1453:
1501:, McNamara argues: "Although it was originally touted as being more precise, than the previous A1-A5 system, it is now clear the new wave system only brought more confusion to the rating process". In practice, aid-climbing authors use a "composite" of the two systems (original and "new wave"), going from A0 to A6, and focused on the number of "bodyweight placements" (i.e. "tenuous" aid placements that can only hold a static bodyweight) as opposed to "bombproof placements" (belay-like aid placements that can hold a falling body) on a pitch, as a guide to the consequences of any leader fall.
1331:
1371:
1564:
1316:
1400:
use the placements of earlier teams. On advanced aid routes (i.e. A-grade above A3+), the act of hammering in fixed placements can be enough to shake the climber off the existing tenuous placements, so care and skill are required. Clean aid climbing avoids using any hammers, and thus the placements are effectively those of a traditional climber (although hooks are also used). Aid climbers generally try to make placements as high above their current position as possible to move efficiently.
807:
673:
1352:
4819:
1109:
4807:
1095:
1418:
by loading their body weight onto them while using the lower placement as a backup in case the new placement fails. Excessive bounce-testing can make the extraction of the placements by the second climber difficult (i.e. the placements become really wedged into the cracks) and can result in longer timelines, damaged rock (where hammers are used to extract the placement), or having to leave placements on the route.
4843:
1125:
4831:
1641:
1139:
42:
1582:
In the 1990s, Yosemite aid climbers created the "new wave" aid grading system that expanded the range of the original system to A6, introduced an intermediate (+) grade from A2 onwards for specific strenuous sections, and gave detailed definitions for each level. As with the original system, the main
1408:
Once a new placement is made, the aid climber will clip their daisy chain and an aider into the latest placement above their head and then bounce-test it; on passing that test, they then fully step into the aider attached to this new placement while clipping in the rope into the lower placement. Once
1417:
Free climbers will only know if their protection placements can carry the weight of a fall if it happens; some will pull on their placements as a simple test, but placing their body weight on the placement would be a form of aid. In contrast, aid climbers continuously "bounce test" their placements
1474:
The grading of aid climbs is regarded as being complex and in a state of flux. Aid grades can change materially over time due to improvements in aid equipment and the impact of repeated ascents that subsequent aid climbing teams make to a route. Climbing author Chris McNamara outlines in his 2011
1399:
Aid climbing relies on the climber making placements onto the rock into which they attach aiders and ascend. Traditional aid climbing involved hammering in fixed placements (e.g. pitons, bolts, copperheads), a practice that made traditional aid climbing routes easier over time as later teams could
1434:
while taking out any removable placements on the way. Even the leader may also jumar back up the rope after having retrieved lower pieces of equipment that are needed again. This is in contrast to traditional climbing where the second (or belayer) will normally climb the route (albeit on a
1272:
Various types of rock climbing use hooks as temporary placements, but they feature most commonly in aid climbing where on more difficult aid-climbing routes (e.g. grades above A2+), the aid climber is expected to be able to use placements that can only handle their static bodyweight (but may
943:
using siege tactics (600 pitons and 125 bolts) over 47 days; while the ascent got worldwide recognition it was controversial due to the excessive use of aid. Robbins' ethos of minimizing the use of aid prevailed over that of
Harding, and his legacy of partially-aided ascents including the
1623:
When the original or the "new wave" aid climbs can be ascended without the use of a hammer (for pitons or copperheads) the "A" suffix is replaced by a "C" to denote "clean climbing". In
Yosemite, an "F" suffix is placed after the "C" if fixed gear (e.g. bolts) is still required.
754:) for placements; these are then removed by the second climber as they make their own ascent. This method therefore avoids the damage that repeated hammering of metal does to aid routes, and has been advocated as useful training and building up of experience in the placing of
614:
is complex as successive repeats can substantially change the nature of the challenge through hammering and also the build-up of large amounts of in-situ fixed placements. It is not untypical for a new A5-graded aid-climbing route, to migrate to an A3-graded route over time.
1061:: "But without the old piton scars, without fixed protection, without her big-wall aid climbing experience, without the extraordinary free-climbing ability she gained from bolted sport climbs and indoor gyms and competitions, would there have ever been a such a free ascent?"
1409:
completed, they release the lower daisy chain and its aider from the lower placement and climb up the new aider. These steps must be done in sequence to avoid a position where the climber comes free of any placement, or becomes temporarily dependent on a weak position.
1486:
A4. Teams 6 to 20 ascend: Half the copperheads are now fixed, pin placements are solid (from repeated hammering), bolts have replaced pulled or broken rock features; some 'chicken bolts' (i.e excess bolting) are added at cruxes, and fully bolted belay anchors in
773:
climbs where it is possible to find specific sections that are considerably above the difficulty level of the rest of the route. For such sections, aid climbing techniques are accepted, even by free climbers. For example, the renowned big wall climbing route
975:. Maestri drilled an extreme amount of bolts into the famous headwall using a 300-pound air compressor drill; in one section, he drilled across a blank 90-metre face to avoid the wind. Maestri's excessive use of aid was condemned. In 1971,
1509:
Original aid climbing grades go from A0 to A5 and focus on the number of "bodyweight placements" as opposed to "bombproof placements" on a given pitch. They are less concerned with the physical demands of an aid route. In
Yosemite, the
991:, appealed for clean aid climbing techniques to avoid the damage incurred by pitons and hammers. Messner's and Chouinard's essays marked the end of the excessive aid techniques. The 1970s saw new big wall aid climbing pioneers such as
1811:); was the hardest big wall aid-climb in the world at the time, with its infamous "Hook or Book" pitch, the first "you fall, you die" pitch on El Capitan and even decades later is still A4+; considered Bridwell's greatest route.
2411:
These included the hardest routes in the world at the time: first the
Pacific Ocean Wall, and then later Sea of Dreams with its notorious A5 Hook or Book pitch—the first "if you fall, you die" rope length on the famed big
1586:"New wave" grades are described by the American Alpine Club (republished in 2013) as: "Newer routes put-up by big-wall aficionados often are given a "New Wave" aid rating using the same symbols with new definitions":
2854:
1030:
on El
Capitan at 5.14a. Aid climbing continued to be a skill set for big wall and alpine climbers in both being able to complete routes that would otherwise be almost impossible to most climbers (e.g.
1771:
of El
Capitan in 45 days with 31-pitches, 5.8 A3, 600 pitons and 125 aid bolts; climb gets worldwide recognition but is controversial among climbers for its excessive use of aid climbing techniques.
1756:
in 5 days with 25-pitches, 5.7 A3, 275 pitons and 20 aid bolts. Birth of modern US big wall climbing; historians split the climbing history of
Yosemite into: "before and after Half Dome".
1794:
on El
Capitan in 6 days with 35-pitches, 5.9 A4, 484 pitons, and only 13 aid bolts; one of the hardest big wall aid-climbs in the world at the time, and completed without fixed ropes.
