Grade (climbing) - Knowledge

1976: 1910: 1642: 652: 762: 1310: 886: 1419: 1252:). The second, the technical grade, which is the most in use, defines the technical difficulty of the hardest movements (or sequences of movements) and is an open-ended scale that starts with Roman numerals (and a "sup." for additional refinement between numerals), up to VIsup., which is roughly VII+ (UIAA) f6b+ (French) or 5.10d (American). After VIsup., the system moves to Arabic numerals, starting at 7, and using the symbols "a", "b", and "c" for additional refinement between numerals (e.g. VI, VIsup, 7a, 7b, 7c, 8a, etc,.). 1743: 592:(i.e. rock climbing on short routes), the most widely used systems are the American V-scale (or "Hueco") system (e.g. V14), and the French "Font" system (e.g. 8C+). The Font system often attaches an "F" prefix to further distinguish it from French sport climbing grades, which itself uses an "f" prefix (e.g. F8C+ vs. f8c+). It is increasingly common for sport climbing rock routes to describe their hardest technical movements in terms of their boulder grade (e.g. an f7a sport climbing route being described as having a V6 1836: 603:(i.e. the opposite of free climbing), the most widely used system is the A-grade system (e.g. A3+), which was recalibrated in the 1990s as the "new wave" system from the legacy A-grade system. For "clean aid climbing" (i.e. aid climbing equipment is used but only where the equipment is temporary and not permanently hammered into the rock), the most common system is the C-system (e.g. C3+). Aid climbing grades take time to stabilize as successive repeats of aid climbing routes can materially reduce the grade. 2116: 49: 1167: 1490: 2024: 1030: 7521: 7509: 2245: 1953:, with Roman numerals 1–7 for the "overall" challenges and risks, and a "technical scale" that uses Arabic levels 1–7 for the hardest movements. Other grades can be provided to reflect the mixed climbing (M-level), the thickness of the ice (R-level), and the fragility of the structure (X-level). In practice, Canadian Ice "technical grades" are equivalent to the WI-grade, but omit the "WI"; a typical route could be graded as III-4. 1092:, being an Arabic number that starts at 4 and uses the additional "a", "b", and "c" symbols for refinement between the numbers (unlike the French grades, it does not also use the "+" refinement, and simply goes: 4a, 4b, 4c, 5a, 5b, 5c, 6a, ... etc.,). British climbers use the prefix "f" to distinguish French sport-grades from British technical grades, which is important as they are not equivalent (e.g. British 5c is f6b+). 1925:– with a Roman numeral denoting the "overall" difficulty (e.g. technical challenge, length, and the level of boldness/physicality/stamina required). A second Arabic number grades the technical difficulty of the hardest move on the route. A climb graded (VI, 6) means the difficulty of the hardest move is standard for the overall grade, whereas a climb graded (VI, 8) denotes the hardest move is above the overall grade. 7545: 7533: 633:, the greater complexity of routes requires several grades to reflect the difficulties of the various rock, ice, and mixed climbing challenges. The International French Adjectival System (IFAS, e.g.TD+)–which is identical to the "UIAA Scale of Overall Difficulty" (e.g. I–VI)–is used to grade the "overall" risk and difficulty of mountain routes (with the gradient of the snow/ice fields) (e.g. the 844:

the "−" and "+" symbols). The French system starts at 1 and closely aligns with the UIAA scale up to UIAA V+, which is French grade 6a, but thereafter begins to diverge. The French grading system is the dominant system in Europe, and it and the American YDS system are the most dominant systems worldwide; beyond the easiest grades, the two systems can be almost exactly aligned in

1207:), the Ewbank system is not solely based on the hardest technical movement on the route but also takes into account the exposure, length, quality of rock, availability of protection, and other factors. Thus, a dangerous route with easier technical climbing might get the same grade as a safe route but with harder technical climbing. The system relies on the 798:) are the "French numerical system" and the "American YDS system". The "UIAA scale" is still popular in Germany and across parts of Central Europe. Many countries with a history of free climbing have also developed their own free climbing grading systems including the British E-grade system and the Australia/New Zealand "Ewbank" system. 2051:), grades the overall difficulty of a route, taking into account the length, technical difficulties, exposure, and commitment level (i.e. how hard is a retreat). The system was created by French climbers, and when the UIAA formally adopted it in 1967 they assigned Roman numerals to the six levels, which caused confusion with the 739:, which in the 1950s was further adapted into the Yosemite Decimal System that added a decimal place to the class 5 grade (e.g. 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, etc.), and which by the 1960s was again amended to introduce the letters "a", "b", "c", and "d" after 5.9 to further refine the levels (e.g. 5.9, 5.10a, 5.10b, 5.10c, etc.). 573:(i.e. climbing rock routes with no aid), the most widely used grading systems are the French numerical or sport system (e.g. f7c+), the American YDS system (e.g. 5.13a), and latterly the UIAA scale (e.g. IX+). These systems are focused on technical difficulty, which is the main focus of the lower-risk activity of 1199:, and it became the dominant system for Australia and New Zealand, and latterly for South Africa (with small local variations). The system is open-ended and uses only Arabic numerals (i.e. no "a", "b", "c" or "+" and "−" refinements), starts a 1 (easiest), and continues upward. Unlike many other systems (e.g. 1085:

uses the labels (starting from the easiest): M (moderate), D (difficult), VD (very difficult), HVD (hard very difficult), S (severe), HS (hard severe), VS (very severe), and HVS (hard very severe). After HVS, the label switches to E (extreme), but then rises as E1, E2, E3, E4, ... etc., in an open-ended scale.

1524:. Legend is that his publisher would not print the book without some kind of rating of his 900 routes. The V-scale is an open-ended scale that starts at V0 (although a slightly easier "VB" has been used for beginners), and increases in single-digit steps (i.e. V5, V6, V7), and was at V17 in 2023 with 2006:

For a time, there were a number of "commitment grade" systems that primarily focused on the amount of time required for the route (e.g. Grade I being several hours to Grade VII being several weeks), such as the American National Climbing Classification System (NCCS), but for various reasons these are

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that used NEI levels 1 to 5 (and a later level of 5+) to grade ice routes, which in effect equated to the WI-grades of WI1 to WI5 (and NEI 5+ at WI6). The NEI levels are considered to be slightly "harder" than the equivalent WI-grades. Following the international trend, the WI-system is now commonly

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ranked his new M-grades to the level of physical exertion needed on a free rock climb; for example, Lowe estimated that M8 was equivalent to 5.12 (American YDS). Other authors have tried to align M-grades with rock climbing grades, and now equate M8 to 5.10/5.11, however, there is some variation and

1776:

from WI1 up to WI6/WI7, but after M6/M7, mixed climbs become overhanging, which ice does not. WI-grades try to take some account of the difficulty of placing protection on the route but, as with M-grades, are more focused on the technical and physical challenge of the route, and are thus more akin to

1682:

The original "UIAA Scale of Difficulty in Aided Climbing" system went from A0 to A5 and focused on the number and quality of "bodyweight placements" (i.e. can only take static bodyweight and not a falling bodyweight) versus "bombproof placements" on a given pitch. The grades were less concerned with

1667:

route can change materially over time due to improvements in aid equipment but also due to the impact of repeated ascents that subsequent aid climbing teams make to a route. It is not uncommon for a new A5 route in Yosemite to become a "beaten-out A3+ route" due to the effect of repeated hammering of

1400:

The climb is about 45m long, the first 20m are about 8b climbing with a couple of really really good knee-bars. Then comes the crux boulder problem, 10 moves of 8C . And when I say 8C boulder problem, I really mean it. ... I reckon just linking 8C into 8B into 7C is a 9b+ sport climb, I'm pretty

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systems as they use similar symbols, however, boulder grades are very different from free climbing grades and they start at much harder technical levels. For example, the entry-level Font-grade 4 / V-grade V0 is equivalent to the free climbing grades of 6a to 6a+ (French), VI to VII− (UIAA), and 5.9

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scale (or UIAA Scale of Difficulty) for free climbing was developed from the original "Welzenbach scale" in 1967 and uses the Roman numerals of that scale with "+" and "−" symbols for refinement between numerals after Grade III (i.e. III, IV−, IV, IV+, V−, V, V+ etc.,). Initially, the UIAA scale was

742:

While individual countries developed their own rock climbing grading systems, the American system, French system, and latterly the "UIAA scale" became popular internationally (with the American and French dominating sport climbing). The UIAA "Scale of Overall Assessment" dropped its six Roman numbers

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published the "French numerical scale", which replaced the UIAA Roman numerals with Arabic numerals, and where French 6a equaled UIAA VI+. The two scales were summarised as "Plaisir Grades" and aligned in a UIAA table where French grades 1–6a aligned with "UIAA scale" grades I–VI+; beyond that level,

