934:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2818:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2792:
2790:
2787:"MountainViews"
2785:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2687:
2683:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2489:TV transmitters
2477:
2460:
2458:
2456:10.78°N 72.94°W
2454:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2376:
2374:
2372:20.56°S 29.70°W
2370:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2310:, SE of Brazil
2291:
2289:
2287:52.46°N 33.23°W
2285:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2204:
2202:
2200:36.41°N 12.42°W
2198:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2118:
2116:
2114:30.47°N 32.34°E
2112:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2034:
2032:
2030:28.08°N 16.13°W
2028:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2012:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1777:
1775:
1773:8.54°S 129.22°E
1771:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1699:(W of Namibia)
1691:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1605:
1603:
1601:17.59°N 22.06°W
1599:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1519:
1517:
1515:13.0°S 173.73°W
1513:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1434:-17.22; -147.69
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1259:
1257:
1255:63.90°S 82.94°E
1253:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1094:(E of Reunion)
1086:
1084:
1082:21.68°S 56.78°E
1080:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1000:
998:
996:60.58°S 39.26°W
994:
991:
986:
983:
981:
979:
978:
962:
960:
956:
953:
948:
945:
943:
941:
940:
922:(SW of Hawaii)
914:
912:
908:
905:
900:
897:
895:
893:
892:
876:
874:
870:
867:
862:
859:
857:
855:
854:
834:Challenger Deep
824:
822:
818:
815:
810:
807:
805:
803:
802:
786:
784:
780:
777:
772:
769:
767:
765:
764:
740:Dry prominence
720:
680:Challenger Deep
664:
633:topographic map
629:
562:
551:
545:
542:
535:
525:which does not
515:
511:
504:
491:
467:
461:
426:Boulsworth Hill
422:Hail Storm Hill
381:
310:
293:
282:
276:
273:
258:
242:
231:
223:stratovolcanoes
168:
124:
80:
44:relative height
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3163:
3162:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3143:Mountaineering
3140:
3135:
3119:
3118:
3094:
3076:
3046:
3039:
3018:
2988:
2952:
2932:
2922:. peaklist.org
2911:
2890:
2866:
2845:
2825:
2799:
2778:
2754:
2744:. Mark Jackson
2730:
2706:
2699:
2681:
2676:Peakbagger.com
2663:
2645:(6): 788–802.
2624:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2377:-20.56; -29.70
2352:
2349:
2346:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2010:
2007:
2004:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1943:53.02°S 48.0°W
1923:
1920:
1917:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1857:9.16°N 79.93°W
1837:
1834:
1831:
1824:63.07; -151.01
1799:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1687:32.44°S 1.64°W
1667:
1664:
1661:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1520:-13.0; -173.73
1495:
1492:
1489:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1441:(E of Tahiti)
1409:
1406:
1403:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1347:-19.31; 157.63
1322:
1319:
1316:
1284:
1281:
1280:, New Zealand
1275:
1269:
1268:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1173:64.47; -171.29
1148:
1145:
1142:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1001:-60.58; -39.26
976:
973:
970:
938:
935:
930:
924:
923:
915:13.29; -166.54
890:
887:
884:
877:19.82; -155.47
852:
849:
844:
838:
837:
800:
797:
794:
762:
759:
754:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
719:
716:
663:
660:
628:
625:
594:Lake Nicaragua
564:
563:
518:
516:
509:
503:
500:
490:
487:
463:Main article:
460:
459:Line parentage
457:
380:
377:
320:Also known as
309:
306:
295:
294:
245:
243:
236:
230:
227:
167:
164:
123:
120:
79:
76:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3161:
3160:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3042:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2956:
2949:
2946:Adam Helman,
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2921:
2915:
2900:
2894:
2876:
2870:
2855:
2849:
2835:
2829:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2788:
2782:
2764:
2758:
2740:
2734:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2702:
2700:0-9522680-7-8
2696:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2625:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2465:
2461:10.78; -72.94
2437:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2299:(N Atlantic)
2296:
2292:52.46; -33.23
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2205:36.41; -12.42
2181:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:(Suez Canal)
2123:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2035:28.08; -16.13
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1948:-53.02; -48.0
1924:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:South Georgia
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:(Darien Gap)