1493:
A3+. Teams +41 ascend: The route now "reaches equilibrium"; all copperheads are in place and the cruxes fixed; piton placements so beat out that they now easily take hammerless gear.
742:
into the rock as they ascended. These placements remained permanently fixed on the route (and in such cases, the second (or belayer) didn't have to take any placement out and just
1518:" suffixes of the American YDS free climbing system are added for routes with dangers of falls onto ledges or ramps or the risk of cutting the rope on an edge, such as pitch 13 on
1681:
4728:
1820:
on El
Capitan in 21-pitches, VI 5.7 A5, considered at the time as one of the hardest aid climbing routes on El Capitan (and the world), and still remains an A5/4+-graded route.
3041:
The aid route with hard and dangerous technical climbing is Warren
Hollinger and Grant Gardner's 1998 Nightmare on California Street (A5), unrepeated despite strong attempts.
1483:
A5. First 5 teams to ascend: The new route has very little installed or fixed in-situ equipment (e.g. copperheads, pitons, bolts), and the rock is weak and fragile in places.
1256:
material, and come in various styles including adjustable strap-aiders, and stirrup-style "etriers". These aiders are attached to the aid climber via a matching dual set of
4723:
610:
into a more detailed "new wave" system, and with the development and growth in clean aid climbing, the A-grade became the C-grading system. The grading of aid-climbing
1529:
as follows: "In general, older routes, routes with little aid, and those put up by climbers without extensive big-wall experience use the original aid rating system":
1490:
A3/A4. Teams 21 to 40 ascend: Almost all the copperheads are fixed; all of the weak and loose rock is gone; more belay bolts and "chicken bolts" have been installed.
1391:, relying almost exclusively on mechanical devices for upward momentum. A number of specific techniques are important in aid climbing, which include the following:
958:(1968) cemented Yosemite, and the granite walls of El Capitan, as the world's most important big wall aid climbing venue, and Robbins' place in climbing history.
2764:
915:
in 1947 with Ax Nelson. Salathé's new aid climbing equipment (including the skyhook), led to a "golden age" in big wall aid climbing. In 1957, a team led by
4775:
3742:
4787:
1692:
876:, further developed aid climbing techniques. The legacy of the Dolomites as the birthplace of big-wall and modern aid climbing was cemented by pioneer
761:
While the sport of aid climbing has waned as the free climbing movement has grown, elements of aid climbing are still a regular feature of many major
983:
on the trend of excessive aid saying: "Today's climber ... carries his courage in his rucksack". Another famous essay in 1972, by big wall pioneers
3054:
1710:
2301:
3730:
3110:
626:
routes to overcome sections of extreme difficulty that are beyond the difficulties of the rest of the route. A famous big wall climb such as
564:, into which the aiders are clipped, but there is also 'clean aid climbing' which avoids any hammering, and only uses removable placements.
2220:
3715:
866:
74:
2707:
4769:
4738:
1676:
in 21-days with 44-pitches, VI 5.12d A3; considered the "crown jewel" of the Torres del Paine. It was only freed in 2024 at a grade of
512:
3764:
3759:
1894:
1829:
on El Capitan, with 17-pitches, VI 5.10 A5, often considered El Capitan's hardest aid climb (alongside the controversial 1982 route,
98:
1018:
in the late 1980s saw a dramatic rise in rock climbing standards. Many big wall aid climbs were freed, with the most notable being
3190:
2024:
2362:
1035:
on El Capitan) and in creating "next generation" big wall and alpine routes that are not capable of being fully freed (e.g. the
829:
Aid climbing traces its origins to the start of all climbing, with ladders used on historic ascents such as the 1492 ascent of
2794:
2670:
715:, but not to assist in upward momentum. Like traditional and sport climbing, aid climbing is typically done in pairs with a
2963:
1010:
Bridwell and others pushed big wall aid climbing standards into the 1980s and 1990s with ever-harder A5-graded routes like
1599:
A3: "Hard aid. Many tenuous placements in a row, 15-metre fall potential, could require several hours for a single pitch".
3725:
2827:
1748:
1583:
focus is still on discerning the number of "bodyweight placements" on a route, and therefore the consequences of a fall.
921:
3374:
3311:
3285:
3259:
3240:
3221:
3199:
3175:
2919:
2649:
2603:
2573:
2514:
2489:
2277:
2033:
888:, then the world's hardest big wall aid route. Comici's aid techniques were used by the leading European big wall and
3710:
3695:
2334:
64:
2177:
1007:(1978), with its famous A5-graded "Hook or Book" pitch, the first "if you fall, you die" rope length on El Capitan.
4874:
1686:
567:
While aid climbing traces its origins to the start of all climbing when ladders and pitons were common, its use in
2883:
723:) are clipped, thus enabling them to ascend. After the lead climber has reached the top, the second climber (or
644: (8b+) grade as a free climbed route. Aid is also used to develop "next generation" big wall routes (e.g.
4847:
4708:
2149:
505:
1533:
A0: "Occasional aid moves are often done without aiders (etriers) or climbed on fixed gear; sometimes called
1470:; the route was then graded 5.9 A4 (original A-grade), but is now graded 5.8 C2+ R (post "new-wave" C-grade).
884:(or ladder). In 1933, Comici used these aid climbing techniques to climb the overhanging north face of the
4638:
4015:
2739:
1511:
1170:
751:
750:). Clean aid climbing avoids any hammering and uses the temporary protection of traditional climbing (e.g.
3137:
2393:
1608:
A4+:"Even more serious, with even greater fall potential, where each pitch could take many hours to lead".
1515:
1452:
4869:
4010:
3776:
1964:
1467:
110:
3023:
1925:
1807:
on El Capitan in 27-pitches, VI 5.9 A4+ (it started at A5), and with minimal bolts and pitons (mostly
1554:
A5: "Enough body-weight placements in a row that one failure results in a fall of at least 20 metres".
4835:
4698:
4060:
2429:
2311:
1273:
otherwise fail in the case of a dynamic fall); the range of hook types used in aid climbing includes
1154:
1066:
583:
developed the early tools and techniques. Aid climbing's "golden age" was in the 1960s and 1970s on
498:
1978:
climbing that employs mechanical devices (aids) to accomplish difficult maneuvers (artificial moves)
1959:
4613:
4608:
3754:
1889:
1762:
930:
801:
592:
456:
93:
2935:
1647:
in Pakistan has the world's longest 'vertical' rock climbing route, which is the aid climb called
699:
that uses mechanical devices and equipment for upward momentum. It is considered the opposite of
4743:
4538:
4513:
4404:
4397:
3802:
3705:
3660:
3303:
3185:
2712:
2019:
1677:
1632:
The following are some of the most notable milestones in the development of aid climbing routes:
1079:
789:
785:
641:
637:
348:
2989:
2424:
1928:
1497:
While different aid grading systems have been devised to address this (e.g. the "new wave"), in
576:
4653:
4563:
4206:
3959:
3815:
3747:
3367:
2859:
1289:
Aid climbing, and particularly for the belayer following the lead aid climbing, usually employ
1257:
1178:
1114:
408:
86:
4713:
792: (8b+), which is beyond the skills of all but a very small group of elite free climbers.