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As of 2023, the American and French bouldering grade systems can be compared in the following way (they exactly align after V9 / 7C). Various authors have created tables to compare bouldering grades of Font/V-grade, to the free climbing French sport/American YDS grades, but because of the different

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In the "Alaskan Overall Difficulties" system, mountaineering routes are graded from 1 (easiest) to 6 (hardest), and factor in difficulty, length, and commitment (including storms, cold, and cornicing). The system was developed by Boyd N. Everett, Jr. in 1966, for the particular challenges of Alaskan

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routes approximates the ice climbing WI grades, up to M6, but they then diverge as mixed routes can become very overhanging and eventually turn into roofs (ice is not normally overhanging, aside from Helmecken Falls routes). M-grades do not take into account the "danger" of the route (i.e. how good

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technical grade for a standard route. For example, E4 is often associated with 6a, so E4 6a means the route has a normal level of risk and other related factors for its technical level of 6a. However, E5 6a would imply that the risk is higher (i.e. closer to an American YDS "R"), while E6 6a would

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The French numerical system for free climbing was developed from the UIAA scale in the 1980s but uses Arabic numbers instead of the UIAA scale's Roman numerals, and also uses the letters "a", "b" and "c" and the "+" symbol to give additional refinement between the numbers (whereas the UIAA uses only

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compressed the scale and reversed the order so level 00 became level IV–V, and it became popular in the Alps. In 1967, the "Welzenbach scale" formally became the "UIAA scale" for rock climbing (or "UIAA Scale of Difficulty") with Roman numerals I–VI, and a "+" and "−" to refine each level. The UIAA

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of subsequent ascents. While many countries with a strong tradition of climbing developed grading systems, a small number of grading systems have become internationally dominant for each type of climbing, which has contributed to the standardization of grades worldwide. Over the years, grades have

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in 1958, it contained just three grades: B1 (easiest), B2, and B3 (hardest). B1 was "the highest level of difficulty in traditional roped climbing" (which was about American YDS 5.10 (or French 6a / UIAA VI+) at that time, B2 was "harder than anything in B1", and B3 was a "route that had been tried

1530:. The V-scale doesn't consider risk and is purely focused on the technical difficulty of the movements. The V-scale is the dominant scale in North America, and it and the Font scale are the most dominant systems worldwide; beyond the easiest grades, the two systems can be almost exactly aligned in 1084:

The first grade is an "adjectival grade" that covers the overall difficulty of the route and takes into account the: "seriousness, sustaindness, technical difficulty, exposure, strenuousness, rock quality, and any other less tangible aspects which lend difficulty to a pitch". This adjectival grade

2002:

Due to the complexity and length of mountaineering and alpine climbing routes, their grading systems are focused on the "overall" – or "global level" – of risk and/or commitment of the route. The specific rock climbing, aid climbing, and/or ice and mixed climbing difficulties of the route will be

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and a number that starts at 1 and counts up with increasing difficulty (e.g. 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, etc.). At 5.10, the system adds the letters "a", "b", "c", and "d" as further refinements between levels, and the scale continues upward (e.g. 5.10a, 5.10b, 5.10c, 5.10d, 5.11a, 5.11b, etc.,). The American

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In the 1990s, Yosemite aid climbers created what they called a "new wave" aid grading system that expanded the range of the original UIAA system to A6 (they had already re-defined parts of the UIAA system), and introduced an intermediate "+" grade from A2 onwards for specific tricky or strenuous

743:

in favor of the six adjectival grades of the French Alpine System (to avoid confusion with the "UIAA scale") and dominated alpine climbing grading, while the UIAA "Scale of Difficulty in Aided Climbing" – amended and expanded in Yosemite in the 1990s as "new-wave" grades – dominated aid grading.

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on a broader "Scale of Global Assessment" for alpine climbing (the French Alpine System), and created the "UIAA Scale of Overall Difficulty" by assigning Roman numerals I–VI to the six adjectival levels (e.g. F, PD, AD, D, TD, and ED) of the French system. The UIAA also incorporated a "Scale of

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has an IFAS ED2-grade even though the rock climbing is only at UIAA VI− and the ice climbing at 60 degrees (or WI-4 grade), which is more typically associated with an IFAS D-grade; this is due to the exceptional length and serious dangers of the route. Some guidebooks have still attempted to

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When the original or the "new wave" aid climbs can be ascended without the use of a hammer (for pitons or copperheads), the "A" suffix is replaced by a "C" to denote "clean climbing". In Yosemite, an "F" suffix is placed after the "C" if fixed gear (e.g. bolts) is required to go clean (or

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as "commitment grade" for mountaineering routes, and in particular, the time investment in a route for an "average" climbing team". The NCCS uses Roman numerals form Grade I (few hours of climbing) to Grade VII (several weeks of climbing). The NCCS was popular for a period on American

1994:

The most important grading system in mountaineering is the International French Adjectival System (IFAS) (or French Alpine System, FAS), which is also effectively the "UIAA Scale of Overall Difficulty" (they are the same, only differing in labels), and which is used in all forms of

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routes, are not explicitly graded but instead, their steepest angle (approximate figure or a range) is quoted (e.g. 60–70 degree slope). WI-grade is for "seasonal" hard ice; an AI prefix is used instead for "alpine ice", which is year-round and usually firmer, more stable, making

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in Canada that had unique characteristics. Unlike the sheerest WI7 ice routes, these routes were significantly overhanging like extreme M-graded routes. This was due to the intense spray from the waterfall, which covered the overhanging routes in ice so that there was little

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closed-ended and went from Grade I (easiest) up to Grade VI (hardest), where it stopped. In 1978, the "seventh grade" was added—though climbers had been climbing at that level for years—and by 1985 it was formally made into an open-ended scale that went beyond Grade VII.

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introduced the first known climbing grading system, which he introduced to rock climbing. The "Benesch scale" had seven levels of difficulty, with level VII the easiest and level I the hardest; as more difficult climbs were made, the grades of level 0 and level 00 were added.

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is the protection in the event of a fall) as they are mostly pre-bolted routes; they, therefore, focus on the technical and physical challenge of the route, and is thus more akin to the French and American free climbing rock grades, although as with the American system, the "

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at Fontainebleau. The Font-scale is an open-ended scale that starts at 1 and increases in single-digit steps but uses a "+" for additional refinement between steps; from grade 6 it introduces a capitalized "A", "B" and "C" for further refinement, and was at 9A in 2023 with

2055:, and thus the French shorthand for the six levels prevailed: F–Facile (easy), PD–Peu Difficile (not very difficult), AD–Assez Difficile (fairly difficult), D–Difficile (difficult), TD–Très Difficile (very difficult), and ED-Extrêmement difficile (extremely difficult). 1598:

scale except the pre-fix "B" was used and it started at B1 (i.e. B1, B2, B3, B4, ... etc.). Peak B-grades are roughly one level easier than V-grades (e.g. V8 was equivalent to B9). The V-grade / Font-grade systems (sometimes the "technical grade" component of the

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with NZ levels 1–7 (and a "+" prefix for refinement between levels) that roughly matched the six IFAS/UIAA levels, and with NZ level 7 at IFAS ED2/3. Logan's system was used for several decades until a new version was proposed by Robert Frost in his 2018 guidebook

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is the M-grade (with the Scottish Winter grade also notable given the unique nature of Scottish mixed routes). Where a route has no ice, and not even the "thin ice coating" common on Scottish Winter routes, it is increasingly common to use a D-grade to indicate

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systems, the Saxon grading system is not purely focused on technical difficulties but is also based on "route length, the total psychological commitment, the placements distance, the risk, the random stops"; it is thus not directly comparable to other

1007:, which is French 9c. While the French system became the dominant scale in Europe, the UIAA scale is still popular in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. The UIAA scale is also commonly found in the grading systems of 1932:

protection, placing greater strains on the climber. British climber Ian Parnell wrote in his guide to Scottish winter climbing that Scottish grades are almost two levels above M-grades, and thus a Scottish (VIII, 8) is similar to an M6; but that an

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grading system, being focused on the time commitment needed to complete the route with some regard to the increasing technical difficulty and the number of pitches and challenges that may be encountered; as with the NCCS system, it is less used

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proposed an extension to the scale. Easier routes were described by the UIAA scale, and harder routes above Grade VI+ used Arabic numerals with a "+" refinement, so that after Grade VI+ came the new grades of: VI.1, VI.1+, VI.2, VI.2+, and so

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This confusion is amplified by the tendency for modern sport-climbers to describe the crux moves on their routes in terms of their bouldering grades – their routes are effectively a series of connected boulder problems. For example, here is

2199:

with the IFAS/UIAA system (the six levels align with the original six UIAA Scale of Global Difficulty levels), and factors in difficulty, altitude, length, and commitment (i.e. risk and difficulty of retreat); the grades are described as:

857:. The system is only focused on the technical demands of the hardest movement on the route. Unlike the American YDS system, there is no allowance for any risks in the route, and thus the French system is more closely aligned with 2158:

and the ability for climbers to complete big wall routes in hours that historically took days (or weeks), made the NCCS less useful; it is still often quoted on American big wall routes (although it is often confused as being the

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on El Capitan is graded '5.9 (American) C2 (aid)' with aid, but an extremely difficult '5.14a (American)' without any aid; guidebooks will mark such routes as '5.9 & C2 (5.14a)', with the no-aid/fully free option in brackets.