1866:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:(E of Timor)
1782:
1778:-8.54; 129.22
1754:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1692:-32.44; -1.64
1668:
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2119:30.47; 32.34
1862:9.16; -79.93
1533:Pico do Fogo
1360:Mont Orohena
1278:South Island
1191:Heard Island
757:Afro-Eurasia
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353:Caspian Seas
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277:October 2015
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259:Please help
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172:mountaineers
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122:Illustration
116:contour line
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60:contour line
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3069:October 10,
3011:January 21,
2981:October 10,
2961:"Mauna Kea"
2459: /
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2048:Kilimanjaro
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1705:Puncak Jaya
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1468:172°29′09″W
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1382:149°28′37″W
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1186:Mawson Peak
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743:Col height
734:Height (m)
613:Netherlands
574:SVG version
465:Line parent
418:Winter Hill
229:Parent peak
207:fourteeners
108:linking col
78:Definitions
72:parent peak
3133:Topography
3127:Categories
3112:2021-06-07
2926:2021-04-17
2905:2013-01-31
2884:2016-04-22
2860:2013-01-31
2839:2017-01-13
2819:2017-01-13
2793:2016-04-21
2772:2016-04-21
2748:2016-04-22
2724:2016-04-21
2620:References
2409:73°41′12″W
2406:10°50′18″N
2325:29°19′30″W
2322:20°31′30″S
2240:28°23′56″W
2237:38°28′08″N
2218:Mount Pico
2153:16°56′32″W
2150:32°45′31″N
2132:Pico Ruivo
2067:37°21′12″E
2064:03°04′33″S
1983:16°38′22″W
1980:28°16′23″N
1726:137°9′30″E
1723:04°04′44″S
1710:New Guinea
1640:12°17′18″W
1637:37°06′40″S
1554:24°20′30″W
1551:14°57′00″N
1465:13°37′06″S
1379:17°37′23″S
1295:170°8′31″E
1292:43°35′42″S
1208:73°31′00″E
1118:32°39′11″S
1035:55°28′51″E
1032:21°05′54″S
946:78°31′31″S
933:Antarctica
811:142°35.5′E
773:86°55′31″E
770:27°59′17″N
621:Mont Blanc
546:March 2016
483:watersheds
434:Cross Fell
341:Lake Onega
329:Mont Blanc
66:. The key
40:prominence
36:topography
3031:Volcanism
2808:"WinProm"
2394:Americas
2225:, Azores
1795:Americas
1205:53°6′00″S
1121:70°0′40″W
1100:Aconcagua
949:85°37′1″W
842:Mauna Kea
808:11°22.4′N
737:Location
731:Landmass
704:seamounts
689:Aconcagua
684:Mauna Kea
602:Argentina
598:Aconcagua
538:talk page
450:Ben Nevis
438:Helvellyn
404:Ben Nevis
248:does not
162:key col.
148:Aconcagua
3063:Archived
3029:(2004).
3005:Archived
2972:Archived
2475:See also
2308:Trindade
1966:Tenerife
1810:151°01′W
1764:129°13′E
1506:173°44′W
1447:Silisili
1420:147°41′W
1333:157°38′E
1159:171°17′W
1105:Americas
901:166°32′W
863:155°28′W
502:Examples
479:topology
371:parent.
203:Marilyns
101:highest
2950:, 2005.
2447:72°56′W
2444:10°47′N
2363:29°42′W
2360:20°34′S
2278:33°14′W
2275:52°28′N
2191:12°25′W
2188:36°25′N
2137:Madeira
2105:32°20′E
2102:30°28′N
2052:Africa
2021:16°08′W
2018:28°05′N
1934:48°00′W
1931:53°01′S
1896:36°33′W
1893:54°26′S
1848:79°56′W
1807:63°04′N
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1417:17°13′S
1330:19°19′S
1246:82°56′E
1243:63°54′S
1156:64°28′N
1073:56°47′E
1070:21°41′S
1019:Réunion
987:39°16′W
984:60°35′S
898:13°17′N
860:19°49′N
799:-10924
728:Summit
446:Snowdon
389:Marilyn
384:is in.
269:removed
254:sources
87:parent.
3037:
2813:GitHub
2697:
2351:−4947
2266:−3421
2179:−4015
2009:−2224
1922:−3007
1845:9°10′N
1791:Denali
1761:8°32′S
1752:−1294
1678:1°38′W
1666:−4117
1580:−3361
1494:−4453
1408:-4100
1365:Tahiti
1321:-2630
1234:-3650
1061:-4060
975:-3380
889:-5125
847:Hawaii
646:Since
590:Alaska
586:Denali
531:relate
349:Baltic
345:divide
301:parent
211:massif
195:cutoff
103:saddle
64:summit
50:, and
2975:(PDF)
2964:(PDF)
2878:(PDF)
2766:(PDF)
2742:(PDF)
2656:8 May
2505:Lists
2432:5509
2397:5570
2348:5567
2263:5772
2228:2351
2176:5876
2141:1861
2090:5885
2055:5895
2006:5939
1971:3715
1961:Teide
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1884:2935
1833:6144
1798:6191
1749:6178
1714:4884
1663:6179
1628:2062
1577:6190
1542:2829
1491:6311
1456:1858
1452:Samoa
1405:6341
1370:2241
1318:6354
1283:3724
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1196:2745
1144:7000
1109:6960
1058:7129
1023:3069
972:8272
937:4892
886:9330
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761:8848
639:to a
335:, is
189:Many
132:Maine
110:, or
106:, or
3071:2021
3035:ISBN
3013:2015
2983:2021
2695:ISBN
2658:2024
2487:and
2435:191
2313:620
2223:Pico
1147:-40
351:and
333:Alps
252:any
250:cite
112:link
99:(or
94:key
56:drop
2647:doi
2093:10
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42:or
34:In
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448:→
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180:K2
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