4688:
4603:
4105:
3971:
1767:
1233:
935:
854:
776:
628:
568:
3082:
2530:
4718:
4703:
4693:
3944:
3910:
3690:
3464:
3442:
3435:
3423:
2067:
1535:
1526:
1388:
1209:
885:
770:
755:
739:
704:
553:
541:
182:
160:
153:
141:
1563:
1387:
Aid climbing, for both "clean" and "traditional", is a very different type of climbing to
8:
4593:
4411:
4390:
4293:
4235:
4230:
4189:
4164:
4087:
3993:
3915:
3827:
3568:
3269:
2994:
2940:
2888:
2832:
2799:
2675:
2458:
2398:
2367:
2339:
2306:
2182:
2154:
2127:
2072:
1917:
1697:
1294:
1045:
712:
549:
418:
396:
1330:
4733:
4315:
4283:
3954:
3937:
3793:
3771:
3737:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3115:
2910:
Elli, Fabio; Zabrok, Peter (2019). "Stories: Great Trango Tower and The Grand Voyage".
2225:
1274:
1144:
961:
1970 saw one of the most infamous events in big wall aid climbing with the creation of
904:
478:
423:
204:
199:
194:
81:
2564:
Ogden, Jared (2005). "Chapter 2: Big Wall Climbing Procedures, Grades & Ratings".
571:
waned in the early 20th century with the rise of free climbing. At the same time, the
4823:
4806:
4748:
4543:
4471:
4446:
4432:
4425:
4240:
4142:
4042:
3822:
3493:
3418:
3360:
3307:
3281:
3255:
3236:
3217:
3195:
3171:
2915:
2645:
2599:
2569:
2510:
2485:
2273:
2029:
1216:
hammered into cracks being a common placement (and the various piton types including
1174:
1023:
762:
619:
451:
441:
211:
136:
25:
903:
developed a piton made from high-carbon chrome-vanadium (salvaged from the axles of
4683:
4618:
4598:
4573:
4558:
4325:
4303:
4179:
3922:
3558:
3209:
3059:
2804:
1872:
1732:
is the world's longest 'vertical' rock climbing route, and at a very high altitude.
1715:
1673:
1657:
1572:
976:
967:
912:
858:
685:
649:
483:
463:
259:
249:
103:
2680:
1370:
4811:
4678:
4623:
4578:
4553:
4523:
4308:
4278:
4201:
4196:
4055:
4003:
3927:
3888:
3861:
3546:
3519:
3342:
3336:
3273:
2268:
Elli, Fabio; Zabrok, Peter (2019). "Chapter 2. A Brief History of Aid Climbing".
2115:
1706:
1297:
being the most common devices, to reduce the effort on long big wall aid climbs.
1237:
1221:
1054:
893:
889:
845:. By the start of the 20th century, the widespread use of aid (e.g. ladders and
766:
623:
611:
561:
473:
232:
3327:
2453:
1790:
1605:
A4: "Serious aid. 30-metre ledge-fall potential from continuously tenuous gear".
1173:) that are needed for clean aid climbing. Where aid climbing is done as part of
946:
900:
822:
4670:
4643:
4548:
4518:
4383:
4330:
4273:
4268:
4218:
4159:
4095:
3966:
3949:
3866:
3700:
3665:
3630:
3625:
3580:
3538:
3509:
3459:
3447:
1225:
1162:
1158:
1015:
984:
962:
708:
660:). Extreme C5-graded aid-only routes are also still being established, such as
600:
545:
468:
413:
358:
318:
313:
237:
222:
177:
165:
69:
1728:
in 16-days with 33-pitches, VII 5.10 A4+ WI3; at over 1,340 metres in length,
841:, and with drilled bolts on historic ascents such as the 1875 first ascent of
4863:
4633:
4533:
4478:
4439:
4338:
4288:
4263:
4174:
4027:
3883:
3849:
3670:
3645:
3524:
3514:
3471:
3454:
3398:
3028:
3019:
2828:"Interview: 'Riders on the Storm' in Patagonia Finally Freed After 30 Years!"
2594:
Elli, Fabio; Zabrok, Peter (2019). "Chapter 2. Aid Climbing Rating Systems".
1850:
1777:
1743:
1725:
1644:
1611:
A5: "Extreme aid. Nothing on the entire pitch can be trusted to hold a fall".
1315:
1248:
The equipment used to ascend via the hammered in placements are dual sets of
1040:
929:, ushering in modern American big wall aid climbing. In 1958, a team led by
916:
877:
850:
830:
810:
806:
734:
Traditional aid climbing relied on fixed placements, which were mainly metal
700:
696:
657:
588:
580:
537:
529:
391:
363:
353:
333:
189:
172:
121:
4147:
1842:
A few notable films have been made focused on aid wall climbing including:
4753:
4648:
4528:
4464:
4343:
4298:
3905:
3893:
3854:
3839:
3650:
3575:
3563:
2884:"Why Go Up When You Could Go Sideways? Here Are 4 Massive Girdle Traverses"
1868:
1800:
1665:
1596:
A2+: "10-metre fall potential from tenuous placements, but without danger".
1479:, how the grade of a typical "new A5 route" in Yosemite evolves over time:
1460:
1278:
992:
871:
838:
818:
716:
596:
446:
338:
266:
254:
3332:
672:
4588:
4583:
4320:
4213:
4112:
3898:
3832:
3655:
3635:
3597:
3585:
3551:
2119:
1781:
1661:
1361:
995:
pushing standards in Yosemite using less intrusive aid (e.g. Chouinard's
972:
552:, but not to assist in upward momentum. Aid climbing sometimes involves
343:
323:
283:
271:
242:
1157:
and particularly the protection equipment of traditional climbing (e.g.
4169:
4050:
3983:
3844:
3615:
3592:
3430:
3295:
2790:
1932:
1916:
The world's longest continuous rock climbing route is the 'horizontal'
1876:
1858:
1576:
1551:
A4: "Many placements in a row that hold nothing more than body weight".
1456:
1431:
1351:
1322:
1290:
1229:
1217:
1190:
1186:
940:
834:
781:
747:
689:
633:
303:
278:
148:
1260:(which can be loop-style or adjustable), and the aid climber will use
788: (5c) C2, but as a fully free climb with no aid, it is graded VI
4492:
4485:
4353:
4348:
4258:
4223:
4137:
4082:
3988:
3932:
3871:
3620:
1785:
1261:
1200:
A number of unique items of equipment are also used in aid climbing:
1194:
1108:
1019:
988:
862:
842:
572:
381:
308:
3333:
Explanation of the A1 to A5 grading system for aid- climbing pitches
4568:
4418:
4154:
4117:
4075:
4065:
3383:
3087:
1936:
1753:
1614:
A6: "A5 climbing with belay anchors that won't hold a fall either".