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Free climbing systems can be broadly compared per the table below. While most systems do not perfectly align, especially at the lower (or easier) grades, above the level of circa 5.12a (American YDS), f7a+ (French), VIII+, the

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but its closed-end status at VI (up until 1985) led them to create their own systems, however, they align closely to the UIAA scale, particularly to grade IV. While the UIAA scale is still used in Scandinavian countries, the

1223:. Their scales are all open-ended, use Arabic numerals, and use "+" and "−" symbols for additional refinement between the numerals (e.g. −4, 4, 4+, −5, 5, 5+, 6−, 6, ... etc.,). Originally, the Scandinavian countries used the 2074:) was used to indicate if a particular climb is at the lower or upper end of that grade (e.g., a climb slightly harder than "PD+" might be "AD−"), and the specific degree of the snow slopes was added (e.g. 60 degrees). 1885:, which is ice climbing on bare rock with no ice section, the M-grade is usually replaced by a "D" grade prefix (but all other aspects of the two systems are identical). The most extreme dry-tooling route in 2023 is 1480:

by using capitalized letters (i.e. Font 6C+ vs. f6c+), and also the use of "Fb" or capital "F" (for "Font") as a prefix. The distinction is important as the scales are very different (i.e. Fb6C+ is closer to f7c).

873:. To avoid confusion between French grades and the British E-grades, a lowercase "f" (for French) is used as a prefix (e.g. f6a+); this should not be confused with the use of the capitalized "F" or "fb" prefix in 3692:

types of climbing (and particularly the sequences of movements), they are only ever indicative and can vary by several levels between versions; an example is provided in the table below from a report by the

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is graded: ED2 (IFAS), VI− (UIAA), A0 (A-grade), WI4 (WI-grade), 60° slope). The related "commitment grade" systems include the notable American National Climbing Classification System (e.g. I–VI).

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As standards rose, the ED-grade was further expanded into ED1 (is the original ED−), ED2 (is roughly the original ED), ED3 (is the original ED+), ED4, ED5 .. etc., to denote harder levels of grade.

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In addition, boulder routes that connected various boulder problems into a single longer bouldering route have been graded as if they were sport climbs. A notable example is the 2004 boulder route

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aligns with specific rock and ice climbing grades, as the objective dangers can vary dramatically on alpine routes with similar rock and ice climbing grades. For example, the famous 1,800-metre

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with the levels: A1, A2, A3, A4, and (later) A5. In 1978, the UIAA added the VII (seventh grade) to its "UIAA scale", implying that the scale was open-ended, a concept formally adopted in 1985.

1563:, the system begins at 10-kyū (easiest) and gets progressively harder as it counts down to 1-kyū. As with martial arts grading, after 1-kyū the system uses "black-belt grades" of 1-Dan (or 2176:

NCCS Grade V: "Typically requires an overnight on the route, or done fast and free in a day". Grade V is often listed as "one very long day of climbing, or two full days of climbing".

1728:. Some M-graded routes in "dry" areas (i.e. places like the American Rockies, but not Scotland), are more of a combination of a WI-graded ice route with a D-graded dry-tooling route. 952:) denotes the climbing protection is adequate, and if properly placed a fall will be short (in practice, the "PG-13" is usually omitted as it is considered the default). A suffix of " 1273:, where Polish sport climbing was developed, with Grade I (easiest) to Grade VI (hardest). As the climbing level grew, the UIAA scale became inadequate. Polish climber and alpinist 940:. Like the French system, the numerical component of the American YDS system is focused on the hardest move on the route. In 1980, Jim Erickson introduced an additional rating for 5920: 4512: 997:

The UIAA scale is closely aligned with the French system up to Grade V+, which is French grade 6a, but thereafter begins to diverge, although the two can be reasonably aligned in

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systems are the A-grade (usually the "new wave" version) and the C-grade systems. While aid climbing is less popular as a standalone pursuit, aid techniques remain important in

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NCCS Grade I and Grade II: "Half a day or less for the technical (5th class) portion of the route". Often listed as "1–3 hours" (for grade I), and "3–5 hours" (for grade II).

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in traditional climbing, and latterly sport climbing (as it took over from traditional climbing as the main focus of the leading free climbers), is an important part of the

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YDS system is the dominant system in North America, and it and the French numerical system are the most dominant systems worldwide; beyond the easiest grades, they can be

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climbing) uses the M-grade system (e.g. M8), with other notable mixed grading systems including the Scottish Winter system (e.g. Grade VII). Pure dry-tooling routes (i.e.

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is graded 2+ in the aforementioned guidebook. Importantly, even an Alaska Grade 1 climb may involve climbing on snow and glaciers in remote locations and cold weather.

698: 1248:. Brazilian climbing has two grades, with the first being a numerical grade from 1 (easiest) to 8 (hardest) and giving the "overall" level of difficulty (akin to the 1211:, or word of mouth, to clarify the factors that influenced the grade. For the strongest modern sport climbing routes, the Ewbank grade is largely a technical grade. 1581:

on multiple occasions by more than one party but had only been climbed once" (i.e. if a B3 was repeated it would be immediately reclassified as a B2, or even a B1).

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imply a very significant risk (i.e. like the American YDS R/X), and a rare E7 6a would be effectively no protection (i.e. a full American YDS "X", or essentially a

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By the 1980s, French guides had customized the "UIAA scale" beyond V+ with the letters "a", "b", and c" (e.g. V+, VIa, VIb, etc.). At the end of the 1980s, French

949: 1219:. Norway, Finland, and Sweden have scales that are numerically different (e.g. they don't align exactly), but in effect are very similar and can be aligned in 5667: 1817:

like M-grade climbs and the result was a series of new WI-graded routes that laid claim as the "world's hardest ice routes"; by 2020, they reached WI13 with

610:, the most widely used grading system is the WI ("water ice") system (e.g. WI6) and the identical AI ("alpine ice") system (e.g. AI6). The related sport of 7477: 6444: 3697: 1153:. As well as Roman numerals, the Saxon grades use the symbols "a", "b" and "c" for further refinement between numerals from grade VII onwards. Unlike the 1088:

The second grade is a "technical grade" that focuses on the hardest technical movement on the route. This technical grade has a very similar format to the

990: 1476:. The Font-scale has no regard to any risk and is purely focused on the technical difficulty of the movements. The Font-scale is distinguished from the 7489: 802: 752: 1336:

grading systems are the French Font-grade and the American V-grade systems. Beyond the easiest grades, the two systems can be almost exactly aligned in

756: 1393: 1179: 1059:(which has the R/X labels for traditional climbing routes), never came into wider use for traditional climbing outside of Britain. Within Britain, the 824: 779: 721: 675: 59: 1304: 1746: 1626:

and alpine climbing, where the level of difficulties can vary significantly on long routes, and thus the use of aid in places is still common (e.g.

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is more popular for British bolted sport climbing routes. As of April 2024, the highest consensus E-grade on a traditional route in Britain was on

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that had two sets of grades: Level I–VII for seriousness and commitment, and Level 1–8 for the technical challenge (rock, ice and mixed climbing).

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routes (they typically use the French grading system or American YDS system for the technical challenge). Notable examples include the British

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tend to be materially softer than the equivalent outdoor grade up until about V10 / Font 7C+ (e.g. an indoor V4–6 could be an outdoor V2–3).

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The V-grade (short for "Vermin" or "Verm", and also known as the "Hueco" scale) was first published in 1991 by American bouldering pioneer

1294:(e.g. S0, S1, S2, S3), which covers the objective risk of the route including tides, under-water objects, height of any potential fall etc. 907: 6417: 90: 5968: 5461: 1095:

The secret to understanding the British E-grade system is the relationship between the two grades. For each adjectival grade there is a

7471: 7440: 5063: 528: 6466: 6461: 114: 5900: 4655: 1603:

system is used) have replaced Peak B-grades in Britain but they appear in some guidebooks and some boulder grade conversion tables.