1436:
1427:
1357:
1182:
926:
908:
743:
728:
607:
584:
403:
386:
33:
636:
is accessible to strong climbers as a partial-aid route graded VI
536:(or ladders), for upward momentum. Aid climbing is different than
4184:
4070:
4020:
3876:
3640:
3055:"10 Climbs on El Capitan That Are As Impressive As the Dawn Wall"
1253:
1153:
Modern aid climbing typically uses most of the equipment used in
724:
548:
free climbing formats), which only uses mechanical equipment for
328:
2505:
Ogden, Jared (2005). "Chapter 2: Big Wall Climbing Procedures".
1702:, and Drew Smith, who said conditions makes it feel like a 5.14.
1548:
A3: "Many difficult, insecure placements, but with little risk".
1094:
907:
cars), which enabled him to overcome the hard granite cracks of
4032:
3998:
1240:
where there are no suitable cracks for pitons while ascending.
1236:(or heads); aid climbers may also use bolt kits to place fixed
1208:
Before the introduction of clean aid climbing, placements were
1166:
606:
In the 1990s, the traditional A-grading system was expanded at
41:
2178:"Climb Long Routes Faster With This Simple Aid Climbing Trick"
1640:
1593:
A2: "Moderate aid. Solid gear that's more difficult to place".
1284:
1124:
4781:
4628:
4100:
3978:
3810:
1337:
1249:
1213:
1130:
1100:
881:
846:
814:
784:
is a 31-pitch 870-metre graded partial clean aid climb at VI
735:
720:
677:
557:
533:
47:
4782:
Union Internationale des Associations de Guides de Montagnes
1177:– which is normally its most common format – then even more
3352:
1816:
1995. Steve Gerberding, Lori Reddel, and Scott Stowe climb
1808:
1014:(1995) on the blank south faces of El Capitan. The arrival
996:
3168:
Hooking Up – The Ultimate Big Wall and Aid Climbing Manual
2912:
Hooking Up – The Ultimate Big Wall and Aid Climbing Manual
2640:
McNamara, Chris; Van Leuven, Chris (2011). "Aid Ratings".
2596:
Hooking Up – The Ultimate Big Wall and Aid Climbing Manual
2270:
Hooking Up – The Ultimate Big Wall and Aid Climbing Manual
1321:
The second retrieving placements (including cam hooks) on
1138:
711:), which only uses mechanical devices and equipment for
599:, and was also where Robbins' ethos of minimal-aid, and
2302:"Rock climbing: from ancient practice to Olympic sport"
2221:"The 25 Greatest Moments in Yosemite Climbing History"
2150:"Want to Get Better at Trad Climbing? Go Aid Climbing"
2028:(9th ed.). Quiller Publishing. pp. 276–317.
1525:
The original aid climbing grades are described by the
640: (5c) C2, but only a tiny handful can handle its
4724:
Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada
2509:(1st ed.). Mountaineers Books. pp. 94–140.
2335:"Royal Robbins: The Kingpin of Yosemite's Golden Age"
2068:"Everything You Need to Know for Your First Big Wall"
1765:
George Whitmore and Wayne Merry climb the 3,000-foot
719:
making the "placements" into which ladders (known as
4776:
International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation
4729:
Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade
2568:(1st ed.). Mountaineers Books. pp. 59–60.
2484:(1st ed.). Mountaineers Books. pp. 16–56.
1545:
A2: "Good placements, but sometimes tricky to find".
1264:
to manage the effective length of the daisy chains.
532:
that uses mechanical devices and equipment, such as
4788:
Union of International Mountain Leader Associations
3300:
Big Wall Climbing: Development, Techniques And AIDS
2425:"New words List September 2012 : Aid Climbing"
2639:
2022:(2018). "Chapter 15. Aid and Big Wall Climbing".
1243:
603:'s ethos of clean aid climbing, became dominant.
4861:
2480:Ogden, Jared (2005). "Chapter 1: Fundamentals".
2018:
1853:'s 2011 repeat of the controversial 1982 route,
1212:by the aid climber as they ascended, with metal
2394:"Obituary: Jim "The Bird" Bridwell (1944-2018)"
1825:1998. Warren Hollinger and Grant Gardner climb
1635:
1590:A1: "Easy aid. No risk of a piece pulling out".
3083:"These are the 10 hardest climbs in the world"
2914:(1st ed.). Versante Sud. pp. 53–60.
2598:(1st ed.). Versante Sud. pp. 71–87.
2272:(1st ed.). Versante Sud. pp. 25–52.
3368:
2964:"Sea of Dreams: A4 Solo for Andy Kirkpatrick"
1746:, Jerry Gallwas, and Mike Sherrick climb the
587:'s granite big walls led by pioneers such as
506:
2635:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
1203:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2644:(3rd ed.). SuperTopo. pp. 18–19.
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
1426:The second climber in aid climbing usually
1285:Ascenders and fixed rope jumaring equipment
896:on famous routes across the European Alps.
4770:International Federation of Sport Climbing
3375:
3361:
2909:
2740:"Great Trango Tower: The Biggest Big Wall"
2593:
2391:
2332:
2267:
2114:
1447:
1421:
1308:Aid climbing techniques on big wall climbs
999:) to put up groundbreaking routes such as
513:
499:
2783:
2299:
2218:
2197:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1895:List of grade milestones in rock climbing
1668:, Norbert Bätz, and Peter Dittrich climb
3191:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills
3111:"The 20 Best Climbing Films of All Time"
3108:
2987:
2658:
2612:
2025:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1639:
1602:A3+: "A3 with dangerous fall potential".
1562:
1542:A1: "All placements are solid and easy".
1451:
805:
671:
3052:
3018:
2733:
2731:
2451:
2387:
2385:
2147:
4862:
3328:Big Wall Bible: Aid Climbing Big Walls
3014:
3012:
2708:"International Grade Comparison Chart"
2702:
2700:
2698:
2671:"International Grade Comparison Chart"
2589:
2587:
2585:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2392:Van Leuven, Chris (16 February 2018).
2263:
2175:
2065:
919:used Salathé's aid tools to climb the
857:. While the use of aid diminished on
727:) then removes the placements as they
3356:
3109:Bisharat, Andrew (6 September 2022).
2961:
2881:
2825:
2789:
2737:
2563:
2504:
2479:
2360:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2110:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
1983:
1912:
1910:
1867:, a 2018 short documentary film from
1803:, Dale Bard and Dave Diegelman climb
1057:, said of that Hill's achievement on
4830:
3254:(1st ed.). Mountaineers Books.
3194:(9th ed.). Quiller Publishing.
3080:
2757:
2728:
2445:
2382:
2300:Wilkinson, Freddie (14 March 2019).
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
1558:
1504:
1394:
1267:
680:while ascending aid climbing route,
618:Aid climbing is still used on large
4842:
3214:Higher Education: A Big Wall Manual
3166:Elli, Fabio; Zabrok, Peter (2019).
3009:
2695:
2582:
2548:
2498:
2473:
2452:Ellison, Julie (16 December 2013).
2333:Van Leuven, Chris (21 March 2017).
1833:); still remains unrepeated (2023).
1053:, big wall aid climber and author,
13:
3343:How to Aid Climb: Big Wall Leading
3252:Big Wall Climbing: Elite Technique
3159:
3053:Leonard, Brian (4 December 2017).
3024:"El Cap's Hardest: Wings of Steel"
2988:McDonald, Dougald (26 July 2006).
2566:Big Wall Climbing: Elite Technique
2507:Big Wall Climbing: Elite Technique
2482:Big Wall Climbing: Elite Technique
2240:
2042:
1907:
14:
4886:
4739:South African Climbing Federation
3321:
3138:"The Inner Wall: Reel Rock S4 E2"
2286:
2148:Chapman, Jeff (28 October 2022).
2087:
2066:Synott, Mark (23 February 2022).
1618:
1412:
1252:, which are like ladders made of
861:routes, big wall climbers in the
575:became the birthplace of modern "
4841:
4829:
4818:
4817:
4805:
3711:IFSC World Championships winners
2990:"Reticent Wall in a Single Push"
2826:Walsh, Anthony (21 March 2024).
1736:
1651:(1,340 metres, VII 5.10 A4+ WI3)
1369:
1350:
1329:
1314:
1137:
1123:
1107:
1093:
979:wrote a now-famous essay titled
40:
3280:(1st ed.). Falcon Guides.
3130:
3102:
3074:
3046:
2981:
2962:Berry, Nathalie (8 July 2015).
2955:
2928:
2903:
2875:
2847:
2819:
2738:Lucas, James (16 August 2016).
2523:
2417:
2354:
2326:
1403:
1070:added the term "aid climbing".
662:Nightmare on California Street
4709:British Mountaineering Council
3170:(1st ed.). Versante Sud.
3081:Gray, Will (9 December 2021).
2882:Leavy, Michael (1 July 2022).
2361:Franz, Derek (10 March 2023).
2176:Synott, Mark (2 August 2021).
2169:
2141:
1952:
1827:Nightmare on California Street
1244:Aiders and daisy chain systems
769:routes. These routes are long
667:
1:
2363:"Between safety and boldness"
1946:
1849:, a 2013 documentary film of
1680: (7c+) by Siebe Vanhee,
1627:
1380:(VI, 5.8, A3+), on El Capitan
1300:
1171:spring-loaded camming devices
880:who developed the multi-step
752:spring-loaded camming devices
3382:
1636:High altitude and expedition
1181:is required (e.g. including
1073:
981:The Murder of the Impossible
817:during the 3rd pitch of the
7:
3235:(1st ed.). SuperTopo.
1924:(4,500 metres, 75-pitches,
1883:
1749:Northwest Face of Half Dome
922:Northwest Face of Half Dome
50:(or ladders) on an overhang
10:
4891:
2771:. planetmountain.com. 2022
2120:"The Mechanical Advantage"
1965:Collins English Dictionary
1922:El Capitan Girdle Traverse
1875:rope solo aid climbing on
1837:
1682:Sean Villanueva O'Driscoll
1442:
1376:Using aiders on the route
1293:ascending equipment, with
1077:
799:
795:
695:Aid climbing is a form of
4801:
4762:
4699:Appalachian Mountain Club
4669:
4662:
4506:
4456:
4375:
4368:
4251:
4130:
4041:
3801:
3792:
3785:
3683:
3608:
3537:
3502:
3406:
3397:
3390:
2430:Oxford English Dictionary
2219:Editorial (1 June 2016).
1871:(Season 4, Episode 2) on
1204:Fixed placement equipment
1067:Oxford English Dictionary
4614:Mountain Safety Research
4609:Mountain Equipment Co-op
3231:McNamara, Chris (2012).
2855:"Longest climbing route"
1900:
1890:History of rock climbing
1051:The Mechanical Advantage
849:) was challenged by the
837:, or the 1893 ascent of
802:History of rock climbing
4875:Types of mountaineering
4744:South Tyrol Alpine Club
4539:Eastern Mountain Sports
4405:Canadian Alpine Journal
4398:American Alpine Journal
3661:Roof and tunnel hacking
3304:Oxford University Press
3278:How to Climb: Big Walls
2713:American Alpine Journal
2531:"Exhibit A (5.8 C2+ R)"
1448:Issues with aid grading
1422:Jumaring on fixed ropes
1080:Rock-climbing equipment
579:", where pioneers like
4564:Holubar Mountaineering
4376:Magazines and journals
3706:IFSC World Cup winners
2860:Guinness World Records
1652:
1579:
1471:
1232:), but also including
1185:, hauling pulleys and
1087:Aid climbing equipment
1043:). In a 1999 essay in
826:
738:that the lead climber
692:
4689:Alpine Club of Canada
4599:Marmot Mountain Works
4554:GERRY Mountain Sports
3345:, by Neil Chelton of
3250:Ogden, Jared (2005).
3233:How to Big Wall Climb
2765:"Riders on the Storm"
1847:Assault on El Capitan
1643:
1566:
1455:
911:and climb the iconic
833:, the 1786 ascent of
809:
675:
577:big wall aid climbing
569:single-pitch climbing
16:Type of rock climbing
4719:Club Alpino Italiano
4704:Austrian Alpine Club
4694:American Alpine Club
3302:(Reprint ed.).
3216:(1st ed.). AK.
2803:(11). Archived from
1724:on the East Face of
1527:American Alpine Club
1389:traditional climbing
1155:traditional climbing
756:traditional climbing
705:traditional climbing
676:Climber standing in
4714:Club Alpin Français
4088:Mountaineering boot
3701:Piolet d'Or winners
2307:National Geographic
1670:Riders on the Storm
1567:Climbers aiding on
952:North American Wall
713:climbing protection
646:Riders on the Storm
70:Piolet d'Or winners
4734:German Alpine Club
2807:on 17 October 2021
2642:Yosemite Big Walls
1726:Great Trango Tower
1653:
1645:Great Trango Tower
1580:
1499:Yosemite Big Walls
1477:Yosemite Big Walls
1472:
1001:Pacific Ocean Wall
827:
693:
46:Aid climber using
4870:Types of climbing
4857:
4856:
4797:
4796:
4749:Swiss Alpine Club
4502:
4501:
4457:Non-fiction films
4433:Planinski Vestnik
4426:Himalayan Journal
4364:
4363:
4126:
4125:
3755:Historical events
3726:Eight-thousanders
3679:
3678:
3533:
3532:
3210:Kirkpatrick, Andy
3022:(December 2011).