5933: 4936: 4686: 1975: 5368: 5088: 4664: 2003:

graded separately (per the earlier grading systems) and listed alongside the mountaineering grade (e.g. see photo opposite).

960:" for routes with little or no protection and where any fall could be very long and potentially fatal (i.e. also known as a " 1937:

of a Scottish VIII, 8 using traditional climbing protection, would be similar in difficulty to a bolted sport climbing M8.

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the two systems diverged and for example, French 7a+ equates to UIAA grade VIII and French 9a equates to UIAA grade XI.

6076: 6048: 5909: 5830: 5814: 5625: 5555: 5295: 5261: 5236: 5181: 5153: 4967: 4372: 1465:") is one of the oldest boulder grading systems whose origins can be traced back to at least 1960 with Michel Libert's 651: 6412: 6397: 1842:(M9), Wyoming. Many M-grade routes are really a combination of a WI-grade ice route and a D-grade dry tooling route. 1130: 80: 1921:

Mixed climbing in Scotland is known as "Scottish Winter climbing" and uses a dual-grading system – similar to the

1105: 961: 4861: 1683:

the physical demands of the route (although there was some mention), and risk was only introduced later with A5.

1043:(centre), which was the first-ever E9-graded route on the British system at E9 6c (British) or 5.13a X (American) 7549: 7410: 5693: 4866: 4337: 521: 5641: 2275:

Alaska Grade 3: Either a serious fifth-class one-day climb, or a multiday climb with some technical elements.

1659:; the route was then graded 5.9 A4 (original A-grade), but is now graded 5.8 C2+ R (post "new-wave" C-grade). 1594:

in Britain is an important bouldering area and had developed a bouldering scale that was very similar to the

5932:

Nick Draper; David Giles; Volker Schöffl; Franz Konstantin Fuss; Phillip Watts; et al. (October 2015).

4685:

Nick Draper; David Giles; Volker Schöffl; Franz Konstantin Fuss; Phillip Watts; et al. (October 2015).

2084:

certain grades of rock, ice, or mixed climbing difficulties, the UIAA warns against assuming the IFAS grade

7340: 6717: 1852: 1786: 953: 922:

Class 1–5 system in the 1950s. As a result, the system has a "5" as its prefix which is then followed by a

549:

that reflects the technical difficulty—and in some cases the risks and commitment level—of the route. The

1547:. Also known as the "kyū dan" system, is widely used in Japan, and is constructed in a way that resembles 1074: 1073:(E11 7a), which are considered equivalent to American 5.14 R or French f8b+/f8c+. Outside of Britain, the 4764: 1462: 957: 703: 665: 5035: 5007: 2288:

A plus (+) may be added to indicate somewhat higher difficulty. For example, the West Buttress Route on

1641: 1104:

route). Similarly, E3 6a implies a well-protected route, while E2 or E1 6a would imply easily available

6712: 6478: 4792: 1656: 1494: 1051:), which uses two separate open-ended grades for each route. This structure is particularly adapted to 126: 1909: 1904: 7537: 7400: 6762: 4364: 2272:

Alaska Grade 2: Either a moderate fifth-class one-day climb, or a normal multiday nontechnical climb.

514: 6028: 7315: 7310: 6456: 4332: 1772:

system is the WI (for "water ice") grading system. WI-grades broadly equate to the mixed climbing

1526: 1472: 1349: 1024: 806: 761: 472: 109: 5117: 7576: 7445: 7240: 7215: 7106: 7099: 6504: 6407: 6362: 5973: 5895: 5466: 4650: 2351:

becomes the dominant free-climbing format and most grades closely align; the exception being the

364: 6008: 1291: 7355: 7265: 6908: 6661: 6517: 6449: 6069: 4820: 1698:

sections, and gave more detailed definitions at each grading level than the original A-grades.

1510: 1015:(e.g. PD, D, TD, ED), where the UIAA scale is often used to grade the free climbing component. 424: 102: 54: 7415: 5768: 1567:, "the first step"); 1-Dan is roughly equal to a V7 grade, while 6-Dan (or rokudan) is at V16. 735:

In America, a version of the Welzenbach Scale was introduced for rock climbing in 1937 by the

7390: 7305: 6807: 6673: 2253: 1692: 1677: 1668:

cracks (which widens them), and to the build-up of permanent in-situ aid climbing equipment.

1628: 1245: 1192: 1055:

routes (which are more common in Britain), but it is still considered complex and unlike the

1034: 5934:"Comparative grading scales, statistical analyses, climber descriptors and ability grouping" 5197: 4897: 4687:"Comparative grading scales, statistical analyses, climber descriptors and ability grouping" 7420: 7405: 7395: 6646: 6612: 6392: 6166: 6144: 6137: 6125: 5924: 4516: 3693: 2352: 2186:". Often listed as "more than a week of hard climbing in extreme (i.e. alpine) conditions". 1929: 1134: 1052: 941: 914:

The American YDS (or 'Yosemite Decimal System') was developed independently by climbers at

866: 795: 578: 198: 176: 169: 157: 2115: 8: 7295: 7113: 7092: 6995: 6937: 6932: 6891: 6866: 6789: 6695: 6617: 6529: 6270: 5931: 5373: 5122: 5040: 5012: 4825: 4797: 4769: 4684: 2179:

NCCS Grade VI: "Two or more days of hard climbing". Often listed as "two days to a week".

2100: 2090: 2018: 1863: 1577: 1383: 945: 726: 680: 635: 582: 434: 412: 1830: 1773: 1396:

free climb in the world to carry a grade of 9c (French), 5.15d (American), XII+ (UIAA):

1309: 809:. As of September 2023, the hardest free climb in the world is the sport climbing route 585:. Notable traditional climbing systems include the British E-grade system (e.g. E4 6a). 63: 7435: 7017: 6985: 6656: 6639: 6495: 6473: 6439: 6188: 6183: 6178: 5956: 4709: 2155: 1792:

The WI-grade is for "hard ice"; steep snow slopes, which are encountered frequently on

1751: 1514: 1287: 1208: 1142: 956:" is added where protection is inadequate and any fall could risk serious injury, and " 838: 717: 563: 559: 494: 439: 220: 215: 210: 97: 5805:

Ogden, Jared (2005). "Chapter 2: Big Wall Climbing Procedures, Grades & Ratings".

5227:

Ogden, Jared (2005). "Chapter 2: Big Wall Climbing Procedures, Grades & Ratings".

5036:"Gym Bouldering Grades Vs. Outdoor Grades: 11 Reasons Why Outdoor Climbing Feels Hard" 2307:. This system has seven levels denoted by Roman numerals I–VII, and is similar to the 1353:

in Lappnor in Finland, which is graded 9A (Font) and V17 (V-grade/Hueco), and was the

885: 7571: 7525: 7508: 7450: 7245: 7173: 7148: 7134: 7127: 6942: 6844: 6744: 6524: 6195: 6120: 6062: 5988: 5960: 5905: 5810: 5621: 5551: 5291: 5257: 5232: 5177: 5149: 4963: 4903: 4713: 4660: 4368: 2151: 1737: 1623: 1445: 1431: 1314: 1138: 968: 898: 467: 457: 227: 152: 32: 19:

This article is about classifying climbing routes. For the measure of steepness, see

4928: 1418: 7385: 7320: 7300: 7275: 7260: 7005: 6881: 6624: 6260: 5948: 4893: 4701: 4356: 2217:

Russian Grade 3A: Contains 1 to 1.5 pitches of III climbing on a multi-pitch route.

2120: 2036: 1742: 1613: 1274: 1146: 1069: 692: 499: 275: 265: 119: 5952: 5378: 4705: 2235:

Russian Grade 6A and 6B: Multi-day routes with considerable VI or harder climbing.

1876: 1835: 7513: 7380: 7325: 7280: 7255: 7225: 7010: 6980: 6903: 6898: 6757: 6705: 6629: 6590: 6563: 6248: 6221: 5172:

Elli, Fabio; Zabrok, Peter (2019). "Chapter 2. A Brief History of Aid Climbing".

4327: 2269:

Alaska Grade 1: Climb requires one day only, no technical (fifth-class) climbing.

2261:

climbing, and rarely appears outside of the region. A summary of the levels from

1996: 1814: 1793: 1388: 1008: 1003: 936: 862: 853: 811: 774: 630: 593: 489: 248: 5743: 2229:

Russian Grade 5A: Contains several pitches of V climbing on a 1- to 3-day route.

2173:

NCCS Grade IV: "A full day of technical climbing". Often listed as "a full day".

2039:, and graded TD (IFAS), 5.9 (American), 5c (French), VI− (UIAA-rock), IV (NCCS). 1990:, which is graded ED (IFAS-overall), VI (UIAA-rock), AI6 (WI-ice), M8 (M-mixed). 977: 7372: 7345: 7250: 7220: 7085: 7032: 6975: 6970: 6920: 6861: 6797: 6668: 6651: 6568: 6402: 6367: 6332: 6327: 6282: 6240: 6211: 6161: 6149: 2348: 2170:

NCCS Grade III: "Most of a day of roped climbing". Often listed as "5–8 hours".

1847: 1805: 1761: 1720: 1453: (8C) as a boulder route, but also f9a (5.14d) as a sport climbing route. 1175: 858: 791: 769: 626: 611: 574: 542: 484: 429: 374: 334: 329: 253: 238: 193: 181: 85: 5998: 4731: 4593: 1489: 934:

The American YDS system is an open-ended scale that was at 5.15d in 2023 with

7565: 7335: 7235: 7180: 7141: 7040: 6990: 6965: 6876: 6729: 6585: 6551: 6372: 6347: 6226: 6216: 6173: 6156: 6100: 5507: 5252:

Elli, Fabio; Zabrok, Peter (2019). "Chapter 2. Aid Climbing Rating Systems".

2220:

Russian Grade 3B: One or two pitches of III+/IV climbing on a full-day route.

2135: 1789:" suffix is sometimes used alongside the WI-grade to grade additional risks. 1591: 1564: 1341: 923: 915: 787: 570: 407: 379: 369: 349: 205: 188: 137: 20: 6849: 6018: 5866: 2023: 48: 7455: 7350: 7230: 7166: 7045: 7000: 6607: 6595: 6556: 6541: 6352: 6277: 6265: 6115: 2321:. The "Mount Cook" system was proposed by Hugh Logan in his 1982 guidebook 2183: 2131: 1769: 1716: 1664: 1649: 1619: 1548: 1244:

dates from 1912 and the ascent of the "Dedo de Deus" (God's Finger) in the

1166: 889: 710: 607: 600: 550: 462: 354: 282: 270: 147: 1133:, it was gradually adopted by other climbing areas in the region, such as 7290: 7285: 7022: 6915: 6814: 6600: 6534: 6357: 6337: 6299: 6287: 6253: 6038: 5668:"Tom Ballard claims world's first D15 dry tooling climb in the Dolomites" 2256:, which is graded 5.8 (American YDS), WI-6 (ice), M7 (mixed), A2 (Alaska) 2146: 1962: 1882: 1810: 1725: 1519: 1286:

grades. A number of systems have been used to assign a "risk" grade for

1039: 1029: 919: 823:

is graded 9c (French), 5.15d (American YDS), and XII+ (UIAA), and is the

790:

grading systems (which include the two main free climbing disciplines of

736: 615: 359: 339: 299: 287: 258: 6871: 6752: 6685: 6546: 6317: 6294: 6132: 4907: 2195:

The Russian grading system has a range from grade 1A–6B that aligns in

2123: 2043:

The IFAS system (or UIAA Scale of Overall Difficulty), also called the

2032: 1979: 1645: 1406: 1379: 1340:. For various reasons, it is also noted that boulder grades on indoor 1333: 903: 765: 589: 558:

consistently risen in all forms of climbing, helped by improvements in

319: 294: 164: 4821:"Adam Ondra Repeats 'Bon Voyage', Confirms World's Hardest Trad Grade" 7194: 7187: 7055: 7050: 6960: 6925: 6839: 6784: 6690: 6634: 6573: 6322: 5543: 2244: 1890: 1785:

free climbing systems, although as with the American YDS system, an "

1560: 1101: 893: 851:

The French system is an open-ended scale that was at 9c in 2023 with

816: 397: 324: 1270: 753:

List of grade milestones in rock climbing § Single-pitch routes

7270: 7120: 6856: 6819: 6777: 6767: 6085: 5093: 1987: 1552: 1347:

As of September 2023, the hardest bouldering route in the world is

910:

big-wall free solo at the grade of 5.13a (American) or 7c+ (French)

869:

routes graded by the French system, and thus it is also called the

757:

List of grade milestones in rock climbing § Multi-pitch routes

619: 419: 402: 40: 4793:"Did James Pearson Just Establish the World's Hardest Trad Route?" 4156:(and the UIAA Scale of Overall Difficulty), in the following way: 1719:

is the WI-grade, while the most dominant international system for

1047:

The most complex grading system is the British E-grade system (or

6886: 6772: 6722: 6578: 6342: 6009:

International Climbing Grade Comparison Chart (Rock and Boulders)

1934: 1305:

List of grade milestones in rock climbing § Boulder problems

1241: 1149:. While it uses Roman numerals, it is a separate system from the 344: 66:

freed it in 1991 at 9a (French), 5.14d (American YDS), XI (UIAA).

6049:(Comparative Grades Table) Reporting Grades in Climbing Research 5089:"Daniel Woods: "The Wheel of Life is a 9a track without plates"" 655:

The six levels (Grade I–VI) of the "Welzenbach scale", from 1926

6734: 6700: 2289: 1129:). Developed at the start of the 20th century for the emerging 1556: 7483: 7330: 6802: 6680: 6512: 4765:"Is the British E-Grade Broken? And Can an Algorithm Fix It?" 2226:

Russian Grade 4B: Several pitches of IV+ or some V+ climbing.

2095: 640: 622:

with no ice) use the D-grade prefix (e.g. D8 instead of M8).

7484:

Union Internationale des Associations de Guides de Montagnes

5616:

Gresham, Neil; Parnell, Ian (January 2009). "Mixed grades".

6054: 6032: 1374:

to 5.10c (American YDS), depending on what table is used.

1012: 553:

can suggest a grade, but it will be amended to reflect the

5286:

McNamara, Chris; Van Leuven, Chris (2011). "Aid Ratings".

5254:

Hooking Up – The Ultimate Big Wall and Aid Climbing Manual

5174:

Hooking Up – The Ultimate Big Wall and Aid Climbing Manual

2130:, is graded 5.7 (American), A2+ (A-grade), VI (NCCS) with 1813:(i.e. all the movement was on hard ice). The routes were 865:

protection removes some risk). It is less common to find

6051:, International Rock Climbing Research Association (2015) 5578:"Emmett talks about "Mission to Mars" and Helmcken Falls" 2207:

Russian Grade 2A: Several pitches of easy roped climbing.

2010: 4361:

Continental Divide: A History of American Mountaineering

1928:

This dual grade is needed as Scottish winter climbs use

1804:

In 2010, ice climbers began to put up new ice routes at

4862:"A brief explanation of UK traditional climbing grades" 2232:

Russian Grade 5B: Two-plus days with some VI+ climbing.

778:, the hardest free climbing route in the world and the 4659:(9th ed.). Quiller Publishing. pp. 563–570. 3677:

Main sources: RockFax Rock Climbing Grade Table (2021)

1498:

is one of the most famous boulders in history and the

782:

at 9c (French), 5.15d (American YDS), and XII+ (UIAA).

7426:

Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada

2278:

Alaska Grade 4: Multiday, moderately technical climb.

2223:

Russian Grade 4A: A full-day route with IV+ climbing.

1950: 1917:, the second-ever Scottish Winder Grade XII/12 route. 7478:

International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation

7431:

Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade

5809:(1st ed.). Mountaineers Books. pp. 56–60. 5642:"Mixed Climbing Grades: Everything You Need to Know" 5231:(1st ed.). Mountaineers Books. pp. 59–60. 3698:

International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation

2284:

Alaska Grade 6: Multiday, extremely technical climb.