2936:"Bird's Eye View"
2314:on March 27, 2021
1559:New wave A-grades
1505:Original A-grades
1395:Making placements
1268:Hooks and hangers
1175:big wall climbing
763:big wall climbing
703:(whether done as
620:big wall climbing
523:
522:
104:Eight-thousanders
94:Historical events
4882:
4845:
4844:
4833:
4832:
4821:
4820:
4809:
4667:
4666:
4619:Outdoor Research
4373:
4372:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3789:
3760:Grade milestones
3569:Expedition style
3404:
3403:
3395:
3394:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3317:
3291:
3274:Middendorf, John
3265:
3246:
3227:
3205:
3186:The Mountaineers
3181:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3016:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2704:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2683:on 30 March 2021
2679:. Archived from
2667:
2656:
2655:
2637:
2610:
2609:
2591:
2580:
2579:
2561:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2535:Mountain Project
2527:
2521:
2520:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2310:. Archived from
2297:
2284:
2283:
2265:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2216:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2116:Middendorf, John
2112:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2063:
2040:
2039:
2020:The Mountaineers
2016:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1956:
1940:
1914:
1873:Andy Kirkpatrick
1730:The Grand Voyage
1722:The Grand Voyage
1719:
1701:
1693:Nicolas Favresse
1690:
1674:Cordillera Paine
1658:Wolfgang Gullich
1649:The Grand Voyage
1373:
1354:
1333:
1318:
1277:, cam hooks and
1141:
1127:
1111:
1097:
977:Reinhold Messner
968:Compressor Route
954:(1964), and the
913:Lost Arrow Spire
875:
853:movement led by
650:Cordillera Paine
515:
508:
501:
260:Expedition style
99:Grade milestones
44:
21:
20:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4793:
4758:
4658:
4524:Cascade Designs
4498:
4452:
4360:
4247:
4122:
4056:Abalakov thread
4037:
3781:
3675:
3604:
3529:
3498:
3482:Deep-water solo
3386:
3381:
3337:John Middendorf
3324:
3314:
3294:
3288:
3268:
3262:
3249:
3243:
3230:
3224:
3208:
3202:
3184:
3178:
3165:
3162:
3160:Further reading
3157:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3051:
3047:
3034:
3032:
3017:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2793:(1 July 2005).
2788:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2736:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2706:
2705:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2669:
2668:
2659:
2652:
2638:
2613:
2606:
2592:
2583:
2576:
2562:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2404:
2402:
2390:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2298:
2287:
2280:
2266:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2217:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2124:Ascent Magazine
2113:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2064:
2043:
2036:
2017:
1984:
1971:
1969:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1931:), which is on
1915:
1908:
1903:
1886:
1840:
1739:
1713:
1707:John Middendorf
1695:
1684:
1638:
1630:
1621:
1561:
1507:
1468:Eldarado Canyon
1450:
1445:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1340:on the roof of
1334:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1287:
1270:
1246:
1206:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1055:John Middendorf
894:Riccardo Cassin
890:alpine climbers
869:
813:resting on his
804:
798:
767:alpine climbing
670:
664:on El Capitan.
624:alpine climbing
519:
490:
428:
368:
290:
216:
200:Deep-water solo
115:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4888:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4839:
4827:
4815:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4673:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4644:The North Face
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4574:Sierra Designs
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4549:Frostline Kits
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4440:Rock & Ice
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4384:Alpine Journal
4379:
4377:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4274:Climbing route
4271:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4219:Simul-climbing
4216:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4160:Front pointing
4157:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4096:Avalanche cord
4090:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4063:
4061:Bottled oxygen
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4013:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3807:
3805:
3796:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3716:IFSC victories
3713:
3708:
3703:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3543:
3541:
3539:Mountaineering
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3401:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3347:VDiff Climbing
3340:
3330:
3323:
3322:External links
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:978-0195202700
3312:
3292:
3287:978-0934641630
3286:
3266:
3261:978-0898867480
3260:
3247:
3242:978-0983322511
3241:
3228:
3223:978-1999700591
3222:
3206:
3201:978-1846892622
3200:
3182:
3177:978-8885475809
3176:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3129:
3101:
3073:
3045:
3029:Rock & Ice
3020:McNeely, Ammon
3008:
2980:
2954:
2927:
2921:978-8885475809
2920:
2902:
2874:
2846:
2818:
2795:"Trango Tower"
2782:
2769:PlanetMountain
2756:
2727:
2694:
2657:
2651:978-0983322504
2650:
2611:
2605:978-8885475809
2604:
2581:
2575:978-0898867480
2574:
2547:
2522:
2516:978-0898867480
2515:
2497:
2491:978-0898867480
2490:
2472:
2454:"Big Wall Kit"
2444:
2416:
2381:
2353:
2325:
2285:
2279:978-8885475809
2278:
2239:
2196:
2168:
2140:
2086:
2041:
2035:978-1846892622
2034:
1982:
1960:"Aid Climbing"
1950:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1865:The Inner Wall
1862:
1855:Wings of Steel
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1831:Wings of Steel
1822:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1796:
1795:
1773:
1772:
1763:Warren Harding
1758:
1757:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1703:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1619:Clean C-grades
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1506:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1413:Bounce testing
1411:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1375:
1368:
1367:
1356:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1286:
1283:
1269:
1266:
1245:
1242:
1205:
1202:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1072:
1016:sport climbing
985:Yvon Chouinard
963:Cesare Maestri
931:Warren Harding
797:
794:
709:sport climbing
669:
666:
601:Yvon Chouinard
593:Warren Harding
521:
520:
518:
517:
510:
503:
495:
492:
491:
489:
488:
487:
486:
481:
476:
466:
461:
460:
459:
454:
444:
438:
435:
434:
430:
429:
427:
426:
421:
416:
414:Simul climbing
411:
406:
401:
400:
399:
389:
384:
378:
375:
374:
370:
369:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
300:
297:
296:
292:
291:
289:
288:
287:
286:
276:
275:
274:
264:
263:
262:
257:
247:
246:
245:
240:
229:
226:
225:
223:mountaineering
218:
217:
215:
214:
209:
208:
207:
202:
197:
187:
186:
185:
180:
170:
169:
168:
158:
157:
156:
146:
145:
144:
134:
128:
125:
124:
117:
116:
114:
113:
108:
107:
106:
101:
91:
90:
89:
79:
78:
77:
75:IFSC victories
72:
61:
58:
57:
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4887:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4850:
4849:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:International
4761:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4663:Organizations
4661:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4534:Early Winters
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4514:Black Diamond
4512:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4479:The Dawn Wall
4476:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:Bachar ladder
4337:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4289:Climbing wall
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:Approach shoe
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3884:Climbing rope
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3765:First ascents
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Rock climbing
3396:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3105:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3062:
3061:
3060:Men's Journal
3056:
3049:
3042:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3013:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2732:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2448:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2413:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2386:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2357:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:Ammon McNeely
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1818:Reticent Wall
1815:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:Sea of Dreams
1802:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:Royal Robbins
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1744:Royal Robbins
1741:
1740:
1737:North America
1731:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1712:
1711:Xaver Bongard
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1625:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1520:Reticent Wall
1517:
1513:
1502:
1500:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1390:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1317:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1279:rivet hangers
1276:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1116:
1110:
1102:
1096:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1064:In 2012, the
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1041:Trango Towers
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Reticent Wall
1008:
1006:
1005:Sea of Dreams
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
948:
942:
938:
937:
932:
928:
924:
923:
918:
917:Royal Robbins
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:Emilio Comici
873:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:free climbing
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:Mont Aiguille
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:Royal Robbins
808:
803:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
731:up the rope.
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:free climbing
698:
697:rock climbing
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
665:
663:
659:
658:Trango Towers
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
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625:
621:
616:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:Royal Robbins
586:
582:
581:Emilio Comici
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
556:in permanent
555:
551:
547:
543:
540:(in both its
539:
538:free climbing
535:
531:
530:rock climbing
528:is a form of
527:
516:
511:
509:
504:
502:
497:
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485:
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409:Self rescuing
407:
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122:rock climbing
119:
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39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
4846:
4834:
4822:
4810:
4754:USA Climbing
4654:Wild Country
4649:Therm-a-Rest
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4465:The Alpinist
4463:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4344:Campus board
4299:First ascent
4043:Ice and snow
3840:Belay device
3691:Alpine clubs
3651:Ropes course
3564:Alpine style
3413:
3346:
3299:
3277:
3251:
3232:
3213:
3189:
3167:
3146:. Retrieved
3141:
3132:
3122:28 September
3120:. Retrieved
3114:
3104:
3092:. Retrieved
3086:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3058:
3048:
3040:
3033:. Retrieved
3027:
2999:. Retrieved
2993:
2983:
2971:. Retrieved
2967:
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2939:
2930:
2911:
2905:
2893:. Retrieved
2887:
2877:
2865:. Retrieved
2858:
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2831:
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2805:the original
2798:
2785:
2773:. Retrieved
2768:
2759:
2747:. Retrieved
2743:
2718:. Retrieved
2711:
2685:. Retrieved
2681:the original
2674:
2641:
2595:
2565:
2538:. Retrieved
2534:
2525:
2506:
2500:
2481:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2457:
2447:
2435:. Retrieved
2428:
2419:
2410:
2403:. Retrieved
2397:
2372:. Retrieved
2366:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2338:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2312:the original
2305:
2269:
2230:. Retrieved
2224:
2187:. Retrieved
2181:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2153:
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2123:
2077:. Retrieved
2071:
2023:
1977:
1970:. Retrieved
1963:
1954:
1921:
1864:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1804:
1801:Jim Bridwell
1791:Salathé Wall
1789:
1788:, climb the
1766:
1747:
1729:
1721:
1669:
1666:Bernd Arnold
1648:
1631:
1622:
1585:
1581:
1568:
1534:
1524:
1519:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1476:
1473:
1464:
1461:first ascent
1425:
1416:
1407:
1404:Using aiders
1398:
1386:
1377:
1341:
1288:
1271:
1258:daisy chains
1247:
1207:
1199:
1152:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1037:Grand Voyage
1036:
1032:
1027:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1000:
993:Jim Bridwell
980:
966:
960:
955:
951:
950:(1961), the
947:Salathé Wall
945:
934:
933:aid climbed
920:
901:John Salathé
898:
859:single-pitch
839:Devils Tower
828:
823:Salathé Wall
775:
760:
758:protection.
733:
717:lead climber
694:
681:
661:
654:Grand Voyage
653:
645:
627:
617:
605:
597:Jim Bridwell
595:, and later
566:
526:Aid climbing
525:
524:
447:First ascent
349:Roof hacking
339:Rock hopping
255:Alpine style
131:
18:
4848:WikiProject
4684:Alpine Club
4679:Access Fund
4589:Lowe Alpine
4584:La Sportiva
4321:Fall factor
4214:Self-arrest
4190:Redpointing
4113:Snow anchor
3867:Boulder mat
3816:Daisy chain
3786:Terminology
3777:Terminology
3656:Rooftopping
3598:Hillwalking
3586:Dry-tooling
3552:Via ferrata
3465:Traditional
3443:Competition
3424:Multi-pitch
3407:Disciplines
3296:Scott, Doug
2791:Child, Greg
2775:30 November
1920:route, the
1782:Chuck Pratt
1714: [
1696: [
1685: [
1662:Kurt Albert
1536:French free
1378:Tribal Rite
1362:Cerro Torre
1234:copperheads
1230:knifeblades
1218:Lost Arrows
1210:hammered-in
1191:portaledges
1187:trail ropes
1163:hexcentrics
1115:Daisy chain
1003:(1975) and
973:Cerro Torre
886:Cima Grande
870: [
855:Paul Preuss
825:(VI 5.9 C2)
771:multi-pitch
668:Description
542:traditional
397:Redpointing
373:Key actions
344:Rooftopping
295:Other types
284:Hillwalking
272:Dry-tooling
243:Via ferrata
183:Traditional
161:Competition
142:Multi-pitch
111:Terminology
4864:Categories
4472:El Capitan
4236:Traversing
4185:Onsighting
4165:Glissading
4148:DĂĽlfersitz
4143:Australian
4106:Transeiver
4051:Alpenstock
3984:Portaledge
3972:Copperhead
3911:Descenders
3845:Auto belay
3636:Commercial
3616:Buildering
3593:Scrambling
3503:Rock types
3494:Top roping
3431:Bouldering
3270:Long, John
2968:UKClimbing
2811:1 December
2346:4 December
2232:4 December
1947:References
1933:El Capitan
1877:El Capitan
1859:El Capitan
1628:Milestones
1577:El Capitan
1573:VI 5.8 A2+
1457:Layton Kor
1432:fixed rope
1323:El Capitan
1301:Techniques
1291:fixed rope
1262:fifi hooks
1195:poop tubes
1078:See also:
1024:free climb
941:El Capitan
865:, such as
835:Mont Blanc
800:See also:
782:El Capitan
748:fixed rope
690:El Capitan
682:The Shield
634:El Capitan
550:protection
424:Techniques
419:Traversing
324:Commercial
304:Buildering
279:Scrambling
212:Top roping
149:Bouldering
4624:Patagonia
4507:Companies
4493:Hard Grit
4486:Free Solo
4354:MoonBoard
4349:Hangboard
4335:Training
4284:Guidebook
4259:Ape index
4224:Rope team
4138:Abseiling
4083:Ice screw
3989:Quickdraw
3872:Carabiner
3794:Equipment
3772:Technique
3738:Equipment
3621:Canyoning
3559:Himalayan
3487:Rope solo
3477:Free solo
1972:3 October
1869:Reel Rock
1786:Tom Frost
1465:Exhibit A
1342:Peter Pan
1295:ascenders
1183:haul bags
1179:equipment
1074:Equipment
1020:Lynn Hill
989:Tom Frost
956:Muir Wall
899:In 1946,
867:Tita Piaz
863:Dolomites
843:Half Dome
686:VI 5.7 A3
652:, or the
573:Dolomites
554:hammering
433:Key terms
382:Abseiling
309:Canyoning
250:Himalayan
221:Types of
205:Rope solo
195:Free solo
120:Types of
82:Equipment
4824:Category
4671:National
4569:JanSport
4544:Five Ten
4419:Desnivel
4412:Climbing
4391:Alpinist
4316:Exposure
4294:Chipping
4241:Tyrolean
4231:Spotting
4202:Crevasse
4180:Flashing
4170:Jumaring
4155:Belaying
4118:Snowshoe
4076:Ice tool
4066:Crampons
3916:Figure-8
3828:Ascender
3696:Climbers
3436:Highball
3419:Big wall
3384:Climbing
3298:(1981).