1439: (8C), and a free climbing route at f9a (5.14d) 7490:

Union of International Mountain Leader Associations

5694:"Watch Ueli Steck on Les Drus North Couloir Direct" 5550:(1st ed.). Mountaineers Books. p. 84-86. 5008:"10 Things You Didn't Know About Bouldering Grades" 4960:

Deep Water: Rockfax Guidebook to Deep Water Soloing

4134:

Main sources: RockFax Bouldering Grade Table (2021)

5285: 5064:"Adam Ondra climbing towards the world's first 9c" 1365:The Font-grade system is easily confused with the 975:grade (Levels I–VII) with the YDS grade (e.g. the 4929:"Historia wspinania na Jurze - ABCWSPINANIA.info" 2281:Alaska Grade 5: Multiday, highly technical climb. 2107:rock and ice climbing grades at each IPAS level. 1559:). Developed in the Japanese bouldering area of 7563: 5918: 5894: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 4892: 4649: 4510: 1360: 5615: 5256:(1st ed.). Versante Sud. pp. 71–87. 5176:(1st ed.). Versante Sud. pp. 25–52. 4896:; Coley, David (2015). "Chapter 17. Grading". 4653:(October 2017). "Appendix A: Rating Systems". 4287: 4265: 4243: 4221: 4199: 4177: 4066: 3986: 3863: 3736: 3498: 3462: 3424: 3388: 3211: 3175: 3140: 3103: 2942: 2905: 2870: 2835: 2445: 2214:) II+ and III climbing on a multi-pitch route. 1961:(NEI). A system was developed in the 1970s in 1867:no consensus that such comparisons are valid. 1269:was used in the limestone climbing areas near 6070: 5852: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 1715:The most dominant system internationally for 1435:, which is graded at both a boulder route at 1232:is now more common for sport-climbing routes. 577:. The American system adds an R/X suffix to 522: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 1905:Mixed climbing § Scottish winter grades 1889:(D16) in the "Tomorrow's World Cave" in the 1636: 1011:routes, and particularly those that use the 948:is assessed. A suffix of "PG-13" (using the 686:also incorporated proposals made in 1943 by 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 2204:Russian Grade 1B: Some easy roped climbing. 1778: 1477: 1366: 1321: (8C) is the diagonal green line, and 1195:created his scale as an alternative to the 1089: 7472:International Federation of Sport Climbing 6077: 6063: 5548:Ice & Mixed Climbing: Modern Technique 5290:(3rd ed.). SuperTopo. p. 18-19. 5251: 5171: 4594:"Grade Conversions: Alpine Grading System" 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 2295: 1940: 1537: 1001:. The UIAA scale was at XII+ in 2023 with 944:routes where the level and quality of the 581:routes to reflect the additional risks of 529: 515: 5831:"The Moonflower Buttress (Bibler/Klewin)" 4840: 4612: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4172: 4167: 4153: 2182:NCCS Grade VII: "Remote walls climbed in 1710: 1576:. Created by American bouldering pioneer 1249: 830: 5921:"Scales of Difficulty in Mountaineering" 5901:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills 5737: 5735: 5304: 5270: 5001: 4999: 4957: 4951: 4656:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills 4355: 2243: 2114: 2022: 1982:on the 800-metre alpine climbing route, 1974: 1908: 1896: 1834: 1741: 1640: 1488: 1417: 1308: 1165: 1111: 1081:in Annot, France at E12, or 5.14d / 9a. 1028: 884: 760: 650: 16:Degree of difficulty of a climbing route 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5572: 5570: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4762: 3729: 3722: 2375: 2365: 2145:(NCCS) was devised in the 1960s by the 2143:National Climbing Classification System 1801:routes slightly easier than WI routes. 1782: 1229: 1204: 1200: 1158: 1154: 1060: 1056: 827:climb to have those grades in history. 7564: 5969:"International Grade Comparison Chart" 5898:(2018). "Appendix A: Rating Systems". 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5773:International School of Mountaineering 5741: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5505: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5462:"International Grade Comparison Chart" 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5369:"International Grade Comparison Chart" 5222: 5220: 5218: 5167: 5165: 5115: 5061: 5033: 4859: 4818: 4790: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4729: 4725: 4723: 4531: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 2196: 2011:International French Adjectival System 1949:. Canadian ice climbs quote both the 1531: 1337: 1220: 998: 928: 845: 815:which is in the Hanshelleren Cave, in 6058: 5804: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5226: 5143: 5005: 4939:from the original on 18 November 2018 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2402: 2395: 2388: 2381: 2374: 2369: 2364: 1693:Aid climbing § New wave A-grades 1678:Aid climbing § Original A-grades 1182:8b+ (French), 5.14a (American) route. 950:American cinema classification system 880: 7532: 5923:. Central School of Mountaineering, 5712: 5567: 5542: 4976: 4899:High - Advanced Multi-Pitch Climbing 4881: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4515:. Central School of Mountaineering, 2334: 1913:Greg Boswell on the first ascent of 1881:When mixed climbing is done as pure 1756:high up on the severely overhanging 1196: 1191:system. In 1967, Australian climber 1187:Australia/New Zealand/South African 1178:, grade 32 (Ewbank) and the world's 7544: 5787: 5761: 5525: 5482: 5393: 5245: 5215: 5162: 4791:Potter, Stephen (9 February 2023). 4749: 4720: 4143: 1686: 1671: 1025:Traditional climbing § Grading 819:, Norway; the severely overhanging 13: 5999:RockFax Climbing Grade Conversions 5888: 5807:Big Wall Climbing: Elite Technique 5596: 5229:Big Wall Climbing: Elite Technique 5137: 4860:Grimes, Niall (28 February 2016). 4513:"Scales of Difficulty in Climbing" 4381: 2434: 2341: 1018: 972: 918:who adapted the class 5 rating of 709:Difficulty in Aided Climbing" for 659:In 1894, the Austrian mountaineer 14: 7588: 7441:South African Climbing Federation 5982: 5919:Mandelli, G; Angriman, A (2016). 5148:. Bloomsbury Sport. p. 185. 5118:"John Gill, Father of Bouldering" 5062:Hobley, Nicholas (26 June 2017). 5034:Miller, Delaney (21 March 2022). 4819:Clarke, Owen (21 February 2024). 4673: 4511:Mandelli, G; Angriman, A (2016). 2429: 2410: 2163:). NCCS grades are described as: 2154:routes, however, advancements in 2134:; or 5.13d (American), VI (NCCS) 1970: 1131:Saxon Switzerland climbing region 7543: 7531: 7520: 7519: 7507: 6413:IFSC World Championships winners 2110: 1951:Canadian Winter Commitment Grade 1701: 1250:UIAA Scale of Overall Difficulty 746: 47: 5823: 5686: 5660: 5634: 5190: 5109: 5081: 5055: 5027: 4921: 4763:Gresham, Neil (27 April 2023). 3713: 3686: 2382: 2160: 2052: 1607: 1502: 1450: 1436: 1426: 1357:boulder to reach those grades. 1325: 1318: 1266: 1224: 1150: 874: 7411:British Mountaineering Council 5867:"Grades and Grade Conversions" 5847:5.8 (YDS) WI6 M7 A2 Steep Snow 4867:British Mountaineering Council 4812: 4784: 4349: 4338:Trail difficulty rating system 2019:Alpine climbing § Grading 1831:Mixed climbing § M-grades 971:routes will often include the 1: 6043:Ari Paulin Base Camp Database 6029:UIAA Grades for Rock Climbing 5953:10.1080/19346182.2015.1107081 5620:. Rockfax. pp. 180–181. 5116:Clarke, Owen (3 March 2022). 5006:Samet, Matt (24 March 2022). 4706:10.1080/19346182.2015.1107081 4343: 1855:" suffix is used for danger. 1738:Ice climbing § WI-grades 1522:Climbing and Bouldering Guide 1456: 1361:Comparison with free climbing 1298: 984: 839:Sport climbing § Grading 62:in free climbing grades when 6084: 6019:Grades and Grade Conversions 5097:(in Spanish). 23 August 2013 4300: 4276: 4254: 4232: 4210: 4188: 4162: 4149: 4114: 4098: 4082: 4050: 4034: 4018: 4002: 3971: 3955: 3939: 3923: 3909: 3893: 3879: 3848: 3832: 3816: 3800: 3784: 3768: 3752: 3706: 3637: 3601: 3572: 3535: 3351: 3321: 3284: 3247: 3072: 3047: 3019: 2977: 2798: 2761: 2725: 2689: 2652: 2617: 2581: 2550: 2513: 2483: 2370: 2356: 1922: 1600: 1595: 1370: 1328: (8B) is the blue line. 674:In 1923, German mountaineer 7: 4321: 3728: 3721: 3712: 3705: 2420: 2415: 2403: 2396: 2080:Whilst each IFAS grade can 1877:Dry-tooling § D-grades 1731: 1614:Aid climbing § Grading 1463:Fontainebleau climbing area 1265:). Up until the 1970s, the 10: 7593: 5146:The Indoor Climbing Manual 4365:W. W. Norton & Company 2389: 2239: 2190: 2035:, which is 850-metres, 25- 2016: 1902: 1874: 1870: 1828: 1824: 1735: 1690: 1675: 1611: 1484: 1461:The Font-grade (from the " 1429: (7B/7B+) section of 1302: 1022: 836: 750: 646: 18: 7503: 7464: 7401:Appalachian Mountain Club 7371: 7364: 7208: 7158: 7077: 7070: 6953: 6832: 6743: 6503: 6494: 6487: 6385: 6310: 6239: 6204: 6108: 6099: 6092: 5989:Climbing Grades Explained 5904:(9th ed.). Quiller. 4171: 4166: 4161: 4140:(2023), and UIAA (2021). 3683:(2023), and UIAA (2021). 3550: 3547: 3299: 3296: 3038: 3012: 3004: 2986: 2308: 2211: 2094:on the north face of the 1862:, mixed climbing pioneer 1637:Instability of aid grades 1238:Brazilian technical scale 1075:highest consensus E-grade 7316:Mountain Safety Research 7311:Mountain Equipment Co-op 5744:"Alpine Climbing Grades" 4333:History of rock climbing 4317:Main source: UIAA (2021) 3719: 2441: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2323:The Mount Cook Guidebook 2263:Alaska: A Climbing Guide 2210:Russian Grade 2B: Some ( 2027:Climber on the big wall 807:history of rock climbing 699:Groupe de Haute Montagne 7446:South Tyrol Alpine Club 7241:Eastern Mountain Sports 7107:Canadian Alpine Journal 7100:American Alpine Journal 6363:Roof and tunnel hacking 5974:American Alpine Journal 5467:American Alpine Journal 5198:"Exhibit A (5.8 C2+ R)" 4962:. Rockfax. p. 14. 4958:Robinson, Mike (2007). 4152:can be compared to the 2305:Winter Commitment Grade 2058:Later, a + (pronounced 7266:Holubar Mountaineering 7078:Magazines and journals 6408:IFSC World Cup winners 4732:"Rock climbing grades" 2357:British E-grade system 2257: 2138: 2040: 1991: 1918: 1843: 1765: 1711:Ice and mixed climbing 1660: 1506: 1440: 1416: 1329: 1183: 1044: 911: 831:French numerical grade 783: 656: 7391:Alpine Club of Canada 7301:Marmot Mountain Works 7256:GERRY Mountain Sports 5508:"Ice climbing grades" 2296:Other notable systems 2247: 2118: 2066:) or a − (pronounced 2026: 1978: 1941:Other notable systems 1912: 1897:Scottish winter grade 1838: 1745: 1644: 1551:grading systems (see 1538:Other notable systems 1492: 1421: 1409:in an interview with 1398: 1312: 1169: 1112:Other notable systems 1032: 888: 764: 654: 7421:Club Alpino Italiano 7406:Austrian Alpine Club 7396:American Alpine Club 5925:Club Alpino Italiano 5742:Paulin, Ari (2023). 5506:Paulin, Ari (2023). 5144:White, John (2014). 4730:Paulin, Ari (2023). 4517:Club Alpino Italiano 4363:(reprint ed.). 4168:French Alpine System 4154:French Alpine System 3694:Club Alpino Italiano 2353:traditional climbing 2045:French Alpine System 1999:around the world. 1984:North Couloir Direct 1966:used in New England. 1930:traditional climbing 1382:describing his 2017 1135:Bohemian Switzerland 1053:traditional climbing 1013:French Alpine System 942:traditional climbing 867:traditional climbing 796:traditional climbing 579:traditional climbing 7416:Club Alpin Français 6790:Mountaineering boot 6403:Piolet d'Or winners 4173:UIAA Overall Alpine 2416:Brazilian technical 2254:Mount Hunter Alaska 2250:Moonflower Buttress 2091:1938 Heckmair Route 1511:John "Verm" Sherman 1057:American YDS system 946:climbing protection 875:Font boulder grades 636:1938 Heckmair Route 583:climbing protection 86:Piolet d'Or winners 7436:German Alpine Club 6003:RockFax Publishing 5288:Yosemite Big Walls 4598:Rockfax Publishing 2328:Aoraki Tai Poutini 2258: 2139: 2041: 1992: 1919: 1858:In his 1996 book, 1844: 1768:The most dominant 1766: 1661: 1515:climbing guidebook 1507: 1495:Midnight Lightning 1478:French sport grade 1449:, which is graded 1441: 1367:French sport grade 1330: 1288:deep-water soloing 1284:Deep-water soloing 1240:. Climbing in the 1230:French sport grade 1209:climbing guidebook 1184: 1143:Lusatian Mountains 1090:French sport grade 1061:French sport grade 1049:British trad grade 1045: 1035:Clogwyn Du'r Arddu 912: 881:American YDS grade 871:French sport grade 784: 718:climbing guidebook 657: 560:climbing technique 551:first ascensionist 7559: 7558: 7499: 7498: 7451:Swiss Alpine Club 7204: 7203: 7159:Non-fiction films 7135:Planinski Vestnik 7128:Himalayan Journal 7066: 7065: 6828: 6827: 6457:Historical events 6428:Eight-thousanders 6381: 6380: 6235: 6234: 6039:Grading of Climbs 5941:Sports Technology 5775:. 1 February 2021 5674:. 5 February 2016 4933:abcwspinania.info 4894:Kirkpatrick, Andy 4694:Sports Technology 4666:978-1-68051-004-1 4357:Isserman, Maurice 4314: 4313: 4131: 4130: 3674: 3673: 2335:Comparison tables 2319:Mount Cook system 2197:comparison tables 2152:big wall climbing 2007:now in less use. 1624:big wall climbing 1532:comparison tables 1446:The Wheel of Life 1432:The Wheel of Life 1338:comparison tables 1221:comparison tables 1139:Bohemian Paradise 1127:East German scale 999:comparison tables 969:big wall climbing 846:comparison tables 801:The evolution of 539: 538: 120:Eight-thousanders 110:Historical events 7584: 7547: 7546: 7535: 7534: 7523: 7522: 7511: 7369: 7368: 7321:Outdoor Research 7075: 7074: 6501: 6500: 6492: 6491: 6462:Grade milestones 6271:Expedition style 6106: 6105: 6097: 6096: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6056: 6055: 5978: 5964: 5938: 5928: 5915: 5896:The Mountaineers 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5863: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5842: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5802: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5769:"Alpine Grading" 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5739: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5698:Gripped Magazine 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5618:Winter CLIMBING+ 5613: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5574: 5565: 5564: 5540: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5503: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5458: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5381:on 30 March 2021 5377:. Archived from 5365: 5302: 5301: 5283: 5268: 5267: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5224: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5202:Mountain Project 5194: 5188: 5187: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5003: 4974: 4973: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4890: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4857: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4760: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4727: 4718: 4717: 4691: 4682: 4671: 4670: 4651:The Mountaineers 4647: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4590: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4508: 4379: 4378: 4353: 4159: 4158: 4148:As of 2023, the 3703: 3702: 2436: 2431: 2362: 2361: 1760:(graded WI10+), 1755: 1687:New wave A-grade 1672:Original A-grade 1663:The grade of an 1527:Burden of Dreams 1473:Burden of Dreams 1414: 1401:sure about that. 1350:Burden of Dreams 1275:Wojciech Kurtyka 1246:Serra dos Órgãos 1172:Punks in the Gym 1147:Zittau Mountains 1067:(E11 7a) and on 803:grade milestones 730: 722:Francois Labande 707: 696: 684: 676:Willo Welzenbach 669: 531: 524: 517: 276:Expedition style 115:Grade milestones 64:Wolfgang Güllich 51: 28: 27: 7592: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7495: 7460: 7360: 7226:Cascade Designs 7200: 7154: 7062: 6949: 6824: 6758:Abalakov thread 6739: 6483: 6377: 6306: 6231: 6200: 6184:Deep-water solo 6088: 6083: 6013:MountainProject 5985: 5967: 5936: 5912: 5891: 5889:Further reading 5886: 5876: 5874: 5865: 5864: 5853: 5840: 5838: 5835:MountainProject 5829: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5803: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5740: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5651: 5649: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5628: 5614: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5584:. 24 April 2020 5576: 5575: 5568: 5558: 5541: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5504: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5460: 5459: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5367: 5366: 5305: 5298: 5284: 5271: 5264: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5225: 5216: 5206: 5204: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5142: 5138: 5128: 5126: 5114: 5110: 5100: 5098: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5032: 5028: 5018: 5016: 5004: 4977: 4970: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4891: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4858: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4761: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4728: 4721: 4689: 4683: 4674: 4667: 4648: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4509: 4382: 4375: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4328:Beta (climbing) 4324: 4306: 4293: 4146: 3731: 3724: 3715: 3708: 3689: 3040: 3006: 2988: 2422: 2405: 2399:(Aus. & NZ) 2398: 2391: 2384: 2377: 2371:British E-grade 2344: 2337: 2298: 2242: 2193: 2113: 2021: 2013: 1997:alpine climbing 1973: 1959:New England Ice 1943: 1923:British E-grade 1907: 1899: 1879: 1873: 1846:The grading of 1833: 1827: 1819:Mission to Mars 1794:alpine climbing 1758:Clash of Titans 1749: 1747:Angelika Rainer 1740: 1734: 1713: 1704: 1695: 1689: 1680: 1674: 1657:Eldorado Canyon 1639: 1616: 1610: 1601:British E-grade 1540: 1505: (7B/7B+). 1487: 1459: 1422:Climber on the 1415: 1405: 1371:British E-grade 1363: 1307: 1301: 1263:Kurtyka's scale 1197:British E-grade 1114: 1027: 1021: 1019:British E-grade 1009:alpine climbing 987: 929:exactly aligned 883: 841: 833: 759: 749: 724: 701: 690: 678: 663: 649: 631:alpine climbing 543:climbing routes 535: 506: 444: 384: 306: 232: 216:Deep-water solo 131: 67: 60:major milestone 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7590: 7580: 7579: 7577:Rating systems 7574: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7541: 7529: 7517: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7377: 7375: 7366: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7346:The North Face 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7276:Sierra Designs 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7251:Frostline Kits 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7145: 7142:Rock & Ice 7138: 7131: 7124: 7117: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7086:Alpine Journal 7081: 7079: 7072: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6976:Climbing route 6973: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6935: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6921:Simul-climbing 6918: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6862:Front pointing 6859: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6798:Avalanche cord 6792: 6787: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6770: 6765: 6763:Bottled oxygen 6760: 6755: 6749: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6715: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6703: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6627: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6610: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6527: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6509: 6507: 6498: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6418:IFSC victories 6415: 6410: 6405: 6395: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6245: 6243: 6241:Mountaineering 6237: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6103: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6082: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6046: 6036: 6026: 6016: 6006: 5996: 5984: 5983:External links 5981: 5980: 5979: 5965: 5947:(3–4): 88–94. 