3276:(1994).
3212:(2018).
3188:(2018).
3142:Red Bull
3088:Red Bull
2995:Climbing
2941:Alpinist
2889:Climbing
2833:Climbing
2800:Alpinist
2744:Climbing
2676:Alpinist
2459:Climbing
2399:Climbing
2368:Alpinist
2340:Climbing
2183:Climbing
2155:Climbing
2128:Climbing
2118:(1999).
2073:Climbing
1937:Yosemite
1918:traverse
1884:See also
1768:The Nose
1754:Yosemite
1522:at A4R.
1437:top rope
1430:up on a
1364:headwall
1358:Jumaring
1275:skyhooks
1059:The Nose
1033:The Nose
1028:The Nose
1022:'s 1993
936:The Nose
927:Yosemite
909:Yosemite
892:such as
777:The Nose
746:up on a
740:hammered
629:The Nose
608:Yosemite
585:Yosemite
404:Jumaring
387:Belaying
154:Highball
137:Big wall
65:Climbers
34:Climbing
26:a series
24:Part of
4836:Commons
4790:(UIMLA)
4784:(UIAGM)
4175:Leading
4092:Rescue
4071:Ice axe
4021:Camalot
3955:Lanyard
3938:Skyhook
3923:Harness
3894:Dynamic
3877:Maillon
3850:Glasses
3731:Everest
3722:Deaths
3641:Parkour
3339:(1999).
3148:19 June
3116:Outside
2226:Outside
1838:In film
1799:1978.
1776:1961.
1672:on the
1514:" and "
1487:places.
1459:on the
1443:Grading
1254:webbing
1167:tricams
1145:Skyhook
1049:titled
821:of the
796:History
744:jumared
725:belayer
392:Leading
329:Parkour
4812:Portal
4778:(UIAA)
4772:(IFSC)
4604:Millet
4594:Mammut
4559:Grivel
4529:Deuter
4447:Summit
4331:Guides
4326:Grades
4197:Rescue
4131:Action
4033:Tricam
3999:Grigri
3945:Hammer
3899:Static
3855:Gloves
3823:Anchor
3743:Brands
3547:Alpine
3349:(2023)
3310:
3284:
3258:
3239:
3220:
3198:
3174:
3144:. 2018
3094:30 May
3066:30 May
3035:30 May
3001:25 May
2973:25 May
2947:25 May
2918:
2895:15 May
2867:15 May
2863:. 2024
2839:22 May
2749:18 May
2716:. 2013
2648:
2602:
2572:
2540:25 May
2513:
2488:
2465:18 May
2437:1 June
2433:. 2012
2405:26 May
2374:25 May
2318:25 May
2276:
2189:25 May
2161:25 May
2133:18 May
2079:16 May
2032:
1968:. 2023
1784:, and
1761:1958.
1742:1957.
1720:climb
1705:1992.
1656:1991.
1575:), on
1569:Zodiac
1428:jumars
1338:aiders
1336:Using
1250:aiders
1226:angles
1214:pitons
1193:, and
1169:, and
1046:Ascent
847:pitons
815:aiders
736:pitons
721:aiders
688:), on
678:aiders
612:routes
558:pitons
534:aiders
442:Anchor
233:Alpine
48:aiders
4629:Petzl
4579:Kelty
4369:Media
4304:Pitch
4269:Clean
4252:Other
4101:RECCO
4028:Shoes
4016:SLCDs
4011:Sling
3979:Piton
3928:Hooks
3906:Chalk
3833:Croll
3811:Aider
3748:Knots
3684:Lists
3666:Slide
3631:Grass
3626:Crane
3609:Other
3581:Mixed
3510:Crack
3460:Sport
3448:Speed
3391:Types
3335:, by
2720:1 May
2687:1 May
2412:wall.
1901:Notes
1857:, on
1809:RURPs
1718:]
1700:]
1689:]
1678:5.13a
1475:book
1238:bolts
1222:bongs
1131:Piton
1101:Aider
997:RURPs
882:aider
874:]
790:5.14a
729:jumar
642:5.14a
562:bolts
546:sport
484:Pitch
479:Guide
469:Route
464:Grade
359:Slide
319:Grass
314:Crane
238:Mixed
178:Sport
166:Speed
87:Knots
56:Lists
4519:CAMP
4309:Topo
4279:Beta
4207:Self
4004:Revo
3994:SLDs
3933:Fifi
3889:Cord
3862:Bolt
3803:Rock
3671:Tree
3646:Pole
3525:Slab
3520:Roof
3515:Face
3472:Solo
3455:Free
3308:ISBN
3282:ISBN
3256:ISBN
3237:ISBN
3218:ISBN
3196:ISBN
3172:ISBN
3150:2024
3124:2023
3096:2023
3068:2023
3037:2023
3003:2023
2975:2023
2949:2023
2916:ISBN
2897:2024
2869:2024
2841:2024
2813:2022
2777:2022
2751:2023
2722:2023
2689:2023
2646:ISBN
2600:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2542:2023
2511:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2467:2023
2439:2023
2407:2023
2376:2023
2348:2022
2320:2023
2274:ISBN
2234:2022
2191:2023
2163:2023
2135:2023
2081:2023
2030:ISBN
1974:2023
1926:5.10
1709:and
1228:and
1165:and
1159:nuts
987:and
905:Ford
765:and
622:and
591:and
560:and
474:Beta
457:FFFA
364:Tree
354:Rope
334:Pole
190:Solo
173:Free
4639:REI
4634:Rab
3967:Nut
3960:PAC
3950:Hex
3576:Ice
3414:Aid
1935:in
1752:in
1538:'".
1463:of
1439:).
1360:on
1197:).
1039:on
1026:of
971:on
965:'s
939:on
925:in
786:5.9
780:on
707:or
656:on
648:on
638:5.9
632:on
544:or
452:FFA
267:Ice
132:Aid
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