5929: 5916: 5911:978-1846892622 5910: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5851: 5822: 5816:978-0898867480 5815: 5786: 5760: 5711: 5685: 5672:PlanetMountain 5659: 5633: 5627:978-1873341964 5626: 5595: 5566: 5557:978-0898867695 5556: 5524: 5481: 5392: 5303: 5297:978-0983322504 5296: 5269: 5263:978-8885475809 5262: 5244: 5238:978-0898867480 5237: 5214: 5189: 5183:978-8885475809 5182: 5161: 5155:978-1408186626 5154: 5136: 5108: 5091:[es]. 5080: 5068:PlanetMountain 5054: 5026: 4975: 4969:978-1873341766 4968: 4950: 4920: 4880: 4839: 4811: 4783: 4748: 4719: 4700:(3–4): 88–94. 4672: 4665: 4611: 4530: 4380: 4374:978-0393353761 4373: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4323: 4320: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4150:Russian system 4145: 4144:Mountaineering 4142: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3727: 3720: 3718: 3711: 3688: 3685: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3665: 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2734: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2406:(South Africa) 2401: 2394: 2387: 2380: 2373: 2368: 2349:sport climbing 2343: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2314: 2313: 2297: 2294: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2208: 2205: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2112: 2109: 2017:Main article: 2012: 2009: 1972: 1971:Mountaineering 1969: 1968: 1967: 1955: 1954: 1942: 1939: 1903:Main article: 1898: 1895: 1887:Parallel World 1875:Main article: 1872: 1869: 1848:mixed climbing 1829:Main article: 1826: 1823: 1806:Helmcken Falls 1762:Helmcken Falls 1736:Main article: 1733: 1730: 1721:mixed climbing 1712: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1691:Main article: 1688: 1685: 1676:Main article: 1673: 1670: 1638: 1635: 1612:Main article: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1583: 1582: 1569: 1568: 1539: 1536: 1486: 1483: 1458: 1455: 1411:PlanetMountain 1403: 1362: 1359: 1342:climbing walls 1300: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1280: 1279: 1254: 1253: 1234: 1233: 1213: 1212: 1176:Mount Arapiles 1164: 1163: 1113: 1110: 1037:in Wales with 1020: 1017: 986: 983: 981:at 5.13b VI). 882: 879: 859:sport climbing 832: 829: 792:sport climbing 770:sport climbing 748: 745: 648: 645: 627:mountaineering 614:(i.e. ice and 612:mixed climbing 575:sport climbing 555:consensus view 537: 536: 534: 533: 526: 519: 511: 508: 507: 505: 504: 503: 502: 497: 492: 482: 477: 476: 475: 470: 460: 454: 451: 450: 446: 445: 443: 442: 437: 432: 430:Simul climbing 427: 422: 417: 416: 415: 405: 400: 394: 391: 390: 386: 385: 383: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 316: 313: 312: 308: 307: 305: 304: 303: 302: 292: 291: 290: 280: 279: 278: 273: 263: 262: 261: 256: 245: 242: 241: 239:mountaineering 234: 233: 231: 230: 225: 224: 223: 218: 213: 203: 202: 201: 196: 186: 185: 184: 174: 173: 172: 162: 161: 160: 150: 144: 141: 140: 133: 132: 130: 129: 124: 123: 122: 117: 107: 106: 105: 95: 94: 93: 91:IFSC victories 88: 77: 74: 73: 69: 68: 55:Action Directe 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7589: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7552: 7551: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7518: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7506: 7505: 7502: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7465:International 7463: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7365:Organizations 7363: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7236:Early Winters 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7216:Black Diamond 7214: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7181:The Dawn Wall 7178: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7125: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7097: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7041:Bachar ladder 7039: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6991:Climbing wall 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6966:Approach shoe 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6586:Climbing rope 6584: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6467:First ascents 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6293: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6101:Rock climbing 6098: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6068: 6066: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5935: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5848: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5818: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5749: 5748:Ari'sBaseCamp 5745: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5700:. 25 May 2018 5699: 5695: 5689: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5513: 5512:Ari'sBaseCamp 5509: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5299: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5185: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5166: 5157: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4938: 4935:(in Polish). 4934: 4930: 4924: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4815: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4787: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4737: 4736:Ari'sBaseCamp 4733: 4726: 4724: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4668: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4309: 4307:(the old ED+) 4304: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4288: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4003: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3826:5.10d/5.11a/b 3825: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3717: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3043: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2427: 2424: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2400: 2393: 2386: 2379: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2342:Free climbing 2339: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2293: 2291: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2265:(2001) is: 2264: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2117: 2111:American NCCS 2108: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2049:Alpine System 2046: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1729: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1708: 1707:hammerless). 1702:Clean C-grade 1699: 1694: 1684: 1679: 1669: 1666: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1592:peak district 1589: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545:Dankyū system 1542: 1541: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1425: 1420: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1332:The two main 1327: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123:Dresden scale 1120: 1117:German/Swiss 1116: 1115: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1000: 995: 992: 982: 980: 979: 974: 970: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 938: 932: 930: 925: 924:decimal point 921: 917: 916:Tahquitz Peak 909: 905: 901: 900: 895: 891: 887: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 855: 849: 847: 840: 835: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 813: 808: 804: 799: 797: 793: 789: 788:free climbing 786:The two main 781: 777: 776: 771: 767: 763: 758: 754: 747:Free climbing 744: 740: 738: 733: 728: 723: 719: 714: 712: 705: 700: 694: 689: 688:Lucien Devies 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 661:Fritz Benesch 653: 644: 642: 638: 637: 632: 628: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 604: 602: 597: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 571:free climbing 567: 565: 561: 556: 552: 548: 544: 532: 527: 525: 520: 518: 513: 512: 510: 509: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 486: 483: 481: 478: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 453: 452: 448: 447: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 425:Self rescuing 423: 421: 418: 414: 411: 410: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 395: 393: 392: 388: 387: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 317: 315: 314: 310: 309: 301: 298: 297: 296: 293: 289: 286: 285: 284: 281: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 267: 264: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 250: 247: 246: 244: 243: 240: 236: 235: 229: 226: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 207: 204: 200: 197: 195: 192: 191: 190: 187: 183: 180: 179: 178: 175: 171: 168: 167: 166: 163: 159: 156: 155: 154: 151: 149: 146: 145: 143: 142: 139: 138:rock climbing 135: 134: 128: 125: 121: 118: 116: 113: 112: 111: 108: 104: 101: 100: 99: 96: 92: 89: 87: 84: 83: 82: 79: 78: 76: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 57: 56: 50: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 34: 30: 29: 26: 22: 21:grade (slope) 7548: 7536: 7524: 7512: 7456:USA Climbing 7356:Wild Country 7351:Therm-a-Rest 7193: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7167:The Alpinist 7165: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7046:Campus board 7027: 7001:First ascent 6745:Ice and snow 6542:Belay device 6393:Alpine clubs 6353:Ropes course 6266:Alpine style 6042: 6022: 6012: 6002: 5992: 5972: 5944: 5940: 5899: 5875:. 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